天津大学考博英语历年真题

天津大学
ondliness of many Americans should be interpretedneither as superficial nor as artificial， but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
As is trueof any developed society， in America a complex set of cultural signals， assumptions， and conventions underlies allsocial interrelationships. And， of course， speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someoneunderstandliving-eachmust settle that for himself .But that a satisfying life should be lived ，he was vitally concerned .The storyof his emancipation from the lower economics is the one romance of his life ，and Walden is his great book .It isa book In praise of life rather than of Nature ，a record of calculating economics that studied saving in order tospend more largely .But it is a book of social criticism as well ，in spite of its explicit denial ofsuch a purpose .In considering the true nature of economy he concluded ，with Ruskin ， that the cost of a thing is theamount of life that is required in exchange for it ，immediately or in the long run .InWalden Thoreau elaborated the text ：The only wealth is life .
11.Thoueaustarted an experiment at Walden Pond with the hope of ______. [A]learning howto live quietly . [B]writing a book on philosophy . [C]discovering what humanscan learn from nature. [D]working out the best adjustment to material life .
12.ToThoreau the best solution to the problem of economics is _______. [A]to live avery simple life . [B]to become self–sufficient. [C]to live in the country . [D]to reform the society .
13.Thoreauholds that the crucial thing for people to do is to ________. [A]have a betterunderstanding of what life means . [B]live harmoniously with nature . [C]tosave as much as one possibly can . [D]to live a life that one is content with .
14.In thebookWaldenall of the following can be found except________. [A] the nature ofeconomy. [B] the meaning of freedom. [C] the criticism of society. [D] Ruskin‘s philosophy.
15. Thoreau‘s attitude toward society can bestbe characterized as one of _______. [A] acceptance. [B] avoidance.[C]indifference [D] individualism
4）
Automationrefers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation ofproductive machinery. It reduces the human factors， mental and physical， in production， and is designed to make possiblethe manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automationin American industry has been called theSecond Industrial Revolution.
Labor‘s concern over automation arisesfrom uncertainty about its effects on employment， and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main， labor has taken the view thatresistance to technological change is futile. In the long run， the result of automation may wellbe an increase in employment， since it is expected that vast industries will grow up aroundmanufacturing， maintaining， and repairing automationequipment. Unquestionably， however， there will be major shifts in jobs within plants and displacementof labor from one industry to another. The interest of labor lies in bringingabout this transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to theworkers involved. Also， union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increasedproduction and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared byworkers in the form of higher wages， more leisure， and improved living standards.
To protectthe interests of their members in the era of automation， unions have adopted a number ofnew policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemploymentbenefits plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in SUB planhas a direct financial stake in preventing unemployment， he will have a strong incentivefor planning new installations so as to cause the least possible disruption injobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements， requiring that permanently laidoff workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approachis the idea of theimprovement factor，which calls for wage increase based on increases in productivity. Itis probable， however， that labor will rely mainly onreduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits ofautomation.
16. We learnfrom paragraph 1 that automation will probably lead to_______. [A] industrialexpansion [B] an increase in employment [C] displacement of labor from oneindustry to another. [D] an increase in unemployment.
17. Laborhas the opinion that _______. [A] all efforts must be made to prevent automation[B] automation will cause a rise in consumer costs [C] its main interest liesin increasing all wages. [D] technological change cannot be stopped.
18. What isthe relation between automation and employment in the opinion of labor？
[A] Automationwill definitely leads to more unemployment. [B] From a long-term point of viewautomation will bring about more jobs. [C] Automation will not cause muchchange in employment [D] sooner of later automation will do all the workinstead of man
19. Theunion stresses that ________. [A] workers should also enjoy the fruits broughtabout by automation. [B] no workers should be fired in the development ofautomation [C] it is necessary to slow down the development of automation [D]workers should be paid according to their length of service
20. How manynew policies of the unions have been listed in this passage？
[A]1 [B]2[C]3 [D]
5）
VI Writing （20%）
Directions： People may hold different views asto the dispute over when the shaping of a person‘s character， or natural disposition is completed. Some people state that theprocess of forming one’s character is fulfilled in one‘s childhood， whereas others argue that it is achieved after one finishes hisschool studies or has worked for a year beyond campus. What do you think？ Provide details in support of yourargument with at least 180 words.

天津大学
Direction： Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will beread four times. During the first reading the passage will be read at normalspeed and you are supposed to listen only and try to have a generalunderstanding of it. For the second and third readings the passage will be readsentence by sentence or phrase by phase with an interval of 12-15 seconds inbetween for writing. The last reading will be done at the normal speed againfor you to check up. II Vocabulary and Structure （10%）

Directions： There are 20 incomplete sentencesin this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A， B， C， and D.Circle the one that best completes the sentence.
1. It wasvery kind of you to get me something for my birthday， but you me such an expensivepresent.
[A] didn‘t need buying [B] needn’t buy [C] needn‘t have bought [D] hadn’t needed to buy
2. The——of a cultural phenomenon isusually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of thepeople.
[A]manifestation [B] implementation [C] expedition [D] demonstration
3. He isholding a——position inthe company and expects to be promoted soon. [A] subordinate [B] succeeding [C]successive [D] subsequent
4. InAmerican universities， classes are often arranged in more flexible——and many jobs on campus arereserved for students.
[A] scales[B] ranks [C] grades [D] patterns
5. Thegovernment gave a very explanation of its plan for economic development. [A]comprehensive [B] compound [C] considerable [D] complacent
6. In myopinion， you canwiden the of these improvements through your active participation. [A]dimension [B] volume [C] magnitude [D] scope
7.No TobaccoDayis the day when the world Health Organization to people to stop usingtobacco products. [A] asks [B] applies [C] appeals [D] urges
8. Thedentist‘s confidentmanner me that I was in safe hands. [A] insured [B] assured [C] ensured [D]secured
9. We preferthat the plan before being put into execution. [A] be fully discussed [B] mustbe fully discussed [C] will be fully discussed [D] is fully discussed
10. Thesound of footsteps on the bare floor the downstairs neighbors. [A] disturbed[B] interrupted [C] annoyed [D] irritated
11. I askedhim for a job the impression that he was the head of the firm， but he wasn‘t. [A] with [B] under [C] in [D] of
12. It‘s no good remember grammaticalrules. You need to practice what you have learned. [A] trying to [B] try to [C]to try to [D] tried to
13. Thedictator relied on abuse of its opponents on sounding reasoning. [A] more than[B] rather than [C] other than [D] better than
14. To makethe best and the most efficient of your time and to achieve your goals， start each day by your agenda. [A]holding on [B] making out [C] keeping on [D] taking down
15. Once thequestion is put， we know tryto obtain the answer. [A] to proceed in direction to [B] where directionproceed to [C] in which direction to proceed to [D] which direction proceedtoward
16. Duringthe opera‘s most famousaria， the tempochosen by the orchestra’s conductor seemed ， without necessary relation to what had gone before [A] tedious [B]melodious [C] capricious [D] moderation
17. It istime the nations of the world a halt to the manufacture of nuclear weapons. [A]would call [B] call [C] called [D] will call
18.When thedrops were placed in the patient‘s eyes， his pupilsbecame . [A] dilated [B] smaller [C] irritated [D] sensible
19. To visitzoos that simulate the natural habitats of animals of great interest tozoologists. [A] are [B] be [C] were [D] is
20. Mr.Smith with the government for thirty-seven years by the time he retires. [A]will work [B] will have worked [C] will be working [D] will have been worked
III SentenceTransformation （20%）
Directions： Rewrite each of the followingsentences by using the word （s） below it sothat each new sentence means roughly the same as the original one. In someinstances it may be necessary to change the tense of the given word （s）。
1. He iswarm-hearted， but thisdoesn‘t mean thathe is bright.（follow）
2. Themanager has asked me to consider this proposal carefully.（consideration）
3. Thegarden is too small for a swimming pool.（room）
4.Increasing the tax on household goods is bound to cause trouble. It‘s asking
5. Themuseum is closed this afternoon. There is
6. Don‘t touch those wires in anycircumstances. Under
7. The smallnumber of potential buyers does not provide a sufficiently large market forthis kind of apparatus.（enough）
8. I wasfinally able to convince him of its value. I finally succeeded
9. Filmmakers understandably lose much of their interest in the genre.（appeal to ）
10. Not allof the people like this movie.（popular）
IV Cloze （10%）
Directions： Read through the following passageand then decide which of the choices given below could correctly complete thepassage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Circle the correct choice foreach blank.
Aninteresting theory in economics is 1 by the Head Man of a small mountain tribe.If seems that this tribe was very good at making straw mats that had greatsales 2 in the 3 market. The representative of an American company went tovisit the tribe and tried to make a good business deal. He 4 to the Head Manand 5 that his company would like to 6 several thousand pieces.
Undoubtedly， he said， the business 7 would be 8 to thetribe. After some thoughts， the Head Man 9 ， but announced that the price per piece would be 10 in such a 11order than it would be if 12 a small order were placed. The representative was13 than a little shocked 14 the business sense of the Head Man 15 insisted thatthe price should be 16 because of the large volume， and 17 not higher.No，replied the head of the tribe 18.But why not ？asked theAmerican.Because 19 is so tiresome to make the 20 article over and over，answered the Head Man. 1. A.illustrated B. appreciated C. demonstrated D. anticipated 2. A. capacity B.potential C. ability D. fortune 3. A. straw B. global C. world D. earth 4. A.addressed B. spoke C. asked D. told 5. A. declared B. confirmed C. demanded D.gestured 6. A. order B. sell C. dispose D. make 7. A. treaty B. pact C. matterD. deal 8. A. effective B. efficient C. valuable D. profitable 9. A. agreed B.accepted C. refused D. received 10. A. lower B. higher C. expensive D. cheaper11. A. small B. big C. vast D. high 12. A. certainly B. really C. only D.simply 13. A. greater B. stronger C. less D. more 14. A. from B. of C. at D.since 15. A. who B. and C. then D. therefore 16. A. lower B. higher C. littleD. raised 17. A. never B. really C. certainly D. yet 18. A. weakly B. happilyC. stubbornly D.hesitatingly 19. A. he B. it C. what D. work 20. A. similar B.beautiful C. alike D. same
V ReadingComprehension （20%）
Directions： In this part there are fourpassages followed by questions or unfinished statements， each with four suggested answersmarked A），B），C） and D）。 Choose theone that you think is the correct answer.
1） A report consistently brought backby visitors to the US is how friendly， courteous， and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair， this observation is alsofrequently made of Canada and Canadians， and should best be considered North American. There are， of course， exceptions. Small-minded officials， rude waiters， and ill-mannered taxi drivers arehardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that itdeserves comment.
For a longperiod of time and in many parts of the country， a traveler was a welcome brak in an otherwise dull existence.Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generallylived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources ofdiversion， and broughtnews of the outside world.
The harshrealities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone travelingalone， if hungry， injured， or ill， often had nowhere to turn exceptto the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for thetraveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. Itreflected the harshness of daily life： if you didn‘t take in the stranger and take care of him， there was no one else who would， And someday， remember， you might be in the samesituation.
Today thereare many charitable organizations that specialized in helping the wearytraveler. Yet， the oldtradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US， especially in the smaller citiesand towns away from the busy tourist trails.I was just traveling through， got talking with this American， and pretty soon he invited me homefor dinner－amazing.Suchobservations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon， but are not always understoodproperly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpretedneither as superficial nor as artificial， but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
As is trueof any developed society， in America a complex set of cultural signals， assumptions， and conventions underlies allsocial interrelationships. And， of course， speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someoneunderstands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail totranslateculturalmeanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example， when an American uses thewordfriend， the culturalimplications of the word may be quite different from those it has in thevisitor‘s languageand culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguishbetween courteous convention and individual interest. Yet， being friendly is a virtue thatmany Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
1. Thewordobservationin the first paragraph most probably means [A] attention. [B]watchfulness. [C] survey [D] opinion.
2. People infrontier settlements used to entertain travelers because these strangerswould______. [A] bring good news from outside world. [B] help locals solvetheir problems. [C] bring a change to the life in the settlements. [D] requiresa different definition.
3. Nowadaysthe tradition of friendliness to strangers______. [A] is still prevailing. [B]can rarely be seen [C] is wading fast [D] requires a different definition
4. Accordingto the passage， which of thefollowing is true？
[A] Peopleare still fond of traveling to remote places. [B] Foreign travelers now keepaway from busy tourist trails. [C] There is no charitable organization in smallcities. [D] Foreign visitors to the US have trouble understanding American‘s friendliness.
5. From thelast paragraph of the passage we have learned that______ [A] the ability ofspeaking a foreign language implies a better understanding of its culture. [B]various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends. [C] cultureexercises a great influence on social interrelationships. [D] courteousconvention and individual interest are closely interrelated.
2）It is well known that when anindividual joins a group he tends to accept the group‘s standards of behavior andthinking. He is expected to behave in accordance with these norms-in otherwords the group expects him to conform. Many illustrations could be given ofthis from everyday life， but what is of particular interest to psychologists is the extentto which people’s judgmentsand opinions can be changed as a result of group pressure.
In a typicalexperiment， theexperimenter asks for volunteers to join a group that is investigating visualperception. The victims are not， therefore， aware of the real purpose of the experiment. Each volunteer istaken to a room where he finds a group of about seven people who arecollaborating with the experimenter. The group is shown a standard card whichcontains a single line. They are then asked to look at a second card. This hasthree lines on it. One is obviously longer than the line on the first card， one is shorter and one the samelength. They have to say which line on the second card is the same length asthe line on the standard card. The other members of the group answer first butwhat the volunteer does not know is that they have been told to pick one of thewrong lines. The volunteer sees that the other members of the group unanimouslychoose a line which is obviously not the same length as the one on the standardcard.
When it ishis turn to answer he is faced with the unanimous opinion of the group－all the others have chosen line Abut he quite clearly sees line B as correct. What will he do？ According to Asch， more than half of the victimschosen will change their opinion. What is equally surprising is that， when interviewed about theiranswers， mostexplained that they knew the group choice was incorrect but that they yieldedto the pressure of the group because they thought they must be suffering froman optical illusion.
6.Psychologists are interested in ________. [A] how far group pressure caninfluence people‘s judgments.[B] how to make judgments according to everyday experience. [C] how to changepeople’s judgments.[D] the group‘s standardsof social behaviour.
7. In theexperiment. Who have been told to pick the wrong line？
[A] Thevictims. [B] The volunteer. [C] The experimenter. [D] The other members.
8. In whatcircumstances do most people yield to pressure？
[A] When thegroup is separated. [B] When the group is unanimous. [C] When they know theyare the victims. [D] When they are forced to answer questions.
9. Theexperiments demonstrate that _______. [A] nearly every individual will behavedifferently from others [B] group pressure is caused by the interference of thepsychologists. [C] psychologists wish to change the people‘s judgments and opinions. [D] peoplewill change their ideas under group pressure.
10.The besttitle of this passage would be _________. [A]A Typical Experiment. [B]Are WeAfraid to be Different？
[C]The Group‘s Standards of Behavior andThinking. [D]Dose an Individual Need to Follow a Group’s Standards？
3 ）The single business of HenryThoreau ，duringforty-old years of eager activity was to discover an economy calculated toprovide a satisfying life .His one concern ，that gave to his ramblings in Concord fields a value of highadventure ，was toexplore the true meaning of wealth .As he understood the problem of economics ，there three possible solutions opento him ：to exploithimself ，to exploithis fellows ，or to reducethe problem to its lowest denominator .The first was quite impossible–to imprison oneself in a treadmillwhen the morning called to great adventure .To exploit one‘s fellows seemed to Thoreau’s sensitive social conscience aneven greater infidelity .Freedom with abstinence seemed to him better thanserfdom with material well-being ，and he was content to move to Walden Pond and to set about the highbusiness of living ，to confront only the essential facts of life and to see what it hadto teach .He did not advocate that other men should build cabins and liveisolated .He had no wish to dogmatize concerning the best mode of living-eachmust settle that for himself .But that a satisfying life should be lived ，he was vitally concerned .The storyof his emancipation from the lower economics is the one romance of his life ，and Walden is his great book .It isa book In praise of life rather than of Nature ，a record of calculating economics that studied saving in order tospend more largely .But it is a book of social criticism as well ，in spite of its explicit denial ofsuch a purpose .In considering the true nature of economy he concluded ，with Ruskin ， that the cost of a thing is theamount of life that is required in exchange for it ，immediately or in the long run .InWalden Thoreau elaborated the text ：The only wealth is life .
11.Thoueaustarted an experiment at Walden Pond with the hope of ______. [A]learning howto live quietly . [B]writing a book on philosophy . [C]discovering what humanscan learn from nature. [D]working out the best adjustment to material life .
12.To Thoreauthe best solution to the problem of economics is _______. [A]to live a verysimple life . [B]to become self–sufficient. [C]to live in the country . [D]to reform the society .
13.Thoreauholds that the crucial thing for people to do is to ________. [A]have a betterunderstanding of what life means . [B]live harmoniously with nature . [C]tosave as much as one possibly can . [D]to live a life that one is content with .
14.In thebookWaldenall of the following can be found except________. [A] the nature ofeconomy. [B] the meaning of freedom. [C] the criticism of society. [D] Ruskin‘s philosophy.
15. Thoreau‘s attitude toward society can bestbe characterized as one of _______. [A] acceptance. [B] avoidance.[C]indifference [D] individualism
4）
Automationrefers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation ofproductive machinery. It reduces the human factors， mental and physical， in production， and is designed to make possiblethe manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automationin American industry has been called theSecond Industrial Revolution.
Labor‘s concern over automation arisesfrom uncertainty about its effects on employment， and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main， labor has taken the view thatresistance to technological change is futile. In the long run， the result of automation may wellbe an increase in employment， since it is expected that vast industries will grow up aroundmanufacturing， maintaining， and repairing automationequipment. Unquestionably， however， there will be major shifts in jobs within plants and displacementof labor from one industry to another. The interest of labor lies in bringingabout this transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to theworkers involved. Also， union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increasedproduction and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared byworkers in the form of higher wages， more leisure， and improved living standards.
To protectthe interests of their members in the era of automation， unions have adopted a number ofnew policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemploymentbenefits plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in SUB planhas a direct financial stake in preventing unemployment， he will have a strong incentivefor planning new installations so as to cause the least possible disruption injobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements， requiring that permanently laidoff workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approachis the idea of theimprovement factor，which calls for wage increase based on increases in productivity. Itis probable， however， that labor will rely mainly onreduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits ofautomation.
16. We learnfrom paragraph 1 that automation will probably lead to_______. [A] industrialexpansion [B] an increase in employment [C] displacement of labor from oneindustry to another. [D] an increase in unemployment.
17. Laborhas the opinion that _______. [A] all efforts must be made to preventautomation [B] automation will cause a rise in consumer costs [C] its maininterest lies in increasing all wages. [D] technological change cannot bestopped.
18. What isthe relation between automation and employment in the opinion of labor？
[A]Automation will definitely leads to more unemployment. [B] From a long-termpoint of view automation will bring about more jobs. [C] Automation will notcause much change in employment [D] sooner of later automation will do all thework instead of man
19. Theunion stresses that ________. [A] workers should also enjoy the fruits broughtabout by automation. [B] no workers should be fired in the development ofautomation [C] it is necessary to slow down the development of automation [D]workers should be paid according to their length of service
20. How manynew policies of the unions have been listed in this passage？
[A]1 [B]2[C]3 [D]
5）
VI Writing （20%）
Directions： People may hold different views asto the dispute over when the shaping of a person‘s character， or natural disposition is completed. Some people state that theprocess of forming one’s character is fulfilled in one‘s childhood， whereas others argue that it is achieved after one finishes hisschool studies or has worked for a year beyond campus. What do you think？ Provide details in support of yourargument with at least 180 words.

天津大学
Direction： Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will beread four times. During the first reading the passage will be read at normalspeed and you are supposed to listen only and try to have a generalunderstanding of it. For the second and third readings the passage will be readsentence by sentence or phrase by phase with an interval of 12-15 seconds inbetween for writing. The last reading will be done at the normal speed againfor you to check up. II Vocabulary and Structure （10%）

Directions： There are 20 incomplete sentencesin this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A， B， C， and D.Circle the one that best completes the sentence.
1. It wasvery kind of you to get me something for my birthday， but you me such an expensivepresent.
[A] didn‘t need buying [B] needn’t buy [C] needn‘t have bought [D] hadn’t needed to buy
2. The——of a cultural phenomenon isusually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of thepeople.
[A]manifestation [B] implementation [C] expedition [D] demonstration
3. He isholding a——position inthe company and expects to be promoted soon. [A] subordinate [B] succeeding [C]successive [D] subsequent
4. InAmerican universities， classes are often arranged in more flexible——and many jobs on campus arereserved for students.
[A] scales[B] ranks [C] grades [D] patterns
5. Thegovernment gave a very explanation of its plan for economic development. [A]comprehensive [B] compound [C] considerable [D] complacent
6. In myopinion， you canwiden the of these improvements through your active participation. [A]dimension [B] volume [C] magnitude [D] scope
7.No TobaccoDayis the day when the world Health Organization to people to stop usingtobacco products. [A] asks [B] applies [C] appeals [D] urges
8. Thedentist‘s confidentmanner me that I was in safe hands. [A] insured [B] assured [C] ensured [D]secured
9. We preferthat the plan before being put into execution. [A] be fully discussed [B] mustbe fully discussed [C] will be fully discussed [D] is fully discussed
10. Thesound of footsteps on the bare floor the downstairs neighbors. [A] disturbed[B] interrupted [C] annoyed [D] irritated
11. I askedhim for a job the impression that he was the head of the firm， but he wasn‘t. [A] with [B] under [C] in [D] of
12. It‘s no good remember grammaticalrules. You need to practice what you have learned. [A] trying to [B] try to [C]to try to [D] tried to
13. Thedictator relied on abuse of its opponents on sounding reasoning. [A] more than[B] rather than [C] other than [D] better than
14. To makethe best and the most efficient of your time and to achieve your goals， start each day by your agenda. [A]holding on [B] making out [C] keeping on [D] taking down
15. Once thequestion is put， we know tryto obtain the answer. [A] to proceed in direction to [B] where directionproceed to [C] in which direction to proceed to [D] which direction proceedtoward
16. Duringthe opera‘s most famousaria， the tempochosen by the orchestra’s conductor seemed ， without necessary relation to what had gone before [A] tedious [B]melodious [C] capricious [D] moderation
17. It istime the nations of the world a halt to the manufacture of nuclear weapons. [A]would call [B] call [C] called [D] will call
18.When thedrops were placed in the patient‘s eyes， his pupilsbecame . [A] dilated [B] smaller [C] irritated [D] sensible
19. To visitzoos that simulate the natural habitats of animals of great interest tozoologists. [A] are [B] be [C] were [D] is
20. Mr.Smith with the government for thirty-seven years by the time he retires. [A]will work [B] will have worked [C] will be working [D] will have been worked
III SentenceTransformation （20%）
Directions： Rewrite each of the followingsentences by using the word （s） below it sothat each new sentence means roughly the same as the original one. In someinstances it may be necessary to change the tense of the given word （s）。
1. He iswarm-hearted， but thisdoesn‘t mean thathe is bright.（follow）
2. Themanager has asked me to consider this proposal carefully.（consideration）
3. Thegarden is too small for a swimming pool.（room）
4.Increasing the tax on household goods is bound to cause trouble. It‘s asking
5. Themuseum is closed this afternoon. There is
6. Don‘t touch those wires in anycircumstances. Under
7. The smallnumber of potential buyers does not provide a sufficiently large market forthis kind of apparatus.（enough）
8. I wasfinally able to convince him of its value. I finally succeeded
9. Filmmakers understandably lose much of their interest in the genre.（appeal to ）
10. Not allof the people like this movie.（popular）
IV Cloze （10%）
Directions： Read through the following passageand then decide which of the choices given below could correctly complete thepassage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Circle the correct choice foreach blank.
Aninteresting theory in economics is 1 by the Head Man of a small mountain tribe.If seems that this tribe was very good at making straw mats that had greatsales 2 in the 3 market. The representative of an American company went tovisit the tribe and tried to make a good business deal. He 4 to the Head Manand 5 that his company would like to 6 several thousand pieces.
Undoubtedly， he said， the business 7 would be 8 to thetribe. After some thoughts， the Head Man 9 ， but announced that the price per piece would be 10 in such a 11order than it would be if 12 a small order were placed. The representative was13 than a little shocked 14 the business sense of the Head Man 15 insisted thatthe price should be 16 because of the large volume， and 17 not higher.No，replied the head of the tribe 18.But why not ？asked the American.Because19 is so tiresome to make the 20 article over and over，answered the Head Man. 1. A.illustrated B. appreciated C. demonstrated D. anticipated 2. A. capacity B.potential C. ability D. fortune 3. A. straw B. global C. world D. earth 4. A. addressedB. spoke C. asked D. told 5. A. declared B. confirmed C. demanded D. gestured6. A. order B. sell C. dispose D. make 7. A. treaty B. pact C. matter D. deal8. A. effective B. efficient C. valuable D. profitable 9. A. agreed B. acceptedC. refused D. received 10. A. lower B. higher C. expensive D. cheaper 11. A.small B. big C. vast D. high 12. A. certainly B. really C. only D. simply 13.A. greater B. stronger C. less D. more 14. A. from B. of C. at D. since 15. A.who B. and C. then D. therefore 16. A. lower B. higher C. little D. raised 17.A. never B. really C. certainly D. yet 18. A. weakly B. happily C. stubbornlyD.hesitatingly 19. A. he B. it C. what D. work 20. A. similar B. beautiful C.alike D. same
V ReadingComprehension （20%）
Directions： In this part there are fourpassages followed by questions or unfinished statements， each with four suggested answersmarked A），B），C） and D）。 Choose theone that you think is the correct answer.
1） A report consistently brought backby visitors to the US is how friendly， courteous， and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair， this observation is alsofrequently made of Canada and Canadians， and should best be considered North American. There are， of course， exceptions. Small-minded officials， rude waiters， and ill-mannered taxi drivers arehardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that itdeserves comment.
For a longperiod of time and in many parts of the country， a traveler was a welcome brak in an otherwise dull existence.Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generallylived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources ofdiversion， and broughtnews of the outside world.
The harshrealities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someonetraveling alone， if hungry， injured， or ill， often had nowhere to turn exceptto the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for thetraveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. Itreflected the harshness of daily life： if you didn‘t take in the stranger and take care of him， there was no one else who would， And someday， remember， you might be in the samesituation.
Today thereare many charitable organizations that specialized in helping the wearytraveler. Yet， the oldtradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US， especially in the smaller citiesand towns away from the busy tourist trails.I was just traveling through， got talking with this American， and pretty soon he invited me homefor dinner－amazing.Suchobservations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon， but are not always understoodproperly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpretedneither as superficial nor as artificial， but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
As is trueof any developed society， in America a complex set of cultural signals， assumptions， and conventions underlies allsocial interrelationships. And， of course， speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someoneunderstands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail totranslateculturalmeanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example， when an American uses thewordfriend， the culturalimplications of the word may be quite different from those it has in thevisitor‘s languageand culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguishbetween courteous convention and individual interest. Yet， being friendly is a virtue thatmany Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
1. Thewordobservationin the first paragraph most probably means [A] attention. [B]watchfulness. [C] survey [D] opinion.
2. People infrontier settlements used to entertain travelers because these strangerswould______. [A] bring good news from outside world. [B] help locals solvetheir problems. [C] bring a change to the life in the settlements. [D] requiresa different definition.
3. Nowadaysthe tradition of friendliness to strangers______. [A] is still prevailing. [B]can rarely be seen [C] is wading fast [D] requires a different definition
4. Accordingto the passage， which of thefollowing is true？
[A] Peopleare still fond of traveling to remote places. [B] Foreign travelers now keepaway from busy tourist trails. [C] There is no charitable organization in smallcities. [D] Foreign visitors to the US have trouble understanding American‘s friendliness.
5. From thelast paragraph of the passage we have learned that______ [A] the ability ofspeaking a foreign language implies a better understanding of its culture. [B]various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends. [C] cultureexercises a great influence on social interrelationships. [D] courteousconvention and individual interest are closely interrelated.
2）It is well known that when anindividual joins a group he tends to accept the group‘s standards of behavior andthinking. He is expected to behave in accordance with these norms-in otherwords the group expects him to conform. Many illustrations could be given ofthis from everyday life， but what is of particular interest to psychologists is the extentto which people’s judgmentsand opinions can be changed as a result of group pressure.
In a typicalexperiment， theexperimenter asks for volunteers to join a group that is investigating visualperception. The victims are not， therefore， aware of the real purpose of the experiment. Each volunteer istaken to a room where he finds a group of about seven people who arecollaborating with the experimenter. The group is shown a standard card whichcontains a single line. They are then asked to look at a second card. This hasthree lines on it. One is obviously longer than the line on the first card， one is shorter and one the samelength. They have to say which line on the second card is the same length asthe line on the standard card. The other members of the group answer first butwhat the volunteer does not know is that they have been told to pick one of thewrong lines. The volunteer sees that the other members of the group unanimouslychoose a line which is obviously not the same length as the one on the standardcard.
When it ishis turn to answer he is faced with the unanimous opinion of the group－all the others have chosen line Abut he quite clearly sees line B as correct. What will he do？ According to Asch， more than half of the victimschosen will change their opinion. What is equally surprising is that， when interviewed about theiranswers， mostexplained that they knew the group choice was incorrect but that they yieldedto the pressure of the group because they thought they must be suffering froman optical illusion.
6.Psychologists are interested in ________. [A] how far group pressure caninfluence people‘s judgments.[B] how to make judgments according to everyday experience. [C] how to changepeople’s judgments.[D] the group‘s standardsof social behaviour.
7. In theexperiment. Who have been told to pick the wrong line？
[A] Thevictims. [B] The volunteer. [C] The experimenter. [D] The other members.
8. In whatcircumstances do most people yield to pressure？
[A] When thegroup is separated. [B] When the group is unanimous. [C] When they know theyare the victims. [D] When they are forced to answer questions.
9. Theexperiments demonstrate that _______. [A] nearly every individual will behavedifferently from others [B] group pressure is caused by the interference of thepsychologists. [C] psychologists wish to change the people‘s judgments and opinions. [D] peoplewill change their ideas under group pressure.
10.The besttitle of this passage would be _________. [A]A Typical Experiment. [B]Are WeAfraid to be Different？
[C]The Group‘s Standards of Behavior andThinking. [D]Dose an Individual Need to Follow a Group’s Standards？
3 ）The single business of HenryThoreau ，duringforty-old years of eager activity was to discover an economy calculated toprovide a satisfying life .His one concern ，that gave to his ramblings in Concord fields a value of highadventure ，was toexplore the true meaning of wealth .As he understood the problem of economics ，there three possible solutions opento him ：to exploithimself ，to exploithis fellows ，or to reducethe problem to its lowest denominator .The first was quite impossible–to imprison oneself in a treadmillwhen the morning called to great adventure .To exploit one‘s fellows seemed to Thoreau’s sensitive social conscience aneven greater infidelity .Freedom with abstinence seemed to him better thanserfdom with material well-being ，and he was content to move to Walden Pond and to set about the highbusiness of living ，to confront only the essential facts of life and to see what it hadto teach .He did not advocate that other men should build cabins and liveisolated .He had no wish to dogmatize concerning the best mode of living-eachmust settle that for himself .But that a satisfying life should be lived ，he was vitally concerned .The storyof his emancipation from the lower economics is the one romance of his life ，and Walden is his great book .It isa book In praise of life rather than of Nature ，a record of calculating economics that studied saving in order tospend more largely .But it is a book of social criticism as well ，in spite of its explicit denial ofsuch a purpose .In considering the true nature of economy he concluded ，with Ruskin ， that the cost of a thing is theamount of life that is required in exchange for it ，immediately or in the long run .InWalden Thoreau elaborated the text ：The only wealth is life .
11.Thoueaustarted an experiment at Walden Pond with the hope of ______. [A]learning howto live quietly . [B]writing a book on philosophy . [C]discovering what humanscan learn from nature. [D]working out the best adjustment to material life .
12.ToThoreau the best solution to the problem of economics is _______. [A]to live avery simple life . [B]to become self–sufficient. [C]to live in the country . [D]to reform the society .
13.Thoreauholds that the crucial thing for people to do is to ________. [A]have a betterunderstanding of what life means . [B]live harmoniously with nature . [C]tosave as much as one possibly can . [D]to live a life that one is content with .
14.In the bookWaldenallof the following can be found except________. [A] the nature of economy. [B]the meaning of freedom. [C] the criticism of society. [D] Ruskin‘s philosophy.
15. Thoreau‘s attitude toward society can bestbe characterized as one of _______. [A] acceptance. [B] avoidance.[C]indifference [D] individualism
4）
Automationrefers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation ofproductive machinery. It reduces the human factors， mental and physical， in production， and is designed to make possiblethe manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automationin American industry has been called theSecond Industrial Revolution.
Labor‘s concern over automation arisesfrom uncertainty about its effects on employment， and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main， labor has taken the view thatresistance to technological change is futile. In the long run， the result of automation may wellbe an increase in employment， since it is expected that vast industries will grow up aroundmanufacturing， maintaining， and repairing automationequipment. Unquestionably， however， there will be major shifts in jobs within plants and displacementof labor from one industry to another. The interest of labor lies in bringingabout this transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to theworkers involved. Also， union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increasedproduction and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared byworkers in the form of higher wages， more leisure， and improved living standards.
To protectthe interests of their members in the era of automation， unions have adopted a number ofnew policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemploymentbenefits plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in SUB planhas a direct financial stake in preventing unemployment， he will have a strong incentivefor planning new installations so as to cause the least possible disruption injobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements， requiring that permanently laidoff workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approachis the idea of theimprovement factor，which calls for wage increase based on increases in productivity. Itis probable， however， that labor will rely mainly onreduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits ofautomation.
16. We learnfrom paragraph 1 that automation will probably lead to_______. [A] industrialexpansion [B] an increase in employment [C] displacement of labor from oneindustry to another. [D] an increase in unemployment.
17. Laborhas the opinion that _______. [A] all efforts must be made to preventautomation [B] automation will cause a rise in consumer costs [C] its maininterest lies in increasing all wages. [D] technological change cannot bestopped.
18. What isthe relation between automation and employment in the opinion of labor？
[A]Automation will definitely leads to more unemployment. [B] From a long-termpoint of view automation will bring about more jobs. [C] Automation will notcause much change in employment [D] sooner of later automation will do all thework instead of man
19. Theunion stresses that ________. [A] workers should also enjoy the fruits broughtabout by automation. [B] no workers should be fired in the development ofautomation [C] it is necessary to slow down the development of automation [D]workers should be paid according to their length of service
20. How manynew policies of the unions have been listed in this passage？
[A]1 [B]2[C]3 [D]
5）
VI Writing （20%）
Directions： People may hold different views asto the dispute over when the shaping of a person‘s character， or natural disposition is completed. Some people state that theprocess of forming one’s character is fulfilled in one‘s childhood， whereas others argue that it is achieved after one finishes hisschool studies or has worked for a year beyond campus. What do you think？ Provide details in support of yourargument with at least 180 words.

天津大学博士入学考试英语试题范
Direction： Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will beread four times. During the first reading the passage will be read at normalspeed and you are supposed to listen only and try to have a generalunderstanding of it. For the second and third readings the passage will be readsentence by sentence or phrase by phase with an interval of 12-15 seconds inbetween for writing. The last reading will be done at the normal speed againfor you to check up.
II Vocabulary and Structure （10%）

Directions： There are 20incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choicesmarked A， B， C， and D. Circle the one that best completes the sentence.

1. It was very kind of you to get me something for my birthday， but you me such an expensivepresent.

嬀A] didn‘t need buying [B] needn’t buy [C] needn‘t have bought [D]hadn’t needed to buy

2.The——of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physicalaspect in the life style of the people.
嬀A] manifestation [B] implementation [C] expedition [D] demonstration

3. He is holding a——position in the company and expects to be promotedsoon. [A] subordinate [B] succeeding [C] successive [D] subsequent
4. In American universities， classes are often arranged in more flexible——and many jobs on campus arereserved for students.

[A]scales [B] ranks [C] grades [D] patterns

5.The government gave a very explanation of its plan for economic development.[A] comprehensive [B] compound [C] considerable [D] complacent
6.In my opinion， you canwiden the of these improvements through your active participation. [A]dimension [B] volume [C] magnitude [D] scope

7.No Tobacco Dayis the day when the world Health Organization to peopleto stop using tobacco products. [A] asks [B] applies [C] appeals [D] urges

8. The dentist‘s confident manner me that I was in safe hands. [A]insured [B] assured [C] ensured [D] secured

9. We prefer that the plan before being put into execution. [A] be fullydiscussed [B] must be fully discussed [C] will be fully discussed [D] is fullydiscussed
10. The sound of footsteps on the bare floor the downstairs neighbors.[A] disturbed [B] interrupted [C] annoyed [D] irritated

11. I asked him for a job the impression that he was the head of thefirm， but he wasn‘t. [A] with [B] under [C] in [D] of

12.It‘s no good remember grammatical rules. You need to practice what you havelearned. [A] trying to [B] try to [C] to try to [D] tried to

;13. The dictator relied on abuse of its opponents on sounding reasoning.[A] more than [B] rather than [C] other than [D] better than

14. To make the best and the most efficient of your time and to achieveyour goals， start eachday by your agenda. [A] holding on [B] making out [C] keeping on [D] takingdown

15. Once the question is put， we know try to obtain the answer. [A] to proceed in direction to[B] where direction proceed to [C] in which direction to proceed to [D] whichdirection proceed toward

16. During the opera‘s most famous aria， the tempo chosen by the orchestra’s conductor seemed ， without necessary relation to what had gone before [A] tedious [B]melodious [C] capricious [D] moderation

17. It is time the nations of the world a halt to the manufacture ofnuclear weapons. [A] would call [B] call [C] called [D] will call

18.When the drops were placed in the patient‘s eyes， his pupils became . [A] dilated[B] smaller [C] irritated [D] sensible

19. To visit zoos that simulate the natural habitats of animals of greatinterest to zoologists. [A] are [B] be [C] were [D] is

20. Mr. Smith with the government for thirty-seven years by the time heretires. [A] will work [B] will have worked [C] will be working [D] will havebeen worked
III Sentence Transformation （20%）

Directions： Rewrite eachof the following sentences by using the word （s） below it sothat each new sentence means roughly the same as the original one. In someinstances it may be necessary to change the tense of the given word （s）。

1.He is warm-hearted， but this doesn‘t mean that he is bright.（follow）

2.The manager has asked me to consider this proposal carefully.（consideration）

3. The garden is too small for a swimming pool.（room）
4. Increasing the tax on household goods is bound to cause trouble. It‘sasking
5.The museum is closed this afternoon. There is

6.Don‘t touch those wires in any circumstances.

7. The small number of potential buyers does not provide a sufficientlylarge market for this kind of apparatus.（enough）
8. I was finally able to convince him of its value. I finally succeeded
9.Film makers understandably lose much of their interest in the genre.（appeal to

10. Not all of the people like this movie.（popular）
IV Cloze （10%）

Directions： Read throughthe following passage and then decide which of the choices given below couldcorrectly complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Circlethe correct choice for each blank.

Aninteresting theory in economics is 1 by the Head Man of a small mountain tribe.If seems that this tribe was very good at making straw mats that had greatsales 2 in the 3 market. The representative of an American company went tovisit the tribe and tried to make a good business deal. He 4 to the Head Manand 5 that his company would like to 6 several thousand pieces.
唀渀搀漀甀戀琀攀搀氀礀嬀昀漀渀琀=宋体]， he said， the business 7 would be 8 to the tribe. After some thoughts， the Head Man 9 ， but announced that the price perpiece would be 10 in such a 11 order than it would be if 12 a small order wereplaced. The representative was 13 than a little shocked 14 the business senseof the Head Man 15 insisted that the price should be 16 because of the largevolume， and 17 nothigher.No，replied thehead of the tribe 18 .But why not ？asked the American.Because 19 is so tiresome to make the 20 articleover and over，answered theHead Man. 1. A. illustrated B. appreciated C. demonstrated D. anticipated 2. A.capacity B. potential C. ability D. fortune 3. A. straw B. global C. world D.earth 4. A. addressed B. spoke C. asked D. told 5. A. declared B. confirmed C.demanded D. gestured 6. A. order B. sell C. dispose D. make 7. A. treaty B.pact C. matter D. deal 8. A. effective B. efficient C. valuable D. profitable9. A. agreed B. accepted C. refused D. received 10. A. lower B. higher C.expensive D. cheaper 11. A. small B. big C. vast D. high 12. A. certainly B.really C. only D. simply 13. A. greater B. stronger C. less D. more 14. A. fromB. of C. at D. since 15. A. who B. and C. then D. therefore 16. A. lower B.higher C. little D. raised 17. A. never B. really C. certainly D. yet 18. A.weakly B. happily C. stubbornly D.hesitatingly 19. A. he B. it C. what D. work20. A. similar B. beautiful C. alike D. same
V Reading Comprehension （20%）
Directions： In this partthere are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements， each with four suggested answersmarked A），B），C） and D）。 Choose theone that you think is the correct answer.
1） A report consistently brought backby visitors to the US is how friendly， courteous， and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair， this observation is alsofrequently made of Canada and Canadians， and should best be considered North American. There are， of course， exceptions. Small-minded officials， rude waiters， and ill-mannered taxi drivers arehardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that itdeserves comment.
Fora long period of time and in many parts of the country， a traveler was a welcome brak inan otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems ofthe families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers andtravelers were welcome sources of diversion， and brought news of the outside world.
Theharsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality.Someone traveling alone， if hungry， injured， or ill， often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin orsettlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely acharitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness ofdaily life： if you didn‘t take in the stranger and takecare of him， there was noone else who would， And someday， remember， you might be in the same situation.
吀漀搀愀礀 there are many charitable organizations that specialized inhelping the weary traveler. Yet， the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strongin the US， especiallyin the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails.I was justtraveling through， got talkingwith this American， and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner－amazing.Such observations reportedby visitors to the US are not uncommon， but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness ofmany Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial， but as the result of ahistorically developed cultural tradition.

As is true of any developed society， in America a complex set of cultural signals， assumptions， and conventions underlies allsocial interrelationships. And， of course， speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someoneunderstands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail totranslateculturalmeanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example， when an American uses thewordfriend， the culturalimplications of the word may be quite different from those it has in thevisitor‘s languageand culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguishbetween courteous convention and individual interest. Yet， being friendly is a virtue thatmany Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
1. The wordobservationin the first paragraph most probably means [A]attention. [B] watchfulness. [C] survey [D] opinion.

2. People in frontier settlements used to entertain travelers becausethese strangers would______. [A] bring good news from outside world. [B] helplocals solve their problems. [C] bring a change to the life in the settlements.[D] requires a different definition.

3. Nowadays the tradition of friendliness to strangers______. [A] isstill prevailing. [B] can rarely be seen [C] is wading fast [D] requires adifferent definition

4.According to the passage， which of the following is true？

嬀A] People are still fond of traveling to remote places. [B] Foreigntravelers now keep away from busy tourist trails. [C] There is no charitableorganization in small cities. [D] Foreign visitors to the US have troubleunderstanding American‘s friendliness.

5.From the last paragraph of the passage we have learned that______ [A] theability of speaking a foreign language implies a better understanding of itsculture. [B] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends. [C]culture exercises a great influence on social interrelationships. [D] courteousconvention and individual interest are closely interrelated.
2）It is well known that when an individual joins a group he tends toaccept the group‘s standardsof behavior and thinking. He is expected to behave in accordance with thesenorms-in other words the group expects him to conform. Many illustrations couldbe given of this from everyday life， but what is of particular interest to psychologists is the extentto which people’s judgmentsand opinions can be changed as a result of group pressure.
In a typical experiment， the experimenter asks for volunteers to join a group that isinvestigating visual perception. The victims are not， therefore， aware of the real purpose of theexperiment. Each volunteer is taken to a room where he finds a group of aboutseven people who are collaborating with the experimenter. The group is shown astandard card which contains a single line. They are then asked to look at asecond card. This has three lines on it. One is obviously longer than the lineon the first card， one isshorter and one the same length. They have to say which line on the second cardis the same length as the line on the standard card. The other members of thegroup answer first but what the volunteer does not know is that they have beentold to pick one of the wrong lines. The volunteer sees that the other membersof the group unanimously choose a line which is obviously not the same lengthas the one on the standard card.

圀栀攀渀 it is his turn to answer he is faced with the unanimous opinion ofthe group－all theothers have chosen line A but he quite clearly sees line B as correct. Whatwill he do？ According toAsch， more than halfof the victims chosen will change their opinion. What is equally surprising isthat， wheninterviewed about their answers， most explained that they knew the group choice was incorrect butthat they yielded to the pressure of the group because they thought they mustbe suffering from an optical illusion.

6. Psychologists are interested in ________. [A] how far group pressurecan influence people‘s judgments. [B] how to make judgments according toeveryday experience. [C] how to change people’s judgments. [D] the group‘sstandards of social behaviour.

7. In the experiment. Who have been told to pick the wrong line？

嬀A] The victims. [B] The volunteer. [C] The experimenter. [D] The othermembers.

8.In what circumstances do most people yield to pressure？

嬀A] When the group is separated. [B] When the group is unanimous. [C]When they know they are the victims. [D] When they are forced to answerquestions.

9. The experiments demonstrate that _______. [A] nearly every individualwill behave differently from others [B] group pressure is caused by theinterference of the psychologists. [C] psychologists wish to change thepeople‘s judgments and opinions. [D] people will change their ideas under grouppressure.

10.The best title of this passage would be _________. [A]A TypicalExperiment. [B]Are We Afraid to be Different？

嬀C]The Group‘s Standards of Behavior and Thinking. [D]Dose an Individual Need toFollow a Group’s Standards？

3 ）The single business of Henry Thoreau ，during forty-old years of eager activity was to discover an economycalculated to provide a satisfying life .His one concern ，that gave to his ramblings inConcord fields a value of high adventure ，was to explore the true meaning of wealth .As he understood the problemof economics ，there threepossible solutions open to him ：to exploit himself ，to exploit his fellows ，or to reduce the problem to its lowest denominator .The first wasquite impossible–to imprisononeself in a treadmill when the morning called to great adventure .To exploitone‘s fellowsseemed to Thoreau’s sensitivesocial conscience an even greater infidelity .Freedom with abstinence seemed tohim better than serfdom with material well-being ，and he was content to move to Walden Pond and to set about the highbusiness of living ，to confront only the essential facts of life and to see what it hadto teach .He did not advocate that other men should build cabins and liveisolated .He had no wish to dogmatize concerning the best mode of living-eachmust settle that for himself .But that a satisfying life should be lived ，he was vitally concerned .The storyof his emancipation from the lower economics is the one romance of his life ，and Walden is his great book .It isa book In praise of life rather than of Nature ，a record of calculating economics that studied saving in order tospend more largely .But it is a book of social criticism as well ，in spite of its explicit denial ofsuch a purpose .In considering the true nature of economy he concluded ，with Ruskin ， that the cost of a thing is theamount of life that is required in exchange for it ，immediately or in the long run .InWalden Thoreau elaborated the text ：The only wealth is life .

11.Thoueau started an experiment at Walden Pond with the hope of ______.[A]learning how to live quietly . [B]writing a book on philosophy .[C]discovering what humans can learn from nature. [D]working out the bestadjustment to material life .
12.To Thoreau the best solution to the problem of economics is _______.[A]to live a very simple life . [B]to become self–sufficient. [C]to live in thecountry . [D]to reform the society .

13.Thoreau holds that the crucial thing for people to do is to ________.[A]have a better understanding of what life means . [B]live harmoniously withnature . [C]to save as much as one possibly can . [D]to live a life that one iscontent with .
14.In the bookWaldenall of the following can be found except________.[A] the nature of economy. [B] the meaning of freedom. [C] the criticism ofsociety. [D] Ruskin‘s philosophy.

15. Thoreau‘s attitude toward society can best be characterized as oneof _______. [A] acceptance. [B] avoidance. [C]indifference [D] individualism

Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control andautomatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors， mental and physical， in production， and is designed to make possiblethe manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automationin American industry has been called theSecond Industrial Revolution.

Labor‘s concernover automation arises from uncertainty about its effects on employment， and fears of major changes injobs. In the main， labor hastaken the view that resistance to technological change is futile. In the longrun， the resultof automation may well be an increase in employment， since it is expected that vastindustries will grow up around manufacturing， maintaining， and repairing automation equipment. Unquestionably， however， there will be major shifts in jobswithin plants and displacement of labor from one industry to another. Theinterest of labor lies in bringing about this transition with a minimum ofinconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also， union spokesmen emphasize that thebenefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automationshould be shared by workers in the form of higher wages， more leisure， and improved living standards.

吀漀 protect the interests of their members in the era of automation， unions have adopted a number ofnew policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemploymentbenefits plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in SUB planhas a direct financial stake in preventing unemployment， he will have a strong incentivefor planning new installations so as to cause the least possible disruption injobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements， requiring that permanently laidoff workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approachis the idea of theimprovement factor，which calls for wage increase based on increases in productivity. Itis probable， however， that labor will rely mainly onreduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits ofautomation.

16. We learn from paragraph 1 that automation will probably leadto_______. [A] industrial expansion [B] an increase in employment [C]displacement of labor from one industry to another. [D] an increase in unemployment.

17.Labor has the opinion that _______. [A] all efforts must be made to preventautomation [B] automation will cause a rise in consumer costs [C] its maininterest lies in increasing all wages. [D] technological change cannot bestopped.
18. What is the relation between automation and employment in theopinion of labor？

i3~;c1E7?;B,\L8F [A] Automation will definitely leads tomore unemployment. [B] From a long-term point of view automation will bringabout more jobs. [C] Automation will not cause much change in employment [D]sooner of later automation will do all the work instead of man

19. The union stresses that ________. [A] workers should also enjoy thefruits brought about by automation. [B] no workers should be fired in thedevelopment of automation [C] it is necessary to slow down the development ofautomation [D] workers should be paid according to their length of service

20. How many new policies of the unions have been listed in this passage？

嬀A]1 [B]2 [C]3 [D]

VI Writing （20%）
Directions： People mayhold different views as to the dispute over when the shaping of a person‘s character， or natural disposition iscompleted. Some people state that the process of forming one’s character is fulfilled in one‘s childhood， whereas others argue that it isachieved after one finishes his school studies or has worked for a year beyondcampus. What do you think？ Provide details in support of your argument with at least 180words.

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