首都师范大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷 F/QRgXV
Section I Vocabulary Test(20%) LzS)WjEN
Directions:In this part, there are 20 incompletesentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked byletters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence.There is only ONE right answer. Mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET lwith a single line through the centre. @_+B'<2
1. After the snow storm, the government plans to______the run-down houses in the rural area as soon as possible. +i
m>|
A. revive B. replace C. renovate D. remove Pf 4b/w/
2. The doctor assured her that the pain would _________ina few days. kt0ma/QpP
A. die off B. wear off C. get off D. go off zj+.MG04
3. The speeding woman’s _______________for some mercy could notchange the policeman’s decision to give her a fine. bH7 lUS~
A. plea B. flattery pI>[^7
C. distress D. demonstration nKO4o8js{{
4. Owing to lack of money, these experiments must now be_______before the objective has been achieved. cGE,3dsF[
A. transferred B. transformed C. terminated D. testified 9?IvSv}z
5. Quite unexpectedly, the young man __________ withsuccess, the problem which had baffled his forerunner.
RAh4#8]
A. tickled B. tricked C. trickled D. tackled ?KK
u1~a_
6. The Space Age _____ in October l957when the firstartificial satellite—was launched by the Soviet Union. t.ci!#/d
A. embarked B. initialed C. commenced D. originated |@+/R .l
7. Indoor or roof space antennae do not ___________givesatisfactory performance even in strong signal areas. `L=d72:
A. faithful B. invariably C. voluntarily D. habitually k|SywATr
8. These old houses are in good state of ________ exceptfor the wooden floors. kw gsf5[
A. preservation B. observation C. compensation D.conservation 'Y%@fZf x
9. She works bard at her task before she felt sure thatthe result would ______her long effort. 1c%ee$Q
A. verify B. rectify C. testify D. justify /4!.G#DLQ
10. The country is now undergoing an economic _________inwhich business activity is greatly reduced and the unemployment rate is high. qpCNvhi
A. sanction B. accession C. flourish D. recession ma%PVz`I;9
11. The river is already ____its banks because ofexcessive rainfall and the town is threatened with a likely flood. Vp.&X 8
A. level in B. flat on C. parallel to D. flush with /|HVp
12. Because of his outstanding achievements, theuniversity _____ an honorary degree upon Mr. Adams. xX5EhVR
A. conferred B. dedicated C. awarded D. presented /M3UK
13. It is one of the paradox of social intercourse that a___________is much harder to respond to than an insult. ?}tWI7KI
A. compliment B. condemnation C. complement D. complaint b)e';M
14. The shop assistant was straight with his customers.If an article was of _______quality he’d tell them so. ]DO~7p[
A. miner B. inferior C. awkward D. humble r) SG!;X
15. A terrible traffic accident happened;people weresaddened when they watched the ______sight on TV. ]w+n39da
A. periodic B. panic C. pathetic D. patriotic >B~vE2^tQ~
16. Even you were not in the mood, you should have knownbetter than to refuse a lady this way. You could have _______her instead. \@KK X
A. denied B. declined C. denoted D. denounced KIeTZVu$%
17. As the nation attaches excessive importance tofootball, the triumph or frustration of the national team is most likely todrive many of her nationals ______________. .GM}3(1fX`
A. overexcited B. turbulent C. overwhelmed D. hysterical !VXs
yH3r5
18. On Labor Day the workers will march in__________though the town. 5x}XiMM
A. process B. procedure C. procession D. progress Q6e;hl
19. Although we had lord them not to keep US waiting,they made no _____to speed up deliveries. 3SMb#ce*o
A. trial B. action C. attempt D. progress M<
1rQW'
20. Mr.Moore is one of the most prosperous persons in thetown, yet he does take _____at questioning the way he makes money. (3[Lz+W.u
A. offence B. rage C. hostility D. revenge K@0/iWm*
Section II Reading Comprehension(40%) D#pZN,'
Directions:There are 5 passages ill this section. Eachpassage is followed by 4 questions. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. Please choose the best one for each question and mark thecorresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre. /ad]pdF
Passage 1 AvxP0@.`
An invisible border divides those arguing for computersin the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing forcomputers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.Very few writers Oil the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to theheart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom. 9_07?`Jr
An education that aims at getting student a certain kindof job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different fromwhy education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raiseeveryone’sjob prospects that all children are legally required to attend school intotheir teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, acharacter who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess now his livelihoodand happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was notalways the case. Before it was legally required for all children to attendschool until a certain age. It was widely accepted that everyone is fit to beeducated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for apessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusionbetween educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools,computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduatesover their educational achievement. TlA*~HG<Q
There are some good arguments for a technical educationgiven the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept ofprofessional training early in order to make sure children are properlyequipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre-sumptuousto insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so manybusiness-men, and so many accountants. . Besides, this is unlikely to producethe needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as oursand where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so manyinternational corporations. @ a$HJ:
But, for a small group of students, professional trainingmight be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors beingequal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, thebasics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take alifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted tobecome a computer engineer, that is, of course, all entirely different story.Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months tolearn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host ofreal skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It shouldbe observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by aconfusion over its purpose. P_Bhec|#fT
21. The author thinks the present rush to put computersin the classroom is ________________. M.loG4r!
A. far-reaching B self-contradictory f5droys9
C. dubiously oriented D. radically reformatory aglW\LT^
22. The belief that education is indispensable to allchildren ______________________. ^UJ#YRzi
A. originated from the optimistic attitude ofindustrialized countries R=/6bR57
B. is deeply rooted in the minds of computer educationadvocates F:P&hK
C. came into being along with the arrival of computers t622b?w
D. is indicative of a pessimism in disguise 7ql&UIeQ
23. It could be inferred from the passage that in theauthor, s country the European model of professional training is__________________________. }_A#O|dxO
A. dependent upon the starting age of candidates S(b5Gj/Kd
B. worth trying in various social sections yVP 1=pz_[
C. attractive to every kind of professional sXm
Z0Dv
D. of little practical value 4=T>Iy
24. According to the author, basic computer skill shouldbe ______________________. o YZmz
A. highlighted I acquisition of professionalqualification5 rf%NfU
B. included as an auxiliary course in school yzml4/X
C. mastered through a lifelong course YnCWmlC
D. equally emphasized by any school, vocational orotherwise G#~6a%VW
Passage 2 t\p_QWnF
The prevention of illness through exercise and nutritionwas a small step from movements like hydreopathy (which advocated the ‘‘natural" healingpowers of water), to the idea that flesh air, healthy food, and exercise couldbe beneficial. The physical fitness movement in America followed the influx ofa large number of German immigrants who fled their country due to the 1848revolution. The movement began there with Fredrich Ludwig Jahn who unifiedexercise and sport with German history and tradition and saw a connectionbetween mental and physical health. Charle Pollen, Jahn’s student, led the movement in America, organizing the Round Hill Schoolat Harvard, which stressed rigorous mental and physical exercise. In themid-west the Germans established their first gymnastic institution called theTurnverein in Cincinnati in l848. Later called the Turners, these groupsdeveloped nationally and organized outings of picnics, games, gymnastics, andcelebrations of German culture. lYz$~/sd
Catherine Beecher promoted physical fitness for women,and felt that corsets (束腹) not only made such exercise impossible, but actually deformedwomen’s bodies, and could even be passed on to futuregenerations and degrade the race. She was also in advocate of improvingnutrition and an early opponent of gluttony (暴食),believing condiments on food stimulated the appetite towards excess. Otherschampioned vegetarianism, or saw lack of sunshine as a cause of stomachdiscomfort. Regardless of their particular inclination, all of the foodreformers had a common philosophy: bad eating habits led to social disorder.Like physical fitness proponents, they saw a connection between reshaping thebody and reshaping American society to improve the individual and the country. nKoc%TNqe
The physical fitness movement declined in the yearspreceding the Civil War, then revived, as Americans became city dwellers andtook sedentary jobs. Advocates promoted "Muscular Christianity," amovement begun in England, which stressed that the best and most moralChristians were those with sound bodies. Indian clubs became a favoriteexercise tool with entire books written for club exercises. Team sports becamepopular after l 865, reflecting America’s growing urbanization. The most popular wasbaseball, and in l 869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the country’s first professional team. By the l 900s, Luther Gulick transformedthe Young Men’s Christian Association (VMCA) into theepitome of typical "Muscular Christianity.’’ Itbecame the largest organization of urban gymnasiums and fitness centers inAmerica. Hsoe?kUHF
25. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that asto the physical fitness movement in the 19th century _____________________. lk5}bnd5
A. hydropathy was popular xP1`FSO8=
B. not all groups had a German focus、
hgz7dF
C. Germans were fitter than Americans h2Pvj37
D. Harvard became a leader in America 4eOQP
26. It can be inferred from the passage that theTumverein was ________________. 54A ndyeA
A. successful in the mid-west n-cz xq%n
B. 1imited to Germans ^H,o I*
C. 1ater named Turners because it was too difficult topronounce -6+&?f
D not popular with many non=Germans because theycelebrated German culture )eFq0+6*)
27. Why did the physical fitness movement revive afterthe Civil War? CENA!W
WQ
A. Because people returned to their usual occupations Cu%|}xq
B. Because ‘‘Muscular Christianity" became popular. SGU~LW&
C. Because of urbanization. XG5mfKMt+
D. Because of physical injuries caused by the war.
]0HlPP:2
28. What does the passage mainly discuss? @Y#{[@Hp%
A. The prevention of illness through exercise andnutrition. Vm1U00lM{
B. The German and Christian influences on nutrition andphysical fitness. nl 7=Nhh
C. Development of the physical fitness movement. _Z:WgO].
D. The nutrition and physical fitness movements. F:8cd^d~u
Passage 3 & >AXB6
An industrial society, especially one as centralized andconcentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services,for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbours.The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital andambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer andinformation services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, thewhole economic system is in danger. X9f!F2x
It is this economic interdependency of the economicsystem that makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Singletrade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic bloodsupply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, inpart because the labour force is highly organized. About 55 percent of Britishworkers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. Forhistorical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended todevelop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on anindustry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industryand the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve. <B;l).[6
There are considerable strains and tensions in the tradeunion movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficientstructure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrialchanges. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers innew trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, whichmeans that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of badfeeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out ofexistence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members’ disappointing jobs tothe point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed.The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain hasfrequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to theirtraditional highly-paid jobs. 5]WpH0kzO
Trade unions Nave problems of internal communication justas managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or inthose which bring workers in very different industries together into a singlegeneral union Some trade union officials have to be reelected regularly; othersare elected, or even appointed for life: Trade union officials have to workwith a system of "shop stewards" in many unions, "shopstewards" being workers’ elected by other workers as their representatives at factory orworks level. zL@ZNH
9. What is the main point of the first paragraph? zkdyfl5
A. Great Britain is a highly centralized industrialcountry. 4Lx#5}P
B. The public services of Britain have widely spread toremote areas of dependency. +oY[uF
C. As a highly-concentrated country, Britain dependsheavily on some vital public services. qbjLTE=
D. The economy of Britain is frequently confronted withcrises. Y5~_y?BX
30. Arguments among unions arise because ___________. "lo:"y(u
A. different unions fight to win more members AepAlnI@
B. some unions are engaged in protecting their ownmembers 4VjP:
>*p
C. the printing of newspapers has been suspended forseveral times i6)$pARp
D. some unions pay little attention to the disputes M
@rknq@
31. By comparing trade unions with companies, the authorsuggests _____________________. ]q0mo1-EZ!
A. both companies and trade unions have lots ofredundancies CT@JNG$<"
B. both of them are in conflict with workers W9~vBU
C. both of them fail to communicate with the outside -X ~VXeg
D. neither of them has succeeded in passing oninformation vdloh ,
32. The issue of trade union power is important inBritain because _________________________. cn$E?&-
A. the economy of Britain is an interdependent system p4;A[2Ot`:
B. there are many disagreements between unions !HM|~G7
C. Some unions have difficulties in internalcommunication 2T &<jt
D. The unions’ leader are elected and appointed for life 'W5r(M4U
Passage 4 ve2GRTO^aC
Many Americans harbour a grossly distorted andexaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, headof the department of food science and nutrition at the University ofMassachusetts—Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacteriallycontaminated chicken were as great as some people believe, "the streetswould be littered with people lying here and there." cB
U,!
Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food,there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of the biochemistry department atthe University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10%of a plant’s weight is made up ofnatural pesticides. He says: "since plants do not have jaws or teeth toprotect themselves, they employ chemical warfare." And many naturallyproduced chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory teststo be strong carcinogen—a substance which can cause cancer.Mushrooms might be banned if they were judged by the same standards that applyto food additive. Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at CornellUniversity: "We’ve got far worse natural chemicalsin the food supply than anything man-made." )6#dxb9
Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans haveno reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have everyreason to demand significant improvement in food and water safety. Theyunconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangerous chemicals.If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make much sense toadd dozens of new man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the smallamount of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few individualswill probably get cancer one day because of what they eat and drink. lBS!=/7
To make good food and water supplies even better, theGovernment needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspectionprogram and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry modify somelong-accepted practices turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps mostimportant, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle andcook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along thefood-supply chain, from fields to processing plants to kitchens. 7@u0;5p|
33. What does the author think of the Americans’ view of their food? V-U,3=C
A. They overstate the government’s interference withthe food industry. zhbp"yju7
B. They are overoptimistic about the safety of theirfood. Qi',[Xmf
C. They overlook the risks of the food they eat.
,vEwck#
D. They overestimate the hazards of their food. !8^:19+
34. The author considers it impossible to obtain no-riskfood because_________________. o0b}:`
A. no food id free from pollution in the environment (i^3Lw :
B. pesticides are widely used in agriculture [6Y6{.%~
C. many vegetables contain dangerous natural chemicals LC/9)Sh_n
D. almost all foods have additives O^v^GG=e;C
35. By saying "they employ chemical warfare’’ underlined inparagraph 2, Bruce Ames means "______________". kVk^?F
A. plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests anddiseases h%
BA,C
B. plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growth &o$E1;og
C. farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the naturalchemicals in plants /w0l7N
D. farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pestsand diseases S~fQ8t70
36. The reduction of the possible hazards in foodultimately depends on ____________________. YRF%].A%2
A. the government B. the consumer Z,/BPK<e
C. the processor D. the grower 8jW{0&ox)
Passage 5 _y&m4V