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楼主  发表于: 2013-01-16   
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考博英语翻译核心技巧

被动语态翻译 jh>N_cp  
     英语中被动语态使用范围很广,凡是在不必或不愿 说出或无从说出施动者以及为了便于连贯上下文或者为了强调动作的承受者等场合,往往都用被动语 态。英语被动句的翻译主要有以下几种情况:一、译成汉语主动句。 1.原句中的主语、谓语不变,译文中没有表示被动 的标志,如“被、把”字等,形式上是主动句,表 达被动意义。例如: Eg. On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 《实践论》已译成许多国家的文字。 Eg. The whole country was armed in a few days. 几天以内,全国就武装起来了。 2.原句中的主语移到谓语之后,译作宾语。 Eg. Another middle school has been set up in our district 我们区又办了一所中学。 Eg. 1200 people had been saved soldiers in the earthquake. 在地震中,战士们已救出1200人。 3.译成带表语的主动句。 Eg. The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。 Eg. In the old societywomen were looked down upon. 在旧社会,妇女们是受歧视的。 4.含主语从句的被动句型译为主动句。 it作形式主语的英语句子,翻译时常要转为主动 形式,有时可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我们” 等不确定主语。例如: Eg. It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains of killer viruses 据报道敌人正在培育新的杀人病毒。 Eg. It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday 有人建议会议推迟到下星期一举行。 Eg. It is well known that natural light is actually made up of many colours 众所周知,自然光其实是由许多种颜色构成的。 这类句型还有: it is said that... It is supposed that...It must be pointed out that...It is asserted that... It is generally considered that... 二、译成汉语被动句 为了强调被动动作或突出施动者时,可以将英语被 动句译为汉语被动句。 1.汉语句中有“被”、“遭受”等词。 Eg. North China was hit by an unexpected heavy rainwhich caused severe flooding 华北地区遭受了一场意外的大雨袭击,引起了严 重的水灾。 Eg. The window pane was broken by the child. 窗上玻璃被这小孩打碎了。 2.译成“为……所”的结构。 Eg. Granny Wang was forced by familv circumstances to enter a knitting mill in Shanghai as a child labourer at the age of twelve. 王大妈为家境所迫,十二岁就到上海一家针织厂 作童工。 Eg. I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card. 我为这些话所深深感动,后来我就把它们写在圣 诞卡上了。 三、译成“招”、“使”和“由”字句 Eg. The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. 大火使这家著名的旅馆几乎全部毁坏。 Eg. The plan is going to be examined first by the research group. 计划将先由研究小组加以研究。 Eg. By evening the occupation was completeand the people were chased off the streets by an eight o'clock curfew. 至傍晚,占领已告完成八点钟开始的宵禁把人们从 街上赶回家。 四、译成无主语句 Eg. Some measures must be taken to control the water pollution. 必须采取某些措施来控制水污染。 Eg. Methods are found to take these materials out of the rubbish and use them again. 现在已经找到了从垃圾中提取这些材料并加以利用 的方法。 综上所述,英语被动句多数情况下译成汉语的主 动句,只有在特别强调被动动作或特别突出被动 句才译成汉语被动句。我们要选一种既符合汉语 习惯,又保持上下文连贯的译法。同时,既要注 意语态转换的一般规则,也要注意其例外情况, 有的被动语态形式已习语化了,更是不可忽视的。                                                                              语数字的翻译 英语中的有些数词在汉译时可以等值翻译。但是, 也有不少数词在汉译中不能等值翻译,或者完全不译出来。这种翻译处理方法是为了使汉译句子能符合汉语的表达习惯。以下分别举例说明。  1)等值翻译: Eg. a drop in the ocean沧海一粟  Eg. within a stone's throw一箭之遥  Eg. ki11 two birds with one stone一箭双雕  Eg. A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑,长一智。  2)不等值翻译: Eg. at sixes and sevens乱七八糟  Eg. on second thoughts再三考虑  Eg. by ones and twos两两地,零零落落地  Eg. Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠胜过诸葛亮。  Eg. --Can you come down a little? --Sorry, it's one price for all. 你能便宜一点卖吗?对不起,不二价.  Eg. He had one over the eight after be drank only half bottle of the wine.他才喝了半瓶酒就醉得七歪八倒了。 英语倍数句型及其译法 _0w1 kqW  
 英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: 倍数增加 wqcDAO (  
 () A is n times as greatlongmuch,…)as B.(①)A is n times greater longer more,…)than B.(②)A is n times the size length amount,…)of B.()以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是Bn[AB大(长,多,……)n-1].  Eg. This book is three times as long as three times longer thanthree times the length of that one.这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 注:当相比的对象B很明显时,thanasofB常被省去。  (二)increase to n times(④)increase n timesn-fold(⑤)increase by n times(⑥)increase by a factor of n(⑦)以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。  Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year.  The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986   化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。   That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.   那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。   The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.   漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。注:在这类句型中increase常被raisegrowgo/step upmultiply等词所替代。  (三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧)应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式:Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported.据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。  (四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。()Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。  (五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如:A is as much largelong,…)again as B.= A is twice as much largelong,…)as B.(⑩)应译为:AB多(大,长,……)1倍。A is half as much large 1ong,…)again as B.= A is one and a half times as much large 1ong,…)as B.】(11应译为:AB多(大,长……)一半(即AB的一倍半)。   倍数减少 L,#^&9bHa#  
 (一)A is n times as small lightslow,…)as B.12A is n times smaller lighter slower,…) than B.13以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B1/n[AB小(轻,慢,……)(n-1/n]Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。  (二)decrease n times/n--fold 14decrease by n times15decrease by a factor of n16以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]  decrease常被reduce shorten goslow down等词替代。Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times.电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.该设备误差概率降低了4/5 (三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n1/n]。(17这个句型还有其它一些形式,Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed发现迅速减少到1/7Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2 从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decreaseby 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。 英语形容词翻译 \/n+j!  
    英语和汉语语言结构和表达习惯有很多差异之处,翻译时往往不能死扣原文逐词逐句译出。本文拟谈谈形容词的翻译问题。一、一些原义并无否定意思的形容词和别的词搭配有时可译成否定句1. These goods are in short supply.这些货物供应不足。2. This equation is far from being complicated.这个方程一定也不复杂。二、为了使译文自然流畅,读起来顺口,在一些形容词前可根据上下文内容加上副词“很”、“最”等字1. It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.这是我度过最愉快的一天。2. It is easy to compress a gas.气体很容易压缩。三、有时可将英语的“形容词+名词短语”译成汉语的主谓结构1. She spoke in a high voice.她讲话声音很尖。2. This engine develops a high torque.这台发动机产生的转矩很大。四、如果一个名词前有几个形容词修饰,英译时应根据汉语习惯决定其顺序1. a large brick conference hall一个用砖砌的大会议厅2. a plastic garden chair一把在花园里用的塑料椅子五、英语中一些表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词同连系动词构成复合谓语时,翻译时可将形容词译成动词1. You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承担的责任。2. Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America. 7aV$YuL)X~  
类似的批评在他后来写的评论美国的文章中屡见不鲜。 \Fq1^ 8qa  
3. He is truly sorry for his past, and he has undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for ever. [O(m/  
他诚恳地忏悔过去,并保证永远不再玩汽车。 @`6}`k  
六、由于语言习惯不同,英语里的形容词有时译成汉语副词 ;uK";we  
1. I am going to be good and sweet and kind to every body. >:%BNeO  
我要对每一个人都亲切、温顺、和善。 fa4=h;>a+  
2. He asked me for a full account of myself and family. z" EWj73  
他详尽地问起我自己和我家里的情况。 CG.,/]_  
3. Another war will be the absolute end of our country. 5?w.rcN[j  
再来一次战争将彻底毁灭我们这个国家。 PYu$1o9+N  
从以上几个方面可以看出,译好形容词是使译文通顺、流畅的一个环节。 cW; H!:&  
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英汉互译的几种方法 =HS4I.@c_5  
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在翻译中,针对词汇空缺现象,在词汇的借用、 引用方面通常采取四种形式: 音译、直译、改编、意译 6A?8t m/0  
1. 音译:人名、地名以及一些表示新概念 而本族语里又找不到对成词来表示时,均可采用 音译法介绍到译文语言中去,如: [汉译英] 磕头(kowtow),荔枝(litchi); [英译汉]engine(引擎),motor(马达), sofa(沙发)logic(逻辑) 0p `")/  
2.直译: paper tiger(纸老虎) lose face(丢脸),Seeing is believing.(百闻不如一见。)Out of mindout of sight.(眼不见,心不烦) t!:)L+$3  
3.改编:所谓“改编”指的是音译或直译如意 义补充的翻译,在翻译的“改编法”中,译者总 是一方面尽可能保持原文语言的特性,另一方面 更希望译文含义明朗,使读者一目了然。 o<rsAe  
比如,汉语的“班门弄斧”这个成语,可译成 This is like showing off one's proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter 其中,“鲁班”变成了“Lu Ban the mater carpenter" 否则鲁班究竟是什么人,不知道典故的外国读者 就会感到茫然。这类译法在英译中比较常见,如巧克力糖(chocolate),鸦片烟(opium),高尔夫球(golf),来福枪(rifle),尼龙布(nylon Im+ 7<3Z  
4.意译法:填补语言中的词汇、语义空缺, 采用“并行法”即意译法是一种常见的有效方 法。如果某一语言观象,在译文语言中只的用意 义相同的不同语言形式即“并行”的词汇来翻译 时,那么就等于说译文语言的形式中存在着一个 “空缺”。比如,有许多词以及由这些词代表的思 想概念,最先只存在于某种语言中,当把这些词 或概念介绍到另一种语言中去时,我们可采取音 译,直译法,同时也可采用意译法,而且意译译文 可从语音、语法、语义等方面都合乎译文语言的 规范,因此最易为读者接受。比如: communism democracy,proletariat等外来词变成“共产主义” “民主”和”无产者”时,可以说最先是意译的结 果。同时,由于“共产主义”,“无产者”等完全 是按我们汉语的构词规则,用汉语的构词材料构成 的。因此,这种意译只不过是属于一种概念的借鉴 而已。 5{X*a  
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