2011年华科博士英语真题

华中科技大学2011年招收博士研究生入学考试试题

Part Ⅰ Cloze（0.5×20＝10％）
Directions：In thispart you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Writeyour answers on the answer sheet.
Tourism develops culture. It broadens thethinking of the traveler and leads to culture   1   between the hosts and guests from far-off places, This can benefit thelocals, since tourists bring culture 2 them.
Tourism may help to preserve indigenouscustoms.   3 traditional shows, parades, celebrations andfestivals are put on for tourists. The musicals, plays and serious drama of London theaters and otherkinds of nightlife are    4   supported by tourists. Such events mightdisappear without the stimulus of tourism    5   them.
On the other hand, tourism often contributesto the disappearance of local traditions and folklore. Churches, temples andsimilar places of worship are    6   as tourist attractions. This can be    7   the expense of their original function: how many believers want toworship in the middle of a flow of atheist invaders? Who would want to pray    8   curious onlookers shuffle to and fro withguide books, rather than prayer books, in their hands?
Tourism may bring other indirect culturalconsequences in its    9   .Tensions which already exist betweenancient and more modem ways may be deepened by tourists’ ignorance of 10    customs and beliefs. Tourists, if notactually richer, often seem more well-off than natives. The former maytherefore feel superior 11 the latter embarrassed about their lifestyles.The result maybe an inferior feeling which   12 helps the sense of identity which is soimportant to regional culture. The poverty of a locality can look even worsewhen 13 with the comfortable hotel environmentinhabited by tourists. Prosperous retired or elderly tourists from Britain, where the average life expectancy is 75years, may well 14 resentment in Sierra Leone, where the localpopulation can expect to live to no more than 41 years. The relative prosperityof tourists may 15 crime. In Gambia, unemployed young people offer toact as “professional friends”—guides, companions or longer get wages that wayso they 16 to petty stealing from the localpopulace, All this affects the local social life and culture 17 .Culturalerosion can also take place at more 18 levels. Greek villagerstraditionally 19 themselves on their hospitality. Theywould 20 travelers for free, feeding them andlistening to their stories. To take money would have been a disgrace. That haschanged now. Tourists exist to be exploited. Perhaps this is hardly surprisingif the earnings from one room rented to a tourist can exceed a teacher’smonthly salary.
1. A. Conflict    B.contact        C. concern          D.constraint
2. A. with    B.to             C. over              D. by
3. A. like that     B.if when      C. as if               D. as when
4. A. largely   B.extremely       C. positively            D.totally
5. A. entertain     B.retain    C. maintain           D.pertain
6. A. considered    B.taken     C. treated        D. made
7.  A. for       B. at         C.in         D. to
8.  A. how       B. that      C. while     D. when
9.  A. sake       B. wake     C.sense      D.cost
10. A. regional    B. native     C. territorial D. local
11. A. making      B. allowing   C. ignoring  D. leaving
12. A. hardly      B. seldom    C.usually   D. sometimes
13. A. compared   B. contrasted   C. related  D. associated
14. A. generate    B. produce   C. make   D. leave
15. A. increase     B. enhance   C. encourage D. ascend
16. A. go       B. turn       C.alter       D. change
17. A. hostilely     B. reciprocally   C.conversely   D. adversely
18. A. minor       B. small       C.subtle       D. micro
19. A. prided       B. famed   C.sang       D. claimed
20. A. put on      B. put up     C. put down    D. put off
Pare Ⅱ  Reading comprehension (20×2=40％)
Directions: There are four passages in thispart. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the bestanswer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.
Passage One
Globalization is a phenomenon that has beenaffecting countries and societies for several decades, but the outline of theglobal system has only emerged with some clarity recently. The rise of globalmarkets and the increase in speed and volume of international transactions hasbrought about a degree of interdependence and co-operation in economic mattersamong states that have not so far been matched by a corresponding increase in respectfor and protection of human rights and democracy. Indeed, many democracies arestill fragile, and have not made the transition from viewing democraticpractices as instrumental to having a widely shared principled commitment tothe democratic and constitutional framework.
The rise of global economic networks hasled to a rise in the influence of global actors such as multi-national corporations, global economic bodies suchas the WTO, the World Bank, the IMF and regional economic organizations. These constitutea new form of global governance whose directives and imperatives states findincreasingly difficult to ignore, The established international politicalorganizations have not come close to replicating this effectiveness.
Predictions that the phenomenon ofglobalization will result in a lowering of human rights standards as themobility of capital seeks out the markets least constrained by labor and humanrights standards to maximize the highest returns need not be the case. The roleof human rights organizations in this context must be to ensure thatglobalization drives standards up not down, and to present the case thatfreedom of expression and access to official information are key to sustainablehuman and economic development and the prevention of corruption, which in turnsupport the conditions necessary for sustainable economic growth.
With the demand for global trade to go handin hand with global responsibility, international financial institutions arecoming under increasing pressure to regulate the global economy not simply tofacilitate economic growth, but to promote compliance with human development,including international human rights norms. Multinational corporations havealso been forced to recognize a degree of corporate social responsibility inthe areas in which they operate and in the communities on which they have animpact. Transparency in the operations of such compardes is becomingincreasingly important to their gaining access to capital. They are more andmore accountable to shareholders, who, in turn are increasingly diffuse andnumerous. The pursuit of “shareholdersvalue” means that there is score to ensure that the investor－citizen has a say in the way that companies conductthemselves.
The task for those promoting freeexpression is to harness new technologies to challenge censorship, and toharness the power and influence of new global actors to ensure that they notonly take the arguments for free expression on board, but become vocaladvocates for such rights.
21. All of the following is not ture accordingto the first paragraph EXCEPT
A. Globalization has been developingsystematically for several decades
B. Protection of human rights hasn’tincreased enough to be correspondent with the present situation
C. Democracy has been fully developed inthe world
D. Many countries has constructed ademocratic and constitutional framework
22. The underlined word “which” in thethird paragraph refers to
A. Human rights organizations
B. The prevention of corruption
C. Sustainable human and economicdevelopment and the prevention
of corruption
D. Freedom of expression and access toofficial information
23. Multinational corporations have not to.
A. recognize its social responsibility
B. be responsible to their shareholders
C. be transparent in operation
D. be responsible in other communities inthe same area
24. Which of the following expressionsabout the global actors is not true?
A. They are becoming more and moreinfluential.
B. Sometimes they can influence thedecision of a country.
C. They are not so effective as theinternational political organization.
D. WTO and IMF are included
25. What is not the purpose of writing thispassage?
A. To point out the negative effects ofglobalization.
B. To point the power and influence ofglobal actors.
C. To call the global actor’s awareness ofhuman of rights.
D. To harness new technologies to challengeexamination.
Passage Two
    Patients tend to fell indignant and insulted if the physician tells themhe can find no organic cause for the pain. They tend to interpret the term“psychogenic” to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent symptoms. Theyneed to be educated about the fact that many forms of pain have no underlyingphysical cause but are the general cause but are the result, as mentionedearlier, of tension, stress or hostile factors in the general environment.Sometimes a pain may be a manifestation of “conversion hysteria”.
    Obviously, it is folly for an individual to ignore symptoms that couldbe a warning of a potentially serious illness. Some people are so terrified ofgetting news from a doctor that they allow their malaise to worsen, sometimespast the point of no return. Total neglect is not the answer to hypochondria.The only answer has to be increased education about the way the human bodyworks; so that more people be able to steer an intelligent course betweenpromiscuous pill-popping and irresponsible disregard of genuine symptoms.
    Of all forms pain, none is important for the individual to understand thanthe “threshold” variety. Almost everyone has a telltale ache that is triggeredwhenever tension or fatigue reaches a certain point. It can take the form of amigraine-type headache or a squeezing pain deep in the abdomen or cramps or apain in the lower back or even in the joints. The individual who has learnedhow to make the correlation between such threshold pains and their causedoesn’t panic when they occur; he or she does sometimes about relieving thestress and tension. Then, if the pain persists despite the absence of apparentcause, the individual will telephone the doctor.
26. Which of the following is TRUE?
   A.A pain can only be caused by physical harm.
   B.Some people are complaining of a pain which does not exist.
   C.A pain can be caused by psychogenic factors.
   D.Educated people do not complain of nonexistent pain.
27. Some people suffering form a pain donot go to hospital because           .
   A.they are horrified to get the bad news
   B.they think no medicine is effective
C. They think the pain will disappear as soonas you forget it
   D.They are too busy
28. According to the passage, the properway towards a pain is            .
  A.Taking different medicines
  B.Visiting famous physicians
  C.Paying no attention to it
  D.None of the above
29. As soon as a person gets “thresholdpains”, he should
   A.telephone the doctor immediately
   B.first relieve the stress and tension which cause the pains
  C.wait to let the pains reach a certain point
   D.take pain-killer
Passage Three
Feministcritics have long debated the extent to which gender plays a role in thecreation and interpretation of texts. Androgynist poetics, rooted inmid-Victorian women’s writing, contends that the creative mind is sexless mind,but Line from the 1970s on, many feminist critics rejected the idea of the genderlessmind，finding that the imagination cannot evadeconscious or unconscious structures of gender which is part ofculture-determination where separating imagination from the self is impossible.
TheFemale Aesthetic, expressing a unique female consciousness in literature, spokeof the “female vernacular, the Mother Tongue, a powerful but neglected women’sculture”.Virginia Woolf discusses how a woman writer seeks within herself “thepools the depths, the dark places where the largest fish slumber”, inevitablycolliding against her own sexuality to confront “sometimes about the body,about the passions”. Accessible to men and women alike, but representing femalesexual morphology, this method sought a way of writing which literally embodiedthe female, thereby fighting the subordinating, linear style of classificationor distinction.
Itmust be admitted that there are problems with the Female Aesthetic thatfeminist critics themselves recognized. For instance , they avoided definingexactly what constituted their writing style , as any definition would thencategorize it and safely subsume it as a genre under the linear patriarchalstructure－its very restlessness and ambiguity defiedidentification as part of its identity . Some feminists and women writers couldfeel excluded by the surreality of the Female Aesthetic and its stress on thebiological forms of female experience, which also bear close resemblance toessentialism. Men may try their hand at writing woman’s bodies , but accordingto the feminist critique , only a woman whose very biology gave her an edgecould read these texts successfully－a positionwhich, worst of all. Risked marginalization of women’s literature and theory. Later,Gynocritics attempted to resolve some of these problems. by agreeing thatwomen’s literature lay as the central concern for feminist criticism butrejecting the concept of an essential female identity and style , whilesimultaneously seeking to revise Freudian structures by emphasizing aPre-Oedipal phase wherein the daughter’s bond to her mother inscribes the keyfactor in gender identity , Matriarchal values dissolve intergenerationalconflicts and build upon a female tradition of literature rather than thestruggle of Oedipus and Lais at the crossroads .Lastly and most promising inits achievement of a delicate balance are developments of an over-archinggender theory , which considers gender ,both male and female ,as a socialconstruction built on biological differences . Gender theory proposes toexplore ideological inscription and the literary effects of the sex /gendersystem, opening up the literary theory stage and bringing in questions ofmasculinity into feminist theory. Taking gender as a fundamental analyticcategory brings feminist criticism from the margin to the center, though itrisks depoliticizing the study of women.
30. Which of the following titles bestsummarizes the content of the passage?
   A.A Historical Overview of Feminist Literary Criticism
   B.Establishing New Feminist Concepts of Gender
   C.The Precarious Feminist Compromise in Politics and Art
   D.A New Theory of Literary Criticism
31. The author specifically mentions all ofthe following as issues that have been considered in the evolution of feministliterary criticism EXCEPT
   A.the place of women in the literary canon
   B.the question of culture in determining gender
   C.the role of Freud in theorizing gender identity
  D.The effect of biological differences on textual style
32. The author refers to the “largest fish”(Paragraph 2) primarily in order to
A. suggest a refuge from the long historyof sexist literary criticism
B. offer a sense of political purpose thatcan only be awakened through literature
C. articulate the possibility for escapefrom the confines of gendered identity
D. refer to a unique feminist identity thatmust be extracted somehow from the body
33. According to the passage, the greatestrisk posed by the feminist theories, like the Female Aesthetic, which posit theexistence of an “essential” or non-constructed gender is in
A. creating a bead-end for feministliterary criticism by attacking the notion of an androgynist poetics
B. reinforcing sexist notions that womencannot emulate the literary style of men
C. pushing feminist writing out of themainstream by arguing that men are unable to fully comprehend women’s writing
D. relying too heavily on the theories ofFreud, under which identity is the product of biology
34. It can be inferred that the authorwould define the “delicate balance” mentioned in the last paragraph as theequilibrium between
A. establishing ties between generations ofwomen and fighting patriarchal influence
B. assigning the proper weight to theconcept of gender as socially constructed and biologically inherited
C. actively fighting and passivelydocumenting the literary affects of the sex/gender system
D. avoiding marginalization on thepolitical fringes and de-politicization in the political mainstream
35. It can be inferred from the passagethat the author would most likely describe the evolution of feminist literarytheory as
A. a gradual movement from the idea ofgenderless writing to a writing that originates in the women’s body
B. a shift between adversarial criticism tomore tolerant varieties of criticism
C. a regular fluctuation between the ideaof genderless and gendered writing that gradually settles on a compromise
D. a more or less constant pursuit of the goalof establishing a unique niche for women’s literature
Passage Four
To facilitate entry into fine art thinkingand avoid being misled in fundamental ways, archaeologists must understand theprinciples that define and govern each art category, whether utilitarian, fineor decorative. The traditional intent of a craft like ceramics is to serve autilitarian function and its ability to act in this capacity is essentiallydependent upon the skill of properly shaping a vessel to correspond to itstask, so neither its exact manner of construction (by hand or wheel, coil orslab) nor the significance of imagery glazed on is surface changes its primaryrole “to contain”, though it may add to its value. While ceramicists must thinkand construct art according to certain patterns of utilitarian form, followinga prototypal model that relates to the artwork’s purpose, fine art has no suchrequirement.
Fine artists often work in mixed or newmedia, evidenced by the example of vases created during the Greek Archaic period,which were an anomaly to the paradigm of earlier vases because the later onesnot only served “to contain”, but also to communicate ideas An examination ofthis apparent inconsistency reveals both the Greek’s high regard for aestheticsand the explanation that fine artists usually created the paintings on thevases made by potters. Though Greek vase painting differs greatly from the workof modem artist Pablo Picasso, he too painted on ceramic objects made byothers. Contrasting ancient fine art forms such as paintings and stone or metalsculptures with contemporary fine art forms such as computer art, videoimagery, and holograms, it is possible to see that as the culture’ s technologytransforms, its changes are visible in the structural forms of fine art.
At the same time, changes in fine artindicate its mandate to both reflect and create new perceptions of the culture,but form alone is insufficient to classify objects into artcategories.Frequently, art that serves a decorative function is confused withboth utilitarian and fine art because of its similar appearance, but thefunction of decorative art is the form itself; it is not compelled to fulfilleither a utilitarian task or address concepts that exemplify its historicperiod. Communication would appear redundant if fine artists, like utilitarianand decorative artists, were to produce unlimited numbers of the same object.Once an idea is assimilated into the culture there is no longer a need todiscuss it unless artists are more clearly defining or redefining it.Therefore, archaeologists should be aware that an artifact produced in any wayby formula is not fine art. The fine artist’s process is continuous from themoment of conception until a piece is complete, and thus everything is thoughtof in terms of context, so that, as a general guide, archaeologists shouldconsider no mark within a work unimportant and only define its meaning inrelation to the whole piece.
36. In the passage, the author is primarilyconcerned with
A.distinguishing mutually exclusivecategories
B.clarifying an apparent contradiction
C.supporting new ideas
D.analyzing a problem
37.According to the passage, the “earliervases” mentioned in the second paragraph constitute which of the following?
A. The product of mixed media art,involving hybrid forms.
B. A case of primarily utilitarian artbeing put to decorative purposes.
C. Utilitarian art whose makers were solelyconcerned with functionality.
D. Fine art, whose primary purpose is toconvey aesthetic meaning.
38.According to the passage, the form whichfine art takes at any given historical moment is often dictated by
A. the level of continuity in the artist’sthinking process
B. the concepts which exemplify thehistorical period of its creation
C. the technology available to the artistat the time the art piece is created
D. the level of skill which the artistbrings to the ark work
39.Which of the following best states theauthor’s view of the argument that fine art may be distinguished as a categoryby its physical form?
A.Outright approval.
B.Skepticism.
C.Neutrality.
D.Indignation.
40. Which of the following statements aboutfine arts production is best supported by the information presented in thepassage?
A.The best fine art is in some casesproduced by formula, resulting in mass quantities of a single object.
B.Once an artist creates a work, there isusually little benefit in his duplicating it, as it has already conveyed itsmeaning.
C.In aesthetic terms, fine art is oftenconsidered superior to decorative art, whose beauty is limited byfunctionality.
D.At the present historical moment, hightechnology like electronics seldom plays a role in arts other than fine arts
Part Ⅲ Translation (30%)
Section A From Chinese into English (15%)
Directions: Translate the following threeunderlined parts from Chinese into English and write your translation on theanswer sheet.
新的一年才刚刚开始，你就发现很难坚持：“告别垃圾食品、远离沙发、戒烟”这些新年决心了吧？我们很难改掉坏习惯是由于生物学的原因——这些坏习惯根植于我们的大脑中。
1.这并不是让人放弃新年决心的借口。了解不健康的习惯怎样变得根深蒂固可以启发科学家研究出一些让好习惯代替坏习惯的“技巧”。诺拉·活尔科夫博士说：“为什么坏习惯更加顽固？因为它能带来即时的犒赏，而这种即时犒赏的力量很强大。”那么这一点快乐的感觉是怎样转化为一种习惯的呢？这与一种感知快乐的化学物质多巴胺有关。多巴胺使大脑不断期望得到这种犒赏，从而不断加强快乐感与这种行为之间的联系，特别是当它能从周围环境中得到正确的暗示时。
2.一项“为行为变化买单”的运动可能会对这种联系加以利用，在这项运动中，一些公司给雇员提供“即时报酬”或是“保险回扣”，以激励他们形成更好的习惯。不管这项运动结果如何，研究人员说我们的确可以采取某些行动来对抗坏习惯对大脑的吸引力。
3.那就是，重复，重复，再重复你的新行为，使之成为每天固定时间的例行活动。下决心锻炼？那就每天早上固定时间锻炼，而不要随意找时间，这样会使大脑最终接受这个新习惯。神经学家活尔科夫也是一个热爱跑步的人，他说：“如果你哪天没锻炼，就会感觉很糟糕。”
运动本身能提高多巴胺的水平，这样尽管运动结束后你的肌肉感觉酸痛，但是你的大脑还是会感觉良好。
Section B From English into Chinese (15%)
Directions: Translate the following threeunderlined parts from English into Chinese and write your translation on theanswer sheet.
1. Ever since the financial tsunami sweptall before it in September 2008, many people have saved furiously. That’s agood thing, but there’s a temptation to lose that discipline once the stormclouds start to break.
While the economy remains fragile and manypeople are still out of work, signs of recovery are becoming more and moreapparent. Among your New Year’s resolutions include a savings goal that isfunction of your regular income, even if it’s not a large amount of money.
Maintaining the discipline is crucial. Theamount of savings can grow over time.
2. Advice on how to save for retirement oryour kids’ college is plentiful. Less plentiful is guidance on what kind ofrainy-day fund you should have.
3. A rainy-day fund, which your savingsplan can feed, should cover about sic mouths of income. It’s a form of personalinsurance, valuable in these rapidly changing times.
This fund should be kept in safe andeasy-to-tap assets .Laddering certificates of deposit out six months is oneway.
Part Ⅳ Essay Writing (20%)
Directions: You are required to write about200 words on the following topic: “The Significance of the Spring FestivalGala”.

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