写作必背单词和短语 n5k^v $'
1. counterproductive adj.产生相反效果（结果）的 )SL@ >Cij
e.g.It is counterproductive to betoo tough: it just makes the staff resentful. 3cfZ!E~^kc
e.g. Although the speaker overlookscertain circumstances in which undue skepticism might becounterproductive, andeven harmful, on balance I agreethat we should not passively accept whatever is passed off as fact; otherwise, human knowledge would neveradvance. nUud?F^_
2. seminal adj.萌芽的，潜在的；开创性的；有重大影响的 OpbT63@L
e.g.in the seminal state （在萌芽状态）|| seminal thoughts || seminalprinciple（基本原则） pm W6~%}*
e.g. a seminal book/poet || Thisexperiment was to have a seminal influence on his ownpolitical development. c+b:K
3. forgo v.放弃 W|H4i;u
e.g.The choice to forgohis security is always available, although it might carry unpleasantconsequence. E8iadf49
4. intuition n.直觉 |T$a+lHMD
e.g.I will trust my strong intuition that free willis an essential part of our being as humans. U.pr} hq
5. satisfy v.证明是正当的，公证的；为…寻找正当理由 VJl &Bq+
e.g.Such action can be satisfied on the grounds of greater efficiency. G rLM${G
e.g. In the final analysis, government cannot philosophically satisfyassisting large cities for the purpose of either promoting or preserving thenation's cultural traditions; nor is government assistance necessary towardthese ends. 1 !;"bHpk
6. resort to… 诉诸… 7<R6T9 g
e.g.thereis no necessity to resort to violent actions such as demonstration, riot orrebel. D)* _{
7. hinge on… 以…为转移，靠…转动 }u vKE|umj
e.g.The claim that society’s destiny hinges on how children aresocialized, while appealing in some respects, is an over-statement at best. nXM9Px!
8. atbest 最多，充其量；以最乐观的观点来看 (Y'UvZlM%P
9. collaborateto … OP|.I._I
e.g.For example, scientists, researchers, and even computer programmers must collaborate to establish commongoals, coordinate efforts, and meet time lines. 'TK$ndy;7}
10. lend somecredence to … 提供支持 $dx1[ V+_
e.g.While our everyday experience might lend credence to this assertion. %qNj{<&
e.g. Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics lend some credence to this position, by suggesting thatthese determining physical forces include our own individual genetic makeup. AF*ni~
11. dimension n.大小；体积；程度；范围 ~51kiQW
e.g.a creature of huge dimensions. || I did not realize the dimensions of the problem. g/U$!d_
e.g. There is a dimension tothe problem that we have not discussed. || various dimensions of humanexperience. =0 C l
12. detractor n.损毁者；贬低者 Qe @A5#
13. amount to… 相当于；等于 EBj,pk5M
e.g.What you say amounts to adirect accusation. qXP1 Q3
e.g. Even where a fiction work amountsto pure fantasy, with no historical context, it can still hold morelasting significance than a factual account. e-%7
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14. fruition n.享用, 结果实, 成就, 实现
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e.g.It is the famous few that provide vision of the future, visions which groupsthen bring to fruition. 8`Ac S|k
e.g. bring one's plans to fruition || After years of hard work, his hopes cametofruition. Z9J =vzsHE
reap v.收获；收割 Q8;x9o@
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e.g.The consumer reaps rich rewards from thiscompetitive spirit. 4hsPbUx9
15. inspire v.激励或鼓舞 r+[#%%}ea
e.g.To begin with, learning about key historical figures inspires us to achieve great things ourselves --- far moreso than learning about the conditions of groups of people. a2c x
16. providenecessary impetus for … 给与…动力 5(iSOsb
e.g.It is almost always a key individual who providethe necessary imputes forwhat otherwise might be a group effort, as discussed below. 9D{u,Q V
17. favor v.赐予；给与 eHVdZ'%x
e.g.He was favored with greatintelligence. || adduce facts to favor one’s contention. gD,YQ%aq
18. paradigm n.样式；典范；范例 EFa{O`_@U
e.g. educational paradigms
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19. obscure v.使阴暗；使朦胧 _SMT.lG
e.g.Generally speaking, then, undue attention to the efforts and contributions ofvarious groups tends to obscure thecause and effect relationship with which the study of history is chieflyconcerned. /gqqKUx
20. takesteps to … 采取措施… $?]@_=
e.g.take step to help alleviatesocial problems [<e n
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21. serveuseful purposes for … 有益于… &# .x)>f
e.g.I agree insofar as some common core curriculum would serve useful purposes for any nation |uQn|"U4
e.g. immediate disclosure would have servedno useful purpose and might even have resulted in mass hysteria. !7:EE,W~
22. nascent adj.初生的 ) > >u|#@z
e.g.in a nascent condition/stage/state || a nascent industry/ literature/art MAuM)8_P/|
23. reach a （fully informed） consensus as to … 对于…达成共识 R7E] *:0}
24. unfettered adj.除去脚镣的；自由而不受约束的 4' +d "Ok
25. irrespectiveof whether … 无论如何 bajC-5R1k
e.g.While we must invest in research irrespectiveof whether the results might be controversial. [b7it2`dl
26. draw a distinctionbetween … 区分… (A7T}znG
e.g.One useful approach is to draw a distinction between personal morality and publicmorality. "_ nX5J9
27. catalyst n.催化剂；刺激因素 .Lr`j8
e.g.circumstance often serves as a catalyst for heroism. 7,pje
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28. accountfor …解释原因 |x1$b 7
e.g.This combination of very high density of population, goods and services, andmachines, all increasing with almostbrutal speed, does account forsome really antisocial tendenciesin modern urban growth. #[no~&E
29. proviso n.限制性条款；（附带）条件 Y
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e.g. The carpenter agreed to do the work, with the proviso that he was paid in advance. /'-:=0a
e.g. Aside from the two forgoing provisos, however, I fundamentallydisagree with the speaker’s claim. 1P5*wNF
30. conversely adv.相反的 MB}
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e.g. hold converse opinions. || Without knowledge, we can hardly survivethrough abominable conditions, depending solely on the admiration of the beingsderived from imagination. Conversely, without imagination, wecan as well not possible to get through due to the impediment of knowledge andthe depletion of spiritual asylums. 1t0b Uf;(M
31. core values upon which any ( democratic ) society dependsto thrive. 一个社会赖以繁荣的价值核心 b cC\
32. be superior (in …) to … 比更好，更优秀
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e.g. this engine is superior in every respect tothat. || whenever moving images are central to an event the video camera issuperior to a written word. G
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33. proceeding n.行动, 进行,会议录, 学报 IJ hxE
e.g. legal proceeding || governmentalproceedings G! AICcP^
34. thwart v.反对；妨碍；挫败 }j& O/ Up
e.g. the government’s strategies for thwarting specific plansof an international terrorist ora drug trafficker. 8r2XGR
35. public panic 公众恐慌
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36. unprecedented adj.空前的，史无前例的 DG_}9M!DW@
e.g.the society is changing at aspeed which is quite unprecedented. i:g{{Uuv
37. inexorable adj. 不可阻挡的；坚持不懈的；无情的 g* %bzfk=|
e.g.Facts are inexorable || the inexorable march of science >r~0SMQr
38. Science is on the march. || the march ofscience/events/time 0rV/qMo;K
39. make great effort 努力； make every effort 尽一切努力； 2q12y Y f
overcome a myriad of politicalimpediments克服政治障碍 bSQ _ "
40. a myriad of 无数，数不清 ggMUdlU
e.g.Each galaxy contains a myriadof stars. )sqaR^
41. take precedence over … 居先于…;优先于… ^n
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e.g.This interest might take precedenceover the historic value of an old structure that stands in the way of aparking structure. 4 uShM0qa
42. strike a balance among competing interest 6 tX.(/+L
43. serve asa substitute for …取代… eDuX"/kHA
be superceded by 代替；取代 4>l0V<
e.g. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, moreimmediate options. e!6eZ)l
44. 源自于： ? .8< -
emergefrom … （in everyage and culture some worthwhile art and literature emerges from the mediocrity.） -P2 @mx%
stem from … （prevailing attitudes about sexual morality stemfrom the ideas of key religious leaders） #&k8TY
spring from… (this desire to identifyoneself with an exclusive social group seems to spring from some innate psychological need to define one'sself through one's personal associations.) ZHz^S)o\[s
45. 坏影响；负面影响： L+Eu
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detrimental effects of … （In politics, the detrimentaleffects of competition are blatant.） ) 9xX
negative/adverse effects on/to … c$/<l5Uw
46. 名人 v< Ty|(gd
notable figures )q^(T1
celebrity ,b$z!dvhl
elite TWtC-w I;
personality （television personalities） L,6MF,vx
47. 普遍；普及 (p^S~Ax
prevailing adj.普遍的；流行的；占优势的 （the prevailing view in Western corporate culture|| prevailing principle） )x)gHY8;
popular adj. lel Mt=
prevalent adj. （The habit of traveling by aircraft is becoming more prevalent each year.） # 9V'';:
48. 灌输；教育 (,shiK[5f
instill v. （Courtesy must be instilled in childhood ||Morality may be instilled intotheir minds）
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inculcate v. （inculcate the young witha sense of duty.） <vL}l: r
impart v. （A good teacher impartswisdom to his pupils.） 5 1"8P y
foster v.养育, 抚育, 培养, 鼓励（Frequent cultural exchange will certainly help foster friendly relations between our two universities. ||detect and foster artistic talent. || to foster an interest inmusic） X h`"
nurture v.养育, 给与营养物, 教养 （While the speaker mightoverlook the benefits of nurturingcertain emotions and feels, on balance I agree that …） A4}#U=3tI
49. 充满；装满 f'i6QMk\&
be laden with … （History is laden with unusualclaims || be laden with responsibility） 4'` C1 a
be replete with … （Modern politics isreplete with examples of what most people would consider personalethical fallings） moaodmt]x
be fraught with … (a complexissue that is fraught with theproblems of defining ethics, morality, and successful leadership） 4Mi~1iZj
50. 癖性；偏好 x vdY
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idiosyncratic adj.特性的；癖性的 （Given a choice they will pursue their ownidiosyncratic area of interest.） v"/TmiZ
inclination n. （follow one's own inclination|| I have no inclination to be a doctor.） 86y%=! bS
51. 若干重；若干刃 Z~ _8P
a double-edged sword 双刃剑 Nkx0CG*
e.g. This type of advertisement can be adoubt-edged sword, when the product does not make the person “be like”the person in the advertisement, there can be disappointment anddisillusionment with the product. .N!{ U
a two-edged weapon 双重武器 Q E3ryD
e.g. As is so often pointed out, knowledge is atwo-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil. :,47rN,qa
twofold/threefold/manifold adj.双重/三重/多种 1g~y]iQ
e.g. We have to ask ourselves very seriously what willhappen is this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power,continues. |UYED%dC
e.g. The City Council has a manifold plan to beautify the city. so*/OBte
52. have little bearing on … 与…无关 8ZW?|-i
e.g. Moreover, assisting large cities would have little bearing on ourdistinct cultural traditions, which abide elsewhere. m 9woredS,
with respect to… 关于 X% X$Y6
e.g. Personal economic success might be due either toone's investment strategy or to one's work or career. With respect to the former, non-conformists with enough risktolerance and patience invariably achieve more success than conformists. With respect to the latter, while non-conformists aremore likely to succeed in newer industries where markets and technology are inconstant flux, conformists are more likely to succeed in traditional serviceindustries ensconced in systems and regulations. .> wFz tK
53. 先天的，天生的 4T%cTH:.9N
innate adj.先天的, 天生的 （Correct ideas are not innate in the mind, butcome from social practice.）[O] acquired adj.后天习得的 e6 2y
inborn adj.天生的 （an inbornsense of the appropriate || inborn intelligence） gJK KR]4*
54. 利用；有益于 6{8/P'@/Zz
conduceto 有助于
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e.g.encouraging students to question and criticize is conducing to thedevelopment of democratic spirits. _[F@1NJ
be beneficial to … 7OE[RX8!f
e.g. A national core curriculum would bebeneficial to a nation in a number of respects. JtFiFa CxY
harness v.利用 GkciA{
e.g.The dilemma facing leaders inall areas of life is how to best assess these individuals to determine how tobest harness theircapabilities to reach their ultimate productive capabilities. /p 5=i
take advantage of … ?&xlT+JM
make its contribution to … 4\HsU9 x
55. 消除；减轻 @/ k x
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eliminate v. 排除，消除 （eliminate the false andretain the true || eliminate the possibility of= preclude thepossibility of） :/i~y $t
diminish v. 使减小，使变少 （diminish one’sreputation || diminish the cost of production） e C;!YG Z
undermine v.破坏，削弱 （formal study of the present culture at theexpanse of studying past cultures can underminethe function of higher education, and ultimately provide a disservice tostudents and to society.） PtqGX=u
56. 恶化；加剧 >(3'Tnu
exacerbate v. 恶化, 增剧, 激怒, 使加剧, 使烦恼 kW +G1|
e.g. The problems would only be exacerbated were these decisions left exclusively to federalregulators. NpR6
e.g. a speech that exacerbated racial tensions || a heavy rainfall that exacerbatedthe flood problems. nP ;;MX:B
aggravate v. l&Q!mU}
57. 过度；过分 `.8UKSH+
exorbitant adj.过度的；过高的 （exorbitant rents || exorbitantlyexpensive || exorbitant amount of money） )!sa) \E ?
undue adj.过度的；过分的 （apply undue pressure to make s.b. change his mind） r )8z#W>s
overemphasize v. lQL:3U0DjU
58. 导致、造成 v? )SA];
pose 引起某事物，造成，提出 :<%vE !$
e.g. Winter posesparticular difficulties for the elderly. {R8=}Qo
e.g. However, a common curriculum that is also an exclusive one would pose certain problems.
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render v.致使，造成 { 8p\ Y
e.g. Your action has renderedour contract invalid. SX_ 4=^
e.g. This trend renders asociety’s members more vulnerable to demagoguery. 5r7h=[ N
breed v.导致；造成 anC+r(jjg9
e.g. The speaker unfairly suggests that large citiesserve as the primary breeding groundand sanctuaries for anation’s cultural traditions. M _ (2sq
e.g. Dirt breeds disease. || Unemployment breeds socialunrest. ( 社会不安定 ) . hDvpOIUL1
burgeon v.迅速发展；发芽 （burgeoning cities || burgeoning Internet commerce） Q1T@oxV
outgrowth n.长出, 派出, 结果, 副产物 J*K<FFp3<
e.g. A third uniquely contemporary problem is an outgrowthof the inexorable advancement of scientific knowledge. nh0&'hA
e.g. Inflation is an outgrowth of war. yC"Zoa6YZ
59. 探求、努力： =<.F3lo\s
seek to …探求，寻求 FUqt)YHi
e.g. One compelling argument in favor of a global university has to do with thefact that its faculty and students would bring diverse cultural and educationalperspectives to the problems they seek to solve. }N]!0 Ka
strive to …努力 s#P:6]Ar
e.g. students should strive to excel in the specificrequirements of their major course of study km4g}~N</
probe v./n.探求，探查 U&Ab# m;
e.g. probe a matter to the bottom 寻根究底 _l T0H u
e.g. Does his/her cultural background allows him/her to freely probethe intricacy of the work? Mpm#GdT
60. 资助、赞助： aDveU)]=1
subsidize v.资助, 津贴 （Subsidizing cultural traditions isnot a proper role of government.） PpFsp ( )x
patron n.资助人；赞助人 （cultural patron） (Fqa][0
on the patronage of … wko2M[
e.g. culture has always depended primarily on the patronage of private individuals and businesses. [gZDQcU
under the auspices of … GX5W ^//}
e.g. During this period, significant scientific advances occurred underthe auspices of the government. T V; BNCg
61. 增强、提高 m^A]+G#/
escalate v.增强,提高,升级 （the escalatingcost of addressing these problems） &k+*3.X
enhance/promote/augment/elevate v. (elevate notion about …） blp=Hk
62. 方法、途径： vgo{]:Aj{
avenue n.大街, 方法, 途径, 路 （an avenue tosuccess） ETm] o
approach n. )S Q('vwg
63. ostensible adj.表面上的
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e.g. His ostensible frankness covered adevious scheme. ttj2b$M,
64. 获得；达到 acquire/gain/attain/achieve T.2ZBG ~|[
角度；方面 angles/aspect/facet/side/respect nsl*Dm"*F
短暂/长远 transient, ephemeral/enduring, permanent k/bque
危险；危害 menace, jeopardize, imperil, endanger J#( ,0 h
分配 allocate/distribute/assign 5[<F_"x
最后地；最终地 eventually/ultimately M')bHB(~v
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