清华大学2000年5月考博真题

English Qualifying Test for Ph. D. Candidates         (May, 2000) Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)


Section A 注；请将70 至100字的概要用中文写在答题纸上。


Section B 注；请将答案用英文写在答案纸上。
Section C 注请将答案用英文填写在答题纸的表格上。

Part II Vocabulary and Structure    (20%)
Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four Choices marked A, B. C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.
1. The opinions of his peers are more important to her than her parents' idea.
A) friends                        B) equals
C) enemies                       D) bosses
2. After we join the WTO, the situation that our automobile industry, depends for its survival on   government subsidies will be changed.
A) financial aid                     B) personnel support
C) spiritual encouragement           D) partial taxation
3. My salary has been raised to 100,000 yuan a year. but there is a proportionate increase in my income tax.
A) dramatic                        B) undesirable
C) perpetual                        D) proportional

4. Henry David Thoreau used to ramble through the woods before he wrote his most famous book Walden (1854).

A) study B) live
C) read aloud D) wander

5. Despite the pressure from the president, the provincial government insisted on its autonomous jurisdiction.

A) regional                      B) obstinate
C) willful                           D) legal
6. All programs celebrating the Spring Festival in the CCTV have been relayed to even' part of the world through satellites.
A) received                       B) reserved
C) rebroadcast                    D) enjoyed
7. You must be drunk last night. Otherwise how did you manage to drive into a stationary vehicle?
A) official                       B) police
C) parked                       D) running
8. To create a democratic atmosphere in the company, the manager should always be accessible to his staff.
A)fair                           B) equal
C) acceptable                      D) approachable
9. The newly imported machine doesn't work in ambient humidity of 50 degrees.
A) approximate                   B) surrounding
C) convenient                     D) high
10. Many students are signing the petition against building a steelworks near the school.
A) names                         B) agreement
C) request                       D) disapproval
11. Your appraisal of the current situation is quite different from mine.
A) optimistic                    B) compliment
C) agreement                      D) estimate
12. They are boycotting the store because the workers are on strike.
A) looting                        B) banning
C) protecting                      D) destroying
13. In the final contest, two athletes are contending for the championship.
A) satisfying                      B) happy
C) competing                     D) quarreling
14. The computer's value will depreciate by half in the first year.
A) decrease                        B) increase
C) keep low                        D) fluctuate
15. China Telecom is about to embark on a major program of computerization.
A) propaganda                      B) finish
C) purchase                        D) undertake
l6. The candidate has given a pledge that he will improve the local environment and invest doubly in education.
A) promise                         B) declaration
C) proposal                       D) possibility
17. There has always been an epldemic or bike stealing in schools.
A) a theft                          B) a punishment
C) a plague                         D) a crime
18. It is in Chongqing that the next international symposium on environmental protection will be held.
A) debate                        B) conference
C) seminar                        D) negotiation
19. Many people suspected the existence of extraterrestrial life.
A) snowman                      B) outside the earth
C) spiritual                         D) underworld
20. In case your liabilities outrun your assets, you may go bankrupt.
A) debt                            B) enterprise
C) controversy                     D) bondage
21.After the fierce quarrel, they began to have a __________ loathing for each other.
A) boring                          B) reciprocal
C) friendly                        D) standing
22. On the stage many pieces of blue silk were fluctuated to ________the sea waves.
A) simplify                        B) simulate
C) help                          D) like
23. The government lacked money because of biting oil________.
A) prices                          B) stations
C) buildings                        D) revenues
24. Though the policies of racial ________had been abolished, many whites in the South were still dubious about the safety of the communities.

A) segregation　　　　　　　　　　　B) regulations

C) communism　　　　　　　　　　　D3 extinction

25. The proposal was accepted with ________ approval. Everybody believed it would help revive the national economy.

A) unanimous　　　　　　　　　　　 B) doubtful

C) pleasant　　　　　　　　　　　　 D) searching

26. Many social services are provided by ________ societies and organizations that do not expect any material payment.

A) wealthy　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B)voluntary

C) helpful　　　　　　　　　　　　　　D)spiritual

27. In the packed hall, the people sitting close to me _________ me into the corner little by little.

A) dragged　　　　　　　　　　　　 B) drew

C) frightened　　　　　　　　　　　 D) wedged

28. The police, trying to ________exactly who was at the party are investigating every person concerned.

A) ascertain　　　　　　　　　　　　B) arrest

C) imagine　　　　　　　　　　　 D) count

29. If everybody has arrived the meeting may________ now.

A) commence　　　　　　　　　　 B) criticize

C) comment　　　　　　　　　　　 D) conclude

30. The prodigal son ________his large inheritance in a few years of heavy spending.

A) inherited　　　　　　　　　　　　B) received

C) accumulated　　　　　　　　　　D) dissipated

3l. In ancient India, there used to be a very formidable ________ in religious and social life.

A) hierarchy　　　　　　　　　　　 B) power

C) despot　　　　　　　　　　　　 D) president

32.　_________ delinquency refers to law-breaking by young people.

A) Juvenile　　　　　　　　　　　　B) Green-hand

C) Amateur　　　　　　　　　　　 D) Institute

33. It's necessary to make your handwritings ________ when you fill in an official form.

A) reconcilable　　　　　　　　　　B) legitimate

C) legible　　　　　　　　　　　　D) formal

34. She has always been a conscientious secretary since the gal, she entered my company. Tine suggestion that I wanted her to resign is quite __________

A) thoughtful　　　　　　　　　　 B) reasonable

C) unfounded　　　　　　　　　　 D) early

35. The ________ meaning of "yellow" is a color, but it can also mean "cowardly."

A) positive　　　　　　　　　　　　B) negative

C) underlying　　　　　　　　　　 D) literal

36. When I stayed in the country, I used to walk in the fields at night and to see ________ of stars.

A) the circulation　　　　　　　　　 B) a cluster

C) the falling　　　　　　　　　　　D) myriads
36. When I stayed in the country, I used to walk in the fields at night and to see ________ of stars.

A) the circulation　　　　　　　　　 B) a cluster

C) the falling　　　　　　　　　　　D) myriads

37. Ringing church bells sets up ________ in the Alpine valleys.

A) resonance　　　　　　　　　　　 B) forests

C) church building　　　　　　　　　 D) priests

38. The students are all from ________ countries, such as Singapore. India Korean, and Japan.

A) developing　　　　　　　　　　　 B)oriental

C) island　　　　　　　　　　　　　　D) Christian

39. Wouldn't it be easier to move about on the ________ of the mobbed crowd than to squeeze in tile middle?

A) consent　　　　　　　　　　　　 B) heads

C) fringe　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D) recreation

40. When the new immigration law came into effect, the old one was naturally

A) validated　　　　　　　　　　　　B) put off

C) repealed　　　　　　　　　　　　　D) put up

Part III　Reading Comprehension　(50%)

Section A

Directions: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You loeide on the best choice.

Passage I

In the years following the Second World War, the youth hostel idea spread to other parts of the world and the same spirit was maintained. The International Youth Hostel Federation, IYHF, which was to co-ordinate activities in the various national associations, incorporated in its constitution the principle that in youth hostels "there shall be no distinctions of race, nationality color, religion, class or political opinions. This, it should be noted, was at a time when the principles of racial equality and brotherhood were by no means so widely acknowledged as they are now."

There is normally no age bar at youth hostels. Exceptions are Switzerland and Bavaria. Where there is a maximum age of 25 and I7 years respectively. Generally, however, the hostels are intended to meet the needs of two main groups: senior secondary school children, university and schoolchildren travelling with a teacher on educational visits, and aged between about 11 and I8.

The principal contribution of the youth hostel movement to the attack on racism is the fact that in the 4,364 hostels throughout the world the brotherhood of man is taken for granted and practiced quietly and without any ostentation.

If you walk into the common-room of a big youth hostel in Gracow or Munich, Lahore of Canberra, you will find young people of' every race and nationality sitting down together to share their experiences and discuss the world's problems. As a Malaysian boy recently remarked:" youth hostel is a place where you will never feel lost"

In accordance with its constitution, the IYHF has never admitted to membership youth hostel associations in South Africa and Rhodesia, because legislation in those countries makes it impossible for people of different races to share youth hostel facilities.

But an interesting new project is under way in Lesotho, with the financial and technical support of the Federation: the construction of a south hostel specifically designed to carry out an educational task in southern Africa by opening its doors to young people of all races from neighboring and more distant countries. Situated just outside the capital, Maseru, the youth hostel will also provide accommodation for young people of Lesotho attending study and training courses.

The very, comprehensive statistics maintained by the IYHF show tile movement of young people form country, to country in some detail, it can be seen, for instance, that 10,828 "overnights" were recorded in 1972 by young Americans in tile hostels of Japan. and 3.643 by young visitors form India in the youth hostels of West Germany. Although these figures are small in absolute terms, they represent a network of individual human contacts among young people which can influence outlooks and opinions at the grass roots.

41. It can be interred from this passage that IYHF is

　　A) an organization where young people live

　　B) an organization that advocates brotherhood of man

　　C) an organization to protect the rights of teenagers

　　D) an international company

42. "Ostentation" in the last sentence of the third paragraph is closest in meaning with_______

　　A) pretentiousness　　　　　　　　　 B) outstanding

　　C) obstruction　　　　　　　　　　　D) declaration

43. The maximum age of people staying at youth hostels in most countries is______

　　A) 20　　　　　 B) 25　　　　　C) 17　　　　　 D) unlimited

44. The tone of this article may be described is______

　　A) formal　　　　 B) imaginative　 C) humorous　　 D) negative

45. All the following statements are true EXCEPT ______

　　A) Countries where youth hostels are segregated by race are fined by IYHF.

　　B) Only very, few countries are members of the IYHE.

　　C) Countries where youth hostels are segregated by race are denied membership in the IYHF.

　　D) All countries are allowed normal memberships in the IYHF.

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Passage 2

Before about 3500 BC, there were cultures, but not civilizations. Prehistoric men and women created societies, constructed houses, lived in villages, hunted and fished, farmed, made pottery, wove cloth, and created languages. But unlike more advanced peoples, they did not build cities, read, or write. Cities are the cornerstone of civilized life because with them came other civilizing elements, including differentiation of classes and employment, sophisticated religious and political systems, monumental architecture, and the formation of states and empires.

Historians usually begin the story, of civilization with accounts of the world's first great writers and city-builders, the Sumerians. Because the Sumerians recorded ideas and sagas and listed the names of their rulers, we know more about them than about prehistoric about prehistoric peoples who left their legacy in stones, bones, and pottery.

With the ability to build cities and record thought came the ability to communicate ideas and innovations over vast reaches of time and space. Human beings—who had formerly taken hundreds of thousands of years to learn that a stone ax sharpened on both sides is more useful than an ax sharpened on one side—progressed rapidly from foot travel to horse drawn carts, and later, from railroads to airplanes. With these and thousands of other innovations, people came to live Longer, more comfortable lives.

Civilization also brought new ills to humanity. In the 20th century, it brought nuclear carfare global warming, and ozone depletion. More subtly, civilization removed human beings from regular encounters with the wonders of the natural world. Unlike people of modem civilizations primitive people lived close to the sounds and smells of forest and grasslands. They locked at fire and the stars with awe and reverence. Civilization involves the ability to create a new political and cultural world. In the 19th century, the American writer, philosopher, and naturalist Henry David Thoreau noted that this artificial sphere separates humanity from primitive virtue. "Most of the luxuries, he argued, "and many of the so-called comforts, of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevations of mankind." Thoreau believed that men and women should simplify their lives.

Even those ancient pioneers of civilization, the Greeks, mourned the lost innocence. They expressed this sense of regret in the story, of Prometheus and Pandora. Contrary, to the wishes of other Gods, Prometheus brought to humanity the gifts of fire, art, and science. The jealous gods were unwilling to allow men and women to enjoy, such blessings without cost, and so they sent Pandora to the world with a box containing disease, sorrow, and other evils.

Thus, human beings have viewed civilization as a mixed blessing. Civilized people have waged brutal wars, destroyed majestic forests, and persecuted religious minorities. But civilizations have also achieved wonders.

46. Which of the following represents civilization of people?

A) They build houses.　　　　　　　　B) They have societies.

C) They live in a group.　　　　　　　D) They can write.

47. "Sumerians" in the second paragraph refers to ______.

A) a person　　　　　　　　　　　　B) a group of people

C) human beings　　　　　　　　　　D) prehistoric people

48. In paragraph 4, there is a sentence given by Henry. Thoreau, "Most of the luxuries, and many of the so-called comforts, of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevations of mankind." This sentence means ______.

A) Most luxuries and comforts are important and can improve the quality, of people's life.

B) Most luxuries rind comforts are not so important for they cannot improve the quality of people's life.

C) Most luxuries and comforts are not so necessary and also they prevent the progress of human beings

D) Most luxuries and comforts are too important to improve the quality of people's life

49. All tile following represent the negative side of civilization EXCEPT ______

A) chemical warfare　　　　　　　　　B) the decrease of fresh air

C) greenhouse effect　　　　　　　　　D) the nuclear plant

50. In the paragraph that follows this passage, the writer is going to discuss ______

A) the importance of civilization

B) the difference between civilization and culture

C) the positive aspect of civilization

D) the Greeks
Passage 3

One of the foremost authors of the era between the two world wars, Hemingway in his early works depicted tile lives of two types of people. One type consisted of men and women deprived, by World War I, of faith in the moral values in which they had believed, and who lived with cynical disregard for anything but their own emotional needs. The other type were men of simple character and primitive emotions, such as prizefighters and bullfighters. Hemingway wrote of their courageous and usually futile battles against circumstances. His earliest works include the collections of short stories Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923), his first work; In Our time (1924),tales reflecting his experiences as a youth in the northern Michigan woods; Men without women(1927), a volume that included "The Killers," remarkable for its description of impending doom; and Winner Take Nothing (1933), stories characterizing people in unfortunate circumstances in Europe. The novel that established Hemingway's reputation. The Sun Also Rises (1926), is the story, of a group of morally irresponsible Americans and Britons living in France and Spain, members of the so-called lost generation of the post-world War I period. Hemingway's second important novel, A Farewell to Arms (1929), is the story, of a deeply moving love affair in wartime Italy between an American officer in the Italian ambulance service and a British nurse. The novel was followed by two nonfiction works, Death in the Afternoon (1932), prose pieces mainly about bullfighting; and Green, gills of Africa (1935), accounts of big-game hunting.

Hemingway's economical writing style often seems simple and almost childlike, but his method is calculated and used to complex effect. In his writing Hemingway provided detached descriptions of action, using simple nouns and verbs to capture scenes precisely. By doing so he avoided describing his characters' emotions and thoughts directly. Instead, in providing the reader with the raw material of an experience and eliminating the authorial viewpoint. Hemingway made the reading of a text approximate the actual experience as closely as possible. Hemingway was also deeply concerned with authenticity, in writing. He believed that a writer could treat a subject honestly only if the writer had participated in or observed the subject closely. Without such knowledge the writer's work would be flawed because the reader would sense the author's lack of expertise: In addition, Hemingway believed that an author writing about a familiar subject is able to write sparingly and eliminate a great deal of superfluous detail from the piece without sacrifleing the voice of authority. Hemingway's stylistic influence on American writers has been enormous. The success of his plain style in expressing basic. yet deeply felt, emotions contributed to the decline of the elaborate Victorian-era prose that characterized a great deal of American writing in the early 20th century. Many American writers have cited Hemingway as an influence on their own work.

51. The novel that brought Hemingway greatest fame________.

A) Three Stories and Ten Poems　　　　　　　B) In Far Time

C) Men Without Women　　　　　　　　　　D) The Sun Also Rises

52 Which of the following can best describe Hemingway's writing style?

A) simple and precise　　　　　　　　　　 B) bullfighting

C) superfluous　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D) complicated

53. According to this passage which of the following is the great contribution of Hemingway?

A) He introduced a new subject into literature.

B) His writing style influenced a group of American writers　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

C) He proved that one should write about details.

D) He said that writers should know what they are writing.

54. This passage is mainly, about Hemingway's ___________

A) life　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B) background　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

C) novels and writing style　　　　　　　　D) influence

55. The sentence. "Hemingway was also deeply concerned with authenticity in writing".　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

"authenticity" is closest in meaning with

A) author's right　　　　　　　　　　　　B) credibility

C) authorization　　　　　　　　　　　　D) authorship
Section B

Directions: After you have read the following passage write out a summary in English with about 70 to 90 words. Put your summary, on the Answer Sheet.

It is said that the public and Congressional concern. about deceptive packaging uproar started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10.5 ounces, without any reduction in price. There were still twelve biscuits, but they had been reduced in size. Lze. Later, the Senator rightly complained of a store-bought pie in a handsomely illustrated box that pictured, in a single slice, almost as many cherries as there were in the whole pie.

The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing his package size to lower the quantity, delivered can, without undue hardship, put his product into boxes, bags. and tins that will contain even 4-ounce, 8-ounce, one-pound quantities of break fast foods, cake mixes, etc. A study of drugstore and supermarket shelves will convince any observer that all possible size and shapes of boxes, jars, bottles and tins are in use more same time and as the package journals show, week by week, there is never any hesitation in introducing a new size and shape of box or bottle when it aids in product differentiation. The producers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights and volumes, but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred by endless changes of package sizes, materials, shape, art work. and net weights hat are used for improving a product's market position.

When a packaging expert explained that he was able to multiply tile price of hard sweets by 2.5,from I dollar to 2.50 dollars by changing to a fancy jar, or that he had made a 5-ounce bottle look as though it held 8 ounces, he was in effect telling the public that packaging can be a very expensive luxury. It evidently does come high. when an average family pays about 200 dollars a year for bottles, cans, boxes, jars and other containers, most of which can't be used for anything but stuffing the garbage can.

注：请将概要用英文写在答题纸上。

Section C

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After you have read the passage, answer these questions in English and then put them on the Answer Sheet.

If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival or the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired-reined at the lowest possible cost-much as one buys raw materials or equipment.

The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central - usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm's hierarchy.

While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.

As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is tip and running at capacity and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with he equipment can be employed. Tine result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.

注：请将答案用英文写在答题纸上。

56. What does the management of human resources in American companies think about employees skill training?

57. What is the position of the head of human-resource. management in an American firm?

58.　　　money most American firms put in training mainly goes to ______.

59. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firm's competitive advantage is ______.

60. What is the main idea of the passage?

Part IV　　　Writing　(15%)　(请将作文用英文写在答题纸上)

Directions: In this section, you are asked to write a composition on the title of "Two Important Possible Changes. Which May Occur In Higher Education in China in the 2lst Century" with no less than 150 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese.

1.21世纪高等教育在社会发展中将起到更为重要的作用。

2.在21世纪高等教育将会发生许多变化（举两例说明）

3.你对这些变化的认识及看法。
清华大学2000年5月考博真题

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