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我感谢陆登庭校长的邀请,使我有机会在这美好的金秋时节,来到你们这座美国古老而又现代化的学府。I wish to thank Dr. Neil L. Rudenstine, President of Harvard University, for inviting me to this ancient yet modernized institution of the United States in this golden fall. :,'.b|Tl.b
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哈佛建校360年来,培养出许多杰出的政治家、科学家、文学家和企业家,曾出过6位美国总统,30多位诺贝尔奖获得者。Since its founding some 360 years ago, Harvard has nurtured a great number of outstanding statesmen, scientists, writers and businessmen, including six of the American Presidents and over thirty Nobel Prize winners. 9['>$ON
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先有哈佛,后有美利坚合众国,这说明了哈佛在美国历史上的地位。The fact that Harvard was founded before the United States of America testifies to its position in the American history. \YH*x`
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哈佛是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学之一。Harvard is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students. Dh9C9<Ta:
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中国教育界、科学界、文化界一直同哈佛大学保持着学术交流。The Chinese educational, scientific and cultural communities have all along maintained academic exchanges with this university. /,ISx}
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哈佛为增进中美两国人民的相互了解作出了有益的贡献。Harvard has thus made useful contribution to the enhanced mutual understanding between the Chinese and American peoples. S$nEflcz
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相互了解,是发展国与国之间关系的前提。Mutual understanding is the basis for state-to-state relations. sTECNY=l
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惟有相互了解,才能增进信任,加强合作。Without it, it would be impossible for countries to build trust and promote cooperation with each other. {Ytqs(`
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中美建交以来,我们两国人民之间的相互交流与了解在逐渐扩大和加深,但还不够。Since the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and the United States, the exchanges and mutual understanding between our two peoples have broadened and deepened steadily. However, this is not enough. sq}uq![?M
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为了推动中美关系的发展,中国需要进一步了解美国,美国也需要进一步了解中国。To promote the development of China-U.S. relations, China needs to know the United States better and vice versa. fZ pUnc
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要了解中国,可以有很多视角。To know China better, one may approach it from different angles. WL1$LLzN
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现实中国是历史中国的发展。China today has been evolved from its past. ZG_iF#
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中国是一个有5000年文明历史的国家,China is a country with 5,000 years of civilization. ^ V8?6E
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从历史文化来了解和认识中国,是一个重要的视角。It is important to approach China from a historical and cultural perspective. -!:h]
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记得我在高中读书时,老师给我们讲微积分,第一课就是讲《庄子》中的“一尺之棰,日取其半,万世不竭”,很形象地使我建立起极限的概念。I recall my first lesson on calculus in senior high school. My teacher quoted a line from Zhuang Zi, a Chinese philosopher over 2,000 years ago, which reads "Cut away half of a rod and keep on halving what is left, and there will be no end to that process." This gave me a vivid concept of limit. _t\)W(E&
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这表明中国古人就已认识到事物的发展变化是无限的,也说明我们的先人对自然界的认识已达到相当的水平。It shows that the ancient Chinese realized the endless process of changes of matters and had a fairly good understanding of the nature. oJVpJA0IA
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早在公元前2500,中国人就开始了仰观天文、俯察地理的活动,逐渐形成了“天人合一”的宇宙观。As early as in 2,500 B.C. Chinese began astronomical observation and geographical survey, and gradually formed a world outlook of an “integration of the universe and humanity.” 420yaw/":
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中国历史上产生了许多杰出的哲学家、思想家、政治家、军事家、科学家和文学艺术家,留下了浩如烟海的文化典籍。China produced in its history many outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen, strategists, scientists, writers and artists and left us numerous volumes of literature. MGSD;Lgn
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春秋战国时期出现的“百家争鸣”局面和老子、孔子等诸子百家的学说,在世界思想史上占有重要地位。The scene of “contention of a hundred schools of thought” brought forth in the Spring and Autumn Period 2,500 years ago and the Warring States Period over 2,200 years ago and the emergence of various schools of thought and their exponents such as Lao Zi and Confucius about 2,400 years ago all occupy a very important position in the world history of philosophy. K{]\}7+
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古代中国在天文历法、地学、数学、农学、医学和人文科学的许多领域,都作出过独特的贡献。Ancient China made unique contributions to many areas of science including astronomy, calendric system, geography, mathematics, agriculture, medicine and the humanities. -bQi4
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殷商时期的甲骨文中就有日月之食的记载。Records of solar and lunar eclipses are found in the inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty over 3,000 years ago. oD~q/04!
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从秦代到清末的2100多年间,哈雷彗星出现27次,中国都有记录。In the 2,100 years from the Qin Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty (221 BC-1911), the 27 appearances of Halley Comet were all recorded in China. Ihg1%.^V\
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汉代张衡发明了测定地震方位的地动仪和演示日月星辰的浑天仪。Zhang Heng of the Han Dynasty over 1,800 years ago invented a seismograph to determine the location of earthquakes and the celestial globe that showed the movement of the sun, moon and other stars. +"Mlj$O
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先秦的数学家提出了勾股定理。Mathematicians in the pre-Qin days over 2,200 years ago put forward the proposition known as the Pythagorean theorem in the West today. n3
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南北朝的祖冲之算出圆周率为3.1415926。In the Northern and Southern Dynasties in the 4th century A.D., China's mathematician Zu Chongzhi calculated the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter to be 3.1415926. R)BH:wg"
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中国的丝织、制瓷、冶金、造船技术很早就达到世界的先进水平。China's silk weaving, porcelain making, metallurgy and shipbuilding reached the world's advanced level in ancient times. 7DCu#Y[
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明代朱载首创十二平均律,后来被认定为世界通行的标准音调。In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Zaiyu initiated the twelve-tone temperament which later became the universal standard tones. Q804_F
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中国的医药学在世界上独树一帜。The Chinese medicine is a unique school of its own. F@
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特别是中国的造纸、火药、印刷术、指南针4大发明,曾经改变了世界的面貌。Particularly, China's four great inventions of paper making, gunpowder, printing and compass had once changed the face of the world. N2e]S8-
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直到15世纪以前,中国的科学技术在世界上保持了千年的领先地位。China had been a world leader in science and technology for one thousand years until the 15th century. X UcM~U-
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中国人的这些发明创造,体现了人与自然协调发展、科学精神与道德理想相结合的理性光辉。These inventions and creations of China have brought forward the rationalistic brilliance of coordination between humanity and the nature and the integration of scientific spirit with moral ideals. ]sG^a7Z.X
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中国的历史文化始终处于发展进步之中。China's culture in history has never stopped developing. w>uo-88
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它是通过各种学科、各种学派的相互砥砺、相互渗透而发展的,也是通过同世界各国的相互交流、相互学习而进步的。It has enriched itself through the contention and infiltration of various disciplines and schools of thought, and also through the mutual exchanges and learning between China and other countries in the world. {'1e?
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中国人早就懂得兼取众长、以为己善的道理。Since old times, the Chinese people came to know full well the importance of “drawing widely upon others' strong points to improve oneself.” ;}E$>]*Yn
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汉、唐时期,既是经济繁荣的盛世,也是中外交流的盛世。The Han and Tang Dynasty were both an age of economic prosperity and also one of flourishing international exchanges. 8$C?j\J|*
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张骞出使西域,开拓举世闻名的“丝绸之路”。Imperial envoy Zhang Qian's trip to the “West” in the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) over 2,000 years ago opened up the world-famous Silk Road; 2!;U.+(
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Eminent Monk Xuan Zang of the Tang Dynasty (618-907) brought back ancient culture after braving long journey to South Asian countries. FCA
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明代郑和“七下西洋”,把中华文化传向远方的国度。In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), Chinese navigator Cheng Ho led a fleet to what that then people called the "West Sea" seven times in the 15th century, spreading the Chinese culture to distant land. KW-g $Ma
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但是后来特别是清代晚期,封建统治者实行闭关锁国政策,阻碍了中国的进步和中外交流。Only later on, especially in late Qing Dynasty, the feudal rulers adopted a policy of seclusion, which hampered China's progress and its exchanges with the outside world. L+J)
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鸦片战争以来,一代又一代先进的中国人,为了振兴中华,努力向西方国家学习先进的科学思想和文明成果,并同中国的实际相结合,推动了中国社会的变革与发展。After the Opium War (1840-1842), generation after generation of enlightened Chinese people have, for national rejuvenation, spared no efforts in learning from Western countries advanced science and cultural achievements in combination with China's realities and pushing for China's social reforms and development. 3}ATt".
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今天,正在为实现现代化而奋斗的中国人民,把对外开放作为一项基本国策,同世界各国进行广泛的交流与合作,开创了中国历史上崭新的开放局面。Today, the Chinese people who are struggling to achieve modernization have made the opening-up a basic state policy and conducted extensive exchanges and cooperation with the rest of the world, thus creating a brand-new situation in its opening-up endeavor in the Chinese history. MMS#Ci=Lj
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阳光包含7种色彩,世界也是异彩纷呈。Sunlight is composed of seven colors, so is our world full of colors and splendor. 6V^KOG
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每个国家、每个民族都有自己的历史文化传统,都有自己的长处和优势,Every country and every nation has its own historical and cultural traditions, strong points and advantages. C3GI?|b
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应该相互尊重,相互学习,取长补短,共同进步。We should respect and learn from each other and draw upon other's strong points to offset one's own deficiencies for achieving common progress. TATH,Sz:x
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中国在自己发展的长河中,形成了优良的历史文化传统。这些传统,随着时代变迁和社会进步获得扬弃和发展。In the prolonged course of development, China has formed its fine historical and cultural traditions, which have been either developed or discarded with the changes of the times and social progress. @(_f}SgfE
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对今天中国人的价值观念、生活方式和中国的发展道路,具有深刻的影响。These traditions have exerted a profound impact on the values and way of life of the Chinese people, and on China's road of development today. r,-9]?i
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这里,我想就以下一些方面谈些看法,希望有助于诸位对中国的了解。Here, I would like to make the following observations which I hope will help you to know China better. kF o&!
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一是团结统一的传统。First, the tradition of solidarity and unity. `.F+T)G
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中华民族是由56个民族组成的大家庭。The Chinese nation is a big family composed of 56 nationalities. 2-!n+#Cdf
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从遥远的古代起,我国各族人民就建立了紧密的政治经济文化联系,共同开发了祖国的河山。Since the time immemorial, people of all nationalities have established closely-knitted political, economic and cultural links and joined hands in developing the vast land of our country. 2*1FW
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中国2000多年前就形成了幅员广阔的统一国家。China became a vast unified country more than 2,000 years ago. SP
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悠久的中华文化,成为维系民族团结和国家统一的牢固纽带。The deep-rooted Chinese culture become a strong bond for ethnic harmony and national unity. p-1
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团结统一,深深印在中国人的民族意识中。Solidarity and unity have been inscribed in the hearts of the Chinese people as part of their national identity. 8NS1* \z
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中国历史上虽曾出现过暂时的分裂现象,但民族团结和国家统一始终是中华民族历史的主流,是中国发展进步的重要保障。Despite occasional division in the Chinese history, ethnic harmony and national unity have remained the main stream in the history of the Chinese nation, and an important guarantee for China's development and progress. qn4jy6
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新中国的成立,标志着中华民族实现了空前的大团结。The founding of the People's Republic of China marked an unprecedented great unity of the Chinese nation. \d)~. 2$G*
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各民族之间建立了平等、团结、互助的新型关系。A new type of relationship of equality, solidarity and mutual assistance between different nationalities has been established. i`2X[kc
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各民族人民依法享有各项权利和自由。People of all nationalities enjoy full rights and freedoms provided for by the law. /Xds+V^Z
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在少数民族聚居的地方实行了区域自治。In places where there is a high concentration of minority nationality people, regional autonomy is in practice. xXktMlI
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民族地区的经济社会获得不断的发展。These regions have witnessed continued economic and social development. G}&{]w@
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所有这些,为巩固国家统一奠定了坚实的政治基础。All these have laid a solid political foundation for consolidated national unity. rK\)
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二是独立自主的传统。Second, the tradition of maintaining independence. . .|>|X4
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我们的先人历来把独立自主视为立国之本。Our ancestors always regarded the spirit of maintaining independence as the foundation of a nation. Qw ukhD7
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中国作为人类文明发祥地之一,在几千年的历史进程中,文化传统始终没有中断。As one of the cradles of human civilization, China has all along maintained its cultural tradition without letup in the history of several thousand years. DUk&`BSJ
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近代中国虽屡遭列强欺凌,国势衰败,但经过全民族的百年抗争,又以巨人的姿态重新站立起来。 v:Av2y
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In modern times, the frequent bullying and humiliation by imperialist powers once weakened China. However, after a hundred years' struggle of the entire Chinese nation, China has stood up again as a giant. s0 ZF+6f
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这充分说明,中国人独立自主的民族精神具有坚不可摧的力量。This fully testifies to the indestructible strength of this independent national spirit of the Chinese people. <6]TazW?S
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今天,我们在探索自己的发展道路时,坚持从中国国情出发,来解决如何进行经济政治文化建设的问题,而不照搬别国的模式。Today, in finding a road to development suited to us, we will proceed from our own national conditions to address the issue of how to conduct economic construction and political and cultural advancement without blindly copying other countries' models. BULf@8~(
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在处理国际事务中,我们采取独立自主的立场和政策。In handling international affairs, we decide our positions and policies from an independent approach. T[}A7a6g_
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中国人民珍惜同各国人民的友谊与合作,也珍惜自己经过长期奋斗而得来的独立自主权利。The Chinese people cherish its friendship and cooperation with other peoples, as well as their right to independence they have won through protracted struggles. |gvx^)ro
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三是爱好和平的传统。Third, the peace-loving tradition. t6GL/M4
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我国先秦思想家就提出了“亲仁善邻,国之宝也”的思想,反映了自古以来中国人民就希望天下太平、同各国人民友好相处。Chinese thinkers of the pre-Qin days (over 2,000 years ago) advanced the doctrine “loving people and treating neighbors kindly are most valuable to a country.” This is a reflection of the aspiration of the Chinese people for a peaceful world where people of all countries live in harmony. si:p98[w
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今天,专心致志进行现代化建设的中国人民,更需要有一个长期的和平国际环境和良好的周边环境。Today, the Chinese people who are committed to modernization need more than ever a long-term international environment of peace and a favorable neighboring environment. f}JiYZ
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中国实行的是和平外交政策。China's foreign policy is peace-oriented. gnjh=anVX1
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我们坚持在和平共处五项原则,特别是在相互尊重、平等互利、互不干涉内政的原则基础上,同世界各国建立和发展友好合作关系。We will establish and develop friendly relations and cooperation with all countries in the world on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, especially the principles of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit and non-interference in each other's internal affairs. ]JQ7x[
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我们绝不会把自己曾经遭受欺凌的苦难加之于人。We will never impose upon others the kind of sufferings we once experienced. q]%eLfC(
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中国的发展与进步,不会对任何人构成威胁。A developing and progressing China does not pose a threat to anyone. ObK-<kGcB
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将来中国富强起来了,也永远不称霸。China will never seek hegemony even if it is developed in the future. 0GEM3~~D.?
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中国始终是维护世界和平与地区稳定的坚定力量。China is always a staunch force for world peace and regional stability. vD,ZEKAN
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四是自强不息的传统。Fourth, the tradition of constantly striving for self-perfection. :Ma=P\J
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我们的先哲通过观察宇宙万物的变动不居,提出了“天行健,君子以自强不息”的思想,成为激励中国人民变革创新、努力奋斗的精神力量。Through observing the changing nature of the universe and all earthly matters, ancient Chinese philosophers proposed the following doctrine: "As Heaven maintains vigor through movement, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection." This idea has become an important moral strength, spurring the Chinese people to work hard for reform and renovation. `^:>sU
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中国古代文明的发展,是中华民族艰苦奋斗、自强不息的结果。The fruits of China's ancient civilization were brought about by the tireless efforts and hard work of the Chinese nation. ^("2
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百年来,为了摆脱半殖民地半封建的历史境遇,中国人民进行了艰苦卓绝、奋发图强的斗争。In the past one hundred years or so, the Chinese people have waged arduous struggles to get rid of the sufferings under semi-colonial and semi-feudal rule. @u@N&{b5"
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中国民主革命的先行者孙中山首先提出“振兴中华”的口号,Dr. Sun Yat-sen, China's forerunner of the democratic revolution, was the first to put forward the slogan of "rejuvenation of China." 2p^Jqp`$
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他领导的辛亥革命,推翻了在中国延续几千年的君主专制制度。He led the Revolution of 1911 to remove the millennia old autocratic monarchy in China. hg2a,EU\Z
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在毛泽东思想指引下,中国共产党领导中国人民实现了民族独立和人民解放,并把中国建设成为初步繁荣昌盛的社会主义国家。Under the guidance of Mao Zedong Thought, the Chinese Communist Party led the Chinese people in achieving China's national independence and people's liberation and in building China into a socialist country with initial prosperity. PZ#\O
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今天,在邓小平理论指引下,我国人民坚定不移地实行改革开放,在现代化建设中取得举世瞩目的成就。Today, guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Chinese people are firmly pressing ahead with reform and opening-up and have made remarkable achievements in the modernization drive. sKg
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中国进入了百年来发展最快最好的历史时期。China has entered a period with the fastest and healthiest development in this century. z9}WP$W
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改革开放,是中华民族自强不息和变革创新精神在当代的集中体现和创造性发展。The reform and opening-up endeavor is an embodiment and a creative development of the Chinese spirit of constantly striving for self-perfection and renovation in modern times. [-5l=j
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我们把改革开放叫作社会主义改革开放,因为它是中国社会主义制度的自我完善和发展。We refer to our reform and opening-up as socialist reform and opening-up because they constitute the process of self-improvement and development of the socialist system in China. 9} *Pb6
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近20年的实践已充分证明,我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的,信念是坚定的,步骤是稳妥的,方式是渐进的,取得的成就是巨大的。The practice in recent twenty years has eloquently proved that we are right in direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and have achieved tremendous successes. M#u~]?hS
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虽然在前进中也遇到这样和那样一些困难和风险,但我们都顺利地解决了,不仅没有引起大的社会震动,而且极大地解放和发展了社会生产力,保持了社会稳定和全面进步。We have successfully overcome various difficulties and risks in the course of our advance without causing great social unrest. Rather, we have succeeded in greatly releasing and developing productive forces and maintained social stability and an all-round progress. TOH+JL8L
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现在,我们正在满怀信心地全面推进改革。We are conducting a comprehensive reform with full confidence. gebDNl\Y2
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在经济上,要加快建立社会主义市场经济体制,实现工业化和经济的社会化、市场化、现代化;Economically, we will speed up the establishment of a socialist market economy and realize industrialization, and the socialization, marketization and modernization of the economy. PR2;+i3
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在政治上,要努力发展社会主义民主政治,依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家,保证人民充分行使管理国家和社会事务的权力;Politically, we will endeavor to develop socialist democracy, govern the country according to law, build a socialist country under the rule of law and ensure the full exercise of people's rights to govern the country and manage social affairs. -Q MO*PY
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Culturally, we will work hard to develop a scientific socialist culture for the people, a culture that is geared to the needs of modernization, of the nation, of the world and of the future, adopt a strategy of rejuvenating China through science and education, and strive to raise the political and moral standards as well as scientific and cultural level of the entire nation. &C