华科2007 年招收博士研究生入学考试试题

2007 年招收博士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：英语
适用专业：各专业
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Part I Cloze (0.5x20=10%)
Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.
In Switzerland, six miles west of Geneva, lies a collection of laboratories and buildings, and, 1 curious of all, a circular mound of 2 more than 650 feet in diameter. This cluster has unique importance. It is Europe’s 3 atomic city dedicated to 4 the atom for peaceful purposes.
The strange buildings 5 the European Council for Nuclear Research, more popularly known, from 6 French initials, as CERN. The council was 7 when a handful of statesmen and scientific experts 8 in Paris in 1950. Their aim was to “ 9 an organization providing for co-operation among European states 10 nuclear research of a pure scientific and fundamental character.”
The CERN agreement was 11 in 1953, and work on the atomic city began in 1954. today CERN’s 12 are among the most modern and the most diversified in the world. 13 as the scientific aspect may be, the real significance of CERN may lie 14 the thousand people ----the scientists, lab workers, and administrative 15 drawn from the fourteen member nations ---- 16 populate it. British engineers work 17 with Swiss electricians and Yugoslav nuclear physicists. The 18 languages are French and English, with German an unofficial third. But BERN is 19 tower of Babel ---- the language of science is 20 and all-embracing.
1. A. best B. chiefly C. most D. mostly
2. A. earth B. dirt C. mud D. soil
3. A. one and best B. one and only C. one and an D. one and merely 密
4. A. investigation B. being investigated C. investigate D. investigating
5. A. work with B. belong to C. consist of D. are located in
6. A. his B. their C. its D. those
7. A. come into being B. constructed C. erected D. born
8. A. joined B. developed C. met D. met with
9. A. found B. put up C. build D. establish
10. A. in B. on C. for D. about
11. A. sealed B. signed C. secured D. settled
12. A. resources B. accommodations C. facilities D. funds
13. A. Impressionistic B. Impressing C. Impressed D. Impressive
14. A. in B. with C. on D. at
15. A. crew B. crowd C. party D. group
16. A. whoever B. who C. which D. whatever
17. A. side by side B. back to back C. heart to heart D. face to face
18. A. living B. authentic C. official D. real
19. A. the B. a C. not D. no
20. A. worldwide B. infinite C. universal D. comprehensive
Part II. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)
Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.
Passage one
Disease is a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural attitudes that change diachronically in response to new scientific and medical discoveries. Historically, doctors defined a disease according to a cluster of symptoms, and as their clinical descriptions became more sophisticated, they started to classify diseases into separate groups, so that from this medical taxonomy came new insights into disease etiology. Before the 20th century, schizophrenia and syphilitic insanity were treated as the same disease, but by early 1900 it became evident that psychoses without associated dementia represented a separate disease for which the term schizophrenia was then coined. The definition of schizophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s to an illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of such an etiology remains uncertain. While an optimistic hunt is still on for the genes involved, we must continue to define schizophrenia in terms of the presence or absence of “positive” and “negative” symptoms.
Labeling someone as diseased, however, has enormous individual, social, financial, and physical implications, for irrespective of disease symptoms, the label itself may lead to significant distress. Individuals with asymptomatic conditions, including genetic variations, may be perceived by themselves or others as having a disease. It is not that labeling someone as diseased is always positive-------it does have severe ramifications, affecting decisions to have children or resulting in unjust treatment by life, medical, and disability insurers-------but it can be beneficial, legitimizing symptoms, clarifying issues of personal responsibility, and improving accessibility to health care. Nevertheless, deviations from normal that are not associated with risk should not be considered synonymous with disease. Two schools---------nominalist and essentialist or reductionist----------have debated the clinical criteria used to label a patient as diseased. Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name, such as schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology, while essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defining the disease state is a genetic abnormality.
It has been suggested that diseases defined according to the essentialist tradition may be precisely wrong, whereas those defined in the nominalist traditional may be roughly accurate. But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality), for adverse consequences, while the latter helps suggest specific genetic or pharmacologic therapies. Thus, both clinical criteria and genetic abnormalities should be used to define a disease state, and the choice of a disease definition will vary according to what one wishes to achieve, the genetic counseling of family members or the effective treatment of the patient.
21. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
A) proposing a return to a traditional taxonomical system
B) describing an way to resolve a taxonomical dilemma
C) assessing the success of a new taxonomical method
D) predicting a change in future taxonomy
22. It can be inferred that the author considers the way schizophrenia has been classified by doctors after 1960 to be an example of which of the following?
A) A disease which resisted traditional methods of classification, but has been served well by modern methods of classification
B) A disease which has resisted modern methods of classification, and continues to require a traditional method of classification
C) A disease which satisfies modern methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a traditional method
D) A disease which satisfies traditional methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a modern method
23. According to the passage, an adherent of the “nominalist school’ would classify a rare new fever in which of the following ways?
A) She would wait until the disease appears in other patients, then classify it by establishing variations in their symptoms.
B) She would determine whether the disease is acquired or genetic, then classify it accordingly.
C) She would isolate the bacteria or virus or genetic anomaly which causes the disease, then classify it accordingly.
D) She would describe the patient’s symptoms, compare them to patients who have had similar symptoms, then treat the pattern as a disease.
24. Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole?
A) It summarizes the benefits that may accrue from a perfected system of pathological taxonomy.
B) It provides additional reasons why pathological taxonomy is a difficult endeavor.
C) It argues for a synthesis of two methods of pathological taxonomy already in use.
D) It continues to highlight the differences between two methods of taxonomical pathological taxonomy.
25. It can be inferred that which of the following situations is likely to be most problematic to an adherent of the “essentialist” method of pathological taxonomy?
A) A patient suffering from fever, in which the virus that is apparently responsible for the symptoms has not been isolated
B) A patient suffering from lung inflammation which, though resembling other inflammations, does not respond to any known treatments
C) A patient suffering from a genetic anomaly whose cause may be known but whose consequences remain unidentified
D) A case of a patient with symptoms that may have arisen from two known diseases of different sources
Passage two
The world has spent on preparations for war more than $112 billion a year, roughly $450 per head for every man, woman, and child in the world. Let us consider for a moment what could be done with this sum of money if it were spent on peace and not on war. Some of it, at any rate, I the more prosperous countries, could be spent on the reduction of taxation. The rest should be spent in ways that will, at the same time, be of benefit to mankind and a solution to the economic problem of conversion from war industry to the expansion of peace industries. As to this expansion, let us begin with the most elementary of all needs, namely, food. At present, the majority of mankind suffers from undernourishment, and, in view of the population explosion, this situations is likely to grow worse in coming decades. A very small part of what is now being spent upon armaments would rectify our predicament. Not only could the American surplus of grain, which was for many years uselessly destroyed, be spent in relief of famine, but, by irrigation, large regions now desert could be made fertile, and, by improvement in transport, distribution from regions of excess to regions of scarcity could be facilitated.
Housing, even in the richest countries, is often disastrously inadequate. This could be remedied by a tiny fraction of what is being spent on missiles. Education everywhere, but especially I the newly liberated countries of Africa and Asia, demands an expenditure many times as great as that which it receives at present. But it is not only greater expenditure that is needed in education. If the terror of war were removed, science could be devoted to improving human welfare, instead of to the invention of increasingly expensive methods of mutual slaughter, and schools would no longer think it a part of their duty to promote hatred of possible enemies by means of ignorance tempered by lies.
By the help of modern techniques, the world could enter upon a period of happiness and prosperity far surpassing anything known in previous history. All this is possible. It requires only a different outlook on international affairs and a different state of mind toward those notions which are now regarded as enemies. This is possible, I repeat, but it cannot be done all at once. To reverse the trend of affairs in the most powerful nations of the world is no light task and will require a difficult process of re-education.
26. By diverting some or all of the money spent on preparation for war to peaceful purposes, all of the following benefits would occur except that ____.
A) education could be improved
B) science could concentrate on improving human welfare
C) better housing could be provided
D) the population explosion could be controlled
27. Schools at the present time often have to make use of ____.
A) inadequate funds
B) untrained teaches
C) poor buildings
D) lies in order to promote hatred of possible enemies
28. The problem of undernourishment will become more critical because ____.
A) America destroys its surplus goods
B) there is inadequate shipping
C) of the population explosion
D) of lack of irrigation
29. The adjective that best describes this author is ____.
A) quixotic B) lugubrious C) pragmatic D) utopian
30. According to the author, a very small part of what is being spent upon armaments would ___.
A) lead to more disputes
B) help us make prediction
C) hardly help solve the population explosion
D) help us solve many problems
Passage three
Although humans have much bigger brains relative to body weight than do other primates, the total resting energy requirements of the human body are no greater than those of any other mammal of the same size, implying that we use a higher share of our daily energy budget to feed our voracious brains. How did such an energetically costly brain evolve?
One theory holds that bipedalism enabled hominids to cool their cranial blood, thereby freeing the heat-sensitive brain of the temperature constraints that had kept its size in check. But brain expansion almost certainly could not have occurred until hominids adopted a diet sufficiently rich in calories and nutrients to meet the associated costs. Across all primates, species with bigger brains dine on richer foods, and humans are the extreme example of this correlation, boasting the largest relative brain size and the choicest diet. Animal foods are far denser in calories and nutrients than most plant foods, and so it stands to reason that for early Homo, acquiring more gray matter meant seeking out more of the energy-dense fare.
Fossils, too, indicate that improvements to dietary quality accompanied evolutionary brain growth. The later, robust proto-humans—a dead-end branch of the human family tree that lived alongside members of our own genus—had heavily built mandibles and huge, thickly enameled molar teeth built for processing tough, low-quality plant foods, while early members of the genus Homo, which descended from the gracile proto-humans, had much more delicate jaws and, smaller molars despite being far larger in terms of overall body size than their predecessors.
Environmental change appears to have set the stage for this evolutionary change when the continued desiccation of the African landscape limited the amount and variety of edible plant foods available to hominids. Thus we often see an increase in animal bones at hominid sites during this period, along with evidence that these beasts were butchered using stone tools. While the robust proto-humans coped with this problem morphologically, evolving anatomical specializations that enabled them to subsist on more widely available, difficult-to-chew foods, Homo took a different path. As it turns out, the spread of grasslands also led to an increase in the relative abundance of grazing mammals such as antelope and gazelle, creating opportunities for hominids capable of exploiting them. Homo developed the first hunting-and-gathering economy in which game animals became a significant part of the diet and resources were shared among members of the foraging groups.
These changes in diet and foraging behavior did not turn our ancestors into strict carnivores, but the addition of modest amounts of animal foods to the menu, combined with the sharing of resources that is typical of hunter-gatherer groups, significantly increased the quality and stability of hominid diets, and after the initial spurt in brain growth, diet and brain expansion probably interacted synergistically: bigger brains produced more complex social behavior, which led to further shifts in foraging tactics and improved diet, which in turn fostered additional brain evolution.
31. The author is primarily concerned with______.
A) disproving the view that bipedalism alone can account for the human brain’s evolution
B) describing a relationship between the acquisition of an improved diet and the development of the human brain
C) contrasting the characteristics of Homo and his primate ancestors
D) analyzing the evolutionary basis for the development of the modern human diet
32. The author refers to the increase in animal bones in the fourth paragraph primarily in order to _____.
A) demonstrate the increase of the availability of grazing mammals during the desiccation of the African landscape
B) provide proof that environmental changes did indeed occur around a time of rapid evolution for Homo
C) explain the means by which Homo was able to make use of the appearance of the antelope and gazelle
D) offer evidence that with the desiccation of the African landscape, Homo’s diet changed from that of the australopithecine
33. It can be inferred from the passage that chimpanzees are characterized by ____.
A) brains that use less overall body energy than the percentage humans use
B) the possession of less total body weight than the average human weight
C) a total resting energy equal to that of human resting energy
D) a diet completely devoid of rich foods preferred by more developed species
34. The author mentions all of the following as evidence that dietary changes accompanied the expansion of Homo’s brain EXCEPT____.
A) the higher calorie density found in foods Homo ate during the expansion, and their extra nutrients
B) the fossil record of Homo, and what it indicates about Homo’s progressive adaptation
C) the fact Homo was larger in terms of overall body size than its predecessors
D) the development of a hunting-and-gathering economy beneficial to further brain growth
35. According to the passage, initial improvement in brain function in Homo’s ancestors resulted at least partially from which of the following?
A) the sharing of resources typical of hunter-gatherer groups to which Homo eventually came to belong
B) the freeing of Homo’s heat-sensitive brain from the temperature constraints that had kept its size in check
C) the availability of foods far denser in calories and nutrients than those previously available
D) morphological solutions of environmental change developed by the robust proto-humans
Passage four
There is a popular English belief that if you can’t get in the water, you might as well get on it. It may be that the seas around our coasts are too chill and uninviting for round-the-year bathing, or that in many cases treacherous currents and sharp incisor-like rocks beneath the water discourage all but the most venturesome. Perhaps the real answer is that we are islanders and islands, on the whole, tend to produce sea-faring people. Our early history of exploration and discovery, to say nothing of downright piracy, goes some way to support this. However that may be, the Englishman is not just content to get on the sea, he is also irresistibly compelled to get on his inland waterways. Our rivers, canals and lakes, besides proving a cheap, if relatively slow form of transport, attract a regular army of enthusiastic amateurs who spend their winters scraping and painting their boats in readiness for the warmer weather, some even going so far as to build their own craft. When spring comes, the proud owners take to the water in their little boats, white sails flapping, like so many ducks. There are of course innumerable rowing boats, punts, skiffs and dinghies, and superior, motor-powered cabin cruisers whose owners wear yachting caps and nautical-looking sweater. These last, usually flying a club pennant and with a girl or two stretched out on the cabin roof, proceed at speed down the river creating a wash that sets the smaller boats bobbing and bouncing and even on occasion capsizing. Even their magnificence, however, is eclipsed by the rowing eights who streak up and down in their elegant long boats, dipping their oars to the merciless cries of the coach: ‘In – Out – In – Out’. These are the giants of the river, bronzed and muscular, oblivious of everything but the precision of their timing and the need for speed.
Any description of our inland waterways would be incomplete without reference to those who have made the water their way of life. Disregarding damp, inconvenience, gales, storms and the danger of floods, they make their homes on the water, in houseboats or converted barges, becoming, as it were, a species of human water-rat. Their original intention may have been to get away from the tension and frustration of city or suburban life, but it is soon apparent that theirs is no gipsy existence. Their homes, moored or floating, are painted in gay colours, electric light and bathrooms are installed, curtains appear at the windows and neighbours vie with one another in the cultivation of trailing pot plants and hanging baskets of flowers. The result is comfortably suburban ---- a dog or a cat is frequently introduced into the domestic scene ---- and the whole is an excellent example of the art of compromise. The owners have lost none of their creature comforts, but they have satisfied their urge to live on the water.
36. The writer suggests that the majority of islanders ____.
A) have to make their living from the sea
B) are strongly attracted to the sea
C) are only interested in going to sea
D) have to go on voyages of discovery
37. The passage tells us that, among boat-lovers, there are some ____.
A) experienced boat-builders
B) amateur soldiers
C) do-it-yourself enthusiasts
D) members of the armed forces
38. What happens in the spring? The boat-owners ____.
A) go into the water with their boats
B) sail down river with the ducks
C) get out on water in their boats
D) get their boats out of the water
39. Sometimes one of the smaller boats overturned because ____.
A) there was a sudden surge in the water
B) it couldn’t keep up with the bigger boats
C) there was a sudden gush of water
D) it got in the way of the bigger boats
40. It seems that people who decide to make their homes on the water ____.
A) disregard the risks and inconveniences
B) enjoy the challenge of dangerous situations
C) want to live an unconventional life
D) would like to have been gypsies
Part III Translation (30%)
Section A From Chinese into English (15%)
Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from Chinese into English and write
your translation on the answer sheet.
1. 日前，一项在全国20 个大中城市开展的调查表明，一半左右的调查对象对自己的婚姻
状况和恋情感到满意，近30%的受访者对此感到厌倦，3.4%的人觉得很痛苦。
3%的受访者表示他们对自己和伴侣的关系感到担忧，12%的人说他们不知道该如何形容内心复杂的感受。
去年年底，全国妇联附属机构华坤女性调查中心对2000 名年龄在20 至60 岁之间的女性
进行了调查，总共收回1955 份有效问卷。
2．受调查女性的平均年龄为35 岁，其中70%的人已婚。约57%受访女性的月收入在1000
至3000 元之间。
女性对伴侣是否具有家庭责任感、体贴心和高品味最为看重，其次，高收入、有前途的职业和好长相分别被列为第五、第八和第十一位。
此外，调查对象对有关心理健康问题的回答显示，72%的人偶尔感到焦虑，16%的人常常感到担忧。
调查显示，30 至50 岁之间的受访者中感到焦虑的人最多，20%的女性说她们经常紧张不安。
3．调查结果显示，工作压力、孩子的教育问题以及难以处理的人际关系是让女性感到焦
虑的主要原因。
Section B From English into Chinese (15%)
Directions: Translate the following three underlined parts from English into Chinese and write your translation on the answer sheet.
1．When foreign diplomats and reporters pick up copies of Premier Wen Jiabao's government work report in English, French, German, Japanese, Russian and Spanish at the opening ceremony of the 5th session of the 10th National People's Congress (NPC) today in the Great Hall of the People, they should thank a dozen Westerners for the wonderful work they have done.
The behind-the-scene foreigners have been working with about 70 Chinese foreign language professors for six weeks to translate major reports of the NPC and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) into the six languages, Wang Xuedong, deputy chief of the Central Compilation and Translation Bureau, told China Daily.
2．Most of them have been in China for quite a long time and have a good knowledge of the nation's political, economic and social issues, he said.
The practice of having NPC and CPPCC documents translated into foreign languages started in the 1980s, after China launched its reform and opening-up policy.
3．In recent years more and more foreigners are becoming involved in the handling of the nation's most confidential documents, according to the bureau official.
"The conventions are becoming more and more transparent and we want to express ourselves better to the rest of the world," Wang said.
The NPC and CPPCC reports have also been translated into seven ethnic minority languages including the Kazak, Korean, Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur and Yi.
Part IV Essay Writing (20%)
Directions: You are required to write about 200 words on the following topic: “Brand Awareness of the Chinese Enterprises”
参考答案（2007年3月，A卷）
I. Cloze (0.5x20=10%)
1-5 CABDB   6-10 CDADA
11-15BCDBA  16-20BACDC
II. Reading (2x20=40%)
21-25 BBDCA 26-30 DDCCD
31-35  BDACC 36-40 ACCAA

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