政法大学06考博英语

０６年考博英语试题

中国政法大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

考试日期：三月十八日上午

(Time Limit: 180 minutes)

Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15 points)

Part II Cloze (10 points)

Part III Reading Comprehension (20 points)

Part IV Short Answer Questions (10 points)

Part V Translation (30 points)

Part VI Writing (15 points)

考试注意事项

一、本考试的试卷一律在考场当场启封。

二、答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名和准考证号分别填写在答题卡上和试卷二的答题纸密封线内。

三、试卷上 Part I, Part II, 和 Part III 的答案一律用铅笔填涂在答题卡(Answer Sheet)上，并在相应的字母中间划线，如[A] [B] [C] [D]。试卷二上Part IV , Part V 和Part VI 的答案一律用钢笔或圆珠笔写在试卷二的答题纸上。凡写在试题册上的答案无效。

四、本试卷全部考试时间为180分钟。

五、考生须等监考人员将全部试卷及答题卡和试卷二答题纸收点无误并宣布本考试结束后，方可离开考场。

试卷一 TEST PAPER ONE

Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15 points)

Section A (10 points)

Directions: There are 10 sentences in this section. Each sentence has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words and phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined parts. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.

1. Maxwell, 36, a former Mirror Group executive, was also in court this month, charged with conspiracy to defraud.

A. discarding B. maiming C. cheating D. repealing

2. In 1929 Parliament decreed that all women should have the right to vote.

A. predicted B. ordered C. decided D. resolved

3. The signals you put across at the job interview can flag your future ambitions.

A. decline B. prolong C. frown D. linger

4. He worked as a man obsessed, oblivious to family and friends, shunning holidays, forgetting anniversaries.

A. nervous about B. furious about C. irritated by D. unaware of

5. Once you become famous your private life comes under public scrutiny.

A. pressure B. counterattack C. examination D. revision

6. Trade will reduce welfare when transport costs are sufficiently close to prohibitive and increase it when they are sufficiently low.

A. momentary B. forbidden C. strange D. tolerable

7. Does his confession obligate his wife to be reconciled to him?

A. require B. determine C. force D. encourage

8. The burglar was arrested, but the person who helped him in the crime got away.

A. his associate B. his affiliate C. his accomplice D. his employer

9. Dr. Thompson gave an exposition of the theory and practice of socialism.

A. accounted for B. expounded

C. looked into D. covered up

10. All their efforts to solve the problem proved futile.

A. useless B. undesirable C. unnecessary D. worthless

Section B (5 points)

Directions: There are 10 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.

11. Eve had to pay $ 5.00 because she wrote a bad check. She _____ her mon¬ey before she wrote a check.

A. must have deposited B. might have deposited

C. can have deposited D. should have deposited

12. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message ______.

A. having been delivered B. to be delivered

C. being delivered D. to deliver

13. It's true that the suggestion they made will save a large amount of money. We won't adopt it, ______, because it will probably lead to disastrous consequences.

A. somehow B. otherwise C. therefore D. though

14. The expression "not worth his salt" is still used today in English to refer to a person ______ to be incapable of doing a job.

A. felt B. to feel C. feeling D. to be felt

15. Despite his disappointing record this year, I _____ the less feel that he is the best man we have in the department.

A. never B. no C. none D. nor

16. When bird watchers find a nest, they are very careful not to disturb it lest the mother bird _____ frightened and desert it.

A. should be B. will be C. may be D. could be

17. In the future industrialized society, computer knowledge will become ______ require¬ment as the ability to read and write.

A. so basic a B. so a basic C. as basic a D. as a basic

18. Today's consumers buy, enjoy, use and discard more types of goods ______ could possibly have been imagined even a few years ago.

A. that B. than C. but D. as

19. In spite of the fact that Jim violated these regulations, it does not justify ______ him in that way now.

A. you to treat B. you have treated C. you are treating D. your treating

20. My approach is not to learn everything about something, but ______ something about everything.

A. rather to learn B. to learn rather C. to rather learn D. rather learning

Part II Cloze (10 points)

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D beneath the passage. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

There is a story of a very wicked man who dies. Before he died, he was ___21___ the worst because there were ___22___ sins he had not committed. But when he woke up in the next ___23___ he found that conditions were not as bad ___24___ he had feared. In fact they were quite good. He had an extremely luxurious room ___25___ himself. The room was air-conditioned -- ___26___ a trace of the excessive heat he had feared. He ___27___ food and a smiling waitress immediately ___28___ with a delicious banquet. He felt ___29___ drinking and a large choice of wines was in front of him ___30___.

A couple of weeks of this pleasant life went by and the man began to get ___31___ restless. It was all very nice ___32___ he had been an active man in the other life and he felt he ___33___ like to do something. He lifted the house-phone and a(n) ___34___ voice came on the line:

“Yes, sir, what can we do for you? No ___35___ with room service, I hope?”

“Oh, certainly not! The service here is excellent, quite ___36___ my expectations. It is just that I would like to be given an opportunity to do something.”

“I’m sorry, sir,” came the ___37___ reply, “that’s the one thing management can’t ___38___ here.”

The man began to get annoyed and he said, “In that case I might ___39___ in Hell!”

“Why, sir,” came the surprised voice, “___40___ did you think you were?”

21. A. trying B. preparing C. fearing D. getting

22. A. few B. a few C. some D. many

23. A. day B. life C. room D. way

24. A. when B. just C. like D. as

25. A. on B. to C. of D. with

26. A. not B. having C. by D. with

27. A. fond of B. fell on C. called for D. attended to

28. A. stepped B. went C. dealt D. appeared

29. A. like B. for C. happy D. out of

30. A. in places B. in an instant C. around the clock D. from the view

31. A. a lot B. some C. much D. a little

32. A. but B. still C. and D. whenever

33. A. ought to B. would C. could D. had to

34. A. terrible B. broken C. emotional D. prompt

35. A. opinions B. good C. complaints D. choice

36. A. in B. beyond C. outside D. with

37. A. vague B. expected C. affirmative D. regretful

38. A. allow B. allocate C. affect D. avoid

39. A. be very well B. be well to be C. as well be D. as well as

40. A. what B. how C. which D. where

Part III Reading Comprehension (20 points)

Directions: In this part there are five passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one you think is the best answer. Then on your Answer Sheet, find the corresponding letter and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.

Questions 41 to 44 are based on the following passage:

Passage 1

At a trial the selection of the jury is made subject to the direction of the presiding judge. The names of the prospective jurors are drawn by lot by the clerk of the court. Both the defense and the prosecution may examine the jurors to ascertain whether cause for challenge in any particular case exists – that is, whether circumstances exist that might improperly influence a juror’s decisions, such as bias or self-interest. The parties to the action or their attorneys may then exercise their right to eliminate undesirable members from the jury by means of challenge.

After a satisfactory jury has been drawn, the jury is formed, and the trial proceeds. In general, during the progress of a trial, all questions of law are determined by the court and questions of fact by the jury. The limits of the inquiry as to facts are determined by the pleadings and the rules of evidence. Whether evidence is properly admissible or not is a question for the court, but the weight and credibility of the evidence admitted are determined by the jury. The court, however, may decide a question of fact without sending the question to the jury if no conflict of evidence exists on the point. The court may also interpret written instruments received in evidence without aid of the jury.

After all the evidence has been presented, the two counsels, first for the defendant and then for the plaintiff or prosecution, “sum up,” that is, each addresses the jury, reviewing the evidence in the case and commenting on it in a manner favorable to that counsel’s side of the case. The judge then makes a charge to the jury. The charge is a statement of the rules of law applicable to the evidence in that particular case. It is given in order to aid the jury in giving a correct verdict. The jury then retires from the courtroom to begin deliberations. These deliberations continue until an agreement as to the verdict is reached, or until the presiding judge deems that the jury cannot reach an agreement. The latter case is known as a hung jury. In the event that no agreement is reached, a new trial may be called. All members of a jury must agree on a verdict, which in a civil trial may be “for the plaintiff” or “for the defendant,” and in a criminal trial “guilty” or “not guilty.” (In some states, however, the verdict in a civil trial need not be unanimous.) In a civil trial the jury is then empowered to set the amount of any damages. The verdict of a jury is decisive and cannot be disturbed unless it is contrary to law or against the weight of evidence. In such a case the verdict may be set aside, either by the presiding judge or later on appeal.

41. The selection of jurors may not be determined by _________.

A. the judge B. the lawyers of both parties

C. the jury D. the defense and the prosecution

42. The _________ has the right to determine whether the evidence is believable or not.

A. judge B. jury

C. court D. attorney

43. “Plaintiff” in paragraph 3 refers to ________.

A. the prosecution side B. the defendant

C. the defense side D. the lawyer

44. If the jury determines that the accused person has murdered a person, it will report to the judge that the verdict is _________.

A. for the plaintiff B. for the defendant

C. guilty D. not guilty

Questions 45 to 48 are based on the following passage:

Passage 2

The most important of these scholars was Confucius, a minor aristocrat and official of the state of Lu, in the present Shandong Province, who spent most of his life in the late 500s and early 400s BC as an itinerant scholar-teacher and adviser to the rulers of various states. To reestablish order and prosperity, he advocated a restoration of the imperial government, social and family organizations, and the rules of propriety prescribed in the classical literature of the early Zhou dynasty. The most important element in his system, however, was the individual. Confucius taught that each human being must cultivate such personal virtues as honesty, love, and filial piety through study of the models provided in the ancient literature. This would bring harmony to the graded hierarchy of family, society, and state. The most important individuals were the ruler and his advisers, because their standards of virtuous conduct would set an example for the realm.

Confucius did not speak directly on such basic issues of his day as the nature of human beings, the rights of the people against tyrannical rulers, and the influence of the supernatural in human affairs. Two of his 4th and 3rd century BC disciples, Mencius and Xunzi, did much to clarify these issues. Mencius asserted that human nature was basically good and that it could be developed not only by study, as Confucius had taught, but also by a process of inner self-cultivation. Like Confucius, Mencius accepted the hierarchically ordered feudal society in which he lived, but he placed far greater stress on the responsibilities of the ruler for the welfare of the people. If the people rose up and overthrew a tyrant, it was proof that Heaven had withdrawn its mandate. In the name of Heaven Mencius claimed for the Chinese people the right of rebellion. Xunzi took an exactly opposite view of human nature, he asserted that rebellion was fundamentally evil. Xunzi, however, was sufficiently optimistic to believe in people’s unlimited capacity for improvement. He taught that through education, the study of the classics, and the rules of propriety, virtue could be acquired and order could be reestablished in society.

45. According to Confucian doctrine a person should have all the following virtues except _________.

A. integrity B. love

C. filial piety D. hierarchy

46. ________ emphasized the responsibility of rulers to their subjects more than any other philosopher.

A. Confucius B. Mencius

C. Xunzi D. Laozi

47. Mencius and Xunzi have ________ about rebellion of citizens.

A. the same view B. similar views

C. different views D. negative views

48. In the last sentence of the last paragraph there is a phrase, “rules of propriety”, which means _________.

A. property rules B. property regulations

C. rules of convention D. convention of conduct

Questions 49 to 52 are based on the following passage:

Passage 3

Some people draw sharp distinctions between civil liberties and civil rights. These people distinguish between freedom from certain actions and freedom to be treated in certain ways. They regard civil liberties as guarantees that a person will enjoy freedom from government interference. They think of civil rights as guarantees that all people will have the freedom to be treated equally. For example, civil liberties would include freedom from government interference with a person’s right to free speech. Civil rights would include everyone’s freedom to receive equal protection of the law. In this article, the term civil rights refers to both civil liberties and civil rights.

All civil rights have limits, even in democratic countries. For example, a person may be denied freedom of speech in a democracy if it can be shown that his or her speech might lead to the overthrow of the government. A person may not use civil rights to justify actions that might seriously harm the health, welfare, safety, or morals of others.

A person may be denied a civil right if that right is used to violate other people’s rights. Freedom of expression, for example, does not permit a person to tell lies that ruin another person’s reputation. Property owners have the right to do what they choose with their property. However, this right may not allow a person legally to refuse to sell property to a person of a certain race or religion. This is because the property owner would be denying the other person equal freedom of choice.

The specific limits of civil rights vary with the times. In time of war, a government may restrict personal freedoms to safeguard the country. Changing social and economic conditions also cause changes in the importance that people give certain rights. During the late 1800’s, most people in the United States valued property rights more than personal freedoms. But since the late 1930’s, most Americans have shown greater concern for personal freedoms and equality of opportunity.

49. In this passage, the author mainly discusses _________.

A. that civil liberties and civil rights are the same

B. that there is limits in civil rights

C. what is civil rights

D. what is civil liberties

50. The author’s opinion is _________ that of those who draw distinctions between civil liberties and civil rights.

A. different from B. the same with

C. as precise as D. more precise than

51. Why is it not allowed if a person refuses to sell his property to a black man?

A. Because he is not the owner of the property.

B. Because he has no right to deny another person’s equal freedom of choice.

C. Because the black man is the real owner of the property.

D. Because it is not permitted by the black man.

52. It can be inferred from the passage that now most Americans concern about ________.

A. their freedom to safeguard the country

B. the property rights

C. their personal freedom and equality of opportunity

D. their freedom of choice

Questions 53 to 56 are based on the following passage:

Passage 4

A variety of simple techniques can prevent computer crime. For example, destroying printed information, protecting computer screens from observation. Keeping printed information and computers in locked cabinets, and clearing desktops of sensitive documents prevent access to confidential information. But more sophisticated methods are also necessary to prevent computer crimes.

One technique to protect confidentiality is encryption. Information can be scrambled and unscrambled using mathematical equations and a secret code called a key. Two keys are usually employed, one to encode and the other to decode the information. The key that encodes the data, called the private key, is possessed by only the sender. The key that decodes the data, called the public key, may be possessed by several receivers. The keys are modified periodically, further hampering unauthorized access and making the encrypted information difficult to decode or forge.

Another technique to prevent computer crime is to limit access of computer data files to approved users. Access-control software verifies computer users and limits their privileges to view and alter files. Records can be made of the files accessed, thereby making users accountable for their actions. Military organizations give access rights to classified, confidential, secret, or top-secret information according to the corresponding security clearance level of the user. Passwords are confidential sequences of characters that give approved users access to computers. To be effective, passwords must be difficult to guess. Effective passwords contain a mixture of characters and symbols that are not real words.

Tokens are tamper-resistant plastic cards with microprocessor chips that contain a stored password that automatically and frequently changes. When a computer is accessed using a token, the computer reads the token’s password, as well as another password entered by the user, and matches these two to an identical list. In the future, passwords and tokens may be reinforced by biometrics, identification methods that use unique personal characteristics, such as fingerprints, retinal patterns, skin oils, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), voice variations, and keyboard-typing rhythms.

Computer networks, multiple computers linked together, are particularly vulnerable to computer crimes. Information on networks can be protected by a firewall, a computer placed between the networked computers and the network. The firewall prevents unauthorized users from gaining access to the computers on a network, and it ensures that information received from an outside source does not contain computer viruses, self-replicating computer programs that interfere with a computer’s functions.

53. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

A. There are many techniques used to prevent computer crime.

B. People are eager to commit computer crime.

C. Encryption is a useful technique to protect confidentiality.

D. Password can prevent computer crime.

54. According to paragraph 2, the keys are changed frequently in order to ________.

A. encode more data B. decode more data

C. give people more private keys D. make information difficult to decode

55. Which of the following passwords does not belong to biometrics?

A. numbers B. fingerprints C. DNA D. voice variations

56. “Vulnerable” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to __________.

A. valuable B. changeable C. susceptible D. dependable

Questions 57 to 60 are based on the following passage:

Passage 5

Bonds include government securities and corporate bonds. Government securities are issued by the federal government or by a state or local government. These investments pay interest at a specified rate after a certain period of time. The savings bonds issued by the United States government are widely popular among small investors because of their low purchase price and great safety. A $50 savings bond, the lowest denomination issued, costs $25. A buyer can cash it for at least twice the purchase price after 17 years, when the bond matures (comes due). The interest rates on most savings bonds are based on the interest rates earned on certain other federal securities. Most savings bonds can be cashed after six months.

People who wish to invest at least $1,000 can buy other types of United States government bonds, such as Treasury bonds. These bonds are tradable on stock exchanges. Most Treasury bonds pay a higher rate of interest than do savings bonds because their price may change considerably from time to time. Such price fluctuations reflect the changes in current interest rates. For example, Treasury bonds issued during an inflationary period may pay 8 percent interest. Bonds issued earlier at 5 percent would then become less desirable to own. Their market price would fall until their current yield was also 8 percent. A bond’s current yield is the amount of money the bond earns annually, expressed as a percentage of the bond’s current market value.

The federal government also sells securities called Treasury bills. They yield high interest during periods of inflation and low interest during recessions. The bills are issued only in large denominations starting at $10,000. Treasury bills mature after three, six, or nine months – much sooner than bonds do.

State and local governments issue securities called municipal bonds. The interest earned by some municipal bonds is not subject to federal income tax. For this reason, such bonds appeal to many people on an upper income level, who must pay a high tax rate. Municipal bonds that are not subject to federal income tax pay lower interest than do most federal bonds. In 1986, the U.S. Congress passed legislation that made the interest on many kinds of municipal bonds subject to federal income tax.

Corporate bonds are loans made by investors to business firms. A corporation pays each bondholder interest every year until the bond matures. At that time, the corporation must redeem the bond by paying its face value. In most cases, this sum is $1,000. If the company defaults (fails to meet its obligations), the bondholders have the legal right to take over the business and sell assets pledged as security on the bonds.

The prices of bonds issued by corporations or by governments may change due to variations in market interest rates. As a result, investors may fail to get back the purchase price of their bonds if they sell the bonds before the maturity date. In addition, investors may lose money if the government or corporation defaults.

57. The government bonds may include _________.

A. government securities and corporate bonds

B. savings bonds and Treasury bonds

C. Treasury bonds and Treasury bills

D. Both B and C

58. Many people buy savings bonds, because of all the following reasons except that ___________.

A. those bonds are cheap

B. it is safe

C. those bonds have the highest interest rate

D. they may not have a large sum of money to buy other bonds

59. If one says that the bond has matured, he means that _________.

A. the price of the bond has risen

B. the bond is due

C. he has to sell it

D. he will buy it

60. Which of the following statements is not true?

A. The rates of corporation bonds are higher than those of government bonds.

B. Government securities also include municipal bonds.

C. The bondholders also have the danger of losing their money.

D. The rates of Treasury bills are greatly determined by economy.

试卷二 TEST PAPER TWO

Part IV Short Answer Questions (10 points)

Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words). Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

Child Abuse

Child abuse is also called cruelty to children. It is the willful and unjustifiable burden of pain and suffering on children. The term can denote the use of inordinate physical violence; unjustifiable verbal abuse; the failure to furnish proper shelter, nourishment, medical treatment, or emotional support etc. Abusive treatment of children is almost universally prescribed by criminal statutes. Child abuse can have serious future consequences for the victims involved. Delays in physical growth, impaired language and cognitive abilities, and problems in personality development, learning, and behavior are common following instances of child abuse or neglect.

One of the earliest national laws to protect children from cruel treatment was adopted in Great Britain in 1884, at which time the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children was organized. Similar societies were subsequently organized in other countries. In 1974 a National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect was established by an act of the U.S. Congress.

Child abuse is a widespread though drastically underreported phenomenon. In the United States, for instance, estimates of abuse or neglect by parents or guardians range from about 1 out of every 100 children to more than 1 out of every 7. At least 500,000 children are physically abused in the United States each year; many more are emotionally abused and neglected. Incest and child sexual molestation are particularly underreported. Even though widely obvious, child abuse is usually overlooked by family, friends, and health professionals. Prejudice, anxiety, and shame, not lack of information, seem to be the major reasons for this failure to recognize private forms of violence.

61. The word ___________ from paragraph 1 means “law”.

62. What is child abuse?

63. The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children was established in ___________?

64. What kind of child abuse is particularly underreported?

65. What are the major reasons of people’s failure to recognize child abuse?

Part V Translation (30 points)

Section A (15 points)

Directions: Put the following passage into good Chinese. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet. Remember to write it clearly.

Academic freedom includes the liberty of individuals to express freely opinions about the institution or system in which they work, to fulfill their functions without discrimination or fear of repression by the State or any other actor, to participate in professional or representative academic bodies, and to enjoy all the internationally recognized human rights applicable to other individuals in the same jurisdiction. The enjoyment of academic freedom carries with it obligations, such as the duty to respect the academic freedom of others, to ensure the fair discussion of contrary views, and to treat all without discrimination on any of the prohibited grounds.

Section B (15 points)

Directions: Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet. Remember to write it clearly.

不管是好习惯还是坏习惯，都是逐渐养成的。当一个人重复做某件事时，一种看不见的力量驱使他去重复做同一件事，这样就养成了习惯。习惯一旦形成，要改掉它是困难的。所以，我们在形成习惯时要小心谨慎，这一点是非常重要的。小孩子常常会养成坏习惯。这些坏习惯中有的一直保留到他们死去为止。年纪大的人也会养成坏习惯，在某些情况下，这些坏习惯能毁掉人。

Part VI Writing (15 points)

Requirements:

The use of mobile telephone has become more and more popular. However, some people think that despite its convenience, it often causes disturbances in public and interferes people’s private lives. Write an essay of about 200 words on this issue to state your own opinion.

In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary. Marks will be awarded for organization as well as for syntactic variety and appropriate word choice.

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