北师大考博英语真题

北师大考博英语试题——2007
I. Listening Comprehension (15 points) Section A Directions: There are five statements in this section. Each statement will be spoken only' once. When you hear a statement, read the four choices given and choose the one which is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C, or D on the ANSVER SHEET with a single line through the center.
1.
A. He is in a drug store.
B. He is at a department store.
C. He is at home.
D. He is at his doctor's office.
2.
A. I missed in3' train because you stopped me.
B. You made me forget what I was saving
C. You looked so deep in thought that I didn't want to bother you.
D. You told me never to interrupt you.
3. A Sally drove back and forth to work twice today
B. Sally took long time to do her work.
C. Sally took her lunch with her to work.
D. Sally usually gets to work in much less time.
4.
A. If you audit a course, you don't have to take the tests.
B. You have to take a test if you want to add another course.
C. Of course you need to buy some textbooks.
D. It is not necessary to order a textbook.
5.
A. The speaker's salary is $250.
B. The speaker's salary is $1000.
C. The speaker's salary is $1100.
D. The speaker's salary is $ 275. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear five short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.

6.
A. Clean up her room
B. Get her report back.
C. Not wait for him past noon.
D. Not worry about her raincoat.
7.
A. It was probably Mr. Brown's phone number that the woman wrote down.
B. it was just an hour ago that the man met Mr. Brown.
C. The woman forgot to write down the phone number.
D. The woman needed a sheet of paper to put down the number.
8.
A. Someone who is in charge of hunting.
B. A boss of a company.
C. A job-seeking advisor.
D. Someone who is in charge of looking for talents for a company.
9.
A. The woman is not careful at all this time.
B. No matter how careful one can be, it is not enough
C. The woman is most careful this time.
D. The woman has never been careful.
10.
A. Ton: stayed in a room on the second floor for an hour.
B. Nobody but the woman noticed that Tom was absent.
C. Tom was absent when the discussion was held. "~
D. Tom stayed in Room 302 for an hour.
Section C Directions: In this section, you will hear an interview. Look at the five statements for this part on your test paper and decide if you think each statement is true or false while you are listening to the interview. If you think the answer is true, mark A, if you think the answer is false, mark B on the e\NS\VER SHEET with a single line through the center.
1.     Xiang zhen has lived in the United States since she was ten years old.
2.     In Korea, the American gesture for "come" is used :o call dogs.
3.     When talking to an older person or someone with a higher social position. Koreans traditionally look at the person's feet.
4.     Between males and females, direct eye contact is a sign of attraction,
5.     After many years in the United States. Xiangzhen's body language is still

completely Korean. " '
II. Reading Comprehension (30 points) Directions: Read the following passages carefully end then select the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D by marking the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
1      Since the first brain scanner was constructed several years ago, computed tomography or computed medical imagery, has become fairly widely used. Its rapid acceptance is due to the fact that it has overcome several of the drawbacks of conventional X-ray technology.     To begin with, conventional two-dimensional X-ray pictures cannot show all of the information contained in a three-dimensional object. Things at different depths aresuper imposed, causing confusion to the viewer. Computed tomography can give three-dimensional information. The computer is able to reconstruct pictures of the body's interior by measuring the varying intensities of X-ray beams passing through sections of the body from hundreds of different angles. Such pictures are based on series of thin "'slices".
    In addition, conventional X-ray generally differentiates only between bone and air, as in the chest and lungs. They cannot distinguish soft tissues or variations in tissues. The liver and pancreas are not discernible at all, and certain other organs max only be rendered visible through the use of radio paque dye. Since computed tomography is much more sensitive, the soft tissues of the kidneys or the liver can be seen and clearly differentiated. This technique can also accurately measure different degrees of X-ray absorption, facilitating the study of the nature of" tissue.
    A third problem with conventional X-ray methods is their inability Io measure quantitatively the separate densities of the individual substances through which the X-ray has passed. Only the mean absorption of all the tissues is recorded. This is not a problem with computed tomography. It can accurately locate a tumor and subsequently monitor the progress of radiation treatment, so that in addition to its diagnostic capabilities, it can play a significant role in therapy.
16. Conventional X-rays mainly show the difference between
A. bone and air B. liver and pancreas
C. muscle and other body tissues D. heart and lungs

17. What kind of view is made possible by contiguous cross sections of the body?
A. Two-dimensional. B. Three-dimensional.
C. Animated. D. Intensified.
18. It can be inferred form the passage that. compared to conventional X-ray
techniques, computed tomography is more
A. compact B. rapid
C. economical D. informative
19. what is the author's attitude toward this new technique?
A. Cautious. B. Tolerant.
C. Enthusiastic. D. Critical.
20. According to the passage, computed tomography can be used for all of the following EXCEPT
A. monitoring a patient's disease B. diagnosing disorders
C. locating tumors D. reconstructing damaged tissues Passage 2
      Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as purification, medicine and religion were inextricably, linked for centuries. This notion is apparent in the origin of our word "pharmacy," which comes from the Greek pharmakon, meaning "purification through purging."
By 3500 B.C., the Sumerians in the Tigris-Euphrates valley had developed virtually all of our modern methods of administering drugs. They used gargles inhalations, pills, lotions, ointments, and plasters. The first drug catalog, or pharmacopoeia, was written at that time by an unknown Sumerian physician. Preserved in cuneiform script on a single clay' tablet are the names of dozens of drugs to treat ailments that still afflict us today.
     The Egyptians added to the ancient medicine chest. The Ebers Papyrus. a scroll dating from 1900B.C. and named after the German Egyptologist George Ebers. reveals the trial-and-error know-how acquired by early Egyptian physicians. To relieve indigestion, a chew of peppermint leaves and carbonates (known today. As antacids) was prescribed, and to numb the pain of tooth extraction, Egyptian doctors temporarily stupefied a patient with ethyl alcohol.
The scroll also provides a rare glimpse into the hierarchy of ancient drug preparation. The "'chief of the preparers of drugs" was the equivalent of a head pharmacist, who supervised the "'collectors of drugs." field workers, who gathered essential minerals and herbs. The "'preparers" aides" (technicians)

dried and pulverized ingredients, which were blended according to certain formulas by' the "'preparers." And the "conservator of drugs" oversaw the storehouse where local and imported mineral, herb, and animal-organ ingredients were kept.
    By the seventh century B.C.. the Greeks had adopted a sophisticated mind-body view of medicine. They- believed that a physician must pursue the diagnosis and treatment of the physical causes of disease within a scientific framework, as well as cure the supernatural components involved. Thus, the early, Greek physician emphasized something of a holistic approach to health, even if the suspected "mental" causes of disease were not recognized as stress and depression but interpreted as curses from displeased deities.
    The modern era of pharmacology began in the sixteenth century, ushered in by' the first major discoveries in chemistry. The understanding of how chemicals interact to produce certain effects within the body would eventually remove much of the guesswork and magic from medicine.
Drugs had been launched on a scientific course, but centuries "would pass before superstition was displaced by' scientific fact. One major reason was that physicians. unaware of the existence of disease-causing pathogens ..such as bacteria and viruses, continued to dream up imaginary causative evils .And' though new chemical compounds emerged, their effectiveness in treating disease was still based largely on trial and error.
     Many standard, common drugs in the medicine chest developed in this trial-and-error environment. Such is the complexity of disease and human biochemistry that even today, despite enormous strides in medical science, many of the latest sophisticate additions to our medicine chest shelves were accidental finds.
21. The author cites the literal definition of the Greek word pharmakon in the first paragraph in orderto
A. show that ancient civilization had an advanced form of medical science
B. point out that man}' of the beliefs of ancient civilizations are still held today
C. illustrate that early man thought recovery from illness was linked to internal cleansing
D. emphasize the primitive nature of Greek medical science
22. According to the passage, the seventh-century Greeks' view of medicine differed from that of the Sumerians in that the Greeks
A. discovered more advanced chemical applications of drugs
B. acknowledged both the mental and physical roots of illness

C. established a rigid hierarchy for the preparation of drugs
D. attributed disease to psychological, rather than physical, causes
23. In Paragraph 5, the word "holistic'" most nearly' means
A. integrated B. religious
C. modern D. physiological
24. The passage indicates that advances in medical science during the modern era of pharmacology may have been delayed by,
A. a lack of understanding of he origins of disease
B. a shortage of chemical treatments for disease
C. an inaccuracy in pharmaceutical preparation
D. an overemphasis on the psychological causes of disease
25. In the final paragraph, the author makes which of the following observations about scientific discovery?
A. Human biochemistry is such a complex science that important discoveries are uncommon.
B. Many cures for common diseases have yet to be discovered.
C. Trial and error is the best avenue to scientific discovery.
D. Chance events have led to the discovery of many modem drugs. Passage 3
When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life exists in any' part of it, they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need not  resemble closely the life that exists on Earth. Mars looks like tile only planet where life like ours could exist, and even this is doubtful. But there may be miler kinds of life based on other kinds of chemistry and they may multiply on Venus us or Jupiter. At leas we cannot prove at present that they do not.
    Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be in a more advanced stage of ev0Iution. Present-day man is in a peculiar and probably temporary stage. His individual units retain a strong sense of personality. They are, in fact, still capable under  favorable circumstances of leading individual lives. But man's societies are already sufficiently.' developed to have enormously more power and effectiveness than the individuals have.
    It is no1 likely that this transitional situation wit! continue very tong or the evolutionary time scale. Fifty thousand ,years from now man's societies may have become so close-knit that the individuals retain no sense of separate personality. Then little distinction will remain between the organic parts of the multiple organism and the inorganic parts (machines) that have been constructed by it. A million years further on man and his machines may' have merged as closely as the muscles of the human body and the nerve cells that set them in motion.

    The explorers~ of space should be prepared for some such  situation. If they. Arrive on a foreign planet that has reached an advanced stage (and this is by' no means impossible), they' may find it being inhabited by a single large organism composed of many closely cooperating units.
The units may be "'secondary,'" machines created millions of years ago by a previous form of life and given the will and ability' to survive and reproduce. They may be built entirely of metals and other durable materials, if this is the case, they may be much more tolerant of their environment multiplying under conditions that would destroy immediately any organism made of carbon compound and dependent on the familiar carbon cycle.
     Such creatures might be relics of a past age, many millions of years ago, when their planet was favorable to the origin of life or they might be immigrants from a favored planet 26 What does the word "cheer" (Para. 1, Line 2) imply?
A. Imaginative men are sure of success in finding life on other planets.
B. Imaginative men are delighted to find life on other planets.
C. Imaginative men are happy to find a different kind of life existing on other  planets.
D. imaginative mea can be pleased with the idea that there might exist different forms of life on other planets.
27. Humans on Earth are characterized by A their existence as free and separate beings
B. their capability of living under favorable conditions
C. their great power and effectiveness
D. their strong desire for living in a close-knit society
28. According to this passage, some people believe that eventually __
A. human societies will be much more cooperative
B. man will live in a highly organized world
C. machines will take control over man
D. living beings will disappear from Earth
29. Even most imaginative people have to admit that __
A. human societies are as advanced as those on some other planets
B. planets other than Earth are not suitable for life like ours to stay,
C. it is difficult to distinguish between organic parts and inorganic parts of the human body

D. organisms are more creative than machines
30. It seems that the writer
A. is interested in the imaginary life forms
B. is eager to find a different form of life
C. is certain of the existence of a new life form
D. is critical of the imaginative people Passage 4
    Education is one of the key, words of our time. A man without an education, many of us believe, is at: unfortunate victim of unfortunate circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states ‘invest', in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education. with its cycles of instruction so care fully worked out, punctuated by text-books--those purchasable wells of wisdom--what would civilization be like without its benefits?
    So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and birth; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology,, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of "college" imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe sc that in this respect everybody is equally, equipped for life.
     It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive Forms of modern education try, to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be, applied to peoples without a script  while our own compulsory  school attendance became law in necessary  in 1642, in  France in 1806, and in England in, 1976, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure thin all on knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries.
     Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents; therefore the jungles and the savages know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child.

31. The best title for this passage is __
A. The Significance of Education
B. Educational Investment and Its Returns
C. Education: A Comparison of Its Past and Its Present
D. Education in the Wilderness
32. The word "interest" in paragraph one means __
A. capital profit got back from the investment
B. the things young people are interested in
C. the well-educated and successful young men and women
D. the well-educated young people with leadership potential
33. The author seems
A. against the education in the very early historic times
B. positive about our present educational instruction
C. in favor of the educational practice in primitive cultures
D. quite happy to see an equal start for everyone
34. The passage implies that __
A. some families now can hardly afford to send their children to school
B. everyone today' has an equal opportunity in education
C. every, country invests heavily in education
D. we are not very certain whether preachers are necessary or not
35. According to the passage, which of the following statement is true?
A. One without education today has no opportunities.
B. We have not yet decided on our education models.
C. Compulsory schooling is legal obligation in several countries now.
D. Our spiritual outlook is better now than before.
Passage 5         Many, zoos in the United States have undergone radical changes in the philosophy and design. All possible care is taken to reduce the stress of living in captivity. Cages and grounds are landscaped to make gorillas feel immersed in vegetation, as they would be in a Congo jungle. Zebras gaze across vistas arranged to appear (to zoos visitors, at least) nearly as broad as an African plain. Yet, strolling past animals in zoo after zoo. I have noticed the signs of hobbled energy that has found no release--large cats pacing in a repetitive pattern, primates rocking for hours in one corner of a cage. These truncated movements are known as cage stereotypes, and usually these movements bring about no obvious physical or emotional effects in the captive animal. Many animal specialists believe they, are more

troubling to the people who watch than to the animals themselves. Such restlessness is an unpleasant reminder that--despite the careful interior decoration and clever optical illusions--zoo animals are prisoners, being kept in elaborate cells.
The rationale for breeding endangered animals in zoos is nevertheless compelling. Once a species falls below a certain number, it is beset by inbreeding and other processes that nudge it closer and closer to extinction. If the animal also faces the whole-scale destruction of its habitat, its one hope for survival lies in being transplanted to some haven of safely, usually a cage. In serving as trusts for rare fauna. zoos have committed millions of dollars to caring for animals. Many zoo managers have given great consideration to the psychological health of the animals in their care. Yet the more I learned about animals bred in enclosures, the more I wondered how their sensibilities differed from those of animals raised to roam free.
    In the wild, animals exist in a world of which we have little understanding. They may communicate with their kind through "language" that are indecipherable by humans. A few studies suggest that some species perceive landscapes much differently than people do; for example, they max: be keenly attuned to movement on the faces of mountains or across the broad span of grassy plains. Also, their social structures may be complex and integral to their well-being. %me scientists believe they may even develop cultural traditions that are key to the survival of populations.
       But when an animal is confined, it lives within a vacuum. If it is accustomed to covering long distances in its searches for food, it grows lazy or bored. It can make no decisions for itself; its intelligence and wild skills atrophy from lack of use. becomes, in a sense, one of society's charges, completely dependent on humans for' nourishment and care.
How might an animal species be changed--subtly, imperceptibly--by
spending several generations in a per:? I posed that question to the curator of
birds at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, which is a breeding center for the
endangered California condor. "I always have to chuckle when someone asks me
that," the curator replied. "Evolution has shaped the behavior of the condor for hundreds of years. If you think I can change it in a couple of generations, you're giving me a lot of credit."
      Recently the condor was reintroduced into the California desert---only a moment after its capture, in evolutionary terms. Perhaps the curator was right; perhaps the wild nature of the birds would emerge unscathed, although I was not convinced. But what of species that will spend decades or centuries in confinement before they are released?
36. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. highlight the improvements in the conditions of American zoos
B. examine behavioral traits of animals living in zoos
C. raise concerns about the confinement of wild animals in zoos
D. suggest alternative ways of protecting endangered species
37. The primary function of the second paragraph is to show that
A. wild animals adapt to their cages by modifying their movements
B. confined animals are not being seriously harmed
C. zoos are designed with the reactions of spectators in mind
D. people are overly sensitive to seeing animals in captivity
38. In the fourth paragraph, the author's most important point is that animals in
the wild
A. perceive landscapes differently than do animals in captivity
B. have modes of communicating that are very similar to those of humans
C. are likely to live longer than animals kept in zoos
D. depend on the care and support of others of their species
39. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the fourth paragraph and the fifth paragraph?
A. The fourth paragraph presents a question that is answered in the fir'& paragraph.
B. The fourth paragraph contains an assertion that is evaluated in the fifth paragraph.
C. The fifth paragraph describes a contrast to the situation presented in the fourth  paragraph.
D. The fifth paragraph discusses the second part of the process described in the fourth paragraph.
40. In paragraph 5.’charges" most nearly means __
A. costs B. responsibilities C. demands D. attacks
Passage 6     The importance and focus of the interview in the work of ~he print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to. journalist and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the "how to" aspects or journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the "how to" material is based on personal experiences and general

impressions. As we know, in journalism as in other fields, much can be. learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.
     There is, as has been suggested, a growling body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present, the theoretical and empirical  aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview, The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in modern Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help. Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews. requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.
41. The main idea of the first paragraph is that __
A. generalized principles for journalistic interviews are the chief concern for writers on journalism
B. concepts and contextual implications are of secondary importance to .journalistic interviewing
C. importance should be attached to the systematic study of journalistic interviewing
D. personal experiences and general impressions should be excluded from journalistic interviews
42. Much research has been done on interviews in general
A. but journalistic interviewing as a specific field has unfortunately been neglected
B. though the study of the interviewing techniques hasn't received much attention
C. so the training of journalistic interviewers has likewise been strengthened
D. and there has also been a dramatic growth in the study of journalistic interviewing 43. Westerners are familiar with the journalistic interview. __

A. but most of them wish to stay away from it
B. and many of them hope to be interviewed some day'
C. but most of them may not have been interviewed in person
D. and many of them would like to acquire a true understanding of it
44.Who is the interviewee in a clinic interview?
A. The psychologist. B. The physician.
C. The journalist. D. The patient.
45. The passage is most likely a part of
A. a news article B. a preface
C. a research report D. a journalistic interview
III. Translation and Writing (55 points)  Section A Translation (40%) Translate the following into Chinese:
1) Information processing is the acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval ( 检索 ), display, and dissemination of information. In recent years, the term has often been applied to computer-based operations specifically,. During the past few centuries great advances have been made in the human capability to record, store, and reproduce information, beginning with the invention of printing from movable type in 1450,
followed by the development of photography and telephony, and culminating in the mass production of electronic digital computers in the latter half of the 20th century. New technologies for preserving and transmitting aural and visual information have further enhanced information processing. 2) The entry of the Anglo-Saxon peoples into Britain, and their centuries-long successful struggle to establish Germanic kingdoms there, is among the most famous ventures of the Age of Migrations, but like other historical events of the time it is obscure in much of its detail: the identity and place of origin of the peoples taking part, the needs and desires that moved them to entry" and conquest, the lines of invasion, the duration of native resistance, the historicity of the British Arthur (亚瑟王~ ) .
Translate the following into English:

英语现在是60多个国家使用的官方或半官方语言。他是书包出版、科学技术，广告和通俗音乐、计算机信息存储所使用的主要国际语言。今天有4亿多以英语为母语，另外大约有4亿人使用英语作为第二语言，至少还有五亿人把英语作为外语使用。 Section B Writing (15%)
Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 150 words.
Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance
The word Renaissance means "rebirth." A number of people who lived in Italy between 1350 and 1550 believed that they had witnessed a rebirth of antiquity or Greco-Roman civilization, marking a new age. To them, the thousand or so years between the end of the Roman Empire and their own era was a middle period (hence the "Middle Ages"), characterized by darkness because of its lack of classical culture Historians of the nineteenth century later used similar terminology to describe this period in Italy. The Swiss historian and art critic Jacob Burckhardt created the modern concept of the Renaissance in his celebrated Civilization, o.fi/Te Renaissance in }t@,. published in 1860. He portrayed Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as the birthplace of the modern world (the Italians were "the firstborn among the sons of modern Europe") and saw the revival of antiquity, "the perfecting of the individual," and secularism as its distinguishing features. Burckhardt exaggerated the individuality and secularism of the Renaissance and failed to recognize the depths of its religious sentiment; nevertheless, he established the framework for all modern interpretations of the Renaissance. Although contemporary scholars do not believe that the Renaissance represents a sudden or dramatic cultural break with the Middle Ages, as Burckhardt argued--there was. after all, much continuity' in economic, political, and social life between the two periods--the Renaissance can still be viewed as a distinct period of European history that manifested itself first in Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe.
Renaissance Italy was largely an urban society. As a result of its commercial preeminence and political evolution, northern Italy by the mid-fourteenth century was mostly a land of independent cities that dominated the country districts around them. These city-states became the centers of Italian political, economic, and social life. Within this new urban society, a secular spirit emerged as increasing wealth created new possibilities for the enjoyment of worldly things.
Above all, the Renaissance ,a as an age of recovery from the "'calamitous fourteenth century.'" Italy and Europe began a slow process of recuperation from the effects of the Black Death, political disorder, and economic recession. This recovery was accompanied by a rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity. Increasingly aware of their own historical past, Italian intellectuals became intensely interested in the Greco-Roman culture of the ancient Mediterranean world. This new revival of classical antiquity (the Middle Ages had in fact preserved much of ancient Latin culture) affected activities as diverse as politics and art and led to new attempts to reconcile the pagan philosophy of the Greco-Roman world with Christian thought, as well as new ways of viewing human beings.

A revived emphasis on individual ability became characteristic of the Italian Renaissance. As the fifteenth-century Florentine architect Leon Battista Alberti expressed it: "Man can do all things if they will." A high regard for human dignity and worth and a realization of individual potentiality created a new social ideal of the well-rounded personality or universal person who was capable of achievements in many areas of life.
These general features of the Italian Renaissance were not characteristic of all Italians but were primarily the preserve of the wealthy upper classes, who constituted a small percentage of the total population. The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the product of an elite, rather than a mass, movement. Nevertheless, indirectly it did have some impact on ordinary people, especially in the cities, where so many of the intellectual and artistic accomplishments of the period were most visible_

Passage 1

Anyone who trains animals recognizes that human and animal perceptual capacities are different. For most humans , seeing is believing, although we do occasionally brood about whether we can believe our eyes.  The other senses are largely ancillary; Most of us do not know how we might go about either doubting or believe our noses. But for dogs, scenting is believing. A dog’s nose is ours as the wrinkled surface of our complex brain is to the surface of an egg. A dog who did comparatively psychology might easily worry about the consciousness of a squid. We who take sight for granted can draw pictures of scent, but we have no language for doing it the other way about, no way to represent something visually of humans can by means of actual scent. Most humans cannot know, with their limited noses, what they can imagine about being deaf, blind, mute, or paralyzed. The sighted can, for example, speak of a blind person as “in the darkness,” but there is no corollary expression for what it is that. We are in relationship to scent. If we tried to coin words, we might come up with something like “scent-blind.” But what would it mean? It could, have the sort of meaning that “color-blind” and “tone-deaf” do, because most of us have experienced what “tone” and ”color” mean in those expressions, but we don’t know what “scent” means in the expression “scent-blind”. Scent for us can be only a theoretical, technical expression that we use because our grammar requires that we have a noun to go in the sentences we are prompted to utter about animals’ tracking. We don’t have a sense of scent. What we do have is a sense of smell—for Thanksgiving dinner and skunks and a number of things we call chemicals. So if Fido and I are sitting on the terrace, admiring the view, we inhabit worlds with radically different principles of phenomenology. Say that the wind is to our backs. Our world lies all before us, within a 180 degree angle. The dog’s _well, we don’t know, do we? He sees roughly the same things that I see but he believes the scents of the garden behind US. He marks the path of the black—and white cat as she moves among the roses in search of the bits of chicken sandwich I let fall as I walked from the house to our picnic pot. I can show that Fido is alert to the kitty, but not how, for my picture—making modes of thought too easily supply falsifying literal representations of the cat and the garden and their modes of being hidden from or revealed to me. 16. The phrase “other senses are largely ancillary”(Paragraph 1) is used by the author to suggest that______________. A. only those events experienced directly can be appreciated by the senses B. for many human beings the sense of sight is the primary means of knowing about the world C. smell id rely on at least one of their other senses in order to confirm with what they see 17. “Principles of phenomenology” mentioned in Paragraph 3 can best be defined as that_____________ A. rules one uses to determine the philosophical truth about a certain thing B. behaviors caused by certain kinds of perception C. ways and means of knowing about something

A. color blindness B. perception of the world
C. concern for our perception D. depth perception
19. The author uses the distinction between “that ” and “how” (Last paragraph ) in order to suggest

the difference between_________ A. seeing and believing B. a cat’s way and dog’s way of perceiving C. false representations and accurate representations D. awareness of presence and the nature of that awareness 20. The example in the last paragraph is used to illustrate how________ A. a dog’s perception differs from a human’s B. people fear nature but animals are part of it C. a dog’s ways of seeing are superior to a cat’s D. phenomenology is universal and constant Passage 2 Sneezing, wheezing season begins for hay fever vicitims. We have had tidings for the country’s 30 million hay sufferers: Sneezing season is here. Summer –were perfect for producing bumper crops of ragweed and goldenrod in many areas of the country. That means pollen counts may be very high during the next two months. Traditionally, sneezing season arrives August 15 and hangs around until the first frost in October. The peak occurs around Labor Day, a holiday that wise hay fever victims spend at the conditioners. Finally well-off hay fever victims jet to Europe because the old continent doesn’t have ragweed and goldenrod. Most of the country east of the Mississippi River basin is infested with the noxious plants, but allergists say the upper Midwest is the nation’s pollen pits, particularly Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and Illinois. Oddly, the East has two hay fever havens: New York’s Adirondack Mountains and southern Florida, Soil conditions in the Adirondack and Florida aren’t conducive to ragweed and goldenrod. The west states from the Rockies to the Pacific also don’t have sneezy weeds. National Weather Service climatologists say folks along the East Coast from Georgia to Maine will have the worst pollen counts this year because rainfall along the Atlantic Seaboard has been all in Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maine has been 50 percent above normal since New Year’s. Rainfall also is 50 percent above normal in parts of lower, Nebraska, Minnesota and South Dakota, and folks in those states also can expect heavy wheezing. Tennessee, Kentucky and Louisiana have had above normal rains since New Years and they, too ,face
high pollen counts.
21. According to the article, soil conditions in some areas aren’t “conducive to ragweed or
goldenrod”, the word “conducive” means_________.

22. The plant most commonly associated with high pollen counts is_______. A. the rose  B. the dandelion C. ragweed D.seaweeds 23. According to the article, pollen counts will be unusually high because__________. A. the season started earlier than usual B. the Mississippi River is affected by the noxious plants C. climatologists have been working on the problem D. there was a rainy spring and summer in many parts of the country 24. The article implies that people who live in the western states from the Rockies to the Pacific__________ A. will suffer more than anyone else from hay fever B. will nor suffer much from hay fever C. will fly to Europe during the heavy hay fever season D. will always leave for a holiday during the hay fever season 25. If you had allergies, your doctor probably would warn you against moving to________

Faced with rapid change and the fear and uncertainty that go with it, individuals as well as nations sometimes seek to return to the ways of the past as a solution. In the early 1980s the idea of returning to the ways of the past had a strong appeal to many Americans who increasingly viewed their past as being better than their future. Yankelovich and Lefkowitz have observed that until the 1970s Americans generally believed that the present was a better time for their country than the past and that the future would be better than the present; by 1978, however, public opinion polls showed that many Americans had come to believe that trust the opposite was true; he past had been better for the country than the present, and the present was better than the future would be better than the future would be. The population appeal of returning to the ways of the past as a solution to the problems of the 1980s was demonstrated when Ronald Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980. Time magazine chose President Reagan as its “man of the year” and said of him:” tellectually, emotionally, Reagan lives in the past.” One of President Reagan’s basic beliefs is that the United States should return as much as possible to its pre-1980 ways. In those times business institutions were strong and government institutions were weak. Reagan believes that the American values of individual freedom and competition are strengthened by business and weakened by government. Therefore, his programs as President have been designed to greatly strengthen business and reduce the size and power of the national government. By moving in this way toward the practices of the past, president Reagan believed that the standard of living of Americans would begin to improve once more in the 1980s as it had done throughout most

A. they are nostalgic  B. they are uncertain of the present C. they are conservative D. they are facing too many social problems 27. Before the 1970s Americans generally believed that _________ A. the past was better than the present B. the present was as good as the past C. they should return to the past D. One of the reasons that Reagan was chosen as the “man of the year” in 1980 by Time magazine was that ___________ A. he knew a lot about the past B. he was experienced enough to compare the present with the past C. his idea and feelings are quite similar to those of the pleasant past D. he was well liked by American people 29. Which of the following might not be used as an explanation for Reagan’s belief that the American values of individual freedom and competition are strengthened by business and weakened by government?_________ A. When a government is too powerful, individuals won’t have much freedom. B. When business have more freedom, they are likely to be more competitive. C. The reduction of the power of the government will allow more freedom for business. D. Government has proved itself useless in terms of enhancing individual freedom and competition. 30. President Reagan’s belief about the relation between business and government was based on _______ A. modern political theory B. practices of the past C. practices of the present D. his own creative ideas Passage 4 The average population density of the world is 47 persons per square mile. Continental densities range from no permanent inhabitants in Antarctica to 211 per square mile in Europe. In the western hemisphere, population densities range from about 4 per square mile in Canada to 675 per square mile in Puerto Rico.  In Europethe rangeis form 4per square mile inIcelandto 831 per square mileintheNetherlands. Within countries there are wide variations of population densities. For example, in Egypt, the average is 55 persons per square mile, but 1300 persons inhabit each square mile in settled portions where the land is arable. High population densities generally occur in regions of developed industrialization, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, and Great Britain, or where lands are intensively used for agriculture, as in
Puerto Rico and Java.
Low average population densities are characteristic of most underdeveloped countries. Low density of population is generally associated with a relatively low percentage of cultivated land. This

and forested land; to primitive methods that limit cultivation; to social obstacles; and to land
ownership systems which keep land out of production.

More economically advanced countries of low population density have, as a rule, large proportions of their populations living in urban areas. Their rural population densities are usually very low. Poorer developed countries of correspondingly low general population density, on the other land, often have a concentration of rural population living on arable land, which is as great as the rural concentration found in the most densely populated industrial countries. 31. Which of the following may be the best title?__________ A. Where People Live B. Industrialization and population C. Population Distribution D. Population Densities 32. According to the passage, Java is a land of ________ A. heavy industrialization  B. large cities C. intense agriculture  D. poverty 33. In timberland areas of the world, _________ A. there is dense population B. we may expect to find malaria-infested jungles C. the density of population is relatively low D.good quality land is found 34. In highly industrialized communities, we may expect ________ A. large rural areas B. urban development C. epidemics D. arable land 35. This passage has most probably been taken from_________ A. an almanac  B. a world geography book C. a textbook on economics  D. a census report Passage 5 A new era is upon us call it what you will; the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It all translates to a fundamental change in the way we work. Already we are partly there, The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the Western world. Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the work force than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But the breadth of the economic transformation can’t be measured by numbers alone, because it also is giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature of work itself. Long-held notions about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even the relation between individuals and employers----all
these are being challenged.
We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one looking ahead 20 years possible could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip, would transform

technology could produce a similar wave of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain: Information and Knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, have the advantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement, as the ability ‘to read and write’. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be valued above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job. 36. A characteristic of the information age is that________ A. most of the job opportunities can now be found in the service industry B. manufacturing industries are steadily increasing C. people find it harder and harder to earn a living by working in factories D. the service industry is relying more and more on the female work force 37. One of the great changes brought by the knowledge society is_______ A. the difference between the employee and the employer has become insignificant B. people have to change their jobs from time to time C. most people have to take part-time jobs D. people’s traditional concepts about work no longer hold true 38. By referring to computers and other inventions, the author means to say that________ A. people should be able to respond quickly to the advancement of technology B. the importance of high technology has been overlooked C. future achievements in technology will bring about inconceivable dramatic changes D. computer science will play a leading role in the future information services 39. The future will probably belong to those who______  A. give full play to their brain potential B. possess and know how to make use of information C. involve themselves in service industries D. cast their minds ahead instead of looking back 40. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?______ A. Computers and the Knowledge Society B. Service Industries in Modem Society C. Features and Implications of the New Era D. Rapid Advancement of Information Technology Passage 6 contribute to substantially increased sales. A package has two important functions. First, it must have utility for the consumer and for the intermediaries in the channels of distribution. The package should protect the product, prevent breakage or spoilage, and extend the product’s life. It should be convenient for the consumer to use and convenient for intermediaries to ship, sore, and stack on a shelf. Resellers prefer packages

Second, the package should facilitate promotional communication by allowing clear brand identification and promoting a product’s features. A good label on the package, together with proper instruction on a product’s use, for example, can reduce the amount of personal selling needed to convince the consumer to buy the product. Packaging such as an attractive Christmas box or a distinctive shape can lead a  substantial increase inaproduct’s sales. These features, of course, must be weighed against the negative impact that charges of improper packaging can carry. L’ Eggs pantyhose, for

example, was successful for years with a distinctive egg shaped Environmental friendly cardboard package. A properly designed package can communicate the quality of a product. Also, there is no question that attractive, innovative packaging can help market obtain additional shelf space for the company’s products. 41. The first paragraph is mainly about_________ A. the ability of the package B. the greatly increased sales C. the importance of packaging D. the presentation of a package to customers 42. This passage is mainly dealing with how to attract consumer with the _____ of the goods. A. inside content  B. beautiful cover C. reasonable price  D. wrapping method 43. Which of the following features will possibly lead to the increased cost of a product?________ A. A good label on the package. B. A distinctive packate. C. Proper instruction on the product’s use. D. Clear brand recognition. 44. It could be inferred that the word “shoplifting” in Paragraph 2 might mean _____________ A. purchasing   B. selecting C. buying D. stealing 45. The best title for this passage could be_________ A. the importance of packaging B. the function of packaging C. the advantage of packaging D. the problems of packaging

English Entrance Examination for Non-English Major Doctoral Candidates
March 26,2005
Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension (20 points)
Section A
Directions: There are five statements in this section. Each statement will be spoken only once. When you hear a statement, read the four choices given and choose the one which is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C and D on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.
1.
A. The researcher was careless in performing this experiment.
B. The researcher tried to think of problems before they happened.
C. Before performing the experiment, the researcher was very nervous.
D. Before performing the experiment, the researcher was very tired.
2.
A. The speaker used a soft, low voice.
B. The speaker didn’t seem to care much about what he was saying.
C. The speaker was focused and spoke with great passion.
D. The speaker used long. Complicated sentences.
3.
A. Language changes very slowly.
B. Language changes very quickly.
C. Language changes over fifty year periods.
D. Language changes over ten year periods.
4.

A. Southern France has never known severe winters.
B. In northern France, one can live in comfort all the year round.
C. In general, the French people enjoy a mild climate.
D. People in southern France often experience severe winters.
5.
A. Fiona is not afraid to give a presentation now.
B. Fiona’s fever is gone just before the presentation.
C. Fiona will hear about the final speech.
D. Fiona will come over to the conference.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D on your test paper, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWERR SHEET with a single line through the centre.
6.
A. Korean food.
B. Chinese food.
C. Italian food.
D. Indian food.
7.
A. Both of them have overcome their fear of heights.
B. The woman is still afraid of high places. But the man is not.
C. They are both afraid of high places.

D. Both of them like to stand on high places.
8.
A. She can’t wear them any more.
B. She doesn’t like them any more.
C. She can’t wash them in machine any more.
D. She doesn’t like casual dress any more.
9.

A. March 3td.
B. March 12th.
C. March 29th.
D. March 30th.
10.
A. Being private versus being alone.
B. Being alone versus being with friends.
C. Being a guest versus being a host.
D. Being lonely versus being alone.
11.
A. She liked it.
B. She disliked it.
C. She had no idea about it.
D. She hadn’t heard about it.
12. A.The insurance company is worried that they might have to pay a lot of money. B.The insurance company sees a chance to give the man lots of physical tests.

C. The insurance company is the first to pay for a man’s genetic diseases.
D. The insurance company does not know how many children the man will have.
13.
A. A long and difficult trip through poor countries.
B. A chance to learn new language and make money.
C. An adventure in learning about a different culture.
D. An adventure that combines a vacation with a rest.
14.
A. He will not accept a late paper from her.
B. Her is interested only in her ideas.
C. He wants her to correct her paper.
D. He will accept a late paper from her.
15.
A. He will have his operation at 9 o’clock.
B. He is under operation now.
C. He already had his operation.
D. He is all right now.
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear a talk about moving to a new campus. Look at statements 16 through 20 for this part on your test paper and decide if each statement is correct. While you are listening, if you think the statement is correct based on the talk, mark letter A on your ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre. If you think it is not correct, mark letter B on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.
1.     All agriculture science students will stay where they are.
2.     Some history teachers will move immediately to the new campus.
3.     Engineering staff has already made their move.
4.     Part of the Faculty of Law is in its new building.
5.     The former Law building may become an art gallery.

Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension (25 points)
Directions: There are five passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Chose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1
A weather map is an important tool for geographers. A succession of three or four maps present a continuous picture of weather changes. Weather forecasters are able to determine the speed of air masses and fronts; to determine whether an individual pressure area is deepening or becoming shallow and whether a front is increasing or decreasing in intensity. They are also able to determine whether an air mass is retaining its original characteristics or taking on those of the surface over which it is moving. Thus, a most significant function of the map is to reveal a synoptic picture of conditions in the atmosphere at a given time.
All students of geography should be able to interpret a weather map accurately. Weather maps contain an enormous amount of information about weather conditions existing at the time of abservation over a large geographical area. They reveal in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe. The United States Weather Bureau issues information about approaching storms, floods, droughts and all climatic conditions in general. Twice a month it issues a 30-day “outlook” which is a rough guide to weather conditions likely to occur over broad areas of the United States. These 30-day outlooks are based upon an analysis of the upper air level which often set the stage for the development of air masses fronts and storms.
Considerable effort is being exerted today to achieve more accurate weather predictions. With the use of electronic instruments and earth satellites, enormous gains have taken place recently in identifying and tracking storms over regions which have but few meteorological stations. Extensive experiments are also in progress for weather modification studies.

21. One characteristic of weather maps NOT mentioned by the author in this passage is .
A. fronts B. changes in temperature C. frost D. wind speed
22. The 30-day forecast is determined by examining .
A. daily weather maps B. upper air levels
C. satellite reports D. changing fronts
23. The observation of weather conditions by satellites is advantageous because it .
A. is modern and profitable for the companies involved
B. uses electronic instruments to measure the weather on a daily basis
C. enables man to easily alter the weather to his advantage and profit
D. gives the scientists information not obtained readily otherwise
24. At the present time, experiments are being conducted in .
A. manipulating weather B. determining density of pressure groups
C. satellites D. controlling storms
25. A weather map is synoptic because it .
A. summarizes a great deal of information
B. appears daily
C. shows changing fronts
D. can be interpreted accurately
2
With only a bout 1,000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone the animal and save the endangered species. That’s a move similar to what a Texas A&M University researcher has been undertaking for the past five years in a project called “Noah’s Ark”.

Dr. Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A&M’s College of Veterinary Medicine and a pioneer in embryo transfer work and related procedures, said he salutes the Chinese effort and “I wish them all the best success possible. It’s a worthwhile project, certainly not an easy one, and it’s very much like what we’re attempting here at Texas A&M---to save animals from extinction.”
Noah’s Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos, semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen. If certain species should become extinct, Kraemer says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future.
It is estimated that as many as 2,000 species of mammals, birds and
reptiles will become extinct over the next 100 years. The panda. Native
only to China, is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years.
This week, Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing
cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white while
rabbit. They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal.
The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete.
“The nuclear transfer of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available panda eggs could be a major problem,” Kraemer believes. “They will probably have to do sevcral hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy. It takes a long time and it’s difficult, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works. They are certainly not putting any live pandas at risk, so it is worth the effort,” adds Kraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Missyplicity Project at Texas A&M, the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog.
“They are trying to do something that’s never been done, and this very similar to our work in Noah’s Ark. We’re both trying to save animals that face extinction. I certainly applaud their effort and there’s a lot we can learn from what they are attempting to do. It’s a rescarch that is very much needed.”
26. The aim of “Noah’s Ark” project is to .
A. salute the Chinese efforts in saving pandas
B. implant embryo into a host animal
C. introduce cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit

D. save endangered animals from extinction
27. How long will the Chinese panda-cloning project take according to the passage?
A. 3 to 5 years. B. 1 year. C. 25 years. D. 2 years.
28. The word “groundbreaking” (Paragraph 7) can be interpreted as .
A. pioneering B. essentially new
C. epoch-making D. evolutionary
29. What could be the major problem in cloning pandas according to Professor Kraemer?
A. Lack of host animals.
B. Lack of available panda eggs.
C. Lack of funds.
D. Lack of qualified researchers.
30. The best title for the passage may be .
A. China’s Efforts to Clone Pandas
B. China---the Native Place of Pandas Forever
C. Exploring the Possibility to Clone Pandas
D. China’s First Cloned Panda
3
St. Paul has transformed soaring energy costs into a golden opportunity for economic development by putting the final touches on plans to:
1.Build the nation’s first system that will heat all major downtown buildings with waste heat now being dumped into the Mississippi River by electric utilities.
1.    Create a &9-million “energy bank” to lend money to improve the energy efficiency of homes at low 9-to-11-percent interest rates.
2.    Construct the nation’s first “energy park”. The area will include only those commercial, residential, and industrial facilities that are doing something energy-related. More than & 150-million worth of commitments has already been lined up.

These developments did not just happen. They resulted when Mayor George Latimer asked volunteers to chart a new future for a city that is twice as cold as New York. “We cannot any longer look to foreign nations, old companies or the federal government to solve our energy crisis,” Latimer told his constituents. “We must look to ourselves to find the answers.”
31. The reason why these developments did not happen before was (that) .
A. the city imported enough foreign oil for its major downtown buildings
B. the federal government didn’t approve the necessary money for the construction
C. not given
D. St. Paul is colder than New York
32. St. Paul .
A. is located on the bank of the Mississippi River
B. has got a new mayor recently
C. is looking for the best approaches to solving its energy shortage
D. is lending money for commercial, residential and industrial purposes
33. The plans .
A. were drawn by Mayor George Latimer
B. were only for St. Paul’s major downtown buildings
C. were created by volunteers when they were asked to offer their ideas
D. were turning a golden opportunity into economic development
34. Which of the following facilities are/is NOT energy-related?
A. Shops or supermarkets.

B. A computer center or a factory.
C. Private homes.
D. Advertisement boards.
35. Judging from what Mayor Latimer said, we are sure that .
A. these developments will some day become true
B. foreign nations and oil companies are not reliable
C. the future of St. Paul is quite uncertain
D. high energy costs will soon be eliminated
4
Ideas about “spoiling” children have always involved consideration of just what is a spoiled child. Haw does spoiling occur, and what are the consequences of spoiling; they have always included concepts of a child’s nature and concepts of the ideal child and the ideal adult.
The many mothers of the 1820s who belonged to the early “maternal associations” struggled to uphold the ideals about child raising that had been prevalent in the 18th century. They had always been told that the spoiled child stood in danger of having trouble later in life (when exposed to all the temptations of the world) and, more importantly, stood in danger of spiritual ruin.
At first, the only approach these mothers knew was to “break the
will” of the child. This approach, coming initially from the theology
of Calvin, the French Protestant reformer, was inherited from the stern
outlook of the Puritans. As one mother wrote. “No child has ever been
known, since the earliest period of the world, destitute of an evil
disposition---however sweet it appears.” Infant depravity, by which was
meant the child’s impulses, could be curbed only by breaking the will
so that the child submitted completely to parental guidance.
In 1834, a mother described this technique: Upon the father’s order, her 16-month-old daughter had refused to say “Dear Mama” so the toddler was left alone in a room where she screamed wildly for ten minutes. After the ten minutes, the child was commanded again, and again she refused, so she was whipped and ordered again. This continued for four hours until the child finally obeyed. Parents commonly reported that after one such trial of “will”, the child became permanently submissive. In passing, we can note that knowledge about a child’s “No” period might have moderated the disciplining of little children and the application of the saying “Spare the rod and spoil the child”.

By freeing the child from its evil nature, parents believed they could then guide the child into acquiring the right character traits, such as honesty, industriousness, and sobriety. These moral principles, fixed in the child’s character, were to govern it throughout life, in a society where free enterprise, individual effort, and competition were believed to be the ruling forces.
36. When the author talks about ideas considered in “the spoiling of children”, he does not include the .
A. nature of a child
B. reasons why spoiling occurs
C. images of an ideal adult and child
D. attitudes of spoiled children when they become adults
37. “Spare the rod and spoil the child” means .
A. spoiling children is not as evil as it seems
B. eliminating physical punishment is a sound policy
C. if you do not inflict physical punishment, you will spoil your child
D. “spoiling children” is a matter of definition
38. The author suggests that nineteenth century parents were chiefly interested in a child’s .
A. growing up to be industrious
B. acquiring good character traits
C. learning to compete successfully
D. respecting his parents slavishly
39. People in the 19th century be believed their society to be based on all but .

A. free enterprise
B. competitive endeavor
C. individualism
D. honesty
40. The purpose of this passage is to .
A. inform
B. persuade
C. incite
D. change an attitude
5
The American baby boom after the war made unconvincing U.S. advice
to poor countries that they restrain their births. However, there has
hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates have not fallen in the
United States and other rich countries, and in 1976 the fall was especially
sharp. Both East Germany and West Germany have fewer births than they have
deaths, and the United States is only temporarily able to avoid this
condition because the children of the baby boom are now an exceptionally
large group of married couples.
It is true that Americans do not typically plan their births to set
an example for developing nations. We are more affected by women’s
liberation: once women see interesting and well-paid jobs are careers
available, they are less willing to provide free labor for child raising.
From costing nothing, children suddenly to seem impossibly expensive. And
to the high cost of children are added the uncertainties, introduced by
divorce; couples are increasingly unwilling to subject children to the
terrible experience of marital breakdown and themselves to the difficulty
of raising a child alone.
These circumstances---women working outside the home and the
instability of marriage--- tend to spread with industrial society and they
will affect more and more countries in the near future. Along with them
goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor
in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century.

Food shortage will happen again when the reserves resulting from the
good harvests of 1998 and 1999 have been consumed Urbanization is likely
to continue, with the cities of the developing nations struggling under
the weight of twice their present populations by the year 2010. The
presently rich countries are approaching a stable population largely
because of the changed place of women, and they incidentally are setting
an example of restraint to the rest of the world. Industrial society will
spread to the poor countries, and aspiration will exceed resources. All
this will lead to a population in the new century that is smaller than
was feared a few years ago. For those anxious to see world population
brought under control, the news is encouraging.
41. During the years from 1957 to 1976, the birth rate of the United States .
A. increased
B. was reduced
C. experienced both falls and rises
D. remained stable
42. What influences the birth rate most in the United States is .
A. highly paid jobs
B. women’s desire for independence
C. expenses of child raising
D. high divorce rate
43. The sentence “From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive” implies that .
A. food and clothing for babies are becoming incredibly expensive
B. prices are going up dramatically all the time
C. to raise children women have to give up interesting and well-paid jobs
D. social development has made child-raising inexpensive
44. A chief factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century is .

A. birth control
B. the desire to seek fortune in cities
C. the instability of marriage
D. the changed place of women
45. The population in the new century, according to the writer. .
A. will be smaller than a few years ago
B. will not be as small as people expect
C. will prove to be a threat to the world
D. will not continue as serious a problem as expected
Ⅲ. Translation and Writing (55 points)
Part A Translation
Translate the following into Chinese (25 points):
1. Natural disasters during the 1980s were 94% more frequent than in the 1970s. While it is possible that such a jump falls within normal climatic variation, insurance executives realize that it also conforms with patterns predicted for global warming.
2. The history of New England is written imperishably on the face of a continent. In the Old World national pride feeds itself with the record of battles and conquests; ---battles which proved nothing and settled nothing; conquests which shifted a boundary on the map, and put one ugly head instead of another on the coin which the people paid to the tax-gatherer. But wherever the New-Englander travels among the sturdy commonwealths which have sprung from the seed of the Mayflower. Churches, schools, colleges, tell him where the men of his race have been, or their influence penetrated; and an intelligent freedom is the monument of conquests whose results are not to be measured in the square miles. Next to the fugitives whom Moses (摩西) led out of Egypt, the little ship-load of outcasts who landed at Plymouth two centuries and a half ago are destined to influence the future of the world.

Translate the following into English (15 points):

在学问上打下坚实的基础将使你终生受益。在学习的初级阶段，学校所有科目中最重要的是语言和数学。语言是阅读和交流的工具，中文不能，你就不能很好地表达自己；没有很好的掌握一门外语，你就会发现很难吸收外国的新知识。数学能训练人的逻辑思维。其他学科也各有用处，很难说哪一门更重要。比如，体育和音乐教育对于促进人的智力发展同样是重要的。
Part B Summary Writing (15 points)
Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 150 words

A tool is an implement or device used directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form. The date of the earliest tools is extremely remote. Tools found in northern Kenya in 1969 have been estimated to be about 2600000 years old, and their state of development suggests that even older tools remain to be discovered.
The present array of tools has as common ancestors the sharpened stones that were the keys to early human survival. Rudely fractured stones, first found and later “made” by hunters who needed a general-purpose tool, were a “knife” of sorts that could also be used to hack, to pound, and to grub. In the course of a vast interval of time, a variety of single-purpose tools came into being. With the twin developments of agriculture and animal domestication, roughly 10000 years ago. The many demands of a settled way of life led to a higher degree of tool specialization; the identities of the ax, adz, chisel, and saw were clearly established more than 4000 years ago.
The common denominator of these tools is removal of material from a workpiece, usually by some form of cutting. The presence of a cutting edge is therefore characteristic of most tools. And the principal concern of toolmakers has been the pursuit and creation of improved cutting edges. Tool effectiveness was enhanced enormously by hafting---the fitting of a handle to a piece of sharp stone, which endowed the tool with better control, more energy, or both.
It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools. Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations, such as chopping, chiseling, sawing, filing, or forging. Complementary tools, often needed as auxiliaries to the shaping tools, include such implements as the hammer for nailing and the vise for holding. A craftsman may also use instruments that facilitate accurate measurements: the rule, divider, square, and others. Power tools---usually hand-held, motor-powered implements such as the electric drill or electric saw---perform many of the old manual operations and as such may be considered hand tools. Machine tools are analogous to hand tools in their function as shaping implements, but they require stationary mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts.

During the evolution of tools over more than 2000000 years, using as principal materials, successively, stone, bronze, and iron, humans developed a number of particular tools. Taken together, these specialized tools form an inverted pyramid resting upon the first general-purpose tool. The nearly formless chopper. With the discovery of metals and the support of numerous inventions allowing their exploitation, the first approximations to the modern forms of the basic tools of the craftsman established themselves, with the main thrust of further development directed at improving the cutting edges.
The earliest tools were multipurpose; specialized tools were latecomers. A multipurpose tool, although able to do a number of things, does none of them as well as a tool designed or proportioned for one job and one material.

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