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新东方考博英语作文背诵经典
01The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished picture ona wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hearit until it is performed. Professional singers and players have greatresponsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student ofmusic needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as amedical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned withtechnique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete ora ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chordswould be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practicemoving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to andfro with the right arm -- two entirely different movements.Singers andinstrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianistsare spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waitingfor them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument forthem. But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the stringshave to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone hasto sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confrontsstudent conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and howit should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds withfanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combinedwith musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are sothoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performingworks written in any century. emY5xZ
@N 3r:)\E+Q_ 01 音乐的语言 6
Y_O^f 画家将已完成的作品挂在墙上，每个人都可以观赏到。 作曲家写完了一部作品，得由 演奏者将其演奏出来，其他人才能得以欣赏。因为作曲家是如此完全地依赖于职业歌手和职 业演奏者，所以职业歌手和职业演奏者肩上的担子可谓不轻。 一名学音乐的学生要想成为 一名演奏者，需要经受长期的、严格的训练，就象一名医科的学生要成为一名医生一样。 绝 大多数的训练是技巧性的。 音乐家们控制肌肉的熟练程度，必须达到与运动员或巴蕾舞演 员相当的水平。 歌手们每天都练习吊嗓子，因为如果不能有效地控制肌肉的话，他们的声 带将不能满足演唱的要求。 弦乐器的演奏者练习的则是在左手的手指上下滑动的同时，用 右手前后拉动琴弓--两个截然不同的动作。歌手和乐器演奏者必须使所有的音符完全相同协 调。 钢琴家们则不用操这份心，因为每个音符都已在那里等待着他们了。 给钢琴调音是调 音师的职责。 但调音师们也有他们的难处： 他们必须耐心地调理敲击琴弦的音锤，不能让 音锤发出的声音象是打击乐器，而且每个交叠的音都必须要清晰。如何得到乐章清晰的纹理 是学生指挥们所面临的难题：他们必须学会了解音乐中的每一个音及其发音之道。 他们还 必须致力于以热忱而又客观的权威去控制这些音符。除非是和音乐方面的知识和悟性结合起 来，单纯的技巧没有任何用处。 艺术家之所以伟大在于他们对音乐语言驾轻就熟，以致于 可以满怀喜悦地演出写于任何时代的作品。 j /dE6d %^?3s5PXD 02Schooling and Education It is commonly believed in the United Statesthat school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has beensaid that today children interrupt their education to go to school. Thedistinction between schooling and education implied by this remark isimportant. Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower orin the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formallearning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informallearning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent tothepeople debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguishedscientist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite oftenproduces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person todiscover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged ineducation from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. Itis a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school,and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life.Schooling, on theother hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varieslittle from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive atschool at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by anadult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices ofreality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or anunderstanding of the workings of government, have usually been limited by theboundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students knowthat they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about politicalproblems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimentingwith. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process ofschooling. K R+BuL+L \P~rg~ 上学与受教育 K*U=;*p ) 在美国，人们通常认为上学是为了受教育。 而现在却有人认为孩子们上学打断了他们 受教育的过程。 这种观念中的上学与受教育之间的区别非常重要。 与上学相比，教育更具 开放性，内容更广泛。 教育不受任何限制。 它可以在任何场合下进行，在淋浴时，在工作 时，在厨房里或拖拉机上。 它既包括在学校所受的正规教育，也包括一切非正规教育。 传 授知识的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音机里进行政治辩论的人们，可以是小孩子， 也可以是知名的科学家。 上学读书多少有点可预见性，而教育往往能带来意外的发现。 与 陌生人的一次随意谈话可能会使人认识到自己对其它宗教其实所知甚少。 人们从幼时起就 开始受教育。 因此，教育是一个内涵很丰富的词，它自始至终伴随人的一生，早在人们上 学之前就开始了。 教育应成为人生命中不可缺少的一部分。然而，上学却是一个特定的形 式化了的过程。 在不同场合下，它的基本形式大同小异。 在全国各地，孩子们几乎在同一 时刻到达学校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人传授知识，使用大致相同的教材，做作业， 考试等等。 他们所学的现实生活中的一些片断，如字母表或政府的运作，往往受到科目范 围的限制。 例如，高中生们知道，在课堂上他们没法弄清楚他们社区里政治问题的真情， 也不会了解到最新潮的电影制片人在做哪些尝试。 学校教育这一形式化的过程是有特定的 限制的。 Ik-E4pxKo >03The Definition of "Price" Prices determine how resources are to be used.They are also the means by which products and services that are in limitedsupply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is acomplex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold inthe economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor,professional, transportation, and public-utility services. Theinterrelationships of all these prices make up the"system" of prices.The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad,complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or lessupon everything else. If one were to ask a group of randomly selectedindividuals to define "price", many would reply that price is anamount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, inother words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreedupon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as itgoes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction,much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer andthe seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with theamount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time andplace at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the formof money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to thetransaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, returnprivileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should befully aware of all the factors that comprise the total "package"being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they mayevaluate a given price. r;on0wm&B "价格"的定义 价格决定资源的使用方式。 价格也是有限的产品与服务在买方中的配给 手段。 美国的价格系统是复杂的网状系统，包括经济生活中一切产品买卖的价格，也包括 名目繁多的各种服务，诸如劳动力、专职人员、交通运输、公共事业等服务的价格。 所有 这些价格的内在联系构成了价格系统。 任何一种个别产品或服务的价格都与这个庞大而复 杂的系统密切相关，而且或多或少地受到系统中其它成份的制约。如果随机挑选一群人，问 问他们如何定义"价格"，许多人会回答价格就是根据卖方提供的产品或服务，买方向其付出 的钱数。 换句话说，价格就是市场交易中大家认同的产品或服务的货币量。 该定义就其本 身来说自有其道理。 但要获得对价格在任何一桩交易中的完整认识，就必须考虑到大量"非货币"因素的影响。 买卖双方不但要清楚交易中的钱数，而且要非常熟悉交易物的质量和 数量，交易的时间、地点，采用哪种形式付款，有怎样的缓付和优惠，对交易物的质量保证、 交货条款、退赔权利等等。 也就是说，为了能估算索价，买卖双方必须通晓构成交易物价 格的通盘细节。 ?+,* YV T >04Electricity The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones thatit is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is apower failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate inthe streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoilsin silent refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity worksonly a little more than two centuriesago. Nature has apparently beenexperimenting in this field for millions of years. Scientists are discoveringmore and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets ofelectricity that could benefit humanity.All living cells send out tiny pulsesof electricity. As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record; they form anelectrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart isworking. The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can berecorded in an electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by mostliving cells are extremely small -- often so small that sensitive instrumentsare needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells havebecome so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as musclecells at all. When large numbers of these cells are linked together, theeffects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. Itcan send a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through thewater in which it lives. (An electric house current is only one hundred twentyvolts.) As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel's body arespecialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it candeliver corresponds roughly to the length of its body. N~S[xS? 9p\Hx#^ 电 当今时代是电气时代。 人们对电灯、收音机、电视和电话早已司空见惯以致很难想 象没有它们生活会变成什么样。 当停电时，人们在摇曳不定的烛光下暗中摸索； 因没有红 绿灯的指示，汽车在道路上迟疑不前；冰箱也停止工作，导致食物变质。人们只是在两个世 纪前一点才开始了解电的使用原理，自然界却显然在这方面经历过了数百万年。 科学家不 断发现许多生物世界里可能有益于人类的关于电的有趣秘密。所有生物细胞都会发出微小的 电脉冲。 当心脏跳动时，把它发出的脉冲记录下来就成了心电图，这可让医生了解心脏的 工作状况。大脑也发出脑电波，这可在脑电图上记录下来。 许多生物细胞发出的电流都是 极微小的，小到要用灵敏仪器才能记录和测量。 但一些动物的某些肌肉细胞能转化成一个 个发电机，以致完全失去肌肉细胞的功能。 这种细胞大量地连接在一起时产生的效果将是 非常令人吃惊的。电鳗就是一种令人惊异的蓄电池。 它可以在水中发出相当于800 伏特电 压电流(家庭用户的电压只有120 伏特)。 在电鳗的身体里，多至五分之四的细胞都专门用 来发电，而且发出的电流的强度大约和它身体的长度成正比。 B= =a >05The Beginning of Drama There are many theories about the beginning ofdrama in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on theassumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes asfollows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world- even the seasonal changes - as unpredictable, and they sought through variousmeans to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appearedto bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until theyhardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiledthe mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but thestories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art anddrama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that thoserites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumeswere almost always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided forperformances and when the entire communitydid not participate, a clear divisionwas usually made between the "acting area" andthe"auditorium." In addition, there were performers, and, sinceconsiderable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment ofrites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes,they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, andmimed the desired effect -- success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, therevival of the Sun -- as an actor might. Eventually such dramaticrepresentations were separated from religious activities.Another theory tracesthe theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to thisview tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, atfirst through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator andthen through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. Aclosely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarilyrhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds. @Tfwh
/UN 戏剧的起源 关于古希腊戏剧的起源存在着多种理论，其中一个最普遍为人接受的理论 假设认为戏剧从仪式演化而来。 这个观点是这样进行论证的：一开始，人类把世界上的自 然力量，甚至季节的变化都看成是不可预料的。 他们试图通过各种方式去控制这些未知的、 令人恐惧的力量。 那些似乎带来了满意结果的手段就被保留下来并且重复直到这些手段固 化为不变的仪式，最后产生了能够解释或者掩盖这些仪式神秘性的故事。 随着时间的推移， 一些仪式被废弃了，但这些后来被称作神话的故事流传下来并且为艺术和戏剧提供了素材。 认为戏剧从仪式演化而来的人们还认为那些仪式包含了戏剧的基本因素，因为音乐、舞蹈、 面具和服装几乎经常被使用，而且，必须为演出提供一个合适的地点；如果不是整个社区共 同参加演出，经常在"演出区"和"观众席"之间划分出明显的分界。 另外，仪式中还有演员， 而且宗教领袖通常承担演出任务，因为在仪式的执行中避免错误的发生被认为有相当大的重 要性；他们经常带着面具，穿着服装象演员那样扮演其它人、动物或超自然的生灵，用动作 来表演以达到所需要的效果，比如打猎的成功或战斗的胜利、将至的雨、太阳的复活。 最 后这些戏剧性的表演从宗教活动中分离了出来。 另一个追溯戏剧起源的理论认为它来自人 们对叙述故事的兴趣。 根据这个观点，故事(关于狩猎、战争或者其它伟绩)是逐渐丰富起 来的。 首先通过一个讲解人来运用模仿、表演和对话，然后再由不同的人扮演各自的角色； 另一个与之紧密相关的理论将戏剧的起源追溯至舞蹈，这些舞蹈大体上是有节奏感的和体操 式的那一类，或者是对动物动作和声音的模仿。 T7lj39pJq C*EhexK,} >06Television FJd8s* Television -- the most pervasive andpersuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth -- ismoving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility,which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronicrevolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computertechnologies.The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele:distant) and Latin (visio: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sightfrom a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticatedsystem of electronics, television provides the capability of converting animage(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) intoelectronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses,when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronicallyreconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronicsystem, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle forcommunication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other humanbeings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined byits means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reachesthe masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals.Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs ofindividuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmissiontechniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We aremost familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for aboutthirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years,it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC,and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, andentertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not onlytelevision but our perception of it as well. We have come to look upon thepicture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamicmedium as the passive viewer. y@k cXlY przubMt 电视 电视--以快速变化与发展为标志的最普遍、最具有影响力的一项现代技术，正在步 入一个极端复杂化与多样化的新时代。 这个时代承诺重新塑造我们的生活和我们的世界。 这可以称得上是又一次电子革命，其关键在于电视技术与计算机技术的结合。"电视"这个词 来源于希腊语词根(tele：远)和拉丁语词根(vision：景象)，可以从字面上理解为来自远处的 景象。 简单说来，电视是以这种方式工作的，通过一个复杂的电子系统，电视能够将一幅 图像(这幅图像被聚焦在一部摄像机内的一块特殊的光导底片上)转换成能经过导线或电缆 发送出去的电子脉冲信号。 当这些电子脉冲信号被输入一部接收机(电视机)时，就可以用 电子学的方法把脉冲信号重新恢复成同一幅图像。但是，电视不仅仅是一个电子系统，它还 是一种表达工具和传播渠道。 因此，电视成了一个对其他人发生影响的强大工具。电视这 个领域可以根据其发射方式分为两类。 第一类为广播电视，通过电视信号的宽带无线电波 发射展现在大众面前；第二类为非广播电视，使用受控的发射技术来满足个人以及某些特殊 利益群体的需要。电视早已成为大众媒介。 我们熟悉广播电视，因为广播电视已经以类似 目前的方式存在了大约37 年。 在那些年头中，电视绝大部分一直由 ABC、NBC、CBS这 些广播电视公司控制着，这些广播电视公司一直是新闻、信息和娱乐的主要提供者。 这些 广播业的巨头实际上不仅塑造了电视，而且也塑造了我们对电视的理解。 我们渐渐把显像 管看作是娱乐的来源，让自己成为这个生动的媒介的被动观众。 jW1 YTQ >07Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel,built the steel industry in the United States, and, in the process, became oneof the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his abilityto sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods ofeconomic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing theirinvestments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hardwork, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes forthe benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provideeducational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. "Hewho dies rich, dies disgraced, " he often said.Among his more noteworthycontributions to society are those that bear his name, includingthe CarnegieInstitute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and amuseum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is nowpart of Carnegie-Mellon University. Other philanthropic gifts are the CarnegieEndowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, theCarnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hallto provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched byAndrew Carnegie's generosity. His contributions of more than five milliondollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the countryand formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today. cbh#E)[ ' 安德鲁 卡内基 被称作钢铁大王的安德鲁 卡内基在美国建立了钢铁工业。 在这个过 程中，他变成了美国最富有的人之一。 他的成功，部分来自于他销售产品的能力，部分来 自于经济萧条时期的扩充策略。 在萧条时期，他的多数对手都在缩减投资。卡内基认为个 人应该通过努力工作来获得进展，但他也强烈地感到有钱人应该运用他们的财富来为社会谋 取福利。 他反对施舍救济，更愿意提供教育机会，使别人自立。 卡内基经常说："富有着 死去的人死得可耻。"他对社会的较重要的贡献都以他的名字命名。 这些贡献包括匹兹堡卡 内基学校。 这个学校有一个图书馆，一个美术馆和一个国家历史博物馆；他还创立了一所 技术学校，这所学校现在是卡内基 梅隆大学的一部分；其他的慈善捐赠有为促进国家间了 解的"卡内基国际和平基金"，为科学研究提供经费的华盛顿卡内基学院以及给各种艺术活动 提供活动中心的卡内基音乐厅。安德鲁?卡内基的慷慨大度几乎影响到每个美国人的生活。 由于他超过五百万美元的捐款，2500个图书馆得以建立起来，遍布在美国各地的小村镇， 形成了我们今天还在享用的公共图书馆系统的核心。 W7TXI~7 xgtJl}
L >08American Revolution The American Revolution was not a revolutionin the sense of a radical or total change. It was not a sudden and violentoverturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred inFrance and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significantchanges were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened wasaccelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflictitself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of themwere not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the moreisolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on. America's War ofIndependence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, whichreceived its first large influx of English-speaking population from thethousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States. Another wasAustralia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer availablefor prisoners and debtors. The third newcomer -- the United States -- baseditself squarely on republican principles.Yet even the political overturn wasnot so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, notably Connecticutand Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule alreadyexisting. British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-growngoverning class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king andParliament. ^x_ >r6 B-\,2rCC Z 美国革命 美国革命其实并不算是一场革命，因为它并未导致完全的和彻底的变化。 这 次革命并不是对政治和社会框架的一次突然和猛烈的颠覆，象后来在已经是独立国家的法国 和俄国所爆发的革命那样。 革命带来了重大的变化，但并非翻天覆地，所发生的只是进化 的加速，而不是一场彻底的革命；在冲突期间，人们仍然上班、做礼拜、结婚、玩耍。 多数人并没有受到实际战斗的严重影响。 许多较闭塞的社区对这场战争几乎一无所知。美国 独立战争宣布了三个现代国家的诞生，其中一个是加拿大。 加拿大的第一大批讲英语的流 入人口来自于成千上万英王的效忠者， 这些人从美国逃到了加拿大。 另一个国家是澳大利 亚，因为美国不再是容纳罪犯和欠债者的国度了，澳大利亚就变成了一个惩治罪犯的殖民地(注：独立战争前，英国政府将罪犯流放到美国)。 第三个国家就是美国，它完全建立在共 和原则基础上。即使政治上的颠覆也不如人们可能想象的那样具有革命性。 在一些州，特 别是康涅狄格和罗德岛，战争基本上只是承认了已经存在的殖民地的自治。 四处被驱逐的 英国官员都被本土的统治阶级所替代，这个统治阶级迅速地以地方权力机关来替代国王和议 会。 y|e2j&m RP~vB#} >09Suburbanization If by "suburb" is meant an urbanmargin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the processof suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in thesecond quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was asmall highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods wereconveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1830's and1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities,and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect ofemployment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill townsof apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defenseagainst this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the citiesappropriated their industrial neighbors. In1854, for example, the city ofPhiladelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuverstook place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the UnitedStates achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along theirborders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowdingand accompanying social stress -- conditions that began to approach disastrousproportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric tractionline was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retiredand electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urbanarea, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compactindustrial city into a dispersed metropolis.This first phase of mass-scalesuburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urbanMiddle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from theaging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housingtracts. N#RD:"RS! 郊区的发展 如果"郊区"指的是比已建好的城市内部发展更为迅速的城市边缘地带，那 么郊区化可以说始于1825 年至 1850 年工业化城市出现期间。 在这之前，城市只是高度密 集的小聚居群。 在其中，人们步行走动，商品靠马车来运送。 但是建于18 世纪三四十年 代的早期工厂位于城边的航道和铁路附近，被工作机会吸引到这里的成千上万的人们需要住 房。 渐渐地，在与旧有的主要城区相毗邻的地方，不断涌现出由排房和公寓楼组成的工人 聚居区，包围了工厂。作为对这种侵蚀的自卫，也为了扩大它们收税的地域范围，城市吞并 了工业化的临近地带，比如1854 年费城的城区就兼并了费县的绝大部分地区。 相似的城市 化也发生在芝加哥和纽约。 今天很多美国的大城市其实就是靠吞并它们附近的边缘地区而 变成大都会的。随着工业化的加速发展，城市里出现了严重拥挤和相伴而来的社会压力。 当1888年第一条商业上成功的电气化铁轨被制造出来时，压力开始接近危机的程度。 几年之内，马车就被废弃了，电车网相互交织连接着各个重要的城区，从而形成了一种郊区化的潮 流，即密集的工业城市转变成了分散的都市。 此时城市中产阶级的出现进一步加强了第一 波大规模郊区化。 这些中产阶级希望在远离老旧城市的地区拥有住宅，单一家庭住宅地区 的开发者满足了他们的愿望。 MK-a $~<
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