1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______________ and horizontally spread out.
V(1Ldl'a a. prudent b. reversible c. diffuse d. mandatory
BKfcK>%g }rsD$ g}0}$WgH: 2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _______________.
dON4r2-yC oL>m}T LU~U> a. refine b. discern c. embed d. cluster
v'Gqdd-#) 3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club a bigger ______________ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.
Ra<mdteZT :pcKww|V a. say
7g_:Gv~v b. transmission
!YSAQi
;I c. decay
G!T)V2y d. contention
RK#e7 4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached
almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _______________ fact that children
are bound to be exposed to ―dirty words‖ in a myriad of ways other than through the public
airwaves.
:.f =>s]
a.irrefutable
} WY7!Y b. concrete
c 6@!?8J c. inevitable
T!eeMsI d. haphazard
5c($3Pno= 5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a
substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _______________ the contract, that is,
treat the contract as discharged or terminated.
>3s9vdUp4h a. repudiate
YOwo\'|= b. spurn
ViQxOUE c. decline
e5maZ(.;F d. halt
oQI3Yz 6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed
conventions ______________ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message.
`YAqR?Xj_< a. as the way by which
c. as to the way in which
J!O5`k*.C b. by the way in which
d. in the way of which
Y>geP+ - 7. Rarely ______________ a technological development _______________ an impact on many
aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.
HE(|x1C)j a. has… had
ZW }*]rg b. had…had
u
*Z>&]W_ c. has…has
JDfkm+}uY d. have…had
1VL!0H 8. If early humans ______________ as much as they did, they probably ______________ to evolve
into different species.
s t P~/} a. did not move and intermingle…would continue
b. would not move and intermingle…had continued
c. had not moved and intermingled…would have continued
d. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued
A#M#JI-Y ]?S\So+ 9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked it
in--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already
completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing
shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving
friends for the next few days.
`Gzukh a. not until…when
_HX1E b. not until…that
W_9-JM(r c. until…when
@'j=oTT d. until…that
I=6\z^: 10.One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact
_____________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is
learnt deliberately and consciously.
a. in…which b. of …in which
a'U7 t c. on…that
K@Q_q/(%; d. to…that
ty[bIaQi Section B (5 points)
Ke '? _fha9` B
=@BYqiY a. division
[>QV^2'Z b. turmoil
!c[(#g c. fusion
G[n^SEY! d. consolidation
e^Q$Tog< 2. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective;
for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either
to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking.
]J+}WR a. inebriates
)QEvV:\ b. forsakes
eBX#^ c. relates
[~9rp]< d. emaciates
8rwkux > 13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show.
Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating,if not preventing, change.
98eiYh a. promoting
:L#t?~ b. impeding
eWzD'3h^ c. tempering
{E1g+>< d. arresting
WV}<6r$e 14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopia
presented by the players and the evil empires portrayed by their critics.
2*Hw6@Jj a. collaboration
T`KH7y|bv b. worth
<jE6ye(R c. triumph
RFd.L@-] d. defect
+6t<FH 15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of other
artists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspired outbursts of creative energy.
Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against
nearly insurmountable odds.
HKr")K% a. insuperable
H~E(~fl b. unsurpassable
',j'Hf c. uncountable
?#?[6t d. invaluable
BqC, -gC Section C (5 points)
RB<LZHZI 16. One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power to
6}^0/76^, investigate, which is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, special
(,1}P 'WK}T)o committees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees consisting of members of both houses
A B ^]c
/hb|X tn\Y: 17. One of the important corollaries to the investigative power is the power to publicize
investigations and their results. Most committee hearings are open to public and are reported
A B
CqX2R:#
widely in the mass media. Congressional investigations thus represent one important tool
C
available to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interest in national issues.
D
54~`8f 18. It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which we
A B
#~?Q?" almost always know. We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start
C
learning to read or write, and in our early years we go on unconsciously imitating and
D
U ^1Xc#Ff practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours everyday.
TP'
19. It had happened too often that the farmers sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debts
/.<%y8v A
were coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,
B
producer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involved, at
C
least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.
D
`&$"oW{HW 20. Detailed studies of the tribe by the food scientists at the University of London showed that
}M?\BH& A
gathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields on
B C
Awl4*J~ average about 100 edible calories as an hour of gathering produces 240.
D
fP>_P#gZ PART II: W
5,e;4/hL
jqq96hP, Passage 1
Plato’s Republic has been the source of great consternation, especially in literary circles, for its
Pk/{~!+
$ cF!ygz//
attack on the poets. Socrates in fact asserts that they should have no place in the ideal state. Eric
Havelock suggests that there are several misunderstandings in this regard, and in his Preface to
Plato he identifies the issues, explains the historical context.
Havelock opens his discussion by suggesting that the very title of the Republic is the source of
much confusion. The book is commonly understood to be a treatise on the ideal political entity, but
even a casual analysis will show that only one-third of the text is concerned with statecraft. The
other two-thirds cover a variety of subjects, but the thrust of Plato’s argument amounts to an attack
on the traditional Greek approach to education.
K +n The educational methods still in use in the 4th century BC had their origins in what has been
called the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC when the Mycenaean era collapsed. Very
little is known about the whys and wherefores of this collapse, but it wasn’t until around 700 BC
that the Phoenician alphabet began to be adapted and used in the Greek-speaking world. During the
intervening centuries, all knowledge concerning Greek history, culture, mores and laws were orally
transmitted down through the generations. The most effective device in aid of memorizing vast
amounts of information was rhyme. The epic form we see in Homer’s Iliad grew out of the need to
preserve the Greek cultural memory. Havelock takes the reader through Book 1 of The Iliad and
dissects it in detail to show how this cultural, historical and ethical heritage was conveyed. The
Iliad takes on new and significant meaning to the reader of this minute examination.
The Iliad and presumably other poetic vehicles were taught to children from an early age. The
whole of the Greek-speaking world was immersed in the project of memorizing, and out of the
masses arose those individuals with superior memories and theatrical skills who became the next
generation of minstrels and teachers. Education was thus comprised of memorization and rote
learning, and the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals.
Plato’s focus in the Republic and elsewhere is on Homer and Hesiod and to some extent the
dramatists which at the time were the centerpieces of the educational regime. Their works presented
gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth. The overall result is
that the Greek adolescent is continually conditioned to an attitude which at bottom is cynical. It is
more important to keep up appearances than to practice the reality. Decorum and decent behavior
are not obviously violated, but the inner principle of morality is. Once the Republic is viewed as a
critique of the educational regime, Havelock says that the logic of its total organization becomes
clear.
What Plato was railing against was an ―oral state of mind‖ which seems to have persisted even
though the alphabet and written documentation had been in use for three centuries. Illiteracy was
thus still a widespread problem in Plato’s time, and the poetic state of mind was the main obstacle
to scientific rationalism and analysis. This is why Plato regarded the poetic or oral state of mind as
the arch-enemy. In his teachings he did the opposite. He asked his students to ―think about what
they were saying instead of just saying it.‖ The epic had become, in Plato’s view, not ―an act of
creation but an act of reminder and recall‖ and contributed to what Havelock terms ―the Homeric
state of mind.‖ It was Socrates’ project (and by extension Plato’s) to reform Greek education to
encourage thinking and analysis. Thus all the ranting and railing about the ―poets‖ in Plato’s
Republic was limited basically to Homer and Hesiod because of what he viewed as a wholly
inadequate approach to education of which these particular poets were an integral part.
Unfortunately, Western culture has misconstrued what Plato and Socrates meant by ―the
poets.‖ And because we view poetry as a highly creative and elevated form of expression, our
q<(yNqMKP
critics have failed to recognize that Plato’s diatribe had a very specific and limited target which had
nothing to do with high-minded creativity, of which there is plenty, by the way, in the proscribed
poets. It wasn’t really the poets who were the problem; it was the use of them that was deemed
unacceptable.
Post-Havelock, we can now read the Republic with the scales lifted from our eyes and see it
for what it really was: an indictment of an antiquated educational regime which had no place in a
democratic society.
{3=M-U~r Comprehension Questions:
x95[*[ 21. The mistaken understanding of Plato's Republic consists in the widespread belief that it consists
of _______________.
$"&0 a. literary criticism
0S8v41i6 b. a treatise on the ideal polity
JJ@O5 c. a critique of rationalism
eh_{- d. an indictment of an obsolete pedagogy
c{4C4
'GD 22. According to Havelock, Plato’s anger with the poets arose from:
I: Their representation of gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for
youth.
S*;8z}5<\ II: Their transmission of culture, mores and laws.
X v;} !z a. I.
>DX\^8
6x b. II.
t.wB\Kmt\ c. Both I and II.
5dc24GB>_ d. Neither I nor II.
ZuZe
8& th
dqwCyYC
23. Prior to the 4 century BC, recitation was considered the best educational method because
_____________.
Y1RiuJtL a. poetry was seen as a highly creative and elevated form of expression
b. rhyme was the most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of information
c. there was no writing system
( iM*Y"Y d. the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals
XBQ]A89G 24. In Plato's diatribe the poetic or oral state of mind is the arch-enemy of _______________.
dXr=&@1 a. democratic society
c .the Phoenicians
[/_M!&
zz2 b. the Mycenaean Republic
d. literacy
mqL&b