1. （2005.01） Quitting smoking is more of a matter of willpower than of individual choice, for smoking is widely recognized as addictive. Although counseling and medication can increase the odds that a smoker quits permanently, the best way to avoid dilemmas is never to take up smoking to begin with.
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The irreversible effects of cigarette smoking vary in intensity and are related both to the amount and duration of exposure and the age at which the person is initially exposed. This report challenges the notion that a few years of exposure to smoking will have no lasting harmful consequences. We hope to discourage this prevalent but vital habit and suggest that tobacco-related health effects decline substantially as time away from smoking increases. ^''3}<Ep
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人们普遍认为吸烟成瘾，所以戒烟主要是意志力的问题，而不是个人选择的问题（与其说戒烟是个人选择的问题，不如说是意志力的问题）。虽然心理咨询和药物治疗能增加永久戒烟的概率，但避免进退两难的最好方法是一开始就不吸烟。 Mg^3Y'{o
吸烟带来的不可逆的影响程度不同，且与烟瘾和烟龄（年头）有关，也与最初接触烟的年龄有关。本报告挑战的是一种观点，即几年的吸烟史不会产生长期的不良后果。我们希望劝说人们不要染上此常见但致命的习惯，并指出随着戒烟时间的增加，烟草对健康产生的影响就会大幅度减少。 'F8:| g
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2.（2005.06） This book derives from decades of teaching in various schools across the country. It is based on the belief that philosophy is a genuinely exciting subject, accessible not only to gifted undergraduate majors but to everyone. Everyone is a philosopher, whether enrolled in a philosophical course or not. The difference is that someone who has studied philosophy systematically has the advantage of having encountered stronger and more varied arguments than might have been available otherwise. What is special about this book is that it offers introductory students the opportunity of having direct contact with substantial readings from significant books on philosophy, but without the unreasonable demand that they confront these books in full, which are often incomprehensible. ->YF</I
参考译文：本书是在全国不同学校讲课几十年的结晶。它基于以下观点：哲学的确是一门有趣的学科，不仅专家和一些有天赋的本科专业生可以使用哲学，人人都可使用。不论是否上过哲学课，每个人都是哲学家。区别在于：系统学习过哲学的人具有这样的优势，他们遇到的论点要比以其他方式遇到的论点更有说服力、种类更多。该书的特点是：它使初学者有机会直接接触选自重要哲学著作并有实质内容的读物，但并不过分地要求学生必须通读这些很难读懂的书籍。 0(!=N 1l
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3. （2006.06） Social progress has done away with the need for backbreaking work and has provided time and leisure for personality development. With it, indeed because of it, today the middle-class family expects each of its members to develop his unique personality, and so does each individual, more or less, himself. This new obligation of the family to provide a setting for the development of a unique personality makes family consensus extremely difficult, if not impossible. Nothing is more problematic for a small group of quite different, unique individuals than to live in close quarters, in close harmony with each other. Besides, the necessity of cultivating teenagers’ moral character adds to the difficulty in parenting. Jro%zZle
社会的进步使人们摆脱了繁重的工作，并有时间和余暇发展个性。随着社会的进步，实际上是由于社会的进步，目前中产家庭期望其每一成员发展独特的个性，每一个人也在某种程度上期望发展自己的独特个性。家庭担负的新责任是为发展独特个性创造环境，结果使家人很难达成共识，有时甚至不可能达成共识。对于一个由迥异的个人组成的小群体来说，最棘手的是在同一房檐下十分和谐地生活。此外，家庭还必须要培养青少年的品德，这又增添了当父母的困难。 V IU4QEW`x
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4. （2007.01）One of the unintended consequences of the globalization is that it puts different societies and cultures in much greater direct contact with one another. It connects people to people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves. Some cultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration that this global intimacy makes possible. Others are frustrated, and even humiliated by this close contact, which, among other things, makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world in relation to everyone else. All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of the most devastating forces today – terrorist organizations which have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interest to wipe out. rw ou[QU
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世界变平产生一些意外的后果，其一就是不同的社会和文化可以更多地直接接触。人们之间连接的速度之快使人和社会措手不及。一些文化凭借全球亲密接触突然带来的合作机遇兴旺发达（蓬勃发展）。另一些文化却由于这种亲密接触而感到灰心丧气，甚至感到自尊受到伤害，原因是这种亲密接触的后果之一是使人们轻易地发现彼此在世界中的位置。所有这一切有助于说明为什么现在会出现一种最具有杀伤力的力量——恐怖组织。这些组织不顾人们的死活，消灭它们最符合我们的利益。 ;7 Y4 v`m
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5. （2007.06）In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth serious consideration. But as any experienced writer knows, there are occasions when even the best advice may not apply. The demands of writing for different audiences, with different purposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that they cannot begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what is appropriate for one piece of writing may not be appropriate for another. In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation. 2aUy1*aM
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在本书中，我们提出一些建议，我们希望这些建议看起来合理并值得认真考虑。但有经验的作者都知道，有时最好的建议可能不适用。写书要针对不同的读者，具有不同的目的，有关不同的题材，语言的正式程度也不同，所有这一切提出种种要求，本书是无法预见到的。我们也意识到对某一作品是合适的内容而对另一作品来说可能不合适。在多数情况下，你只好不惜代价把含义表达清楚（避免含义不清），目的是防止人们随意曲解你使用的文字。 .-g++f(_i
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6. （2009.01） When dominant innovators in a science respond to the challenge of a situation that demands some change in its practice, this may take a number of forms, and rival schools may grow up around different leaders responding differently to a particular situation. These rivalries may be reinforced and perpetuated by the use of standard textbooks. Any empirical science must be able to cope with its own phenomena, and once any observation is accepted as relevant, its theory and modes of description and analysis must be able to handle it with scientific adequacy, of which exhaustiveness, consistency, economy are basic principles. The extension of a science to new but relevant fields may require the further elaboration and presentation of existing theory along previously-followed lines. #FBq8iJ
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形势要求某一学科改变研究方法，而该学科主要革新者迎接形势的挑战时，可能采取若干形式, 而且由于不同学术带头人对某一形势有不同的反应, 会出现彼此对立的学派。 标准教科书的使用加剧了对立的局面并使其长期存在。 任何基于经验的科学必须能处理属于自己领域内的现象。 一旦某个观察被认为是相关的, 该学科的理论和描述分析方式必须能科学地加以处理, 内容详尽、观点一致和省钱省力是基本的原则。 把某一学科延伸到新的相关领域可能要求沿着先前的路线对现有的理论做进一步阐述和表达。 Xk_xTzJ
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7. (2009.06) Changes and developments in a science are determined by a number of causes. Every science grows from its past, and the state reached in a previous generation provides the starting point for the next. But no science is carried on in a vacuum, without reference to or contact with other sciences and the general atmosphere for learning. Scientists and men of learning are also men of their age and country, and they can’t live independent of the culture. Besides its own past, the course of science is also affected by the social context of its contemporary world and the intellectual premises in it. Applications of the science and the expectations that others have of it may be a very important determinant of the direction of its growth and changes. h$Z_r($b
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一个学科的变化和进展（进步）取决于众多因素。每一学科都是过去的产物，上一代人达到的水平是下一代人的起点。但任何一个学科都不是在真空中发展的，都要参照或接触其他学科和总的学术环境。科学家和从事学术研究的人要受自己所处的时代和国家影响，他们不可能脱离文化生活。科学发展的道路（进程）不仅受过去的影响，也受当时世界的社会环境和知识前提的影响。学科的应用和其他人对该学科的期望可能在很大程度上决定（左右）学科发展和变化的方向。 $\|$ ekil4
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8. (2010.01) Human progress is greatly accelerated by the use of language in cultural transmission; the knowledge and experience acquired by a particular person can be passed on to another in language, so that no amount of demonstration can replace the role of language. In this connection the importance of the invention of printing can never be exaggerated. At the present time the achievements of anyone in any part of the world can be made available and accessible to anyone else able to read and capable of understanding what is involved. From these uses of language, spoken and written, the most developed animal communication system, though given the courtesy title of language, is worlds away. CF`tNA3fxm
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语言用于文化传播极大地加速了人类的进步。任何一个人积累的知识和经验都可通过语言传给另一人，结果是，再多的演示（示范）也无法取代语言的作用。从此意义上说，发明印刷术的重要性不论怎样夸大都不过分。目前，只要有文化并理解涉及的内容，任何人都能得到和利用世界任何地方的任何成就。最发达的动物交流系统尽管被授予语言的雅号，但同使用口头或笔头语言相比，也有天壤之别。 J
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9. (2010.01) The reason for not classifying carbon dioxide as a pollutant is that it is a natural component of the atmosphere and needed by plants to carry out biological synthesis. No one would argue that carbon dioxide is a necessary component of the atmosphere any more than one would argue the fact that Vitamin D is necessary in the human diet. However, excess intake of Vitamin D can be extremely toxic. Living systems, be they an ecosystem or an organism, require that a delicate balance be maintained between certain compounds in order for the system to function normally. When the excess presence of one substance threatens the wellbeing of an ecosystem, it becomes toxic despite the fact that it is required in small quantities. N#-P}\Q9
之所以不把二氧化碳列为污染物，是因为二氧化碳是大气的天然成分，植物进行生物合成需要二氧化碳。正如人们普遍认为人的饮食不可缺少维生素D一样，也都认为二氧化碳是大气不可缺少的成分。但是摄入过多的维生素D会有很大的副作用。生命系统，不论是生态系统还是生物，都需要在某些化合物之间保持微妙的平衡，以确保系统功能正常。尽管少量的某种物质是必要的，但当该物质过量出现威胁生态系统的健康时，就具有了毒副作用。
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10. On some occasions it is important to adhere to the conventions that characterize serious public discourse and to avoid expressions that might be used in more casual situations. Among the features of formal English are the careful explanation of background information, complexity in sentence structure, explicit transitions between thoughts, and the use of certain words that are reserved chiefly for creating a formal tone. Situations that normally require formal usage would include an article discussing a serious matter submitted to a respected journal, an official report by a group of researchers to a government body, a talk presented to a professional organization, and a letter of job application. P N ,pEk|
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有时（在某些场合）重要的是恪守（遵守）严肃场合的公开谈话所特有的常规做法，并避免使用在非正式场合可能使用的表达法。 正规（正式）英语的特点包括认真解释背景信息、句子结构复杂、不同的想法之间有明确的过渡以及使用某些主要用于使语气正式的词。通常需要使用正规用法的场合包括为某著名杂志撰写的讨论严肃话题的文章、研究小组递交给政府机构的正式报告、为专业组织做的报告和求职信。 _T6l*
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11. The Microsoft’s rise to prominence set off an explosion in demand for all things digital and sparked the Internet boom, because every investor looked at the Internet and concluded that if everything was going to be digitized – data, inventories, commerce, books and entertainment – and transported and sold on the Internet, the demand for Internet-based products and services would be infinite. This led to the dot-com stock bubble and a massive overinvestment in the fiber-optic cable needed to carry all the new digital information. As a result, some companies became bankrupt and some were struggling to stay in business. Keep in mind that cyberspace promises both opportunities and high risks. `mTpL ^f
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微软公司的崛起诱发了对数字化设备需求的爆炸（巨大需求）并造就了互联网的辉煌（使互联网走向兴旺），其原因是每一个投资商都把目光对准互联网，得出的结论是：如果一切都数字化 – 数据、库存、商业、图书和娱乐 – 并在互联网上运输销售，那么对于基于互联网的产品和服务的需求将是无限的。这种局面导致了计算机股票市场的泡沫，也导致了对传送数字化信息所需的光纤电缆的投资过剩。 V!#+Ti/w4
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12. The purchase process is initiated when a consumer becomes aware of a need. This awareness may stem from an internal source such as starvation or an external source such as TV commercials or promotions. Awareness of such a need motivates the consumer to search for information about options with which to fulfill the need. This information is available from varied sources. Once alternatives have been identified through these sources, consumers evaluate the options, paying particular attention to those attributes the consumer considers vital. To attract more regular customers, many companies continue to communicate with their customers after a purchase in an effort to influence post-purchase satisfaction and behavior. |QwX
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购买的过程始于顾客意识到某种需求。这种意识可能源于内部因素，如饥饿，或源于外部因素，如电视广告或促销。意识到这种需求促使顾客寻找信息，做出选择来满足需求。这类信息来源广泛。一旦通过这些信息源确定了可供选择的对象，顾客就可是筛选（对选择做出评估），特别注意自己认为至关重要的特点。为了吸引更多的常客，许多公司售后继续与顾客联络，目的是对售后的满意程度和行为产生影响。 ]-d:wEj
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