一个意念功能,可以用几种大体相当的语言方式表达出来,这是语言能力熟练的表现和结果。英语专业的学生,都经过长期的这方面的训练,才达到熟练的英语表达能力。这种训练叫paraphrase。Paraphrase的能力,就是变通的能力。非英语专业的学生,往往没有这种训练,也就很难用多种不同形式来表达同一种意念。但他们在培养英语写作能力的过程中,要有意识地注意练习和培养这种能力。 &5bIM>)v
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一个重要的意念,我们不能规避,但它的汉语表达形式让我们感到用英语表达不出来,或者感到硬用英语表达出来,结果多半是错的。这时,我们就需要运用变通的技巧,或者说能力。变通就是将汉语的意念,用我们能够掌握的英语形式大体相当地表达出来。变通的原则是把不会的变成会的,把复杂的变成简单的。这和上面说讲的“写你会写的,不要写你想写的”原则是一致的。后面课文中的句型讲解与练习,有大量的变通的实例,尤其是斜体标明的句子,考生们可以自己体会。 @]8flb
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变通有词与词组层面上的和句子层面上的两种,下面再举例说明。 [e@m-/
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雌激素(estrogen)可以用female hormone来表示,冲动(impulse)可以用sudden excitement来表示,悲剧(tragedy)可以用sad result来代替,诱发(induce)可以lead to或result in来代替,慢跑(jog)可以用slow running 来表示。“打技术、管理牌”肯定不能说成“play technological and management cards”,可以根据不同上下文,变通成“改善技术、管理”(improve technology and management)或者“利用技术、管理”(make use of technology and management)。 + @|u
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要表达“乡村一级卫生院医疗质量无法保证。”,如果有考生觉得“质量无法保证”不好说,一下子又想不起来“保证”如何拼写,最好变通一下,说一个大概类似的意念就行了:“乡村一级卫生院医疗质量通常不好。”或者“你无法有好的医疗质量在乡村一级卫生院。”变通成我们熟悉的形式之后,表达起来成功的把握就大多了:You can not have good medical services in village clinics.,或者The quality of medical services in village clinics is usually poor. m_Z(osoE#W
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另外,同一种意念有多种表达方式时,我们的选择要注意使得文章中的句式有变化,或者是我们最有把握的那一种。如果原句为“洋医院的优势在于,病人能得到医务人员的尊重和周到的服务。”,可以表达的句式有“The advantage of foreign-invested hospitals is that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”(表语从句),“It is to the advantage of foreign-invested hospitals that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”(主语从句),“It is a great advantage of foreign-invested hospitals that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”(主语从句),以及“Foreign-invested hospitals have an advantage that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”(同位语从句), “Foreign-invested hospitals have an advantage, because a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”(原因状语从句)。考生可以根据自己的具体情况来选择。再例如,“忽视人的心理社会背景,影响了医疗服务的质量。”可以有以下表达:“If a doctor overlooks the social and mental background of his patient, his medical service can be weakened.”(条件关系、忽视),“Ignorance of the social and mental background of a patient can have a negative effect on the outcome of the medical service.”(忽视、影响),“Neglect of the social and mental background of a patient can harm the medical service.”(忽视、有害),“When a doctor does not pay attention to the social and mental background of a patient, he can not provide good medical services.”(注意、提供),以及“Ignorance of the social and mental background of a patient can result in poorer outcome of the medical service.”(忽视、因果关系)。考生可以根据自己所掌握的句型的熟练程度或上下文,在心中作出选择。 ycki0&n3
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变通是一种必需的、有效的写作策略,考生在后面的句型讲解和练习中可以看到更多的运用。随着英语语言能力的提高,变通的能力和技巧也会日益熟练,写作不再是一件让人头痛的苦差事。 *n#
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