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2021年考博英语阅读理解关键句大全

　1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.
　　1、系好安全带能够挽救性命，它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。
　　2. But it will be the driver's responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.
　　2、但是司机有责任确保14岁以下的孩子不要坐在前排，除非他们系好了安全带。
　　3. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a localdelivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it.
　　3、当然，如果有以下情况你可以不系安全带：你在倒车时，或者你用一种特殊交通工具进行当地的货物运送、收集时，或者你有合法的医学证明你不能系安全带时。
　　4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.
　　4、注意你如果不这么做(系安全带)的话，你有可能被告上法庭，而且你有可能被处以罚款除非你能证明你有不带安全带的理由。
　　5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down.
　　5、Taiju Matsuzawa 教授想找出为什么日本北部的健康农民在相对年轻的年龄就显得开始失去思考与推理的能力的原因以及怎样才能延缓老化过程。
　　6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.
　　6、在东京国立大学的同事们的帮助下，他开始对一千来自不同职业的人群进行了大脑体积的测量。
　　7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能)and emotion, and determine the human character.
　　7、计算机技术帮助研究人员获得人脑前部和侧部的准确体积，这是与人的智能和情绪有关的部分，而且也决定人的性格特点。
　　8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds.
　　8、有的人(大脑)前部和侧部的收缩--随着细胞的死亡--在三十多岁时就能被观察到了，但是也有些人直到六七岁依然不明显。
　　9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.
　　9、研究结果表明在农村的人大脑收缩基本上比城市里的人要早。
　　10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.
　　10、在政府部门从事简单重复工作的白领也像农场工人、公共汽车司机和商店职员一样大脑细胞容易收缩。
　　11. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges, and that the costs of living of our young men, while with you, would be very expensive to you.
　　11、我们知道你们很看重你们在大学里面教育的学习方法，而且我们的年轻人与你们生活的花费即使对于你们来说也不便宜。
　　12. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.
　　12、但是你们也要明白不同的民族看待事物有不同的方法，所以如果刚好我们的看法与你们的不一样的话，你们也不应觉的被冒犯了。
　　13. We are, however, not the less obliged by your kind offer, though we refuse to accept it; and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take care of their education, teach them in all we know , and make men of them.
　　13、当然，对于你们的盛情我们没有被逼迫的感觉，尽管我们拒绝接受。而且，为了表示我们的感谢，如果维吉利亚洲的绅士们愿意派来一些他们的子弟的话，我们会尽全力教育他们，并把他们培养成为真正的男人。
　　14. In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history, the earth's postwar era, there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day.
　　14、在这个像是计算机史前时代的时代，地球的战后时代，人们普遍担忧有一天计算机会取代人类控制世界。
　　15. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives. We are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.
　　15、今天或者不到五十年后，计算机将越来越多的减轻人们的工作事务和日常琐事。我们也将面对一个没有什么戏剧性和更不可预测的问题。
　　16. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.
　　16、显然，如果你不得不检查计算机提供的所有答案的话，对它投资就没有任何意义了。但是当人们觉的计算机确实出了一些问题的时候，应该靠自己内部的"计算机"来检查机器。
　　17. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.
　　17、当然牛顿在他的作品中写到了一些理论方面的东西，但他不愿进行更加深刻的研究。
　　18. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it , let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.
　　18、除了一些洲际旅行者和以大海为生的人，对于大多数人来说，大海是遥远的，没有什么必要提出太多问题，更别说思考大海海底的东西了。
　　19. The first time that the question " What is at the bottom of the oceans?" had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.
　　19、当铺设一条从欧洲到美洲的海底电报光缆的时候，出于商业动机，人们第一次不得不回答这个问题"海底是什么东西"。
　　20. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
　　20、在早期的尝试中，光缆铺设失败，不得不取出来维修。这时人们发现上面覆盖有生物，这推翻了当时科学界认为深海没有生命的理论。

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　21. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.

　　21、学生们所学的每一门课程都有分数，而且要被记录存档，这可以用来提供给将来学生的雇主们。

　　22. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.

　　22、所有这些给学生们施加了很大的压力，尽管如此，学生们还是积极参加学生活动。

　　23. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.

　　23、而有效遵守纪律的学生们往往是那些经常给校方提建议的学生。

　　24. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.

　　24、当丈夫们和妻子们认识到这种能量圈的意思以及各个家庭成员所处的圈之后，许多家庭争吵就结束了。

　　25. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.

　　25、只要可能，在下午做那些程序化的工作，把需要更多能量的工作留到你效率最好的时候去做。

　　26. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.

　　26、我们也很看重个人品德和社交技能，我们发现混合能力的教育对学习的各个方面都有帮助。

　　27. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively.

　　27、他们也要学习如何处理个人问题和怎样思考，怎样决策、分析和评估以及有效沟通。

　　28. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?

　　28、问题是，怎样鼓励一个孩子在写作时自由自信的表达自己，而不被拼写的复杂所捆绕。

　　29. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil's technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child's deep feelings.

　　29、这可能是对学生在写作中的技术能力的尖锐批评，但也是老师的失败的悲哀反映--忽略了朗读文章，这其中优美的表达可以激发孩子们的深刻感受。

　　30. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centred on the child's ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement.

　　30、老师注重错误没错，但是如果他更注重孩子的思想的话，他失望的表现会使孩子有提高的动力。

　　31. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater.

　　31、根据政府和私人雇主的性质来看，私人雇主更有可能采取歧视。

　　32. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi.

　　32、这种化合物通过碳的释放来实现循环，主要依靠喜氧和厌氧细菌以及一些菌类的活动。

　　33. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have out grown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they haven't.

　　33、一场激烈的争论在一个女孩和一位少校中展开了，前者说女人们已经不再"看到老鼠就从椅子上跳起来"了，而后者说她们依然那样。

　　34. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.

　　34、他们在尝试寻找是否我们教授孩子们语言的方法中有阻碍孩子们迅速学习语言的东西。

　　35. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos.

　　35、使用计算机来拷贝大脑工作方式的数学家们发现即使使用最先进的电子设备，他们也要建造一台超过10，000公斤的计算机。

　　36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish, to learning about the stars and making model ships.

　　36、既然不同的人们在他们的业余时间做不同的事情，我们可以列出一长串爱好列表，包括从收集火柴盒到养珍稀鱼类以及学习星学和制造航模等各种消遣。

　　37. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.

　　37、他们知道在冰面下面游泳的海豹呼吸的热气会使冰面上出现洞口，于是他们就在洞旁守侯并捕杀海豹。

　　38. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race.

　　38、只要一个人没有属于其他人种的明显的特征，我们就可以判断他是否属于白色人种。

　　39. Although signs of dishonesty in school , business and government seem much more numerous in years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?

　　39、尽管在学校，企业和政府中不诚实的欺诈行为近年来比以往都要多，大那也许是因为我们在这些方面加大了揭露的力度。

　　40. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.

　　40、并不是与独立理论不一致，而是与其应用不相符合：爱情小说可以以任何一种形式展现或者根本没有特殊的规律，他们没有累积效果，就象现代小说家的作品一样独立。

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　41. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as " racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition," can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.

　　41、对于针对美国黑人的种族歧视，他的理论相对成立得较好，但是他将种族偏见如此定义："在某一特定区域内的种族竞争中被普遍接受的一个种族所受到的基于种族的负面偏见。"可以看作也包含有对象加州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人等少数民族的敌视。

　　42. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining - the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

　　42、加特曼确凿地说明黑人家庭的稳定鼓励了黑人文化遗产的传递和维护，这些遗产包括从一代传到另一代的民间传说，音乐，和宗教表述，这些遗产使非洲和美洲的奴隶们特色显著。

　　43. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on , is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.

　　43、即使社会系统的民间知识中像挣钱，花费，组织，婚嫁，政治活动的参与，以及战斗等等，都与从社会科学中衍生出来更加精细的社会系统描述相差不多，尽管它是建立在一个不太完善的个人经验上的模型。

　　44. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people.

　　44、有几项措施可以采取，其中主要的是要所有宣布以保护动物利益为目标的组织都明确宣布他们对于人类所受到的暴力袭击表决坚定的立场、

　　45. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types, however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.

　　45、用其他方式来展示神经类型的细微差别也是可能的，然而，要证明脉冲质量和传导受到这些差别的影响还缺乏证据，看起来这些差别影响的是神经单元的发展形成方式。

　　46. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge , and there is some evidence for this view.

　　46、根据这一理论，不是由感觉神经脉冲的质量来决定他们产生的各种神经感觉的，而是由他们被发射到大脑的哪一部位来决定的，对这一观点是有证据的。

　　47. The result of attrition is that, where the areas of the whole leaves follow a normal distribution, a bimodal distribution is produced, one peak composed mainly of fragmented pieces, the other of the larger remains.

　　47、磨擦的结果是，在叶面上服从正态分布的地方就会产生两种分布方式，顶点上主要是小块，其他的地方是小块，其他的地方是大块的地方。

　　48. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable difference of opinion.

　　48、圣经没有告诉我们罗马的数据统计者们怎样达到我们今天的经济预测的可靠性的，我们进一步思考的话，其中的意见上有很大的不同。

　　49. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.

　　49、在英国进行的一项调查证实经常接受X光照射的脊椎关节炎患者癌症的百分比高得不正常。

　　50. Yet across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us.

　　50、然而，穿过太空的港湾，那里的意识对于我们的来说就像我们的意识比动物的意识一样，冷酷广博而无情的智慧，用嫉妒的眼睛看作地球，慢慢地肯定会制定针对我们的计划。

　　51. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required " union card" in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professor's classroom duties.

　　51、即使是学术界被长时间认作必须"同盟卡"的博士学位，现在也因为仅仅为了学习本身和知识的累积而学习，却不把知识应用到教授的教学职责中去而受到了严厉的批评。

　　52. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader.

　　52、尽管收集必要的信息对于两者来说都是需要的，但官员必须以中立和清晰的态度来提供事实的画面，而艺术家从已设字的信息或者态度开始，并将其过用激发读者共鸣和情绪反应的词语描写的动用细节描述出来。

　　53. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production (GNP) because it is not such a complete index of welfare, ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.

　　53、流行期刊中甚至有文章批评国民生产总值，因为它并不是一个福利目录，一方面忽视了它从来就没有这种倾向，另一方面的建议是通过正确的改变它才能被转化过来。

　　54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.

　　54、其他的实验揭示神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和连接的细微变化，但就神经关联而言，这些感觉区域的相似性比那些细微的区别更有意义可言。

　　55. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes.

　　55、中国向农民和其它农村住户发放了宣传刊物，指导他们观察动物，以便每户人家都能参与帮助地震预报。

　　56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack, but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening.

　　56、星球大战防御系统的支持者们希望它不仅能保护一个遭受核攻击的国家，也希望它能成为使核攻击永不发生的足够威胁。

　　57. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers, whose flights are within the Earth's atmosphere, from hitting their targets.

　　57、它也不能防止轨道在地球大气层以内的洲际导弹和轰炸机命中目标。

　　58. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.

　　58、人民活动家一直认为黑人和拉丁美人难以在生意上立足的原因是因为他们难以取得大公司的大宗定单和分包合同。

　　59. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the "useful" child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the "useless" child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally " priceless".

　　59、她认为十九世纪给家庭经济作出贡献的孩子才"有用"的概念慢慢改变了，今天提到那些没有挣取收入的"无用"孩子，甚至还要花销很多，仍然在情感上被认为是无价的。

　　60. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800's, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicted in part on the assumption that a child's emotional value made child labor taboo.

　　60、这种关于孩子的观点到19世纪时已在中上阶级中建立，并于19世纪末20世纪初在社会上广泛传播，当时改革者们推行童工规定和义务教育法，部分来源于孩子的情感价值的假设，这都使得使用童工被禁止了。

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方面时，就像一般从工业化到一般发展中国家一样，看起来是基于双方资源的规定产生的收入损失主要由接收大量外国投资和创造大部分收益的国家来承担-即发展中国家一方。

　　69. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligation and involvement in the collective community that emphasized by the Greeks.

　　69、尽可能没有政府干预地追求个人利益被看作为通往人类幸福的道路和进步，而不是像希腊人强调的集体社会中的公共义务与参与。

　　70. The defense lawyer relied on long-standing principles governing the conduct of prosecuting attorneys: as quasi-judicial officers of the court they are under a duty not to prejudice a party's case through overzealous prosecution or to detract from the impartiality of courtroom atmosphere.

　　70、辩护律师依靠长期作用的准则来约束原告律师的行来：作为法庭的准司法人员，他们有责任不能过分起诉来偏见性对待一方的案子或者破坏法庭的公正气氛。

　　71. No prudent person dared to act on the assumption that, when the continent was settled, one government could include the whole; and when the vast expense broke up, as seemed inevitable, into a collection of separate nations, only discord, antagonism, and wars could be expected.

　　71、没有一个谨慎的人能按如下的假设行事：当陆地确定以后，一个政府并不能包括全部;当这种巨大的开销终于分裂为几个民族时，这看起来是不可避免的，人们就只能等待着争论，敌对和战争了。

　　72. If they were right in thinking that the next necessity in human progress was to lift the average person upon an intellectual and social level with the most favored, they stood at least three generations nearer than Europe to that goal.

　　72、如果他们认为人类进步的下一步必需是把普通人的智力水平和社会地位向着最受欢迎的方向提高的看法正确的话，他们至少要比欧洲超前三代接近那个目标。

　　73. Somehow he knows that if our huckstering civilization did not at every moment violate the eternal fitness of things, the poet's song would have been given to the world, and the poet would have been cared for by the whole human brotherhood, as any man should be who does the duty that every man owes it.

　　73、他认识到如果不是我们的"小贬"文明每时每刻地破坏事实内部的和谐的话，诗人的诗歌就该已经奉献给了世界，而诗人也该被全人类关怀着，每个为大家做事的人都该被如此对待。

　　74. The instinctive sense of the dishonor which money-purchase does to art is so strong that sometimes a man of letters who can pay his way otherwise refuses pay for his work, as Lord Byron did, for a while, from a noble pride, and as Count Tolstoy has tried to do, from a noble conscience.

　　74、金钱购买给艺术的本能耻辱感如此强烈，以致可有时文人可以获得报酬却拒绝为其作品给予的报酬，Lord Byron有时因为尊贵的自豪而这么做，而Count Tolstoy则出于贵族的良知而尽力这么做。

　　75. Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government.

　　75、也许他认为他批评美国的外支政策就会使他从联帮政府那里获得的对人权和的支持受到威胁。

　　76. Abraham Lincoln, who presided in his stone temple on August 28, 1963 above the children of the slaves he emancipated (解放), may have used just the right words to sum up the general reaction to the Negroes' massive march on Washington.

　　76、Abraham Lincoln在1963年8月28日在他掌管的石头寺里解放了奴隶的孩子们，使用了正确的词语来总统对待华盛顿的黑人群众游行。

　　77. In the Warren Court era, voters asked the Court to pass on issues concerning the size and shape of electoral districts, partly out of desperation because no other branch of government offered relief, and partly out of hope that the Court would reexamine old decisions in this area as it had in others, looking at basic constitutional principles in the light of modern living conditions.

　　77、在Warren法庭时代，选民们要求法庭通过有关选区的大小和形状的问题，一方面因为出于绝望-没有什么其他的政府部门提供缓解的办法;一方面出于希望-法庭根据现代的生活条件来审视基本的宪法原则,像其他地区一样重新审查在这一地区的旧的规定。

　　78. Some even argue plausibly that this weakness may be irremediable : in any society that, like a capitalist society, seeks to become ever wealthier in material terms disproportionate rewards are bound to flow to the people who are instrumental in producing the increase in its wealth.

　　78、有些人甚至看似事理地认为这一弱点无可补救：在任何一个在物质财富方面追求更加富裕的社会中，比如说资本主义社会，比例不均衡的回报肯定要流向那些在创造财富增长的过程中提供设备的人。

　　79. This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refused to find any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination in particular, are "suspect" and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts.

　　79、这一学说把十四修正案的应用扩大到了其他方面，由于一些法官拒绝用宪法来给除种族外的东西来进行法定分类予以否定，许多人觉得这一论点可以接受;至少有一些非种族的歧视，特别是性别歧视被怀疑要受法庭的仔细审查。

　　80. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to have more room for creative accident.

　　80、但由于照相机变得越来越精细，越来越自动化了，一些摄影师禁不住开始解除他们的装备或者说他们根本没什么装备，而倾向于运用那些非现代的照相技术，因为一架未成熟，力不大的机器被认为更加有趣或者说更能有情绪结果，给人更多的创作空间。

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81. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed authorical intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.

　　81、两种小说家都使用一种讲故事的方法，来强调同一事件不同角度的讽刺差别和浅显戏剧与隐藏的权威倾向的讽刺联系，我称之为明显的叙述技巧。

　　82. When black poets are discussed separately as a group, for instance, the extent to which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten, or a distortion of literacy history may result.

　　82、如果把黑人诗人当作一个群体来讨论的话，比如说，他们的作品反应的诗歌发展历史的程度不该被忘记，可能会产生文学历史的一些改变。

　　83. These differences include the bolder and more forthright speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness.

　　83、这些不同包括了下一代人大胆直率的言辞和他们的技术发明性。

　　84. But black poets were not battling over old or new rather, one accomplished Black poet was ready to welcome another, whatever his or her style, for what mattered was racial pride.

　　84、但是黑人诗人并不争论关于第的问题，一个有成就的黑人诗人总欢迎新人，不管他们的风格怎样，因为真正重要的是种族自豪。

　　85. Tolstoy reversed all preconceptions and in every reversal he overthrew the " system", the " machine", the externally ordained belief, the conventional behaviour in favor of unsystematic, impulsive life, of inward motivation and the solutions of independent thought.

　　85、托尔斯泰推翻了所有预想，每一次他都抛弃了"系统"和"机械"的东西，外部规定的信念，情绪冲动的生活和非系统的传统行为，内部激励和独立思考的解决方案。

　　86. It was better covered by television and press than any event here since President Kennedy's inauguration (就职) , and , since indifferent is almost as great a problem to the Negro as hostility, this was a plus.

　　86、这种冷谈正如对黑人的敌意一样是个大问题，而电视和报纸对肯尼迪总统就职典礼的报道胜过对其它事件的报道，是一个意外的收获。

　　87. But do not the challenge and the excitement of the critical problem as such lie in that ambivalence of attitude which allows us to recognize the intelligence and even the splendor of Meredith's work, while, at the same time, we experience a lack of sympathy, a failure of any enthusiasm of response?

　　87、但是难道这不是关键问题的挑战和刺激而就其本身而言是存在于矛盾的态度里面。这样的态度让我们认识到Meredith's作品中智慧和卓越，然而与此同时，我们有了缺乏同情和不能有任何热情反应的经历。

　　88. In this respect she resembled one of her favourite contemporaries, Mary Brunton, who would rather have " glided through the world unknown" than been suspected of literary airs-to be shunned, as literary women are, by the more pretending of their own sex, and abhorred, as literary women are, by the more pretending of the other!

　　88、在这方面，她很像所喜欢的同时代人中的一位Mary Brunton一样被回避着，和许多女性作家更多的来掩饰其性别憎恶，和其它方面，Mary是宁愿在无名的世界中悄然而去，也不愿被怀疑是在卖弄文艺。

　　89. From those sounds which we hear on small or on coarse occasions, we do not easily receive strong impressions, or delightful images; and words to which we are nearly strangers, whenever they occur, draw that attention on themselves which they should transmit to things.

　　89、我们在小场合或是粗鲁的场合听到的声音，不容易有强烈的印象或是令人愉悦的形象。对于那些生词，无论什么时候出现，我们要把注意力放到传达意义上。

　　90. To proceed thus is to set up a fivefold hypothesis that enables you to gather from the innumerable items cast up by the sea of experience upon the shores of your observation only the limited number of relevant data-relevant, that is, to one or more of the five factors of your hypothesis.

　　90、为了继续进行，要创立一种5重假设，使你能够从经验的海洋中搜集到无尽的细节，然后抛到观察的海岸上，只有有限的相关数据，也就是说，在假设中的五个因素里面有一个或多个。

　　91. As an author, I am naturally concerned that a surprisingly large percentage of the population of the United States is functionally illiterate; if they can't read or cannot understand what they read, they won't buy books, or this magazine.

　　91、我作为一名作家，自然地要关心在美国人口中惊人比例的实用文盲，如果他们不能读或不能理解他们所读内容，他们就不会买书或是杂志。

　　92. They do not know those parts of the doctrine which explain and justify the remainder ; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.

　　92、他们不知道那解释和点明其余部分合理的学说，那些表明似乎与其它相冲突的因素是可以协调一致的，或者应该提出两个明显有力的原因中的一个而不是另一个。

　　93. Quite apart from the logistic problems, there existed a well-established tradition in Britain which refused to repatriate against their will people who found themselves in British hands and the nature of whose reception by their own government was, to say the least, dubious.

　　93、除了逻辑推理问题之外，在英国存在一种悠久的拒绝遣送违反他们意志的人们的传统，这些人们发现他们处于英国政府的掌握，而这种政府接受的本质却不确定的。

　　94. An obsession with the exact privileges of a colonial legislature and the precise extent of Britain's imperial power, the specifics of a state constitution and the absolute necessity of a federal one, all expressed this urge for a careful articulation as proof that the right relationship with external powers did indeed prevail.

　　94、对于殖民立法的困扰和英国皇权的范围，州宪法的细节问题和绝对需要一个联邦法律。所有这些都表达出迫切的需要谨慎的，具有外在力量的正确关系的证明确实盛行。

　　95. One encyclopaedia tells us that intelligence is related to the ability to learn, to the speed with which things are learned, to how well and how long ideas are remembered, to the ability to understand those ideas and use them in problem-solving, and to creativity.

　　95、词源里告诉我们说智力是和学习能力有关，和所要学习的内容速度有关，和内容记得的好坏和时间的长短有关，而且和有能力那些内容，使用它们来解决问题的能力，以及创造力相关。

　　96. The event marked the end of an extended effort by William Barton Rogers, M.I.T. 's founder and first president, to create a new kind of educational institution relevant to the times and to the contrary's need, where young men and women would be educated in the application as well as the acquisition of knowledge.

　　96、这事件标志着由William Barfon Rogers的长期的努力的结束。William是MIT的一创立者兼第一任主席，他努力要开创一种新型和时代、国家需要相关的教育机构，在那里青年人可以获得知识性和实用性的教育。

　　97. Each departmental program consists, in part, of a grouping of subjects in the department's areas of professional interest and, in part, of additional opportunities for students of their choice.

　　97、每个系的计划包括的一部分是系领域内的专业兴趣的科目，另一部分是学生们自己选择的额外机会。

　　98. Alternatively, a student may use elective time to prepare for advanced study in some professional field, such as medicine or law, for graduate study in some area in which M. I. T. gives no undergraduate degree, such as meteorology or psychology, or for advanced study in an interdisciplinary field, such as astrophysics, communication science, or energy.

　　98、可选性地，学生可以用选择性的时间来准备某些专业领域的高级课程，比如说医学或者法律，或者M.I.T.不授予本科学位的某些专业课程，比如说气象学和心理学，或者跨学科的领域，比如说天体物理学，交流学或者能源学。

　　99. While the undergraduate curriculum for an open Bachelor of Science degree, as listed by a department, may have its own unique features, each program must be laid out in consultation with a departmental representative to assure that it is meaningful in structure and challenging in content.

　　99、尽管开放式理学学士本科课程计划由系里列出，可以有一些自己独特的特点，但每个项目的列出必须与系代表进行协商，以此来保证课程结构有意义，内容富有挑战性。

　　100. Where previously it had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects such as dams, roads and bridges, it began to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country.

　　100、以前的重心是诸如大坝、道路和桥梁等大型基础设施的建设，现在开始转换到能直接提高国家的基础服务的项目上来了。

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　101. Thus in addition to the chances of going away from the right path outlined above, the scientific investigator shares with the ordinary citizen the possibilities of falling into errors of reasoning in the ways we have just indicated, and many others as well.

　　101、因此除了以上列出的走弯路的可能性外，科学研究者们和普通人一样，也有在我们刚才提到的思维方式上犯错误的可能性，以及在一些其他的方面。

　　102. He made a hole and peering through, could see jewellery, and other objects stacked in piles in the shadows that extended beyond the beam of light penetrating the interior.

　　102、他掏了个洞往里瞥去，能看见珠宝，在透进去的光线之外的阴影里面，还有些堆成堆的其他东西。

　　103. Neither Ayat nor the Rassoul brothers noticed, however, that most of the pieces they were selling were of a type not previously seen in the marketplace-pieces whose existence had been suspected but which had not yet been discovered by archaeologists.

　　103、阿雅特和罗索尔兄弟都不知道他们销售的大部分都是以前在市场上面没有人见过的东西--只被人们猜想过它的存在，但从来没有考古学家真正发现过。

　　104. "The biggest construction project of this century", explained French President Francois Mitterand in January, 1986 as he and then British prime minister Margaret Thatcher jointly announced that the two countries would finally overcome ancient quarrels and prejudices and forge a link across the narrow Channel separating them.

　　104、1986年1月，法国总统弗兰西斯· 密特朗解释说："这是本世纪最大的建设项目。"当时，他和英国首相玛格丽特·撒切尔一起宣布两国将克服一直以来的争论和偏见，铺设一条横穿分隔两国的狭长海峡的地下隧道。

　　105. Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae(水藻) of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton(浮游植物群落) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.

　　105、也学是早期的许多研究只考虑了一种大小足以被浮游植物网采集的水藻，而这种做法忽略了更小的浮游植物-现在我们知道食草动物很可能以它为生。这些事实和做法导致了在后面的研究中对食草动物的忽视。

　　106. The converse observation, of the absence of grazers (食草动物)in areas of high phytoPlankton(浮游植物群落)concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion , which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent(驱虫剂) that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.

　　106、相反的观察，即在浮游植物群落高度集中的地方缺乏食草动物的现象，使哈笛提出了他的"动物排除"理论，该理论假设浮游植物群落能产生一种驱虫剂赶走在浮游植物高度集中区域内的食草动物。

　　107. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible at wave lengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emission(红外辐射) radiated from the Earth,s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.

　　107、尽管这些分子能够透过可见光，阳光的大部分热量?都集中在这个波段，但是它们吸收长波，从地表来的红外辐射，或者将有些辐射折射回空中。

　　108. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism(超现实主义), does this technique provide a counter point to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?

　　108、此外，一些黑人小说的风格，像Jean Toomer的Cane，就接近于表现主义或者超现实主义，这种巧合是否给流行描述黑人主人公与命运对抗的主题提供了一个反衬点，或者经常被更加自然的表达模式所传达的主题?

　　109. Roseenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works-yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results.

　　109、Roseenblatt的主题分析非常有客观性，他甚至明确地说他并不愿判断各种作品的价值-但他的说法似乎有些不对头，特别是有时赞美的尝试可能产生有趣的结果。

　　110. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation (薛定谔的方程式)forthe hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole (磁性偶极子), and relatiristic effects, and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field theoretical equations( 量子场论方程式).

　　110、这样，对于数学家们来说是非常惊诧的，例如，薛定谔方程式并不是氢原子的准确描述，而只是某种程度上的近似值。它近似于另外一种描述磁性偶极子相对效果的方程，而这个方程本身又是一套不定量子场论方程的近似值。

　　111. Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate( 强调) contradictions in social action, not gloss over or transcend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature.

　　111、大喜剧家们认为真理需要各种启示，因此他们开始强调社会活动中的各种矛盾，而不是掩饰或者通过非社会象征的神圣结局和喜剧目的、自然规律来超越它。

　　112. The hydrologic(水文地质的) cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation (降水(量)), thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration(散发).

　　112、水文地质循环是这一科学里面的一个重要课题，它是水的完全循环过程。这一过程从水蒸汽开始中，以降水量的形式成为液态或者固态水，这样就到了地表，最后又通过蒸发或者散发方式回到水蒸汽的状态。

　　113. My point is that its central consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people's lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.

　　113、我认为它的关键意识--它对于阶级和性的深远理解对人们的生活有着重要影响--很大程度上归功于文化遗产，总的来说，当代的文艺批评家并未对此给予足够评价。

　　114. In the early 1950's historians who studies preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite (精华) : the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates (要人) who had hitherto (迄今) usually filled history books.

　　114、早在20世纪50年代，许多研究前工业时代欧洲(我们可将其粗略定义为1300年至1800年间的欧洲)的历史学家们开始研究更多的欧洲人群，而不仅仅局在只占人口总数2%到3%的那些至今还充斥着历史书籍的政治、社会、精英人物：国王、将军、法官、贵族主教和地方要人。

　　115. The historian Frederick J. Tuner wrote in the 1890's that the agrarian(农民) discontent (不满) that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated (加速) by the closing of the internal frontier-that is , the depletion (枯竭) of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.

　　115、历史学家Frederick J Tuner在19世纪90年代写道：自1870年以来美国农民的不满一直在缓慢增长，直到1870年关闭了内部前沿以后就被加速了--就是说，用于扩张农业系统的新土地资源已经枯竭了。

　　116. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beure's blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.

　　116、Fallois提出Proust 1908年就开始写小说了，因为Saint-Beure对于写作的真实性质的忽视，他把小说放置了。后来开始流行个人回忆录和科幻小说，这些东西和小说一起稳步地发展。

　　117. The best evidence for the layered mantle (地幔) thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes (地柱) arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.

　　117、分层地幔的最好证据就是在海岛上发现的火山岩这一明显的事实。岛屿被认为是从低层地幔升起的地柱形成的，它构成的基本成份与海中的山脊系统根本不同，许多地质学家认为它起源于上层地幔。

　　118. In October 1838, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that, under these circumstances, favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed.

　　118、1838年10月，我随便读了《马尔萨散人口论》，很欣赏书的到处都有的生存竞争，经过对动物和植物生存习性的长期观察，我忽然想到这种环境下，有利于生存的变化被保留了，而不利于生存变化被消除了。

　　119. But these beliefs about peptide hormones (肽激素) were questioned as laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums(抗血清) to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus(下丘脑), indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present.

　　119、但是这些对于肽激素的信仿，被一个又一个的实验室质疑，他们发现抗血清被注入大脑后，并不在下丘脑那里才凝固，显示出肽激素和与抗血清反作用的物质都不存在。

　　120 Proponents(支持者)of the so-called Golden Quadrangle (金四角)，which would link areas of Bruma, Laos, Thailand and China's Yunnan province, are seeking an Asian Development Bank feasibility study of joint development and business projects that could free the region's hinterlands(内地)from their notorious dependence on the heroin trade.

　　120、连接着缅甸、老挝、泰国和中国云南省的区域构成了所谓的金三角，它的支持者们正寻求亚洲发展银行进行合作开发的可行性研究，以此来使其区域内地摆脱对臭名昭著的海洛因贸易的依靠。

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121. He enjoys the liberties hard won over centuries by the alliance of philosophic genius and political heroism, consecrated by the blood of martyrs (烈士) ; he is provided with comport and leisure by the most productive economy ever known to mankind; science has penetrated the secrets of nature in order to provide him with the marvellous, life like electronic sound and image reproductions he is enjoying.

　　121、他享受着数世纪来哲学天才和政治英雄们联合取得的自由，这是被烈士的鲜血神圣化了的自由;着人类有史以来最发达的经济提供的舒适与休闲;科学解开了自然的奥秘，使他能享受神奇逼真的音响和影像效果。

　　122. Each highbrow did and does congratulate himself on being unique in his unlikeness to other men; and conversely each lowbrow now congratulate himself on being in some mystical way unique in his likeness-on being, so to say, outstandingly average and extraordinarily ordinary.

　　122、每个有学问的人庆幸着自己与其他人的不一般;反过来没有学问的人则正庆幸着自己说不清的与别人的相似性--对于存在，这么说吧，杰出的大众化和非凡的普通。

　　123. As for the lowbrows' claim to be specially "human", I for one have never been able to understand why it should be "inhuman" to use the faculties that distinguish us from pigs and geese and "human" to use those which we share with the lower animals.

　　123、对于没学问者自称特殊的"人类"，有一点我一直搞不明白，为什么是"非人类"去使用那些设施来将我们和猪啊、鹅啊划分，而"人类"去使用那些我们与低等动物共享的东西。

　　124. There is no disputing, says the proverb, about taste-though, in fact, human beings spend at least half their leisure doing nothing else-and if highbrowism and lowbrowism were exclusively ( as it is certain that they are in great part) matters of individual taste, there would be no more to say about them than what I have said in the preceding lines.

　　124、谚语中说对于口味来说，是没有争议的--尽管在事实上，人类一-至少在一半的休闲时间里什么也不做--并且如果阳春白雪和下里巴人对于个人口味的问题是排外(这一点在很大程度上是肯定的)，那么对于他们来说，除了我在前面讲的，就没什么说的了。

　　125. Thus I desire a great deal less pleasure from jazz and thrillers than from the music, let us say, of Beethoven(贝多芬) or the novels, for example, of Dostoievsky; and the sex appeal of the girls on the covers of magazines seems to me less thrilling than the more complicated appeal to a great variety of feelings made by a Rubens, an EI Greco, a Constable, a Seurat.

　　125、因此我从爵士乐和刺激性事物中找到的乐趣需比音乐里的少得多，比如说，贝多芬的或者是Dostoievsky的小说;杂志封面上的性感女郎比Rubens，Greco，Constablet Seurat所创造的精细复杂的情感对于我来说要逊色得多。

　　126. One need only ask first-year university students what music they listen to , how much of it and what it means to them, in order to discover that the phenomenon is universal in America, that it begins in adolescence or a bit before and continues through the college years.

　　126、只要问问大学一年级的学生他们听什么音乐，那对他们有多重要或者说意味着什么，就可以发现在美国是个普遍现象，它开始于青春期或更早的时候但会延续整个大学时代。

　　127. They start, like the pharisee in the parable , by thanking God that the are not as other men are, and proceed to paint a picture of those other men, hardly more flattering than that which Swift painted of the Yahoos.

　　127、像寓言中的古法利赛人一样，他们感谢上帝--他们与普通人不一样，去画那些人的图画，几乎比Swift画的人形兽还要好看。

　　128. Each time the dream was a promise out of our ancient articles of faith, phrases from the constitution, lines from the great anthem of the nation, guarantees from the Bill of Rights, all ending with a vision that they might one day all come true。

　　128、每一次梦想都是来自于古老的忠诚的承诺，宪法中的词句，国歌中的歌词，人权法案所保证，都是以希望有一天它能成为现实的期望来结束的。

　　129. For many the day seemed an adventure, a long outing in the late summer sun-part liberation from home, part Sunday school picnic, part political convention, and part fish fry.

　　129、对于许多人来说，这一天像冒险活动，在盛夏和阳光下长时间等着--有的是从家里出来轻松，有的是学校周日野炊，有的是政治会议，有的烤鱼吃。

　　130. It may not "look to it" at once, since it is looking to so many things, but it will be a long time before it forgets the melodious(悦耳的) and melancholy (忧郁的) voice of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther Jr., crying out his dreams to the multitude(大众).

　　130、也许不能注意到它，因为在注意着许多事情，但是很长时间后也很难忘记Rev、Dr、Martin、Luther.Jr.,用悦耳忧郁的声音向大众呼喊出他的梦想。

　　131. Above all , they got over Lincoln's point that " the necessity of being ready increase", for they left no doubt that this was not the climax of their campaign for equality but merely the beginning, that they were going to stay in the streets until they could get equality in the schools, restaurants, houses and employment agencies of the nation, and that, as they demonstrated here today, they had found an effective way to demonstrate for changes in the laws without breaking the law themselves.

　　131、首先，他们明白了林肯的"准备增长的必需性"理论，因为他们一点也不怀疑他们争取平等的运动还没有达到高潮，而仅仅是个开端，他们要继续在街上静坐直到他们在学校、饭店、室内和职业介绍机构得到平等对待的权力。而且，就像他们现在展示的一样，他们已经找到了不触犯法律来引起法律的改变的有效的方法。

　　132. Although we apparently have a need for REM sleep, judging from the fact that our bodies automatically compensate for a loss of it, what REM sleep actually does for us is not clear.

　　132、从我们的身体能够自动地对损失作出补偿这个事来看，尽管我们明显地需要REM Crapid eye movement睡眠，但REM睡眠对我们的身体有什么作用还不清楚。

　　133. Coming out while you were poised unsteadily on the icy, springy brush they made difficult shooting and I killed two, missed five, and started back pleased to have found a covey to the house and happy there were so many left to find on another day.

　　133、(我)出来的时候在冰冷多刺的灌木丛里不太安稳地待着，他们打得很困难，我打到了两只、跑了五只，回来的时候我看到房子边还有一群，很高兴它们留下来的下次好打。

　　134. More important to them, though, is that it gives them some places where they can borrow money at a cost that is usually a good deal less than at the small-loan agency, or the installment house, or indeed most places.

　　134、对于他们来说更重要的是，给他们提供了一个以一定代价借钱的地方，这比小型的借贷公司，分期付款行或者其他地方要便宜得多。

　　135. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.

　　135、能使个体拥有最多后代的性别比例被推崇，以便来使基因的数目也被传输下去。

　　136. Temporary shortages do occur, but Simon and other boomsters(兴旺论者) argue that as long as government doesn't interfere-by mandating (指令) conservation or setting price controls (价格) -people will find alternative (代用品).

　　136、当代短缺确实出现，但西蒙和其他兴旺论者认为只要政府不干预--通过消费指令或者价格控制--人们总能找到替代品。

　　137. He seldom ignores that many potential votes, and it did not escape the notice of congressmen that these Negro organizations, some of which had almost as much trouble getting out a crowd as the Washington Senators several years ago, were now capable of organizing the largest demonstrating throng (群众) ever gathered at one spot in the District of Columbia..

　　137、他很少忽略许多潜在的选票，许多黑人组织也没有逃过议员们的眼睛，几年前还像高级议员一样很难冲出人群的黑人组织现在已经能够组织哥伦比亚区最大的群众集会了。

　　138. Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening.

　　138、直到这个世纪末还是有大量的这样的争论，书籍是否应该作为信息来认真对待，还是有些像报纸之类的阅读材料已经在精神上有某种程度地减弱了。

　　139. However, whatever its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media(宣传工具)on the one hand and by books and magazines for a specialized readership on the other.

　　139、然而，不管它有什么优点，古老的共享文字文化已经过去了，一方面被印刷的大众媒体代替，另一方面被给特定读都出版的书籍和杂志代替了。

　　140. By the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, if not impossible, for the oral reader.

　　140、到这个世纪末，学生们被介绍对书籍要采用"拿来主义"，阅读时也要采用技巧，可能的话，对于朗读者来说是不太适合的。

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141. Though most dictionary have a system of making words as obsolete, or in use only as slang, many people, more especially if their use of a particular word has been challenged, are likely to conclude, if they find it in a dictionary, that it is accepted as being used by writers of established reputation.

　　141、尽管许多字典将有些词汇定义为"过时"或者说"只作口语用"，但许多人对某些词汇的用法不解时，当他们查完字典，却往往发现许多知名作家也在作品中正式使用。

　　142. People can be relatively rich only if others are relatively poor, and since power is concentrated in the hands of the rich, public policies will continue to reflect their interests rather than those of the poor.

　　142、人们只能是相对富裕，而另一些人就相对贫穷了。既然权力是集中在富人的手中，公共政策就将继续反应他们的利益而不是穷人的利益了。

　　143. Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways.

　　143、社会变化在有多种人群汇集的社会里比仅有相似人群的社会里更容易发生。

　　144. In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, Notions of male superiority are hard to maintain.

　　144、如果一个家庭里面男女的角色不是明显地分开，家务事由双方分担的话，大男子主义就很难维持了。

　　145. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by co-operation rather than by the "battle of the sexes."

　　145、在这样的家庭中长大的孩子们比他们的父母更容易参与到以合作为特征的社会中去，而不靠什么"性别之争"。

　　146. The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family, needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.

　　146、家庭就像是一个合作式的企业一样，很难制定统一的规则，因为每个家庭都需要自己的独特的解决问题的办法。

　　147. Besides serving the indefinite needs of its native speakers, English is a language in which some of important works in science, technology, and other fields are being produced, and not always by native speakers.

　　147、除了以英语为母语的人大量地使用英语外，很多重要的科学、技术文献也是由英语写成，而且作者不仅仅是以英语为母语的人。

　　148. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.

　　148、比起那些头脑不活跃的人来说，年轻时喜欢尽量从事更多工作的人年老后更有认识力。

　　149. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward.

　　149、完美主义者倾向于为了一点小事花费比事情本身更大的代价去完成。

　　150. Men are naturally most impressed by diseases which have obvious signs, yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed.

　　150、人类自然地对于那些有明显特征的疾病有深刻的印象，然而他们最可怕的敌人往往在未被人注意时慢慢接近他们。

　　151. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage ---a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of deformed (畸形) children or even grandchildren.

　　151、问题是很难明确辐射的伤害-一个人可能感觉良好，但他(她)的性器官细胞可能受到损伤，而且有些直到生下畸形儿甚至是畸形孙儿才会被发现。

　　152. In the end , only 7 out of 19 regular Cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all for trails. The diet-Cola drinkers did a little worse - only 7 of 27 identified all four sample correctly.

　　152、最后，只有7/19的传统可乐爱好者正确地辨别出了他们的品牌，而低糖可乐爱好者水平更差-只有7/27的人辩出了四种混合的品牌。

　　153. Taste is such a subjective matter that we don't usually conduct preference tests for food.

　　153、口味是个非常主观的问题，所以对于食物我们一般不进行偏好测试。

　　154. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.

　　154、区分周围的环境或者有机物体，以及分辨作用于有机物的影响力是生物内部的还是来自于外部环境的，看起来非常简单。

　　155. But in actual practice this system breaks down in many ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the orgainism and vice versa (反之亦然).

　　155、但是在实际中这套系统在很多方面失败了，因为有机物和环境在不断相互作用，所以环境在不断被有机物修改，反过来也是一样。

　　156. In the case of man, the difficulties with the environment concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer(持有者) of culture.

　　156、对于人类来说，环境概念的问题更加复杂。因为我们不得不把人类当为动物，又不得不把人当为文化的持有者来对待。

　　157. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such like factors common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as "cultural", which modify the physical and biological factors.

　　157、如果我们将人类看作动物来尝试解释作用在有机物上的环境影响力的话，我们不得不处理像气候，土壤，植物和一些对于所有生物环境来说共同的因素，但我们也发现，"文化"的影响也非常重大，它可以改变物理和生物因素。

　　158. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment.

　　158、所以我们很容易在对待文化的问题上陷入困境，有时候，我们将其看作人类的一部分，有时候，又作为环境的一部分。

　　159. Unaware that their own ability has developed through the years, they assume the new generation of young people must be hopeless in this respect.

　　159、因为不了解这些你那里他们的能力已经进步了，他们认为在这个方面新一代的年轻人肯定没有希望了。

　　160 Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not perceived as a generation phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar to today's young people, it natrually follows that today's English teachers cannot be doing their jobs.

　　160、既然这种关于英语语言的衰退的担忧并不被看作一个一代人的现象，而是特指对于今天的年轻人的一种新现象，所以可以很自然地认为现在的英语老师工作做得不好。

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　161. With socialists demanding an end to'wage slavery'anarchists singing the praises of the virtues of dynamite, middle-of-the-roaders like Samuel Gompers and McGuire.

　　161、社会主义者强烈要求结束"薪水奴隶制"，而无政府主义者高唱"炸药"的价值，像Samuel和McGuire这样的中间道路者显得相对温和。

　　162. The quick adoption of the scheme may have indicated less about the state lawmaker's respect for working people than about a fear of risking their anger.

　　162、"劳动日"很快被采纳，更大程度上表明国家法律制定者害怕激起工人阶级的愤怒，并非体现对工人阶级的尊重。

　　163. In the old days, children were familiar with birth and death as part of life. This is perhaps the first generation of American youngsters who have never been close by during the birth of a baby and have never experienced the death of a family member.

　　163、在过去，孩子们对出生和死亡非常熟悉，是他们生活的一部分。现在的孩子也许是从未目睹婴儿的降生和亲人的死亡的第一代美国人。

　　164. We found out that patients who had been dealt with openly and frankly were better able to cope with the approach of death and finally to reach a true stage of acceptance prior to death.

　　164、我们发现那些被公开坦诚地对待的病人在对待死亡的临近和接受死亡的问题上处理得更好。

　　165. The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change through life.

　　165、我们采取的身份是随着接触的人的不同而改变，且一生都在变化。

　　166. This means that we fit out actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation.

　　166、这意味着我们在不断判断和解释别人的行为的心理过程中进行自己的行为。

　　167. I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure.

　　167、我要不断地将梦想付诸实际的测试-尽管这意味着不确定和对失败的恐惧。

　　168. Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words…"

　　168、一切尝试对多话的小孩的发展追踪从他们说的第一句话开始……

　　169. This self-imitation leads on to deliberate imitation of sounds made to them by other people."

　　169、这种自我模仿使他们故意模仿别人对他们说话的声音。

　　170. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity.

　　170、外部奖励，从热情洋溢的话语表扬到冷冰冰的现金，如何影响一个人的动机和创造力，对这一点，心理学家们采取完全不同的观点。

　　171. But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.

　　171、但是如果对绩效差的业绩也进行奖励或者让人们对奖励有太多的预期，是很容易抹杀创造性的。

　　172. The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant.

　　172、冰箱对环境的影响是显而易见的，而它对促进人们幸福的贡献却是微不足道的。

　　173. It may then take us a long time to render it intelligent by loading in the right software or by altering the architecture but that too will happen.

　　173、装载正确的软件来使它智能化可能要花费我们很长的时间，或者也可以改变它的结构，但同样的情况也会发生。

　　174. As the intelligence of robots increase to match that of humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers.

　　174、由于机器人的智能增长到了人脑的程度，加上通过规模经济降低了生产成本，我们可以使用它们来拓展前沿。

　　175. Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the construction of a vast, man-created world in space, home to thousands or millions of people, will be within our power.

　　175、在将来，通过新一代人创造的财富和科技，建设一座可以容纳千百万人的人造大型太空站也是可以的。

　　176. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations.

　　176、后来，人们试着把建筑物从其基地上撑起来，在建筑物和地基间灌入橡胶和钢铁以减少地表震动的影响。

　　177. If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach, their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.

　　177、如果他们对于自己吹捧的东西不认真对待也不去执行的话，他们的孩子将在糊里糊涂中长大，并且当他们对自己进行一些思考的时候，他们会在情感上有不安全感并认为他们遭受了某种程度的欺骗。

　　178. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.

　　178、因为所有这些原因，要进行有效读报的话，既要得到你需要的信息又不浪费时间，需要选择和应用良好的阅读技能和自我了解。

　　179. "In Japan, a most competitive society with stronger discipline than ours." Says Isaac Stern. "children are ready to test their limits every day in many fields, including music."

　　179、"在日本，是一个比我们更有纪律性和竞争性的社会。"Isaac Stern说。"孩子们每天都准备在各个领域内冲刺极限，包括音乐。"

　　180. What does the phrase 'learning to use a computer' mean? It sounds like 'learning to drive a car'; that is , it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer.

　　180、"学习使用计算机"这个短语是什么意思呢?听起来像是"学习驾驶汽车"也就是说，好象里面有一套确定的技能，一旦获得，就会使用计算机了。

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9楼发表于: 2021-03-08

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

　161. With socialists demanding an end to'wage slavery'anarchists singing the praises of the virtues of dynamite, middle-of-the-roaders like Samuel Gompers and McGuire.

　　161、社会主义者强烈要求结束"薪水奴隶制"，而无政府主义者高唱"炸药"的价值，像Samuel和McGuire这样的中间道路者显得相对温和。

　　162. The quick adoption of the scheme may have indicated less about the state lawmaker's respect for working people than about a fear of risking their anger.

　　162、"劳动日"很快被采纳，更大程度上表明国家法律制定者害怕激起工人阶级的愤怒，并非体现对工人阶级的尊重。

　　163. In the old days, children were familiar with birth and death as part of life. This is perhaps the first generation of American youngsters who have never been close by during the birth of a baby and have never experienced the death of a family member.

　　163、在过去，孩子们对出生和死亡非常熟悉，是他们生活的一部分。现在的孩子也许是从未目睹婴儿的降生和亲人的死亡的第一代美国人。

　　164. We found out that patients who had been dealt with openly and frankly were better able to cope with the approach of death and finally to reach a true stage of acceptance prior to death.

　　164、我们发现那些被公开坦诚地对待的病人在对待死亡的临近和接受死亡的问题上处理得更好。

　　165. The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change through life.

　　165、我们采取的身份是随着接触的人的不同而改变，且一生都在变化。

　　166. This means that we fit out actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation.

　　166、这意味着我们在不断判断和解释别人的行为的心理过程中进行自己的行为。

　　167. I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure.

　　167、我要不断地将梦想付诸实际的测试-尽管这意味着不确定和对失败的恐惧。

　　168. Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words…"

　　168、一切尝试对多话的小孩的发展追踪从他们说的第一句话开始……

　　169. This self-imitation leads on to deliberate imitation of sounds made to them by other people."

　　169、这种自我模仿使他们故意模仿别人对他们说话的声音。

　　170. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity.

　　170、外部奖励，从热情洋溢的话语表扬到冷冰冰的现金，如何影响一个人的动机和创造力，对这一点，心理学家们采取完全不同的观点。

　　171. But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.

　　171、但是如果对绩效差的业绩也进行奖励或者让人们对奖励有太多的预期，是很容易抹杀创造性的。

　　172. The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant.

　　172、冰箱对环境的影响是显而易见的，而它对促进人们幸福的贡献却是微不足道的。

　　173. It may then take us a long time to render it intelligent by loading in the right software or by altering the architecture but that too will happen.

　　173、装载正确的软件来使它智能化可能要花费我们很长的时间，或者也可以改变它的结构，但同样的情况也会发生。

　　174. As the intelligence of robots increase to match that of humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers.

　　174、由于机器人的智能增长到了人脑的程度，加上通过规模经济降低了生产成本，我们可以使用它们来拓展前沿。

　　175. Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the construction of a vast, man-created world in space, home to thousands or millions of people, will be within our power.

　　175、在将来，通过新一代人创造的财富和科技，建设一座可以容纳千百万人的人造大型太空站也是可以的。

　　176. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations.

　　176、后来，人们试着把建筑物从其基地上撑起来，在建筑物和地基间灌入橡胶和钢铁以减少地表震动的影响。

　　177. If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach, their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.

　　177、如果他们对于自己吹捧的东西不认真对待也不去执行的话，他们的孩子将在糊里糊涂中长大，并且当他们对自己进行一些思考的时候，他们会在情感上有不安全感并认为他们遭受了某种程度的欺骗。

　　178. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.

　　178、因为所有这些原因，要进行有效读报的话，既要得到你需要的信息又不浪费时间，需要选择和应用良好的阅读技能和自我了解。

　　179. "In Japan, a most competitive society with stronger discipline than ours." Says Isaac Stern. "children are ready to test their limits every day in many fields, including music."

　　179、"在日本，是一个比我们更有纪律性和竞争性的社会。"Isaac Stern说。"孩子们每天都准备在各个领域内冲刺极限，包括音乐。"

　　180. What does the phrase 'learning to use a computer' mean? It sounds like 'learning to drive a car'; that is , it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer.

　　180、"学习使用计算机"这个短语是什么意思呢?听起来像是"学习驾驶汽车"也就是说，好象里面有一套确定的技能，一旦获得，就会使用计算机了。

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