江西师范大学08考博真题

Part one : Listening comprehension(15%)正门对面
Direction: In this section, you will hear 10 conversations:同济
1. a. Her husband’s watching a game. b. Going to a game.彰武
c. Missing an engagement. d. Her husband’s absence.彰武
2. a. Moving into a different office in the department.正门
b. Joining the other students in the department.336260 37
c. Taking a day off from studying.200092
d. Finding more students to help with the move.3362 3039
3. a. There are no tickets for the early show. b. The left tickets are all for the early show.33623 037
c. The ticket line is on the left. d. The last ticket has been already sold.021-
4. a. All of his money is in the change. b. He doesn’t have fifty dollars.业
c. He can’t give the woman change. d. He is tired of making the deal.同济大学四平路
5. a. The man won’t be able to enjoy a long nap. b. Saturday afternoon was his busy hours.同济大学四平路
c. Mr. smith is an old friend or his. d. He wanted to take a long nap after lunch.济
6. a. He doesn’t know if there is a photocopy machine there.网络督察
b. He asks the woman to mail a copy of her application.200092
c. The photocopy machine isn’t in the office any more.112室
d. The woman can make copies at the post office.112室
7. a. It was probably Mr. Brown’s phone number that the woman wrote down.3362 3039
b. It was just an hour ago that the man met Mr. Brown.
c. The woman needed a sheet of paper to put down the phone number.
d. The woman forgot to write down the phone number.
8. a. Jim will buy the car as soon as he has the money. b. Jim can’t afford the car.
c. Jim has already made the down payment on the car.
d. Someone else will buy the car for him.
9. a. It’s now taught with the aid of computers.
b. It isn’t considered as important today as it was in the past.
c. Children today learn it earlier than children did in the past.
d. A lot of time is spent teaching it.
10. a. To indicate the emphasis teachers once placed on handwriting.
b. To criticize a technique used to motivate children.
c. To illustrate the benefits of competition.
d. To suggest that teachers be recognized for their efforts.
11. a. There must be time spent teaching handwriting.
b. The level of handwriting a child is expected to have.
c. The recommended method for teaching handwriting.
d. The reason computers should be used to help in the teaching of handwriting.
12. a. Ask students to attach more importance to handwriting.
b. Ask the students to call him.
c. He would like to come to talk in the studio again.
d. The school should emphasize more on handwriting.
13. a. To improve his skating techniques. b. to take a vacation.
c. To study there. d. To learn to ski.
14. a. Her sister lives there. b. She attended college there.
c. She lives thirty minutes from there. d. She visited there last year.
15. a. The low humidity. b. The changing climate.
c. The high altitude. d. The extreme temperatures.

Part Two : Vocabulary and structure(20%)
16. ________ the bad weather has delayed the flight, so it would be several hours before they could arrive.
a. Presumably b. Respectively c. Imaginably d. Plausibly
17. Is there any possible ______ explanation for his bad health since he seems to have no obvious disease?
a. Psychiatric b. Psychological c. Surgical d. Physical
18. Such a change would not ______ to the wishes of the great majority of the people.
a. conform b. confirm c. confine d. confront
19. The leader went his own way ______ of the public opinion, which aroused great anger among the people.
a. defiance b. reflection c. obedience d. upgrade
20. It is well known that knowledge is the ______ condition for expansion of mind.
a. incompatible b. incredible c. indefinite d. indispensable.
21. In today’s medical, little agreement exists on the ______ for defining mental illness.
a. legislation b. requirement c. criteria d. measures
22. They ______ on a cure for tuberculous while they were doing research on something else.
a. foundered b. stumbled c, fumbled d. tripped
23. The mother separated the quarrelling children, and gave each of them a sharp ______.
a. punch b. pinch c. puppy d. pumpkin
24. When the storm broke, the flock of sheep were ______ in all directions.
a. straying b. dispersing c. separating d. distributing
25. My car crawled along a main road where a line of traffic was ______ so tightly together that if was almost stationary.
a. wedged b. crowded c. squeezed d. compacted
26. When seen in this light, the language these reporters use is more complex than it _____.
a. needs b. needs to c. needs to be d. needs to be so
27. England is experiencing its hardest winter for years, some areas ______ under six feet for nearly two months.
a. were lying b. were laid c, having laid d. having lain
28. Indeed, almost every scientist now finds it is impossible to read all the works relevant to his own subject, ______ extensively outside of it.
a. much more to read b. much less to read
c. much less reading d. still more reading
29. W. Somerset Maugham aferwards walked the wards of St. Thomas’s Hospital ______ practising in medicine.
a. with a view to b. with regard to c. with the aim at d. with the object for
30. He composed a vast amount of music, ____ is ever played today.
a. one of which b. little of which c. each of which d. some of which
31. If I see the twin brothers apart I don’t know ______.
a. who is who b. who is whom c. which is which d. who is which
32. I deem the girl was in bad health because the handshake with her was so _____.
a. limp b. lame c. soft d. strong
33. The space project requires more money than ____ because it needs the most modern and advanced equipment which is extremely expensive.
a. to be put in b. to have been put in c. putting in d. having put it
34. Five score years ago, a great American, _____ symbolic shadow we stand, signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
a. with his b. by him c. in whose d. of whom
35. It is an inescapable fact that to most people _____ when failing powers of mind or body make it impossible for them to manage their daily lives without some sort of help.
a. whose time comes b. for whom time comes
c. it comes time d. there comes time

Part Three : Reading Comprehension (20%)
Passage one
During the initial stages of instructed L2 acquisition students learn a couple thousand, mainly high frequency words. Functional language proficiency, however, requires mastery of a considerably larger number of words. It is therefore necessary at the intermediate and advanced stages of language acquisition to learn a large vocabulary in a short period of time. There is not enough time to copy the natural ( largely incidental ) L1 word acquisition process. Incidental acquisition of the words is only possible up to a point, because, on account of their low frequency, they do not occur often enough in the L2 learning material.
Acquisition of new words from authentic L2 reading texts by means of strategies such as contextual deduction is also not a solution for a number of reasons. There appears to be no alternative to intentional learning of a great many new words in a relatively short period of time. The words to be learned may be presented in isolation or in context. Presentation in bilingual word lists seems an attractive shortcut because it takes less time than contextual presentation and yields excellent short term results. Long term retention, however, is often disappointing so contextual presentation seems advisable.
Any suggestions on how to implement this in pedagogic contexts should be based on a systematic analysis of the two most important aspects of the L2 word learning problem, that is to say, selecting the relevant vocabulary ( which and how many words ) and creating optimal conditions for the acquisition process. This article sets out to describe a computer assisted word acquisition programme ( CAVOCA ) which tries to do precisely this: the programme operationalises current theoretical thinking about word acquisition, and its contents are based on a systematic inventory of the vocabulary relevant for the target group. To establish its efficiency, the programme was contrasted in a number of experimental settings with a paired associates method of learning new words. The experimental results suggest that an approach combining the two methods is most advisable.
36. From what the author said in Paragraph 1, we can infer that ____.
a. L2 students should make full use of incidental acquisition of the words to enlarge their vocabulary
b. advanced students should master at least a couple thousand high frequency words
c. advanced students should acquire a larger number of words so as to improve their functional language competence
d. it is impossible for L2 students to master a larger number of words in a short time
37. One of the most effective ways to master a larger number of vocabulary for a comparatively long lime may fall on ____.
a. presentation in bilingual word lists. b. contextual presentation
c. presentation in isolation d. attractive presentation
38. What does the word “pedagogic” in Paragraph 3 mean?
a. of teaching b. practical c. following d. difficult
39. According to the third paragraph, the CAVOCA programme aims to _____.
a. select the relevant vocabulary b. create optimal conditions
c. bring current theoretical thinking about word acquisition to a better use
d. find out the best approach to enlarge L2 students’ vocabulary
40. The best title of this passage should be _____.
a. Computer Assisted Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition
b. An Abstract of Computer Assisted Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition
c. A Systematic Approach to Improve Vocabulary Acquisition
d. An Abstract of Systematic Approach to Improve Vocabulary Acquisition
Passage Two
In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for.
Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.
Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
41. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ____.
a. has been striving to expand its market b. intended to follow a fanciful fashion
c. tried but in vain to control the market d. has been booming for one year or so
42. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ____.
a. the technology is popular with many Web users
b. businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions
c. there is a radical change in strategy
d. it is accessible limitedly to established partners
43. In the view of Net purists, ____.
a. there should be no marketing messages in online culture
b. money making should be given priority to on the Web
c. the Web should be able to function as the television set
d. there should be no online commercial information without requests
44. What is the author’s attitude towards transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers?
a. He doesn’t think much of it. b. He thinks it’s a good strategy.
c. He thinks it works but is a nuisance. d. He thinks it will arouse negative actions.
45. We learn from the last paragraph that ____.
a. pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce
b. interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers
c. leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago
d. setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power
Passage Three
As the economy grew, an increasing sense of sameness prevailed in American society. This was the great age of conformity, when members of all social groups learned to imitate those around them rather than strike out on their own. Third-and-fourth-generation ethnic Americans became much more alike. With immigration slowed to a trickle after 1924, and ties to Europe weakened, assimilation occurred. Television contributed to growing conformity by providing young and old with common, shared visually attractive experience. Escaping the assimilating tendencies was difficult. Sociologist David Riesman pointed out that in the classic nursery rhyme “This Little Pig Went to Market,” each pig went his own way. “Today, however, all little pigs go to market; none stay home; all have roast beef, if any do; and all say ‘we-we.’”
The willingness to conform to group norms affected colleges and universities, where cautious students sought security. They joined fraternities and sororities and engaged in panty raids and other pranks, but took little interest in world affairs. “I observe,” Yale president A. Whitney Griswold told a graduating class in 1950, “that you share the prevailing mood of the hour, which in your case consists of bargains privately made with fate — on fate’s terms.”
Americans in the postwar years discovered a shared religious sense and returned to their churches in record numbers. Church membership doubled between 1945 and 1970. In part, church attendance reflected a desire to challenge “godless communism” at the height of the Cold War and to find some relief from the threat of a nuclear war; in part, it resulted from the power of suggestion that led Americans to do what others did. Religion also seemed to reinforce the importance of family life. As one slogan put it, “The family that prays together stays together.” Moreover, religion became increasingly appealing. Evangelist Billy Graham, often introduced as “a man with God’s message for these crisis days,” preached to millions at his revivals. He capitalized on the media, using radio, television, and film to spread his message. By the end of the 1950s, fully 95 percent of all Americans identified with some religious denomination.
46. According to the context, we can guess that “the great age of conformity” roughly means the era when ____.
a. people from all walks of life took little interest in world affairs
b. all social members tended to act the way others did
c. the young and the old learned to narrow their differences and tolerate each other
d. religion played an important role in reinforcing the importance of family life
47. Sociologist David Riesman’s remarks revealed ______.
a. the change in the diet of Americans
b. differences in Americans’ opinions on nursery education
c. the effects of economic growth on American’ habits and customs
d. the prevailing trend towards assimilation in American society
48. What Yale president said shows that college students _____.
a. gave up struggling for a better future
b. were struggling hard for a better future
c. were only interested in students’ organizations
d. were favored by fate
49. According to the third paragraph, large church attendance seems to have to do with all of the following except _____.
a. Americans’ keener awareness of the importance of family life
b. the ever-growing attraction of religion for Americans
c. Americans’ resolve to give full support to the Cold War
d. the grave international situation of the time
50. “Which of the following can be a suitable title for the passage?
a. America: A Different Society from the Past
b. Spread of Religion in Postwar Years
c. Religion: An Important Aspect of American Life
d. Conformity in American Society
Passage Four
People want action on noise, a recent public meeting in Brisbane showed. Some want technical improvements such as quieter air conditioners or better sound barriers around major roads. Others want tougher laws to restrict noise from building sites or to require owners to take responsibility for barking dogs. But the highest priority was a noise complaints system that works.
Brisbane City Council receives more complaints about noise than all other problems put together. So it conducted a survey and found that about half its residents are upset by noise in one form or another——traffic, mowers, pool pumps, air conditioners or loud parties. This inspired the Council to bring together more than 100 citizens one evening to talk through a range of options.
The meeting found the present regulatory system bizarre. Depending on the problem, responsibility for noise can lie with the Council, the Environment Protection Authority, one of three government departments or even the police. So complainants often feel they are getting the run-round. When the people at the forum were asked to vote for changes, the strongest response was for a 24-hour, noise hotline to be the first port of call for all complaints.
The forum also favored regulatory measures, such as tougher minimum standards for noise in appliances like air conditioners. This even makes economic sense, as noise is a waste of energy——and money. Other measures the meeting supported were wider buffer zones around noisy activities and controls to keep heavy traffic away from residential areas.
But there are obvious conflicts. Many people like to have a bar within walking distance if they feel like a drink, but they don’t want a noisy pub keeping them awake when they want an early night. Most people want to live near a major road providing good access to other parts of the city, but they don’t want the problem of road noise.
I was most interested by the proposals aimed at behavioral change. there was strong support for measures to reduce traffic: better public transport, cycleways and footpaths, even charges for road use. Many people optimistically thought industry awards for better equipment would stimulate the production of quieter appliances. It was even suggested that noise from building sites could be alleviated if Brisbane adopted daylight saving, thus shifting the working day and providing longer, quieter evenings.
51. In the recent public meeting in Brisbane, people showed greatest dissatisfaction with ____.
a. the technical flaws of the air conditioners b. the poor noise barriers around major roads
c. the inefficient system for noise complaints d. the late working time of the building sites
52. By saying that the complainants feel that “they are getting the run-round”, the author means ____.
a. the complainants are unfairly treated by the government departments
b. the government departments seldom respond to the complaints
c. it is inexplicit which department is responsible for the complaints
d. complaints will be treated only after being approved by all three departments
53. Which of the following measures is mentioned as not only beneficial environmentally but also economically?
a. Enforcing stricter noise control on electrical apparatus.
b. Prohibiting heavy traffic from entering residential areas.
c. Launching a 24-hour noise hotline.
d. Increasing the charges for road use.
54. What was the author’s attitude towards the industry awards for quieter equipment?
a. Skeptical. b. Disappointed. c. Concerned. d. Optimistic.
55. The passage points out daylight saving could be adopted in order to _____.
a. prolong the daytime b. advance the working time
c. shorten the working time d. save time and energy

Part Four : Writing (25%)
Directions:
56. Write a short composition of about 200-250 words according to the topic given below:
Topic: Caring for the Elderly. (15%)
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.

57. One of your friends has lost in a job interview. Write him or her a letter to comfort him or her. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.(10%)

Part Five :translation(30%)(本部分为选做题，每个考生只选一题作答，多答无效)
58. (本题3段，每段10分)
After we see an object several times, we begin to recognize it. The object is in front of us and we know about it, but we do not see it —— hence, we cannot say anything significant about it. Art removes objects from the automatism of perception in several ways. Here I want to illustrate a way used repeatedly by Leo Tolstoy, that writer who, for Merezhkovsky at least, seems to present things as if he himself saw them, and saw them in their entirety, and did not alter them.
—— Victor Shklovsky, Art as Technique
May we really attempt to compare the imaginative writer with the “dreamer in broad daylight,” and his creations with daydreams? … One feature above all can not fail to strike us about the creations of these story-writers: each of them has a hero who is the center of interest, for whom the writer tries to win our sympathy by every possible means and whom he seems to place under the protection of a special providence. … The feeling of security with which I follow the hero through his perilous adventures is the same as the feeling with which a hero in real life throws himself into the water to save a drowning man or exposes himself to the enemy’s fire in order to storm a battery. It is the true heroic feeling, which one of our best writers has expressed in an inimitable phrase: “Nothing can happen to me!” It seems to me, however, that through this revealing characteristic of invulnerability we can immediately recognize His Majesty the Ego, the hero alike of every daydream and of every story.
—— Sigmund Freud, Creative Writers and Daydreaming
I call the combination of a concept and a sound-image a sign, but in current usage the term generally designates only a sound-image, a word, for example (arbor, etc.) One tends to forget that arbor is called a sign only because it carries the concept “tree,” with the result that the idea of the sensory part implies the idea of the whole.
Ambiguity would disappear if the three notions involved here were designated by three names, each suggesting and opposing the others. I propose to retain the word sign to designate the whole and to replace concept and sound-image respectively by signified and signifier; the last two terms have the advantage of indicating the opposition that separates them from each other and from the whole of which they are parts.
—— Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics
59. (本题3段，每段10分)
Humanistic psychology
Humanistic psychologists believe that behaviourists are overconcerned with the scientific study and analysis of the actions of man as an organism, to the neglect of basic aspects of man as a feeling, thinking individual, and that too much effort is spent in laboratory research, which quantifies and reduces and reduces human behaviour to its elements. Humanists also take issue with the deterministic orientation of psychoanalysis, which postulates that man’s early experiences and drives determine his behaviour. Humanists tend to believe that the individual is responsible for his life and actions and may time creatively change his attitudes or behaviour through awareness and will. The humanist is concerned with the fullest growth of the individual in the areas of love, fulfillment, self-worth, and autonomy; maturation is considered a process during which one establishes and follows one’s system of values.
Experiment method
The experiment is a research in which the investigator manipulates a variable carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result. Thus, the purpose of an experiment is to find out how one variable, let’s call it X, affects another variable, which we’ll call Y. In this formulation, we refer to X as the independent variable to Y as the dependent variable. An independent variable is a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable. A good shortcut for sorting out the independent variables in experiments is to fit the variables into the equation “How X affects Y.”
Intelligence
Intelligence refers to cognitive abilities of an individual to learn from experience, to reason well, and to cope effectively with the demands of daily living. In short, intelligence has to do with how well a person is able to use cognition in coping with the world. The term intelligence was not in widespread use until it was popularized in the late 1800s by the writings of Sir Francis Galton. Galton was a cousin of Charles Darwin, the scientist credited for developing the theory of evolution based on natural selection of inherited characteristics. Galton believed that intellectual ability was inherited, and he tried unsuccessfully to develop an intelligence test to use in his research. Although he was unsuccessful in his own research, Galton gave psychology the concept of intelligence.
60. (本题3段，每段10分)
Theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics constitute a system of scientific theories including Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development and other major strategic thoughts. This system represents the Party’s adherence to and development of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought and embodies the wisdom and hard work of several generations of Chinese Communists leading the people in carrying out tireless explorations and practices. It is an open system that keeps developing. Practices since the publication of the Communist Manifesto nearly 160 years ago have proved that only when Marxism is integrated with the conditions of a specific country, advances in step with the times arid is tied to the destiny of the people can it demonstrate its strong vitality, creativity and appeal. In contemporary China, to stay true to Marxism means to adhere to the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
Education should be wild, exciting, intoxicating. These days, more and more tertiary education establishments specialize in courses that took like a short-cut to a sexy job: you can study sport, or journalism, or television, or pop music, even fashion. The error — the heresy — is to think that the entire purpose of education is to get you a better job: that the entire function of an individual life is to make as much money as possible. It’s a terrible shame, and I feel horribly sad for the people who must go through it all, carrying the burden of economic expectation rather than the spirit of exploration and adventure. We were all too busy trying to suss out the meaning of life to be sidetracked by such side-issues as careers, until the time came to meet reality head on. The purpose of modern education is to make you a wealthy person.
In a speech that will set China’s direction for the future, he spoke of the need to address the problems of environmental degradation, political corruption and income inequality between the rich cities on the eastern seaboard and villages in the poor western interior. He told Chinese: “Growth is not our only goal. Sustainability and cutting inequality is high on agenda.” But, he admitted that the party had struggled to keep pace with the rapid changes in society. “While recognizing our achievements, we must be well aware that they still fall short of the expectations of the people,” he said. “The government capability of the party falls somewhat short of the need to deal with the new situation and tasks.”

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yunxi

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