全国医学博士统一考试2003

2003
part II
31.Sometimes you can get quite _____ when you are trying to communicate with someone in English.
A.frustrated 失败的, 落空的 B.depressed 沮丧的, 降低的 C.approved被认可的 D.distracted心烦意乱的
32.The company has ____ itself to a policy of equal opportunity for all.
A.promised
B.committed commit oneself to委身于，专心致志于
C.attributed attribute sth. to认为某事物是...的属性; 把某事物归功于; 认为某事物是(某人)创造的
D.converted
33.I haven’t met anyone ____ the new tax plan.
A.in honor of B.in search of C.in place of D.in favor of
34.Salk won ____ as the scientist who developed the world’s first effective vaccine against polio.
A.accomplishment
a girl of many accomplishments多才多艺的姑娘
Among her accomplishments were sewing,cooking,playing the piano and dancing.她的才能包括缝纫、烹调、弹钢琴和跳舞。
B.qualification admission qualification入学资格physical qualifications身体条件
C.eminence win [reach] eminence as an inventor成为卓越的发明家a man of eminence名人
D.patent
35.This software can be ____ to the needs of each customer.
A.tailored
B.administrated
C.entailedvt.使必需, 使蒙受, 使承担, 遗传给entail great expense on sb.使某人承担大笔费用 entail ... on sb.使某人负担...把...遗留给某人 D.accustomedbe accustomed to习惯于accustom oneself to使自己习惯于; 养成...的习惯
36.The average commercial business can shut down in such an emergemcy but a hospital doesn’t dare, for lives are____
A.in circulation流通者;传播者
B.under consideration在考虑之中
C.on hand在手头, 即将发生, 在场;在手头, 在手边;现有
D.at stake危如累卵, 危险
37.As we need plain, ____food for the body, so we must have serious reading for the mind.
A.wholesome卫生的, 有益的, 健康的, 有益健康的wholesome air新鲜空气a wholesome food有益健康的食品
B.diet C.tasteful
D.edibleedible fat食用油脂
38.He never gave much thought to the additional kilorams he had ____ lately.
A.shown up揭露, 露出, 露面 B.piled up 堆积, 积累, 搁浅, 撞毁 C.put on
D.taken on披上, 呈现, 具有, 雇用, 承担, 盛气凌人, 接纳, 流行
39.The teacher tried hard to read ____ handwriting in her students’s test papers.
A.irregular
B.illiterate
C.illegible 难辨认的, 字迹模糊的illegal .违法的, 不合规定的
D.irrational 无理性的, 失去理性的
40.A coronary disease is the widely-used term____ insufficiency of blood supply to the heart.

A.denoting指示, 表示 quick pulse often denotes fever.脉搏跳得快常表示发烧。
B.donating
C.relating
D.resorting resort vi.求助, 诉诸, 采取(某种手段等), 常去n.凭借, 手段, 常去之地, 胜地
resort to the seaside常去海滨resort to all kinds of methods采取一切办法
I'm sorry you have resorted to deception.我很遗憾你竟用欺骗手段。
41.Humans are using up the world’s natural riches at an alarming rate. alarming.使人惊动的, 令人担忧的
A.appalling 令人震惊的, 骇人听闻的
B.appealing 吸引人的, 哀诉似的, 恳求似的
C.alert提防的, 警惕的
D.abnormal
42.Dring water in many areas of the developing world is contaminated with bacteria.
A.purified
B.multiplied 繁殖, 增加;乘multiply 8 by 4以4乘8Efficiency would be -lied several times.效率将提高好几倍。
C.tainted
D.blended blend milk with water用水搀杂牛奶
43.One of the most noticeable features of U.S society is the diversity of its people.
A.liberty B.democracy C.variety D.origin
44.The controversy about abortion has been going on in the United States for more than twenty years. controversy.n.论争, 辩论, 论战the scientific controversy科学上的论争
be in a controversy with sb. on sth.和某人就某事进行论战
give rise to much controversy引起许多争论
A.resentment n.怨恨, 愤恨
B.consensus n.一致同意, 多数人的意见, 舆论
C.notion n.概念, 观念, 想法, 意见, 打算, 主张, (复数)<美语>小饰物
have a good notion of很懂得have a notion that...认为have no notion of不明白; 完全不懂;没有...的意思[想法]
D.disputewithout dispute无争论余地; 的确, 无疑out of dispute无争论余地; 的确, 无疑in dispute在争论中; 尚未解决
45.As human settlement advance ,the tropical forests are retreating and becoming smaller every year. retreat vi.撤退, 退却n.撤退, 退却glacial retreat【地质】冰川后退
A.retrieving v.重新得到n.找回retrieve... from拯救 ...(免于), (从...)救出
B.sprawling无计划地占用山林农田建造厂房(的)
C.consuming 强烈的
D.withdrawing
46.The war’s impact on the population of the country was catastrophic.
A.influential B.disastrous C.apparent
D.criticala critical decision重大的决定critical condition(病的)危险状态; 临界状态critical moment
47.His physican told him that not to take much of the drug because it was very potent.
potent remedy有效的药
A.bitter bitter adj.苦的, 痛苦的, 怀恨的
B.irritant irritantn.刺激物adj.刺激的
C.effective 有效的, 被实施的, 给人深刻印象, 有生力量
D.powerful powerful drug特效药
48.Certain drugs can cause transient side effects ,such as sleepiness.
A.permanent
B.residual.剩余的, 残留的
C.irreversibleirreversible cycle不可逆循环irreversible deformation【力】不可回复的变形
D.fleeting飞逝的；短暂的
49.Nervous illness may stem from being treated inconsiderately in childhood.
A.complain of 抱怨, 抗议
B. give rise to引起, 使发生
C.originate in originate from sth.由某事产生[引起]originate in sth.由某事产生[引起]
D.dominate over支配, 占优势
50.Both a person’s heredity and his surroundings help to shape his chacter.
A.form B.correct C.modify D.improve
Part III Cloze(10%)
There were red faces at one of Britain’s biggest banks recently. They had accepted a telephone order to buy ＄100,000 worth of shares from a fifteen-old schoolboy (they thought he was twenty-one). The shares fell in value and the schoolboy was unable to 51 . The bank lost ＄20,000 on the 52 that it cannot get back because ,for one thing, this young speculator does not have the money and , for another, 53 under eighteen, he is not legally liable for his debts. If the shares had risen in value by the same amount that they fell, he would have pocketed ＄20,000 54 . Not bad for a fifteen-yeat-old. It certainly is better than 55 the morning newspaper. In another recent case, a boy of fourteen found , in his grandfather’s house , a suitcase full of foreign banknotes .The clean, crisp banknotes looked very 56 but they were now not used in their country of origin or anywhere else. This young boy 57 straight to the nearest bank with his pockets filled with notes. The cashers did not realize that the country in 58 had reduced the value of its currincy by 90%, they exchanged the notes at their face value at the current exchange rate.In three days, before he was found out, he took ＄20,000 from nine different banks. 59 ,he had already spend more than half of this on taxi-rides, restraurant meal , concert tickets and presents for his many new girlfriends( at least he was generous! ) before the police caught up with him. Because he is also under eighteen the bank shave骗取 60 a lot of money, and several cashiers have lost jobs.
51.A.pay off v.还清(债务等)付清, 报复, 赢利 B.pay upv全部付清 C.pay for偿还, 赔偿 D.pay out.付出, 报复
52.A.principle 法则, 原则, 原理 B.criterion C.custom D.deal
53.A.to be B.having been C.being D.is
54.A.profit B.advantage C.benefit D.commission
55.A.sending B.transmitting发射，传输C.delivering D.dispatching (迅速地)派遣; 派出; (火速)发送(信件, 公文等)
56.A.convincing B.valuable C.unusual D.priceless无价的, 极贵重的
57.A.came B.pull C.headed head to向...(方向)前进 D.pushed
58.A.problem B.question C.talk D.saying
59.A.Interestingly B.Unfortunately C.Particularly D.Amazingly
60.A.kissed goodbye to失掉; 遭受损失 B. got rid of C.lived up to.实践, 做到 D.made for
Part IV(30%)
Passage 1
In a society where all aspects of our lives are dictated by scientific advances in technology, science is the essence of our existence.Without the vast advances made by chemists ,physicists, biologist , geologist, and other diligent scientists, our standards of living would decline, our flourishing.繁茂的, 繁荣的, 欣欣向荣的, wealthy nation might come to an economic depression, and our people would suffer from disease that could not be cured. As a society we ignorantly take advantage of the amenities令人愉快之事物 provided by science, yet our lives would be altered interminably无止境的without them.
Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively全部地 on scientific discoveries and advances. Without the caccines created by doctors, disease such as polio小儿麻痹症, , measles麻疹,hepatitis, and the flu would pose a threat to 成为…的威胁our citizens, for although some of these disease may not be deadly, their side effects can be a vast detriment to an individual affected with the disease.
In addition , science has developed perhaps the most awe-inspiring.使人畏惧的, vital invention in the history of the world, the computer. Without the presence of this machine,our world could exist, but the convenience brought into life by the computer are unparalleled.
Despite the greatness of present-day innovators and scientists and their revelations新发现,it is requisite to examine the amenities of science that our culture so blatantly disregards明显的忽视. For instance,the light bulb电灯泡,electricity,the telephone, running water, and the automobile are present-day staples主要产品 of our society;however,they were not present until scientists discovered them.
Because of the contribution of scientist, our world is ever metamorphosing变形, 变质, 使变成,and this metamorphosis economically and personally comprise our society, whether our society is cognizant of认识到 this or not.
61．In the first paragraph the author implies that we____
A.would not survive without science
B.take the amenities of science for granted
C.could have raised the standards of living with science
D.would be free of disease because of scientific advances
62. The author uses health care and vaccines to illustrate ____
A.how science has been developed
B.what science means to society
C.what the nature of science is
D.how disease affects society
63. Nothing , according to the author ,can match the invetion of the cumputer in term of ____
in term of从...方面; 从...角度来讲; 以...为单位; 关于, 在...方面, 就...来说
A.power B.novelty C.benefits D.complexity
64. The author seems to be unhappy about ____
A.people’s ingnorance of their culture
B.people’s ingnoring the amenities of science
C. people’s making no contributions to society
D. people’s misunderstanding of scientific advance.
65.The author’s tone in the passage is ____
A.critieal
B.cognizant
C.appreciative
D.paradoxical 荒谬的a paradoxical speech自相矛盾的演说
passage 2
Biotechnology生物工艺学is expected to bring important advances in medical diagnosis and therpy ,in solving food problems, in energy saving能源节省, in environmentally compatible be compatible with与...相适应，不矛盾industrial and agricultural production, and in specially targeted environmental protection projects环境保护计划.Genetically altered microorganisms can break down制服 a wide range of pollutions by being used , for example, in bio-filters生物过滤器, 细菌过滤器and wastewater-treatment facilities, and in the clean-up of polluted sites. Genetically altered modified organisms can also alleviate environmental burdens by reducing the need for pestcides, fertilizers, and medications.
Sustainability, as a strategic aim, involves optimizing the interactions between nature, society, and the economy, in according with与...一致, 与...契合(指见解, 观点等) ecological criteria .Political leader and scientist alike face the challenge of recognizing承认 interrelationships and interactions between ecological, economic, and social factors and taking account of these factors when seeking solution strategies . To meet this challenge, decision-makers决策者 require interdisciplinary approches and strategies that cut across超出...的界线political lines. Environmental discussion must become more objective, and this includes, especially, debates about the risks or new technologies , which are often ideologically 意识形态的charged. In light of按照，根据，考虑到… the complex issue involved in sustainable development ,we need clearer standards for orienting and assessing our environmental policy.
Sustainable development can succeed only if all areas of the political sector, of society ,and of science accept the concept and work together to implement it.A common basic understanding of environmental ethics is needed to ensure that protection of the natural foundation of life becomes a major consideration in all political and individual action. A dialogue among representatives of all sectors of society is needed if appropriate environmental policies are to be divised and implemented.
66. Biotechology ____
A.can help save enery and integrate industry and agriculture
B.can rid humans of disease and solve food problems
C.can treat pollution and protect environment
D .all of the above
67.Wastewater can be treated ____
A.in genetic engineering
B.by means of biotechology
C.in agriculture as well as industrial
D.without the need for breaking down pollutants
68.When he says approaches and strategies that cut across political lines,the author means that they ____
A.involve ecomic issues
B.observe ecological criteria
C.are politically significant
D.overcome political barriers
69. It can be inferred from the passage that the complexity of sustainable development ____
A.makes it necessary to improve the assessing standards
B.renders enviromental discussion possible
C.charges new technology risks
D.requires simplification
70.The success of sustainable development lies in ____
A.its concept to be
B.good social teamwork
C.appropriate environmental policies
D.the representatives of all sectors of society
passage 3
people from around the world flock to the United States expecting to find a better life.But to scientists surprise,a growing body of evidence indicates that increasing familiarity with U.S culture and society renders给予补偿 immigrants and their children for more susceptible to many mental and physical ailments, even if they attain financial success.
The latest study of this phenomenon,directed by epidemiologist William A.Vega of the University of Texas, San Antonio, finds much higher rates of major depression,substance abuse, and other mental disorders in U.S-born Mexican-Americans compared with both recent and long-standing Mexican-Americans.This pattern held有效 regardless of education of income levels.
Vega’s results appear at the same time as the release of a national report on declining physical and mental health in childrin of immigrant families.A panel convened 召集, 集合by the national research council理事会 and the institute学会 of medicine,both in Washingto,D.C.,reviewed previous studies and concluded that assimilation into a U.S.lifestyle may undermine the overall全部的, 全面的health of immigrant children much more than being poor does.
In contrast,studies of nonimmigrant U.S. residents usually link poverty to poor physical and mental health.
“The material on immigrant health shocked me when we first reviewed it”,says panel member Arthus M.Kleinman,a psychiatrist at Harvard Medical School in Boston. “Vega’s study is consistent with 和…一致the panel’s conclusion that immigrants’ health deteriorate with assimilation to U.S. society, declining 使…下降toward general US. norms,” says Kleinman. Other studies have indicated that citizens of many countries ,including Mexico, are healthier overall than US citizen.
Vega’s team interviewed采访3012 adults of Mexican origin, ages 18-59 ,living in Fresno County,Calif. Of that number,1810 people identified themselves as immigrants. Interviews were in English or Spanish.Interviewers expressed an interesting in health issues only and tried to minimize any tendency of participants to lie---due to US residency concerns--- about having immigranted.
Nearly one-half of US-born Mexican-Americans had suffered from at least one of 12 psychiatric disorders at some time in their lives,compared with only one-quarter of immigrants. Common mental conditions in US-born individiuals included major depression成年抑郁症,phobias恐怖症 and other anxiety disorders,and substance abuse and dependece.
Prevalence rates for mental disorders were lowest for those who had immigrated within the past 13 years.The high rates found among immigrants of 13 or more years still fell considerably below those for the native-born group.
71.Vega’s group was surprised to find worse physical and mental health in ____
A.both recent and long-standing Mexican-American immigrants
B.the immigrants who received fewer years of education
C.the financially disadvantaged immigrants贫穷的移民
D.US-born Mexican-American
72.The scientists found that the immigrants’ declining physical and mental health is linked to ____
A.being reluctant to assimilate into the US lifestyle
B.blending with US culture and society
C.working hard for a better life
D.being poor
73. Vega and Kleinman____
A.are divided over the phenomenon be divided on sth在…上有分歧
B.ascribe the phenomenon to racial discrimination
C.puzzle over the phenomenon
D.seem to see eye to eye on the phenomenon
74. Vega’s team interviewed the immigrants____
A.for their US residency concerns
B.for their identifications
C.for theis health issues
D.all of above
75. Which of the following groups is least susceptible to mental disorders?
A.The US-born Mexican-Americans
B.The immigrants of 13 or more years
C. The immigrants of financial success
D. The immigrants of less than13
Passage 4
Rain is not what it used to be. A new study reveals that much of the precipitation(雨、雪等的)降落; 降水[雨](量) in Europe contains such high levels of dissolved pesticides that it would be illegal to supply it as drinking water.
“Studies in Switzerland have found that rain is laced with混有 toxic levels of atrazine除草剂, regularly exceeded in rain”,says Stephan Muller, a chemist at the Wwiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technlgy in Dubendorf.The chemicals appear to 似乎have evaporated from fields and become part of the clouds.
Both the Europe Union and Switzerland have set a limit of 100 nanograms for any particular pesticide of driking warter. But ,especially in the first minutes of a heavy storm,rain can contain much more than that.
In a study to be published by Muller and his collegue Thomas Bucheli in Anslytical Chemistry this summer,one sample of rainwater contained almost 4000 nanograms per liter of 2,4- dinitrophinol, a widely used pesticide.Previously,the author had shown that in rain sample taken from 41 storms ,nine contained more than 100 nanograms of atrazine per liter,one of them around 900 nanograms.
In the latest study,the highest concentrations of pesticides turned up in the first rain after a ling dry spell,particalarly when local fields had recently been sprayed,Until now , scientist had assumed that the pesticides only infiltrated groundwater directly from fields.
Muller warns that the growing practice of using rainwater that falls onto roofs to recharge再装填 underground water may be adding to be danger.This water often contains dissolved herbicides that had been added to roofing materials, such as bitumen sheets,to prevent vegetation growing.He suggests that the first flush of rain should be diverted into sewers to minimize the pollution of drinking water,which is not usuaslly treated to remove these herbicides and pesticides.
76.According to the Swedish scientist ,the pestcides in rain ____
A.exceed those in crop sprays
B.can be traced back to crop sprays
C.are not as toxic as they used to be
D.are nothing but atrazine and alachlor
77. Muller and Bucheli found that 2,4-dinitrophenol____
A.is widely used in agriculture
B.exceeded atrazine in the rain sample water
C.can be measured in the units of nanograms
D.was far in excess of limit in drinking water
78.Scientists used to hypothesize that ____
A.groundwater was sage for drinking water
B.herbicides and pesticides were harmless
C.pesticides containated groundwater of drinking water
D.rain would minimize the pollution of drinking water
79.Muller warns us not ____
A.not tap groundwarter for drinking water
B.to use such roofing materials as bitumen sheets
C.to let the first flush of rain recharge underground water
D.to divert the flush of rain into sewers without removing its herbicides and pesticides
80.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A.Drinking water
B.Rainwater and underground water
C.Agriculture and pesticides
D.Falling pesticides
Passage 5
Folk wisdom holds that the blind can hear better than people with sight.Scientists have a new reason to believe it.
Reasearch now indicates that blind and sighted people display the same skill at locating a sound’s origin when using both ears ,but some blind people can home in on sounds more accurately than their sighted counterparts when all have one ear blocked.Canadian scientists described the work in the Sept.17 NATUR.
Participants in the study were tested individually in a sound-insulated绝缘的; 隔热的 room.They faced 16 small,concealed loudspeakers arrayed in a semicircle a few feet away.With a headrest keeping their head steady,the participants pointed to the perceived origins of the sounds.
The rearchers tested eight blind people,who had been completely sightless from birth of since a very early age.They also tested three nearly blind persons,who had some residual vision at the periphery外围 of their gaze;seven sighted people wearing blindfolds;and 29 sighted people without blindfolds.All participants were tested beforehand to ensure that their hearing was normal.
When restricted to one-ear,or monaural,listening,four of the eight blind people identified sound sources more accurately than did the sighted people,says study co-author合著者 Michel Pare,a neuroscientist at the University of Montreal.The sighted people showed especially poor localization of sounds from the speakers on the side of the blocked ear.
In sighted people who can hear with both ears,“the brain learns to rely on binaural (stereo) cues.These data suggest that blind people haven’t learned that and Keep monaural cues as the dominant cues,”says Eric I.Knudsen,a neurobiologist at Stanford University School Medicine ,“I find it surpring.”
81. one thing is sure that participants in the study ____
A.had normal hearing
B.were born blind
C.wore blind folds
D.were divided into 2 groups
82.Under what conditions, according to Pare,did the blind testees perform better than their sighted counterparts?
A.when both used one ear
B.when the speakers were concealed
C.when the sounds were turned down
D.when both were restricted to blindfolds
83.Knudsen explained the better hearing on the part of 就…来说the blind in terms of ____
A.cognitive psychology
B.visual images
C.binaural cues
D.monaural cues
84.The Canadian scientists did their test to answer the question whether ____
A.the blind can hears as well as the sighted
B.the blind have hearing capabilities
C.blind people track sounds better
D.folk wisdom is educational
85.What Folk wisdom holds in the passage____
A.was scientifically tested in Canada and US,with different results produced
B.has been scientifically verifed
C.merits further investigation
D.is surprising to everyone
passage 6
“I got cancer in my prostrate.”Detective Andy Sipowicz of the fictional 15th Precinct,a stoic,big bear of a man ,is clearly in a world of极大的 pain in a 1998 episode of NYPD Blue.The story line故事情节 deals not only with cancer but also with medical screw-ups一团糟,hospital indignities轻蔑,and physician arrogance.The malapropism用词错误(Andy,of course,meant “prostate”) is about the only medical detail the show got wrong-and it was deliberate,in keeping with与…一致 Sipowicz’s coarse粗糙的but tenderhearted character.Television,which can still depict 描写death as an event akin类似的 to fainting,is beginning to try harder to get its health information right.And a handful of 一把foundations基金会 and consultants咨询者 are working to get the attention of writers,producers ,and assorted各种的 Hollywood moguls险要人物,trying to convince them that,in the area of medicine,the truth is as compelling 引人注目的as fiction.
The stakes are high.Surveys show how surprising number of Americans get much of their basic health information not from their doctors,not even from newspapers of news magazines,but from entertainment television.A survey by the federal Centers for Disease and Prevention found that among people who watch soap operas about disease and its prevention from the daytime serials.Some 7 percent actually visited a doctor because of something they viewed.
Certain television shows are naturals for health education. The Clinton Adminstation has been quick so recognize the potency力量 of the entertainment media as a health promoter. Secretary 国务卿Donna Shalala,whose Department of Health and Human Services educates the public through traditional brochures小册子 and public service Announcements,has offered TV writers the sources of her department to help them ensure accuracy.“Entertainment television reaches the hearts and minds of millions of Americans,”she told US News.“In recent years,I have challenged 表示置疑television talk-show hosts,writers and producers----as professionals,parents and citizens---to use this incredible power to help Americans get accurate public health information.”
86. The story line “I got cancer in my prostrate”’s intented to achieve a(n ) ____ effect
A.amusing
B.serious
C.puzzling
D.saddening
87.The word malapropism in the first paragraph can be defined as ____
A.an improper scene in a show
B.a significant detail of a story
C.a wrong use of a word
D.an interesting plot
88. we can infer from the passage that ____
A.TV show must take into consideration the public health consequences
B.viewers of TV shows can distinguish between fiction and truth
C.the TV staff are conscientiously responsible for the quality of their shows
D.entertainment can be pursued at the cost of accuracy
89. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A.TV shows are often misleading in medical details
B.TV’s role as a health promoter is already recognized
C.Official support is available for TV’s efforts to be scientific and accurate
D.Entertainment is justified in making up absurd stories
90.The autor would be in favor of ____
A.absurd but entertaining TV shows
B.mixing medicine and entertainment
C.medical documentaries on TV
D.a divorce between science and entertainment
2003年博士英语考试作文参考答案

Health begins with breakfast

Most people ignore breakfast and skip it. In fact breakfast is of great importance to guarantee our heath and improve the efficiency of our work and study. So we should have it scientifically.

Breakfast for young children. Small children need adequate protein and calcium, so it is good for them to have measurable milk, egg, and bread for breakfast. They should avoid eating food that is high in sugar in case of decayed teeth and fatness.

Breakfast for teenagers. As adolescence is a vital period of growth, calcium, vitamin C and vitamin A are necessary for adolescents. Furthermore they should be provided with sufficient calories for their mental and physical activities

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