湖南中医药大学2009考博英语真题

Paper One W$v5o9\Px

Part I  Using of English （20 %） ~:D}L 
Section One  Vocabulary and Structure （10 %） q4|TwRx~
Directions：There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices four choices marked A, B, C, D .Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence .Then put the corresponding letter in the proper place of your ANSWER SHEET.

1. He said that they had _____ been obliged to give up the scheme for lack of support.

  A  gravely          B  regrettably             C  forcibly         D  which

2. They left prior _______ our arrival.

  A  at              B  by                    C  to              D  of

3. Some researchers feel that certain people have nervous systems particularly ______ to hot, dry winds. They are what we call weather-sensitive people.

  A  subjective       B  subordinate             C  liable           D  vulnerable

4. Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to _____ healthy.

  A  preserve        B  maintain                C  stay            D  reserve

5. _______ in the United States, St. Louis has mow become the 24th largest city.

  A  Being the fourth biggest city              B  It was once the fourth biggest city

  C  Once the fourth biggest city              D  The fourth biggest city it was

6. Agriculture was a step in human progress _______ which subsequently there was not anything comparable until our own machine age.

  A  to             B  in                     C  for            D  from

7. I have no objection ______ your story again.

  A  to hear        B  to hearing             C  to having heard    D  to have heard

8. The story that follows ______ tow famous characters of the Rocky Mountain gold rush days.

  A  concerns      B  proclaims             C states              D  relates

9. I always _______ what I have said.

  A  get to        B  see to                C  lead to            D  hold to

10. The prisoner was _______ of his civil liberty for three years.

  A  discharged    B  derived              C deprived            D  dispatched

11. What ______ would happen if the director knew you felt that way?

  A  will you suppose    B  you suppose     C  do you suppose   D  you would suppose

12. In my opinion, he’s ______ the most imaginative of all the contemporary poets.

  A  in all             B  at best             C  for all          D  by far

13. At present there is a ________ of iron and steel and more must be produced.

  A  limit             B  loss               C  poverty           D  scarcity

14. There is no much time left; so I’ll tell you about it ______.

  A  in detail          B  in short           C  in brief            D  in all

15. Although the colonists ________ to some extent with the native Americans, the Indians’ influence on American culture and language was not extensive.

  A  migrated         B  matched           C  mingled           D  melted

16. ________ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.

  A  It being          B  It is               C  There is           D  There being

17. What a lovely party! It’s worth ______ all my life.

  A  remembering     B  to remember        C  to be remembered   D  being remembered

18. Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply _______.

  A  slipped          B  descended          C  lessened          D  declined

19. ________ at in this way, the present economic situation doesn’t seem do gloomy.

  A  Looking         B  Looked            C  Having looked     D  To look

20. It was recommended that passengers _______ smoke during the flight.

  A  not             B  need not           C  could not           D  would not



Section Two   Cloze Test（10 %）



Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then put the corresponding letter in the proper place of your ANSWER SHEET. U'";

Now we have to mention the difference  21  the social level. The market economy  22  a difference on social level. For the  23  persons market economy offers a good chance to  24  big money. But for the persons who are not so able, or  25  cannot engage in business like disabled people, it is a hard  26  which deprives them  27  the chance to live a decent life. It becomes often the cause of social troubles, and if the social difference or gap  28  the critical level, the existence of society itself would be in  29  . It is one of the biggest roles for every state to avoid this danger.

On the social level difference, there is an  30  different from that in one company or organization. That is the matter of human rights. So it is not a matter of economy  31  a matter of politics. It must be 32  for all people. These kinds of rights not being assured, people feel that their right to live is  33  . The assurance of the right to live is the minimal condition of socialism. It is not allowed for the state to neglect these kinds of human rights. 34  these socially fundamental rights, especially in developing countries, the right to receive an equal education for children is very important,  35  education makes society fluid and active. Education not only raises the quality of manpower, but also gives people 36  for the future. To assure people’s rights at the basic level is important not only in the political 37  but also in the economic sense. 38  everyone a chance to develop his 39  which is realized only by education, is effective to activate society. Therefore the establishment of a compulsory education institution is the first  40  task of every developing country.

21. A.   in         B.   on          C.  with           D. of

22. A.   offers      B.   provide      C. generates         D. produce

23. A.    able       B.   lazy         C. industrious       D. noble

24. A.   acquire     B.   obtain       C. make            D. take

25. A.   whatever    B.    what       C.  whoever        D. who

26. A.    real       B.    reality       C.  realization      D. truth

27. A.    of         B.    off         C.  from           D. to

28. A.   beyond      B.    extent      C.  extend          D. exceeds

29. A.    risk        B.    stake       C.  danger         D. harm

30.  A.   question      B.   answer      C.  issue         D. problem

31.  A.    and         B.   but         C.   also         D. yet

32.  A.    guaranteed   B.   granted      C.   guided      D. grunted

33.  A.    relieved     B.   withdrawn    C.  stopped      D. denied

34.  A.    Due to      B.   With        C.   For         D. Among

35.  A.    so          B.   because      C.  therefore       D.  thus

36.  A.    luck        B.   plan        C.   hope          D. dream

37.  A.    degree      B.   sense       C.    meaning      D. extent

38.  A.    To give     B.   To make     C.   Giving        D. Making

39.  A.    privacy     B.   publicity     C.   power        D.  personality

40.  A.    emergent    B.  eminent      C.   urgent        D.  immigrant

Part II   Reading Comprehension（40 %）

Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then put the corresponding letter in the proper place of your ANSWER SHEET. vLkZC

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Question 41-44 are based on the following passage. W6wgX0H

With human footprints on the moon, radio telescopes listening for messages from alien creatures (who may or may not exist), technicians looking for celestial and planetary sources of energy to support our civilization, orbiting telescopes’ data hinting at planetary systems around other stars, and political groups trying to figure out how to save humanity from nuclear warfare that would damage life and climate on a planet-wide scale, an astronomy book published today enters a world different from the one that greeted books a generation ago. Astronomy has broadened to involve our basic circumstances and our mysterious future in the universe, With eclipses and space missions broadcast live, and with NASA, Europe, and the USSR planning and building permanent space stations, astronomy offers adventure for all people, an outward exploratory thrust that may one day be seen as an alternative to mindless consumerism, ideological bickering, and wars to control dwindling resources on a closed, finite Earth.

Today’s astronomy students not only seek an up-to-date summary of astronomical facts: they ask, as people have asked for ages, about our basic relations to the rest of the universe. They may study astronomy partly to seek points of contact between science and other human endeavors: philosophy, history, politics, environmental action, even the arts and religion.

Science fiction writers and special effect artists on recent films help today’s students realize that unseen worlds of space are real places-not abstract concepts. Today’s students are citizens of a more real, more vast cosmos than conceptualized by students of a decade ago.

In designing this edition, the Wadsworh editors and I have tried to respond to these developments. Rather than jumping at the start into murky waters of cosmology, I have begun with the viewpoint of ancient people on Earth and worked outward across the universe. This method of organization automatically (if loosely) reflects the order of humanity’s discoveries about astronomy and provides a unifying theme of increasing distance and scale.

41.This passage is most probably taken from ________.

A  an article of popular science

B  the introduction of a book of astronomy

C  a lecture given by the author to astronomy students

D  the preface of a piece of science fiction

42.  The author’s purpose in presenting the first paragraph is _______.

   A  to explain the background and new features of today’s astronomy

   B  to discuss in detail the most recent achievements in space research

   C  to introduce some newly established space stations

   D  to introduce some adventurous space programs

43.  The author thinks that the growing interest in space exploration among people on Earth will probably lead to ________.

   A  all people having chances of traveling in space

   B  the realization of permanent settlement on other planets

   C  more disturbance not only on Earth but also in outer space

   D  orders, harmony and peace on our planet Earth

44.  The author believes that today’s astronomy students _______.

   A  are much brighter than students of a generation ago

   B  no longer care about astronomical facts

   C  are better-informed about the unseen worlds of space

   D  may learn more about man and his research in various fields through the study of astronomy



Question 45-48are based on the following passage. kn`KU.J.

A long painful struggle with cancer and chemotherapy had caused baldness for Barbara Bassett, of Moorstown, N.J. The day her blonde hair fell out in clumps was, for Barbara, the worst day of her ordeal. Determined to use some form of camouflage, she tried a wig but found it itchy and hot. Scarves slipped off or clung too tightly, accentuating the problem. Finally, a friend suggested Barbara call her neighbor, Marie Stevens, an accomplished seamstress who worked at home.

Barbara explained to Marie that she needed something between a scarf and a hat, with a shape that suggested hair beneath. It had to fasten securely, and had no opening that would reveal baldness. Sensing a kindred spirit, Marie agreed to work something up. She was no stranger to medical tragedy herself, having lost two of her seven children to cystic fibrosis.

The design itself was simple, a combination scarf/hat of light cotton and polyester that fit well, disguising the lack of hair. “Smart” was the description Barbara’s friends came up with. For Barbara, elegance was secondary to the scarf’s greatest asset. “That silly little hat saved me,” she told her friends.

Shortly after, Marie and Barbara formed a partnership selling scarves, which they called Hide&Chic. They developed a line of colors, plus small elasticized versions for children. They had a brochure printed, and sent it to oncology units and social-service directors in hospitals.

Soon after the company, Mare-bar, Inc. was on its feet, Barbara learned that her cancer had recurred. Despite more chemotherapy, she died, at age 40.

“She made me promise that I’d keep things going,” Marie said. “When she died, I was pretty low. But I kept getting mail from cancer patients who described how our scarf/hat had made such a big difference. I got going again. It’s a nice legacy for Barbara, who was a very special lady.”

45. This passage is mainly about ________.

   A  how Barbara became a fashion designer

   B  how Marie helped Barbara recover from her illness

   C  how Mar-bar Inc. came into being

   D  how Barbara helped Marie to design the scarf/hat

46. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

   A  The scarf/hat is also beneficial to some other people.

   B  Barbara did not like the scarf/hat because they either felt slippery or were too tight.

   C  Marie was one of Barbara’s kinswomen.

   D  Barbara thought that the scarf/hat made her look stupid

47. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

   A  how Barbara and Marie advertised their products.

   B  How Barbara and Marie raised the capital needed for manufacture of their products.

   C  How customers responded to the products.

   D  how Barbara and Marie felt about their business

48. It can be inferred from the passage that Marie finally resolved to continue with her business because_________.

   A  cancer patients kept writing to her, marking orders for the products

   B  the prospect of inheriting the legacy left to her by Barbara cheered her up

   C  she knew she was doing something useful for others

   D  she was determined to make profits from the business



Question 49-52are based on the following passage. S>*i^If

One of the most pressing challenges that the United States---and indeed, the world---will face in the next few decades is how to alleviate the growing stress that human activities are placing on the environment. The consequences are just too great to ignore. Wildlife habitats are being degraded or disappearing altogether as new developments take up more land. Plant and animal species are becoming extinct at a greater rate now than at any time in Earth’s history. As many as 30 percent of the world’s fish stocks are over-exploited. And the list goes on.

Yet, there is reason to have hope for the future. Advances in computing power and molecular biology are among the tremendous increases in scientific capability that are helping researchers gain a better understanding of these problems. Recent developments in science and technology could provide the basis for some major and timely actions that would improve our understanding of how human activities affect the environment.

One priority for research is improving hydrological forecasting. It has been estimated that the world’s water use could triple in the next two decades. Already, widespread water shortages have occurred in parts of China, India, North Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula. The need for water also is taking its toll on freshwater ecosystems in the United States. Only 2 percent of the nation’s streams are considered in good condition, and close to 40 percent of native fish species are rare to extinct. Using a variety of new remote sensing tools, scientists can learn more about how precipitation affects water levels, how surface water is generated and transported, and how changes in the landscape affect water supplies.

To prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases in plants, animals, and humans, more study is needed on how pathogens, parasites, and disease-carrying species---as well as humans and other species they infect---are affected by changes in the environment. The overuse of antibiotics both in humans and in farm animals has contributed to the growth of antibiotic-resistant micro organisms. Researchers can take advantage of new technologies in genetics and computing to better monitor and predict the effects that environmental changes might have on disease outbreaks.

Humans have made alterations to Earth’s surface---such as tropical deforestation, reduction of surface and ground water, and massive development---so dramatic that they approach the levels of transformation that occurred during glacial periods. Such alterations cause changes in local and regional climate, and will determine the future of agriculture. Recent advances in data collection and analysis should be used to document and better understand the causes and consequences of changes in land cover and use.

49. The expression “And the list goes on” in Para. 1 is used to suggest that ________.

A  there are many more ways in which humans are hurting the environment

B  environmental degradation is continuing unabated

C  the total of animal and plant species facing extinction are too numerous to list

D  in addition to fish, many other plant and animal species face over-exploitation by humans

50. The poor condition of streams in the U.S can be attributed to ________.

A  overfishing of native fish species         B  lack of up-to-date monitoring equipment

C  the demand for water in the U.S.         D  the global water shortage

51. Which of the following does the author NOT suggest as an important area for research?

A  How precipitation affects water levels.

B  How to prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases.

C  How urban development affects the environment.

D  How the industrial pollution impacts the environment.

52. The last paragraph suggests that _________.

A  local and regional climates have not fluctuated so much since the glacial periods

B  the future of agriculture depends on how land usages affect climate

C  until recently, very little information was documented about changes and consequences of land usage

D  current human transformations of the land surface is of almost unprecedented scale

Question 53-56 are based on the following passage.

In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequate awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial system in the United States. Costs are staggering both taxpayers and the litigants and, the litigants, pr parties, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of ameliorating the situation but, as in most branches of government, changes come slowly.

One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to follow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districts that do not have such a backlog. Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge meets in his chambers with the litigants and their attorneys in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of their claims and their opponents’ evidence. Unfortunately, at least one study had shown that pretrial conferences actually use more judicial time than they save, rarely result in pretrial settlements, and actually result in higher damage settlement.

Many have now established another method, small-claim courts, in which cases over small sums of money can be disposed of with considerable dispatch. Such proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge without the assistance of counsel. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleading—the litigants need to make only a one-sentence statement of their claim. By going to this type of courts, the plaintiff waives any right to jury trial and the right to appeal the decision.

In coming years, we can expect to see more and more innovations in the continuing effort to remedy a situation which must be remedied if the citizens who have valid claims are going to be able to have their day in court.



53. The purpose of writing this article is ____________.

A. to show the inadequacies of the judicial system in the United States

  B . to compare different suggestions

C. to find the advantages and disadvantages of the judicial system in the United States             D. to discuss the methods of ameliorating the judicial system in the United States

54. The suggestions or methods of improving the judicial system in the United States mentioned in the passage include all the following except_________.

A. to allow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districts

B. to establish small-claims courts

C. to request plaintiffs to waive the right to jury trial and the right to appeal the decision

D. to use pretrial conferences

55.The fourth paragraph suggests that most of the state attorney generals__________________.

A. were under pressure from Microsoft’s competitors to demand changes in the settlement

B. felt that the settlement was at least partially successful

C. felt that penalties against Microsoft were too harsh

D. believed that the settlement was a sign of progress for the computer industry

56. Which of the following is true?

A. Lawsuit costs are usually quite high both for the taxpayers and the litigants.

B. To use pretrial conferences proves to be quite feasible in maximizing the efficiency of the judicial system in US.

C. At present, most litigants prefer small-claims courts in US because cases can be settled with considerable dispatch.

D It is possible to have one’s case heard in a jury if the litigant is not satisfied with the small-claims court’s decisions.

Questions 57-60 are based on the following passage.

Although it is mankind’s inevitable fate to continually progress on the path of technology, there will always be the obstacle of resistance to overcome. Be it in the form of a protester who deplores implementation of the latest gadget or a dissenting scientist who disagrees with his colleagues’ methods of research, it is an unavoidable fact that ever stepped toward the future must be a hard-fought one. The latest battleground is one that has to do with the essence of nature itself: the bioengineering of certain plant species for human consumption.

By learning about, isolating and finally manipulating the individual genes and strings of DNA that compose a plant species, geneticists are able to create new breeds of plants in the laboratory. These plants are able to live longer in harsher environments, provide better nutrition, and sustain themselves with a minimum of human care. By changing the composition of the plants at a cellular level and chemically combining elements of different plants that don’t normally cross-pollinate in nature, science is ushering the best of both worlds, the best that each individual species has to offer, conveniently contained within one product. Some scientists even go so far as to argue that these foods are better for humans than anything nature itself has ever created.

The opposition has its own theories, however, due to the relatively new nature of these experiments, it is questionable whether these items are truly safe for human consumption, despite government approval. Taking a broader view, they contend that by combining species that normally do not go together, we man be achieving the WORST of both worlds, meaning that diseases that are normally contained within one species will combine as well. Thus, they may be made stronger by mutation, possibly endangering earth’s agricultural food supply if unleashed upon helpless natural species that have never had to deal with such enemies before.

The possibilities that come with such a warning are frightening. A bio-engineered disease could wreak havoc on the delicate balance created by nature, possibly decimating the plant population of earth and depriving mankind of its food source. Clearly, the words of those opposed to progress must be considered on this issue, for the stakes are simply too high to be taken without an extreme degree of caution.

57.  The word “cross-pollinate” (Line 6, Paragraph 2) in the context probably means _______.

   A  co-exist                            B  thrive in the same environment

   C  reproduce together                   C  survive under the same conditions

58.  Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to _______.

   A  be used in conjunction in order to clearly evaluate the current situation

   B  lead the reader to agree with one side of the argument

   C  complement one another by countering each other’s points

   D  present the respective arguments of each side on the issue

59. Which of the following is definitely true according to the text?

   A  Biologically engineered foods are safe for human consumption.

   B  Genetically combining different plant species results in new developments, both good and bad.

   C  Genetically engineering foods are capable of unleashing destructive diseases on the environment.

   D  Science can execute the task of bio-engineering foods, but not fully evaluate its results at the present time.

60. The author’s attitude toward the issue of genetically engineering foods is _______.

  A  impartial         B  subjective       C  biased             D  puzzling

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Paper Two ~2HlAU))<&

Part III  Translation（20%） pm)kocG
Section One  From English to Chinese (10 %)

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space of your ANSWER SHEET. t\GoUeH]

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61. Global warming poses the biggest threat to mainstream construction practices. If current trends continue, by 2080 buildings created for the current, cool northern European climate will require constant air conditioning, increasing energy bills and generating greenhouse gases. So the London-based engineering and consulting firm Arup, working with Bill Dunster Architects, has devised a model that uses heavyweight construction, along the lines of Wigglesworth's office, to absorb excess heat. They intend to combine that with proven cooling strategies from Mediterranean climes: better use of natural ventilation, more shades, shutters and courtyards, smaller windows to keep out the sun.

全球变暖带来的主流建设实践的最大威胁。如果目前的趋势继续下去，由当前，气候凉爽的北欧将需要持续的空调2080年创建的建筑，提高能源法案，产生温室气体。因此，伦敦的奥雅纳工程咨询公司，与比尔邓斯特建筑师的工作，已制定了一个模型，它使用重量级的建设，沿威格尔斯沃办公室的线，吸收多余的热量。他们打算证明冷却战略结合起来，从地中海气候中指出：更好的自然通风，多色调，百叶窗和庭院，小窗口来遮挡阳光。

Section Two  From Chinese to English (10 %)

Directions: Put the following paragraph into English. Write your English version in the proper space on your ANSWER SHEET.

62. 随着物质生活的日益繁荣，广告在我们的日常生活中变得越来越重要。广告给我们带来关于产品的最新信息，如果没有广告，消费者对当地商店所卖的货物会一无所知。广告可以帮助扩大市场，结果货物卖得越多，价格也就越便宜。广告还可以为报纸，杂志，无线电台以及电视台提供资金。不过也有一些反对广告的意见。有些人认为广告不但不能提供多少信息，而只是一门心思劝你买东西。他们制造出一种人们对商品需求的氛围，而实际上并没有多少人真正需要这些商品。而且广告给商品增加了成本费。事实上，任何事情都有两个方面，广告也不例外。不过，在今天的世界里，广告不仅必不可少，而且还很有益处。

With the growing prosperity of material life, advertising in our daily lives become increasingly important. Advertising brings us the latest information about products, if there is no advertising, consumers in their local shops know about goods. Advertising can help expand the market, the more goods are sold, they are cheaper. Advertisements also newspapers, magazines, radio and television funding. However, there are some opinions against advertising. Some people think that advertisements do not give much information, but only try to persuade you to buy. They create a demand for goods in the atmosphere, in fact, not many people really need these goods. Besides, advertising adds to the cost of goods. In fact, everything has two sides, advertising is no exception. However, in today's world, advertising is not only essential but also helpful.

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Part IV  Writing（20 %） ,|7!/]0&

Directions: d%(4s~y

Throughout our country, more and more private schools are set up. Some people doubt about the effectiveness of these private schools. They say adequate money doesn’t necessarily guarantee better education. aG x[?}=

Write an article to clarify your own points of view towards this issue. You should use your own ideas, knowledge or experience to support your argument. Ij_h #f 

You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET. + 2j]

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