2102年中山大学考博英语试题及其解析

中山大学2012年博士入学考试于3月10日11日两天结束。一直比较懒，现在看到群里在讨论，整理如下。
根据考场，大体估计有三千来人参加考试。你有心的话，就去看看官网上排的考场吧。我看大约一百多个。考试地点在海珠校区一号教学楼和逸夫楼。提醒各位，如果要报的话，在那两天想住的好点就要定房的。
大体介绍题型：
一。阅读理解，共30分，六篇，每篇5个小题，每个小题1分。难度低于六级。有两篇考研真题。
二。完型填空，共10分，二十个空，而且是不带选择项的。每空0.5分。难度一般。
三。排序题，共15分，十个选项（a-j）中选出五个来，每个3分。有些难。内容是关于剑桥大学。
四。英译汉,共15分，从一段文章中划出五句话来，每句话3分。难度一般。
五。汉译英，共10分，一小段，大约有连着的五句话。国内政治方面的内容。内容记住的一点点是：关于社会稳定，人民生活水平提高了，收入差距拉大，但是，仍然没有造成大的社会不稳定，也是由于穷人的生活水平也相应提高了。（这是大意，不是原句子，有心的可以去网上找找有没有相关内容。）
六。作文，共20分。有两个话题，只能选一个回答。今年的是views contradict .第二个话题的，没怎么懂意思。根据我的理解是和自己看法一致的意见容易接受，看法不一致的不容易接受。你同意哪种观点。（我没看懂。）
下面，把自己还能记住的，还有在群里收集到的相关内容贴出来。我的大脑不是硬盘，总会记忆有出入，如果给各位造成了误导，请尊重下我整理资料的辛苦。同时，如果今年参加考试的战友，欢迎帮我改正。
下面是在群里看到大家找的回忆版：现贴出来：
阅读理解的（没有按试卷题号排）
阅读1：
   When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance (异乎寻常地). In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago.
As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past—and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet’s environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.
　　Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates (灵长目动物) some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.
　　The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign (宜人的) global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years—during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared—is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth?s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future—even without the influence of human activity.
　　1. Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged ________.
　　A) to give up his former way of life
　　B) to leave the coastal areas
　　C) to follow the ever-shifting vegetation
　　D) to abandon his original settlement
　　2. Earth scientists have come to understand that climate ________.
　　A) is going through a fundamental change
　　B) has been getting warmer for 10,000 years
　　C) will eventually change from hot to cold
　　D) has gone through periodical changes
　　3. Scientists believe that human evolution ________.
　　A) has seldom been accompanied by climatic changes
　　B) has exerted little influence on climatic changes
　　C) has largely been effected by climatic changes
　　D) has had a major impact on climatic changes
　　4. Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that ________.
　　A) human activities have accelerated changes of Earth?s environment
　　B) Earth?s environment will remain mild despite human interference
　　C) Earth?s climate is bound to change significantly in the future
　　D) Earth?s climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future
　　5. The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that ________.
　　A) human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changes
　　B) mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climate
　　C) man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming process
　　D) human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of nature
阅读2（这个是考研题）
　American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
　　Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr.McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English
　　But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
　　Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
　　Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
　　1. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English
　　. is inevitable in radical education reforms.
　　. is but all too natural in language development.
　　. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.
　　. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.
　　2. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3) denotes
　　. modesty.
　　. personality.
　　. liveliness.
　　. informality.
　　3. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?
　　. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
　　. Black English can be more expressive than standard English.
　　. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
　　. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas.
　　4. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's
　　. interest in their language.
　　. appreciation of their efforts.
　　. admiration for their memory.
　　. contempt for their old-fashionedness.
　　5. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as
    . “temporary” is to “permanent”.
　　. “radical” is to “conservative”.
　　. “functional” is to “artistic”.
　　. “humble” is to “noble”
　　难句解析：
　　①In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
　　该句子的主干是John McWhorte sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline。主语前的介词短语in his latest book做状语，book后有一个较长的书名充当其同位语。主语和谓语之间为主语的同位语，对主语补充说明。
　　翻译：在他最近的书《做我们自己的事：语言和音乐的退化，以及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意?》中，这位学者认为60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。
　　②As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas
　　该句子的主干是he acknowledges that all varieties can be expressive，谓语acknowledges后面是that引导的宾语从句。从句中主谓之间插入了介词短语including non-standard ones like Black English。破折号后面分句对前面话语进行补充说明。
　　翻译：麦荷特认为各种各样的人类语言，包括像黑人语言这样的非标准语言，都具有强大的表达力――世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。
　　试题解析：
　　第四篇文章的专业性比较强，讲的美国人由于随意性，所以英语的语言也变得相当随意的主旨，对很多对语言学不敏感的同学是很难的，因为专业性太强。这篇文章总体同样属于一个对比性的文章，关键词围绕正式用语非正式用语这里面的变化。开篇是在说什么导致英语的衰败，不是那么正式了。中间的部分是在讲语言的变化是不可阻挡的。结尾继续讲俄国人对本国语言的最终是值得我们赞赏的。
　　36题难度0.319 区分度.0.287。
　　作者认为是不可避免的在语言的发展中，而A是讲教育改革不可避免。
　　37题难度0.441 区分度.0.308
　　原文反复出现的是语音的正式性和非正式性，所以这个题选D。
　　38题难度0.378 区分度.0.352
　　问的是人物的观点，所以要区分作者的观点，美国人语言是衰败指的并不是逻辑思维也是衰败的，所以选择A。
　　39题难度0.438 区分度.0.261
　　作者提到俄国人喜欢背诗，作者在文章是赞赏的语气，称赞他们努力维护本国的语言。
　　40题难度0.543 区分度.0.279
　　这个题也是一个类比题，他说咱们经常纸碟和瓷器之间的关联，纸盒子不漂亮可以盛饭，瓷器在大餐聚会时被使用，讲究美食性。所以答案选C，是一种功能性和美食性的关联性和关系性。
　　全文翻译：
　　美国人已不再期待公众人物在演讲或写作中能运用技巧和文采来驾驭英语，而公众人物自己也不渴望这样。语言学家麦荷特喜好争论，他的观点混杂着自由派与保守派的看法。在他最近的书《做我们自己的事：语言和音乐的退化，以及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意?》中，这位学者认为60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。
　　责备放纵的六十年代不是什么新鲜事，但这次算不上是对教育衰落的又一场批判。麦荷特先生的学术专长在于语言史和语言演变。举例来说，他认为“whom”一词的逐渐消失是自然的，并不比古英语中词格尾缀的消失更让人惋惜。
　　然而，“做自己的事”这一对事务真实性和个人性的崇高信条，已经导致了正式演讲、写作、诗歌及音乐的消亡。在20世纪60年代以前，仅受过一般教育的人在下笔时都会寻求一种更高雅的强调;而那之后，即使是最受关注的文章也开始逮住口语就写在纸面上。同样的，对于诗歌来说，非常个性化和富有表现力的创作风格成为了能够表达真实生动含义的唯一形式。无论作为口语还是书面语的英语，随意言谈胜过雅致的言辞，自我发挥也压过了精心准备。
　　麦荷特显示先生从上层和下层文化中列举了一系列有趣的例子，从而说明他记录的这种趋势是确凿无误的。但就书中副标题中的疑问：为什么我们应该、喜欢或在意，答案却不够明确。作为语言学家，麦荷特认为各种各样的人类语言，包括像黑人语言这样的非标准语言，都具有强大的表达力――世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。不像其他大多数人，麦荷特先生并不认为我们说话方式不再规范就会使我们不能够准确的思考。
俄罗斯人深爱自己的语言，并在脑海中存储了大量诗歌;而意大利的政客们往往精心准备演讲，即使这在大多数讲英语的人们眼里已经过时。麦荷特先生认为正式语言并非不可或缺，也没有提出要进行彻底的教育改革――他其实只是为那些美好事务而不是实用品的消逝而哀叹。我们现在用“纸盘子”而非“瓷盘子”装着我们的英语大餐。真是惭愧啊，但很可能已无法避免。
阅读3（本题有5个选项的，网上的找的4个）
Massive changes in all of the world’s deeply cherished sporting habits are underway. Whether it’s one of London’s parks full of people playing softball, and Russians taking up rugby, or the Superbowl rivaling the British Football Cup Final as a televised spectator event in Britain, the patterns of players and spectators are changing beyond recognition. We are witnessing a globalization of our sporting culture.
That annual bicycle race, the Tour de France, much loved by the French is a good case in point. Just a few years back it was a strictly continental affair with France, Belgium and Holland, Spain and Italy taking part. But in recent years it has been dominated by Colombian mountain climbers, and American and Irishriders.
The people who really matter welcome the shift toward globalization. Peugeot, Michelin and Panasonic are multi-national corporations that want worldwide returns for the millions they invest in teams. So it does them literally a world of good to see this unofficial world championship become just that.
This is undoubtedly an economic-based revolution we are witnessing here,one made possible by communications technology, but made to happen because of marketing considerations. Sell the game and you can sell Cola or Budweiser as well The skilful way in which American football has been sold to Europe is a good example of how all sports will develop. The aim of course is not really to spread the sport for its own sake, but to increase the number of people interested in the major money-making events. The economics of the Superbowl are already astronomical. With seats at US $125, gate receipts alone were a staggering $ 10,000,000. The most important statistic of the day, however, was the $ 100,000,000 in TV advertising fees. Imagine how much that becomes when the eyes of the world are watching.
So it came as a terrible shock, but not really as a surprise, to learn that some people are now suggesting that soccer change from being a game of two 45-minute halves, to one of four 25-minute quarters. The idea is unashamedly to capture more advertising revenue, without giving any thought for the integrity of asport which relies for its essence on the flowing nature of the action.
Moreover, as sports expand into world markets, and as our choice of sports as consumers also grows, so we will demand to see them played at a higher and higher level. In boxing we have already seen numerous, dubious world title categories because people will not pay to see anything less than a “World Tide” fight, and this means that the title fights have to be held in different countries around the world!
1. Globalization of sporting culture means that ___.
A. more people are taking up sports.
B. traditional sports are getting popular.
C. many local sports are becoming international
D. foreigners are more interested in local sports
2. Which of the following is NOT related to the massive changes?
A. Good economic returns.
B. Revival of sports.
C. Communications technology.
D. Marketing strategies.
3.What is the author’s attitude towards the suggestion to change soccer into one of four 25-minute quarters?
A. Favourable.        B. Unclear.
C. Reserved.         D. Critical.
4. People want to see higher-level sports competitions mainly because___.
A. they become more professional than ever.
B. they regard sports as consumer goods.
C. there exist few world-class championships
D. sports events are exciting and stimulating
本文答案：1. C   2. B   3. D     4.B
短文大意：这篇文章介绍体育文化的全球化及商业化运作现象，分析了其全球化、商业化的原因。
1. 答案：C
【参考译文】体育文化的全球化意味着什么？
【试题分析】本题为细节题。
【详细解答】短文第二段说“Just a few years back it was a strictly continental affair with France…But in recent years it has been dominated by…”，由此可见体育文化的全球化使许多国内的体育运动项目将走向世界。故选项C为正确答案。
2. 答案：B
【参考译文】下列哪一项与大规模的变化无关？
【试题分析】本题为细节题。
【详细解答】短文第四段说“This is undoubtedly an economic based revolution… one made possible by communications technology，but made to happen because of marketing considerations．”这里提到了“好的经济收益”，“通讯技术”及“市场策略的支持”，没有提到“体育运动的复兴” 故选项B为正确答案。
3. 答案：D
【参考译文】作者对于把英式足球改变为4场25分钟的比赛的态度如何？
【试题分析】本题为细节题。
【详细解答】短文倒数第二段最后一句说“The idea is unashamedly to capture more advertising revenue，without giving any thought for the integrity of a sport which relies for its essence on the flowing nature of the action．”作者认为这做只是为了获得更多的广告收入，而破坏了足球运动的完整性及精彩性，这种做法是可耻的，由此可见作者是持批评的态度。
4. 答案：B
【参考译文】人们为何喜欢看高水平的体育比赛？
【试题分析】本题为细节题。
【详细解答】短文最后一段第一句有“as sports expand into world markets，and as our choice of sports as consumers also grows，so we will demand to see them played at a higher and higher level．”据此知体育正扩展到全球市场，我们作为消费者对体育的选择也在增长，因此我们要求看到更高水平的比赛。故选项B为正确答案。
阅读4
What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends, of course, on the meaning of “future”. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age, it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H.G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable apparatus to make life smooth, healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least. One may be certain that bricks and mortar(泥灰，灰浆) will long have gone out of fashion.
　　But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world’s rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or at the best suffering from underfeeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be light structure or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard “housing” of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.
　　Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor(肮脏)and disease and the spread crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements(贫民住宅)are rising at an astonishing aped. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem, because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services, drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may give the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.
　　1.What is the author’s opinion of housing problems in the first paragraph?
　　A.They may be completely solved at sometime in the future.
　　B.They are unimportant and easily dealt with.
　　C.They will not be solved until a new building material has been discovered.
　　D.They have been dealt with in specific detail in books describing the future.
　　2.The writer is sure that in the distant future ___.
　　A.bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building material.
　　B.a new building material will have been invented.
　　C.bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionable.
　　D.a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered.
　　3.The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to confront the world before the end of the century ___.
　　A.is difficult to foresee.
　　B.will be how to feed the ever growing population.
　　C.will be how to provide enough houses in the hottest parts of the world.
　　D.is the question of finding enough ground space.
　　4.When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts ___.
　　A.standards of building are low.
　　B.only minimum shelter will be possible.
　　C.there is not enough ground space.
　　D.the population growth will be the greatest.
　　5.Which of the following sentences best summarizes Paragraph 3?
　　A.Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by millions of refugees.
　　B.Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.
　　C.Hong Kong’s crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.
　  D.Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it much harder to deal with them.
答案：
A  A  B  D   D
阅读5（这也是考研题）
　Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" — the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it"
　　Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM （rapid eye movement）sleep — when most vivid dreams occur — as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system （the "emotional brain"）is especially active, while the prefronted cortex （the center of intellect and reasoning）is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
　　The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events — until, it appears, we begin to dream.
　　And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
　　At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in a panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feeling. Sleep — or rather dream — on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
11. Researchers have come to believe that dreams
　　 can be modified in their courses　　　　 are susceptible to emotional changes
　　 reflect our innermost desires and fears　　　 are a random outcome of neural repairs
12. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show
　　 it's function in our dreams　　　　　  the mechanism of REM sleep
　　 the relation of dreams to emotions　　　　  its difference from the prefrontal cortex
13. The Negative feelings generated during the day tend to
　　 aggravate in our unconscious mind　　　　 develop into happy dreams
　　 persist till the time we fall asleep　　　 show up in dreams early at night
14. Cartwright seems to suggest that
　　 waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams
　　 visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control
　　 dreams should be left to their natural progression
　　 dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious
15. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?
　　 Lead your life as usual　　　　　　 Seek professional help
　　 Exercise conscious control　　　　 Avoid anxiety in the daytime
（2005）　
重点词汇：
1.　component（组成部分，部件，元件） =componere,即com全体+ponere放置。 Blade and handle are the component Parts of a knife. 刀身和刀柄是刀的组成部分
2.　suspend　（暂停，中止；悬挂） suspend Particles of dust.悬浮在空中的尘埃 suspend a football player. 一名球员被暂停比赛 The magazine suspended 杂志暂时停刊
3.　Freud 弗洛伊德（1856～1939）奥地利神经精神病学家，精神分析创始人
4.　formulate ? （构想出，系统地阐述） form=shape,model 形，样。formulate one’s ideas into a theory. 系统地阐述自己的思想使之成为理论 the contract was formulated in difficult legal languagee. 该合同使用深噢的法律术语订立的
5.　revolutionary（革命的，重大变革的）即re+volu=roll,turn 转,滚卷+tion +ary。 Genetic engineering will have revolutionary consequences for markind.遗传工程将对人类产生深远的影响
6.　disguise（伪装，掩饰） The Prime Minister couldn’t disguise his anger. 首相怒形于色
7.　unconscious （下意识的，无意识的；失去知觉的）　即un无+con共同+sic=know知道+ous。 an unconscious slight 无意的冒犯 He lay unconsciouss for some hours.他昏迷了好几个小时
8.　neurologist　（神经病学家, 神经科医师） neuro-神经。 neural 神经系统的
9.　switch　（转变，转向） Switch the conversation to a different topic. 改变谈话的话题 He switched his horse to make it go faster.他挥鞭以策马
10.　random　（随机的，任意的）a random talk 漫谈 draw the winning numbers at random. 任意抽出的中奖数字
11.　byproduct　（副产品）An increasee in crime is one of the byproducts of unemployment. 犯罪率增加是失业问题造成的恶果　 bypass 旁路、小道　bywork 副业　byname 绰号
12.　thermostat　（调温器） thermo=of heat 热的
13.　regulate　?　（调节；管理，控制）reg=rule统治，控制。The volume of economic activity was regulated by the supply of money. 经济活动范围的大小是受提供资金的多少制约的
14.　harness　（治理，利用） harness a river 治河 harnesss nuclear energy 利用核能 harnesss indivdual talents to a comm.on end. 把各人的才能用于一个共同的目标
15.　occur ? （出现，发生） Fish occur in most waters. 大多数江河湖海中都有鱼 That sound doesn’t occur in his language. 他讲的语言中没有这个音
16.　limbic system （边缘系统）
17.　prefrontal cortex （前额叶皮层）
18.　recur ?（反复出现，再发生） re+cur跳，发生。 This theme recurs constantly throughout the opera.这一主旋律在该歌剧中不断出现 Thoughts of home and family recurred to the lonely traveler.对家人和亲人的思恋重新浮上孤寂旅人的心头
19.　visualize ?（想象；使形象化） vis=see看。 I cann’t visualize myself ever getting married. 我不能想象我有朝一日能结婚
20.　significance（重要性：重要的状态或性质） sign=mark 记号，标记。 Few peoplee realized the significance of the discovery.很少有人意识到这一发现的重要性
21.　persistent（持续的，坚持不懈的）即per从头到尾+sist=stand站立+ent→始终站立着→坚持。 She eventually married the most persistent of her admires. 她终于嫁给了最执著追求她的人
22.　nightmare（梦魇，恶梦）即 night夜+mare鬼。 I have nightmare about falling off a cliff.我做梦梦见从悬崖上摔下来
23.　therapist　（治疗学家） a psychology therapist 心理治疗专家  psychotherapy 心理疗法
难句解析：
① A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears, by the late 1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.
本句由分号分为两部分,其中第一部分的主干是Freud formulated his revolutionary theory…,宾语theory后面是一个以that引导的同位语从句，说明theory的内容；在第二部分中，代词them指代的是dreams,破折号后面的部分the random byproducts of the neural-repair work…进一步解释什么是mental noise,work 后面的that引导一个定语从句，修饰work。
② Now researchers suspect that dreams are Part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”.
Suspect后面是that引导的宾语从句；逗号之后的现在分词短语regulating moods…作定语，解释thermostat 的意思，句末的while引导一个时间状语从句。
③ And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better,
say后面是that 引导的一个宾语从句，这个宾语从句比较复杂：诸于是these intensely powerfull mental events,谓语是一个not only…but…连接的并列结构，后面的不定式结构to help us sleep and feel better 作目的状语。
④ Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.
本句开始是主干Most peoplee seem to have more bad dreams early in the night,后面的两个现在分词结构progressing toward… 和 suggesting that… 都做伴随状语；第二个现在分词结构suggesting that …后面接一个that引导的宾语从句，其中过去分词结构generated during the day 作后置定语，修饰前面的feelings。
⑤ Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.
本句是一个复合句，表示因果关系，开始是Because引导的原因状语从句 Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life,接着是主句；破折号后面的until引导一个时间状语从句，其中it appears 是插入语。
⑥ At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of “we wake u in a panic,” Cartwright says.
句首的At the end of the day 是时间状语，接着是主句there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all，后面的unless 引导条件状语从句，其中包含两个以or连接的并列分句。
在英语中，如果要表示一句话或一个观点是某个人说的，这个说话的人通常出现在句子中间或者句子的末尾。
试题解析：
这是一篇心理学体裁的文章，选自 Newsweek，讲的是梦与情绪的关系问题。文章开篇就说梦的原理以及梦是可以控制的，然后讲梦与情感的关系，结尾再次强调梦是可以控制的。文章有三个关键词，分别是梦；睡眠和控制；情感意识。
11. 【正确答案】
这是一道细节题。题干问：“研究者观念转变了，认为梦 ……”。注意到题干的要求和含义,本题定位在第1段段末。归纳该部分可知研究者现在认为梦是可以控制的。其实全文的第1句就已暗示了这一思想，第4、5自然段都谈论如何控制梦的问题。因此选项［A］“梦的进程能够加以改变” 正确，是原文话题信息的同义转述。选项［B］“易受感情变化的影响”也许是过去研究者的观点，而且不是本篇文章强调的重点。选项［Ｃ］“反映我们内心深出的渴望与恐惧”同样是过去的观点。选项［D］“是神经修复的随意产生的结果”也是过去的观点。
12. 【正确答案】
本题涉及原文的准确理解和选项的仔细推敲。题干问：“谈到大脑的边缘系统，作者是想说明 ……”。本题目考察考生的主次辨别能力以及论据与论点的关系。作者在第2自然段段末谈到了大脑的边缘系统，目的是为了说明上下文中出现的“梦与情感的关系问题”，注意“emotions”为整篇文章重要的话题重复概念。选项［Ｃ］正确。选项［A］“它在我们梦中的功能”的“function”一词不对，文章不是为了说limbic system在梦中的功能；选项［B］“浅睡眠机制” 不是作者的目的。选项［D］“它与前额皮层的不同” 也不对，文章无意说两者之间的区别。
13 【正确答案】
这是一道细节题，察句群的归纳能力。问题“白天产生的负面情感往往……”中的feelings将答案锁定在末段，依据末段首句可知，答案为选项［D］“刚入睡时在梦中显现出来”。选项［A］“在我们的潜意识中恶化”的“aggravate”与原文信息相反。选项［B］“发展成高兴的梦”是文章的只言片语；选项［Ｃ］“持续到我们入睡” 意思不对，因为消极情感会在梦里出现，而不是睡觉前就没了。
14. 【正确答案】
题干问：“卡特赖特似乎在说明 ……”。依据第三段前两句，Cartwright暗示了选项［D］“做梦也许不完全属于潜意识” 这样的观点，故为正确答案。选项［A］“及时醒过来对摆脱噩梦是很重要的”是原文信息的扭曲表述，原文强调的是努力使自己苏醒。选项［B］“想象噩梦帮助我们控制噩梦”是原文片语信息的断章取义。选项［Ｃ］“应该听任梦的自然发展”是研究者对偶尔做噩梦人的建议。
15. 【正确答案】
这是一道细节题，，问Cartwright认为：“sometimes”做梦的人该怎么做？依据末段首句“除非梦让你睡不着，否则别在意它”，这话的意思换个说法就是［A］“有时做梦的人应正常生活” ，故正确。选项［B］“寻求专业人士的帮助”与选项［Ｃ］“进行有意识的控制”是对那些常做噩梦的人的建议。选项［D］“在白天避免焦虑”是原文的断章取义。
全文翻译：
　　在高质量睡眠的所有因素中，梦似乎是最无法控制的一个。在梦中，窗户通向的世界里，逻辑暂时失去了效用，死人开口说话。一个世纪前，弗洛伊德阐述了革命性的理论，即梦是人们潜意识中欲望和恐惧经伪装后的预示；到了20世纪70年代末期，神经病学家们转而认为梦是“精神噪音”，即睡眠时进行的神经修复活动的一种杂乱的副产品。目前，研究人员猜想梦是大脑情感自动调节系统的组成部分，当大脑处于“掉线”状态时对情绪进行规整。一名主要的权威人士说，梦这种异常强烈的精神活动不仅能被驾驭，事实上还可以有意识地加以控制，以帮助我们更好地睡眠和感觉。芝加哥医疗中心心里学系主任 Rosalind Cartwright说“梦是你自己的，如果你不喜欢，就改变它。”
　　大脑造影的证据支持了以上观点。匹兹堡大学的埃里克博士说，在出现清晰梦境的快速动眼睡眠中大脑和完全清醒时一样活跃。但并非大脑的所有部分都一样，脑边缘系统（“情绪大脑”）异常活跃，而前额皮层（思维和推理的中心地带）则相对平静大。斯坦福睡眠研究员William Dement博士说：“我们从梦中醒来，或者高兴或者沮丧，这些情绪会伴随我们一整天。”
　　梦和情绪之间的联系在Cartwright的诊所的病人身上显露出来了。多数人似乎在晚上入睡的较早阶段做更多不好的梦，而在快睡醒前会逐渐做开心一些的梦，这说明人们在梦里渐渐克服了白天的不良情绪。因为清醒时我们的头脑被日常琐事占据着，所以并不总是想到白天发生的事情对我们情绪的影响，直到我们开始做梦，这种影响才出现。
　　这一过程不一定是无意识的。Cartwright认为人们可以练习有意识地控制噩梦的重演。你一醒来就立刻确定梦中有什么在困扰你，设想一下你所希望的梦的结局，下次再做同样的梦时，试图醒来以控制它的进程。通过多次练习，人们完全可以学会在梦中这样做。
Cartwright说，说到底，只要梦不使我们无法睡眠或“从梦中惊醒”，就没有理由太在意所做的梦。恐怖主义、经济不确定及通常的不安全感都增加了人们的焦虑。那些长期受到噩梦折磨的人应该寻求专家帮助，而对其他人来说，大脑有自动消除不良情绪的方法。安心睡觉甚至做梦，早上醒来时你会感觉好多了。
完型填空：
Celebrities (名人)lead very stressful lives, for no matter how fascinating or powerful they are, they have too little privacy, too much pressure, and no safety.
For one thing，celebrities don’t have the privacy an ordinary person has. The most personal details of their lives are printed on the front pages of the National Enquirer and the Globe so that bored supermarket shoppers can read about "Leonardo DiCaprio"s Awful Secret" or "The Heartbreak behind Winona Ryder's Smile." Even a celebrity's family is made public. A teenage son's arrest for using drug or a wife's drinking problem becomes the subject of headlines. Photographers chase celebrities at their homes, in restaurants, and on the street, hoping to get a picture of Halle Berry in curlers (卷发器)or Jim Carrey drinking beer. When celebrities try to do the things that normal people do, like eat out or attend a football game, they run the risk of being interrupted by thoughtless photographers.
Celebrities must also cope with the constant pressure of having to look great and act right. Their physical appearance is always under observation. Famous women, especially, suffer from public attention, inviting remarks like "She really looks old" or "Boy, has she put on weight." Embarrassing pictures of celebrities are sold at high prices, which increases the pressure on celebrities to look good at all times. Famous people are also under pressure to act claim and collected under any circumstances. Because they are constantly observed, they have no freedom to be angry or to do something just a little crazy.
Most important, celebrities must deal with the stress of being in constant danger. The friendly behaviors such as kisses of enthusiastic fans can quickly turn into uncontrolled attacks on a celebrity’s hair, clothes, and car. Most people agree that photographers bear some responsibility for the death of one of the leading celebrities of the 1990s-Princess Diana. Whether or not their pursuit caused the accident that took her life, it’s clear she was chased by reporters like an escaped prisoner chased by police dogs. And celebrities can even fall victim to deliberately deadly attacks. The attempt to kill Ronald Reagan and the murder of John Lennon came about because two unbalanced people could not get these world-famous figures off their minds. As a result, famous people must live with the fact that they are always fair game-and never out of season.
排序段落：
In many states this year, budget requests by state universities have had to be scaled back or frozen, while tuition, the share of the cost borne by the students themselves, has gone up—in some cases faster than the rate of inflation. The problem for the governors is particularly distressing because they all agree that the quality of their colleges and universities helps drive the economic engines of their states. And they are constantly being told by everyone from college administrators to editorial writers that the only way to make their state universities better is to spend more money.
So it was against this backdrop that members of the National Governors Association came together in this New England city this past week to discuss issues of common concern, one being higher education. And the focus of their talks about colleges centered not on how money could be more effectively directed, but on how to get greater productivity out of a system that many feel has become highly inefficient and resistive to change.
As a result, the governors will embark on a three-year study of higher education systems and how to make state colleges and universities better able to meet the challenges of a global economy in the 21st century. And judging from the tenor and tone of their discussion, the study could produce a push for higher standards, more efficiency and greater accountability. “When it comes to higher education, we talk a lot about money, but we don’t often talk of standards and accountability. With tuition rising faster than the rate of inflation and students taking longer and longer to finish college, one of these days the public is going to say, ‘Enough!’” Pennsylvania Republican Gov. Tom Ridge said.
Ridge and his fellow governors came away from the meetings resolute in the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of new technologies and a changing work force. Several governors noted that establishment of clearer standards, greater efficiencies in providing services, and more student competency testing might be needed, in addition to curriculum inspection.
Such proposals would be sure to shake up those who protect the status quo and trigger a major public debate. Education establishments that often believe that they know best tend to get nervous when elected officials seek to become involved. Utah GOP Gov. Mike Leavitt said the NGA discussion represented a “major shift” in the way governors address higher education and signaled their desire for greater direct involvement by the state chief executives in the oversight of their state university systems. While the governors were quick to note that American higher education still is the best in the world, they say adjustments that reflect the changing realities of the global economy might be needed to keep it that way.
英译汉：
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer       undergraduate degrees in law.
If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.
But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly,  the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.
1. Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
  分析： has been viewed…as< 是一个短语，意思是“被视为”； Preserve在这里作名词用，意思是“某人或某一部分人专门从事的事物，或专有的权利”；Institutions与前面的universities是同义词。
参考译文：长期以来，在这些大学里，学习法律被看作是律师的特权，而不是受教育者必备知识的一部分。
2原文：On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.
分析：manner意思是“方式”、“方法”；is parallelto意思是“类似于”；与新闻或记者在一起用时意思是“报道”。 journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news是定语从句，修饰the links
参考译文：另一方面，法学把这些观念同日常实际联系起来。这种联系方式类似于新闻记者平时报道以及对新闻发表评论时所建立的联系。
3 But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
分析 that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen是idea的同位语从句，起补充说明作用。rests on是短语，意思是“基于”，“以……为依据”。
参考译文：有一种看法认为，记者必须比普通公民更深刻地理解法律。但这种观点是基于对新闻媒体的既定常规和特殊职责的理解。
   4原文：In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
分析：see“理解”； have a grasp of“掌握”；stories是个多义词，在不同的语境下应灵活翻译，这里与记者连用，指“报道”。 who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution从语法结构上来说是定语从句，但实际上这里表示条件，可译为条件句。
参考译文：事实上，如果记者对加拿大宪法的基本特征缺乏清楚把握，那么很难想象他们怎么能胜任政治方面的报道。 5 While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
分析：这里的 stories  与上一句一样，意思是“报道”； notions of significance 相当于 “有价值的理念”，“重要的理念”。
参考译文：尽管律师的意见和态度可能会增加报道的深度，但记者最好还是应该依靠自己认为重要的理念做出自己的判断。
全文参考译文
几个世纪以来，欧洲各所大学一直认为法学是一门基本知识学科。然而，只是在最近几年，法学才成为加拿大大学本科专业的一个特色。传统上，这些院校一直把学习法律看作是律师的特权，而不是每一个受过教育的人必备的知识才能。可喜的是，那种更古老、更具欧洲大陆特色的法律教育观点正在加拿大许多大学逐步确立起来，有些大学甚至已经开始授予法学学士学位。
如果法学正在逐渐成为普通教育的重要组成部分的话，那么其目标和方法应该会立刻吸引新闻教育者。法律是一门鼓励作出负责任的判断的学科。一方面，它为分析诸如正义、民主和自由这样的概念提供机会；另一方面，法学把这些观念同日常实际联系起来，这种联系方式类似于新闻记者平时报道以及对发表新闻评论时所建立的联系。比如，有关证据和事实、基本权利和公共利益这样的概念，在新闻判断和新闻编写过程中，如同在法庭上一样发挥作用。通过吸收法律知识、对法律进行反思来提高判断能力，这是一名记者为从事新闻事业应该做的一项知识准备。
有一种看法认为，记者必须比普通公民更深刻地理解法律。但这种观点是基于对新闻媒体的既定常规和特殊职责的理解。政治，或者广义上说，国家的职能，是新闻记者报道的一个主要方面。对国家运转的机制了解得越多，报道就会越出色。事实上，如果记者对加拿大宪法的基本特征缺乏清楚把握，那么很难想象他们怎么能胜任政治方面的报道。
而且，法律体系及体系中发生的事件是新闻记者报道的主要题材。虽然法律报道的质量相差很大，但是许多新闻记者都过分依赖律师所提供的看法。尽管律师的意见和态度可能会增加报道的深度，但记者最好还是应该依靠自己认为重要的理念做出自己的判断。而这些判断只能来自于对法律体系的充分理解。
最后，再一次声名：
以上内容相似度非常高，回忆不可能完全相同。如果有所误导，请不要责难我。参考而已。
感谢群里天蝎网友的回忆。
以上所有内容均来自互联网，若有侵犯版权，请告之。
本整理方便后来人。请尊重劳动成果。
祝每位考生顺利。

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