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医学博士英语写作总结
医学博士英语写作总结 ]>33sb
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一、原则与要求：不直译原文，抓主要论点，果断舍弃次要内容，突出新点，论点清晰,主要写中长句子！！2－5个长句！不写或少写短句！！12－15句话。 _NfdJ=[Xh
"h-G=vo,kl 二、摘要的结构、写作大纲 4 pin\ZS:C
=V- ^ 推荐结构 1 导言段 2正文段 （正反两方面） 3 结论段 %yj z@
00?_10x) 保守结构 1原文结构 2原文要点 3 无结论 ps DY}y\"
:7,j%ELic 点睛1.文章分段; 2.充分利用标题;3.段段都有主题句;4末句重复主题句（首尾呼应） Ej\M e
EpX.{B@B_[ 三、三种类型 $ ]ew<j
BwLggo 如何做how to do sth；描写议论what’s it and why is it so；综合型what’s and how to do \gB sAZE
;qA(!`h+ 常用句式：记住what， how ，why写作思路，以及正反两方面分别论述！ [tKH'}/s=
3 #8bG( 如果涉及到使用主语是可用the author/essay , 不用第一人称 my me I等！！！ /IO<TF(X
9!``~]G2 四、现场写作技巧
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I"=a :q ①划线，划出实质性，实词性句子。②翻译标题，有标题就译，充分引用标题（标题嵌入首段的末句），没有标题不能加。③三段式，导言+正文+结论，不用第一人称，注意客观性。或者按原文要点格式！④主题句，段段都有，复合句不宜太短。⑤规范主题句，结论有标志。⑥末尾重复标题，首尾呼应。⑦起草摘要，切忌照抄或逐字翻译，要用自己的语言，摆脱原文束缚，达到摘要的目的。整理修改，使文章简练，同时使用连接词，使文章具有连贯性和统一性。 *%3%Zj,{
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五、写作中几个禁忌 TrYt(F{t
L[D<e?j 1.逐字翻译;2.引用过细，例子、数字、人名、地名等;3.引用故事，原话（除非故事占大部分内容）;4.被原文牵着鼻子走。5.使用原文意以外的称呼或个人观点！？ q':P9 o*N?
)K.'sX{B 六、摘要文章的框架：内容为医学科普文章，时间和字数：50分钟；约200词，大约是12-15个句子？左右。假定是三个要点分三个小段落。 dcd9AW=
wN+3OPM 七.To begin with，“首先” ；First of all，“第一” ，“首先”； In the first place，“首先”；
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总结 时间？200个词的大概句子总数？2-3句亮点？ skeXsls
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背诵模版：This essay focus on the topic of…… that ……. However，why did …happen? ,what should be done to? !D!1%@
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With the speedup of/increasing ……, /Now an increasing number of people come to realize that …… dBG5 IOD
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It is said that/Accumulated data have indicated that…… \Q~HL_fy|Y
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结尾总结回应主题Taking into account all the factors listed above, the author/paper reaches the conclusion /suggests that concerted efforts should be made to；have access to 4r- CF#o
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医学考博写作常用核心关键词汇 KrzIL[;2 o
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1.人畜共患病zoonosis＝anthropozoonosis.人兽共患病，霍乱（传染病）＝cholera，acute gastroenteritis；aloe ['ælәu] n. 芦荟, 芦荟叶汁 }P(<]UF
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2.虫媒insect pollination，entomophil；虫媒传染病insect-borne /arthropod-borne infectious disease：vector-borne infectious diseases：malaria,dengue fever, schistosomiasis，and viral encephalitis/yellow fever疟疾、登革热、血吸虫病；肾病综合征：nephrotic/renal syndrome； f$ I$A(0P
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3.epidemic hemorrhagic fever 流行性出血热；arthropod-borne virus encephalitis 节肢动物传播的病毒性脑炎； R GC DC*\
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4.爆发流行：break out, burst out,explode; an epidemic outbreak of，outburst ,explosion +h?Rb3=S
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5.传染：infect/infection/ infectious,catching,communicate/communicable, contagion/ contagious, transmission/transmittable； communicable可传达的, 会传染的, 爱说话的[医] 有传染性的; communicative a. 健谈的, 爱说话的, 交际的 u[b0MNE ~
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6.传播途径route of transmission, bird flu transmits by air/wind；person to person transmission 7Pp~)Kq=
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7.传播,散布：diffuse，prevalence，spread，transmit，disseminate，propagate/ propagation mJFFst,
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8.污染pollution/ pollute，contamination/contaminate a&)4Dv0
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9.福祉 well-being, happiness；衰老grow old；aging；consenescence；senility；senile 2 i:tPe&
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10.sensual肉欲的, 色情的, 世俗的, 感官的, 感觉论的 RAY.]:}jr
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11.from bad to worse每况愈下；akin to=similar to 相似的；Purulent脓的,化脓的 } & qr"z4
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doctor-patient communication＝communication between doctors and patients；history, complain of, complaint, examine；Sanlu scandal三鹿事件； food safety/security；闲逸carefree MB3 0.V/\
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13.Hope for the best, prepare for the worst.做最好的打算，最坏的准备。 .In8!hjYy4
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14.人体十大异常指标 6"
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1).前列腺病（增生hyperplasia,炎inflammation）Prostate diseases n
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2)乳腺hyperplasia of mammary glands , mas’titis 乳腺炎ga’lactophore 乳腺 Tj_~ BT
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3).子宫颈 cervix uteri diseases; uterus→uteri子宫,cervix子宫颈 t] PO4GA
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4).血脂 blood fat abnormality5).脂肪肝fatty liver;6).高血压 hypertension &Dw8GU
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7).转氨酶transaminase=aminotransferase8)子宫肌瘤 hysteromy’oma=myoma of uterus 9).高血糖 hypergly’cemia10).卵巢囊肿 o’varian cyst，直肠结肠癌Cancer of Rectum and Colon 亚健康 sub-health 50
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15.下降、减少 reduction，decrease，decline，diminution, drop，descend，go / come down，fall；上升、增加rise; go up; ascend；increase; :.%Hu9=GL
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16.禽流感 H1N1 flu bird flu/avian flu;食品安全 food safety; 抗氧化药物和食品 anti-oxidation drugs and foods;AIDs;抗抑郁药物 anti-depression drugs;人工心脏 artificial heart; 公共卫生突发事件public health emergencies; 应急反应 immediate response to;关注民生 concern(focus on, pay attention to) people’s livelihood/well-being;城乡卫生体系urban-rural medical and health system r -SQk>Y}
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17.预防保健Disease Prevention and Health care，服务体系service system；讲究卫生pay attention to hygiene；个人和环境卫生personal and environmental hygiene %U$PcHOo
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18.孝敬的filial piety filial piety to，treat their parents with filial respect 2~BId&]
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19.lite清淡的；protein-complemented diet蛋白添加饮食；tuna金枪鱼(肉), <植>金枪仙人掌；green beans青豆,绿蚕豆；kidney bean四季豆；mung bean 绿豆preventive initiatives=preventive measures预防的措施 Nq3q##Ut:
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20.a flash in the pan 昙花一现，昙花一现的人物，一时的成功 beM}({:`
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21.过劳死 karoshi; death from overwork 22.长期以来 for a long time ; over the years _a3 ,Zuv
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23.养生preserve one's health; nourishing of life; keep in good health ua -
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24.更年期和老年期妇女卫生保健服务health care services for peri-menopausal and old women；hygienic health care of menopausal women M6+_Mi.
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25.承担主要责任：assume the primary responsibility for @
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26.分类 be divided into＝fall into three categories＝be grouped according to their origin, into three classes.＝be categorized according to/be roughly classified into three kinds. 1x^(vn#=
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27.国际护士协会(ICN=international council of nurses)；基本职责=basic/ fundamental/essential/elementary duties/responsibilities/obligations；基本原则fundamental principle/ rule,basic rule or principle; u K`T1*_
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28.坚持四项基本原则stick to/uphold the Four Cardinal Principles;道德准则/标准＝code of ethics, moral code/principles/standards/rules of morality/ ethical principle/ ethical rules;职业道德准则=code of professional ethics; Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists加拿大心理学家道德准则；行为规范behavioural norm；国际行为准则code of international conduct；医学伦理（学）＝医学道德规范＝medical ethics；moral 是道德 ethic 是伦理 )&j4F)
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29.morals,morality,ethics均含“道德”之意。morals多用于实践方面，指按习惯或社会公认的道德标准，尤指男女之间关系的道德。morality指符合道德标准的行为，或用道德标准衡量某事，既指社会的又指个人的道德。ethics多用于伦理方面，指符合于伦理学中所指的好的行为，常指公平正真地对人对事的品德。 _:,:U[@Vz
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30.专业specialty，professional 必须加上“通识”(General)，才算是“专业”(professional ):意即经由“专门教育”( Special Education)和“通识教育”( General Education)培养出来的，才是“专业教育”( professional Education)的人才。 y6lle<SIu
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31.民众the (general) public，the masses of the people，the common people；合作者co-worker; collaborator; copartner; coagent; ;^Vsd\ac0
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32.死亡人数death toll，deaths，the number of people killed in/dying from _M/ckv1q@
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How much is the death toll? 死亡人数是多少？ m
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33.归结为 boil down to；come down to；归因为/归功于 be attributable to、be attributed to、ascribe or attribute… to、owe…to; 归咎于lay or put the blame on sb、blame…on、ascribe or attribute… to、impute… to。 vr|9NP]v
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34.etiquette 礼仪，礼节；差距/差别程度difference，disparity，gap zo-hH8J:
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35.解密decode，decipher, decrypt, disclocse；旗鼓相当/势均力敌：well-matched adversaries /rivals; 旗鼓相当的对手/劲敌：a foe/rival /an enemy /an opponent worthy of one's steel；dingdong fight 势均力敌的比赛；旗鼓相当的战争。 {H+~4XG
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36.dingdong ['diŋ'dɔŋ] n. 叮当声, 叮咚声a. (非正式)(比赛)双方不相上下的, ad.起劲地 LMf
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37.基因芯片genechip，又称DNAchip 或 cDNA 微矩阵列cDNAMicroarray gnW `|-:\
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38.inhale 吸入，吸气；exhale呼出，呼气；无生命的,非生物的abiological/abiotic, non-living things; insular 海岛的，狭隘的; 固定不变的changeless, steadfast. t@[&8j2B>
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39.大规模on a large scale，extensive，large-scale，massive；大规模流行 large-scale transmission，become a pandemic，massive attack/outbreak -t_t3aU|
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40.表面上on the surface, apparently, ostensibly, superficial, seemingly; 因果关系 cause-and-effect relationship, causal relationship/relations;孤立现象an isolated phenomenon；复杂的complicated，complex，sophisticated，intricate；极端复杂性extreme/ exceeding complexity/complicacy。 w yP|#Z\
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41. board of directors 理事会，董事会；A board or council＝董事会或理事会 fr$E'+l)
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Administrative/administration Leadership and Business Management make a Branch of Science. 行政领导工作和业务管理工作 FS7 _ldD
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42. 获得认证be certified /has been certificated, gain/earn approval certification #~l(t_m{
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43. 后勤部门 rear-service department; logistics department；back office；department of support services；膳食科dietary division；人事科personnel office/section =e2|:Ba!
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44.integrate (v.) 結合，整合，集于一体＝incorporate ' NyIy:
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45.低保basic living allowances/subsistence allowances；养老保险 endowment insurance；退休养老金retirement pension；Health Care Reform医疗改革 6%bZZTP`
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46. 潮湿的环境humid environment/moist situations; 慢性铅中毒chronic lead poisoning; 意外事故fortuitous accidents=unforeseen event or circumstance=an accident=contingency意外事件;娱乐活动：recreational activities ,recreation，entertainment，leisure activities，amusement -FRMal4Pg0
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47.抗旱能力drought resistance capacity；cold resistance capacity抗寒能力 '4-J0S<<_
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48.激烈运动strenuous exercise；vigorous activity；月经期menstrual period +XV7W =
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49.生活的节奏the tempo/the pace of life; a life of quick /fast pace g\_J
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50.婴幼儿保健the baby and child /Infant health care e
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二.相关的预测及范文 F/gA[Y|,gI
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(一).突发公共卫生事件问题Outbreak of public health emergency/emergencies, public health and urgent system，enhance our capacity to respond to public health emergencies. Step up/Accelerate the establishment of a social security system covering both urban and rural residents and guarantee their basic living conditions. UnTnc6Bo7W
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improve the low-rent housing system and speed up resolution of the housing difficulties of low-income families in urban areas. u={A4A#
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建立基本医疗卫生制度，提高全民健康水平。 p
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Establish /set up a basic medical and health care system and improve the health of the whole nation. KZ eaM
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(二).What is H1N1 Flu? \%],pZsA ~
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写作中需要的词汇包括：H1N1 virus, communicable (transmittable, contagious, infectious), susceptible, infect, symptoms, latent (latency), communicable period, acute, respiratory diseases, high-risk population, $TU:iv1Fm
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nationwide/worldwide; It is latent for 1 to 7 days and is communicable for 1 to 7 days. q>X30g
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(三). Euthanasia <GdQ""X
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关键词：安乐死euthanasia；伦理学的ethical；道德的moral；合法化legalize/ ation；得绝症的terminally ill；垂死的dying；延长prolong；质量quality ,F;<Y9]
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prolong a terminally ill patient’s life despite the cost and pains he/she suffers. ^RIDC/B=V6
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(四). 临终关怀=Hospice Care/=end-of-life care y [jck:
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濒临死亡的病人：dying patients，terminally ill patients，incurable patient），生命质量（quality of life或life quality），临终关怀（=end-of-life care）。 Uo
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(五).劳动Physical Labour—A Way to Longevity :qAF}|6
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关键词包括：劳动（根据全文，应该是指“体力劳动”physical/manual labour），锻炼（physical exercises），长寿（longevity，long life），早衰（early aging），肌肉（muscle, muscular肌肉的），预防（prevent）等等。 [TaYNc!\
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(六). Eyesight Is a Limited Resource EJByYk
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We all know that water, electricity and time are limited resources but do not know that eyesight is also limited and should be saved. This essay discusses briefly why and how eyesight should be saved. ,6Ua+\|
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Unknown as the mechanism of short-sight is, social studies and animal experiments have confirmed that overuse of eyesight causes short-sight, especially in children. For example, mo*ClU7
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However, how to save eyesight? Here are some tips. 5^0K5R6GQf
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To sum up, <&m
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(七). Harms of Secondhand Smoking . >^iU}
Secondhand smoke is the combination of smoke given off by the burning end of a tobacco and the smoke exhaled by the smoker. Exposure to secondhand smoke is also called “involuntary smoking” or “passive smoking”. WoSJp5By$
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(八). Surfing Online and Health $ 0 Up.
Surfing online is fun but doing it too much can be harmful to our health. This essay discusses the harm and how to prevent it. :/6gGU>pu
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(九) .Three Ways to Be Happy and Healthy K[Ao_v2g
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Happiness surely promotes health. However, how to be happy and thus healthy? Here are three ways. First, happiness lies in contentment……. Second, look for fun. Third, help others for happiness. Besides, be moderate, optimistic and open-minded toward life, work and people around you. \?K>~{)
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Conclusively, be content with your present situation, look for fun and be ready to help, and you will be happy and thus healthy. ?YA5g' l
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是一门科学。
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