武汉大学 2015年博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题

武汉大学

2015年博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题

一、阅读理解
Justice in society must include both a fairtrial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for thoseproven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, we find in its earlier expressionsthe idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament isthe expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." That is,the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. Tomake up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doingan equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected inmany parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It isillustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committedmurder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealistHegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishmentequal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions deniedhis true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract thisdenial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing lessthan giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is aright the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.

Modern jurists have tried to replace retributivejustice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not toabandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it.It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual torealize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially illand in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member ofsociety. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocialbehavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be madeto have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanentlyseparated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals willescape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It meansthat justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. Ifsevere punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it shouldbe administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity toassume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive himof the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.

1. The best title for this selection is （）
A. Fitting Punishment to the Crime
B. Approaches to Just Punishment
C. Improvement in Legal Justice
D. Attaining Justice in the Courts

2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the （ ） .
A. type of crime that was proven
B. severity for the punishment
C. reason for the sentence
D. outcome of the trial

3.  The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（）.
A. forced brain surgery
B. whipping
C. solitary confinement
D. the electric chair

4.  The Biblical expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to （）.
A. prove，that equality demands just punishment
B. justify the need for punishment as a part of law
C. give moral backing to retributive justice
D. prove that man has long been interested in justice

"In every known human society the male's needs for achievement can be recognized... In agreat number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, orability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in facthas to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing somefeat."

This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the rolesof men and women in society should be distinguished.

If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far fromcomplete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of womenand about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown up around theirhitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types ofoccupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubtof the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, itis supposed, bring to the business of running the world.

There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men's status. In thefirst place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, inIndia, Sri Lanka and Israel.

Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especiallymarried women and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasingly numerousconvergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to identical styles indress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts ofhitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.

Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions ofhuman life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, butthat does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardlyfelt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiationbetween the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural society men go out to huntand fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorousinitiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.

5. The phrase "men's sureness of their sex role" in the first paragraph suggests that they（）
A. are confident in their ability to charm women.
B. take the initiative in courtship.
C. have a clear idea of what is considered "manly".
D. tend to be more immoral than women are.

6. The third paragraph （）
A. generally agrees with the first paragraph
B. has no connection with the first paragraph
C. repeats the argument of the second paragraph
D. contradicts the last paragraph

7. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（）
A. is based on the study of archaeology
B. illustrates how people expect men to behave
C. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant joke
D. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer

8. The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman which the author（）
A. approves of
B. argues is natural
C. completely rejects
D. expects to go on changing

Farmers in the developing world hate pricefluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have littlechoice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. andJapan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form ofguaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed anew farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years,or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S.agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step wasnecessary to "promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way oflife for generations". It is also designed to help the Republican Partywin control of the Senate in November's mid term elections.

Agricultural production in most poor countriesaccounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But mostfarmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families.Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffsor competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United NationsConference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developingcountries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriersimposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It's not as if thedeveloping world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda's Minister ofFinance. "What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete."

Agriculture is one of the few areas in which theThird World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methodsdevelop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie in the skyspeculation. The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade hasbeen the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that mayall change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the"least developed country" status that allows African producers toavoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products.With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivelas quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the greathope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works:Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports ofeverything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa'smanufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world givesit a fair go.

This is what makes Bush's decision to increasefarm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have longsuspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangleits way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks tobreak down three years ago. But last November members of the World TradeOrganization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talksdesigned to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countriesassured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed.Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talksand his personal devotion to free trade.

9.By comparison, farmers （ ） receive more government subsidies than others.?
A.in the developing world
B.in Japan
C.in Europe
D.in America?

10.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a （ ） motive behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.?
A.partisan
B.social
C.financial
D.cultural?

11.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that （）?
A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?
B.“the least?developed country” status benefits agricultural countries? C.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization?
D.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies

12.The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is （）?
A.favourable
B.ambiguous
C.critical
D.reserved

Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, inattempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to itssubject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. AsRosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext forexpounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judgesthe value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each workaccording to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.

Although fiction assuredly springs frompolitical circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways otherthan ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instrumentsof ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literaryanalysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fictionwhich solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.

Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction,however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions.First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity ofthe authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Blackfiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largelycontemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinctbody of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Lookingat novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurringconcerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic,and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Blackcharacters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether theytry to conform to that culture or rebel against it.

Black Fiction does leave some aestheticquestions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerableobjectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judgethe merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especiallysince an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. Forinstance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this adefect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kindof aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’sCane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide acounterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Blackheroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes ofexpression?

In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt doesinclude in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. BlackFiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in theprocess some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’sAutobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, andits forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

13 The author objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it（）.
A. emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction
B. misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction
C. misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction
D. substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction

14. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with （）.
A. evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism
B. comparing various critical approaches to "a subject
C. discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism
D. summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism

15. The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as （）.
A. pedantic and contentious
B. critical but admiring
C. ironic and deprecating
D. argumentative but unfocused

16. It can be inferred that the author would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following （）
A. An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writers
B. A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by Black authors
C. A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems according to the political acceptability of their themes
D. An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within the context of Black history

三、汉译英
得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感到打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄地掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华。自己的哥姐、堂表兄弟，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一瞬间，一阵被人摈弃、为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。

四、作文
How to Prevent Plagiarism

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