（1） 不同观点列举型（选择型） o boudQe 14 hE <u
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____. rDW1n+~{Ee Cl!qd h6
JT/DqG J.X ALp|fZ\vp
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______. fbT## Zn|o ! X<dN..
m</ iR 4Mv] z^
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________. HM8Zu74t 5}'W8gV?
（2）利弊型的议论文 : qP6A N?mQ50o~C
|yqbk^07
Sk%*Zo{|
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____. /* F.){\# ,\ z
x4 *
iW!9oS> t$ 3/ZTx
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一 @X+'h 4M
o+FDkqEN
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___. L +mle ,uCgC4EP
（3） 答题性议论文 K/27*H3b 3|1v )E
P% yYw>Y) yz^Rm2$f9
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem. UuEIi! X% yo!Y%9
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____. P-otk{)Q Kr@6m80E5
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法 ltw[#o.O /zIUYY
, e q6# t'e5 !Ma
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically ) A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语 With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job. &j]RtY3` {1J4Q[N9m
`c_zsEBv C;XhnqWv+l
（5）图表作文的框架 (ir HAN| Q JtO~~-
{ Q?X G l cP >[H:\Xc
As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that Nje /h< P?j ;&@$^e
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing. jYC!F^Ho >AUzsQ
As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded OUX# ow K)]t
（6）实用性写作（申请信 ) GXt~{PrM `]wk)50BVp
b$lw7~!>CN ~r?VXO p"
Your address $g4}3v l= U'0e< IcY
Month, Date, J9^)|$ $9?<mP2-*
Receiver's address d HQ" % ..UA*#%1
S<sY#6Fc m,PiuR>
Dear ... S!nVnO;> P$*9Z@
I am extremely pleased to hear from you./ to see your advertisement for the position in .... And I would like to write a letter to tell you that.../ I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are advertising. n@.SVuD yUEvva
.../ I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have listed. On the one hand, .... On the other hand, .... I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and reference. s, W .q ] -Rbv#Y
I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an interview. I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience. 8 T~^\8U) 80 ck h
"`vigCe aB WA hn
Best regards for your health and success. B #;<ZI }mOo= )C!
Sincerely yours,- q_=B5en YU/?AQg
X X X 4 O1)w]1 \"6?*L|]
博英语作文指导 ..]jo > - U+o.o
博士生入学英语考试协作部分试题说明考博,根据教育部1992年颁布的《研究生英语教学大纲》（以下简称大纲《大纲》 l!OQtqz\ I9*BT T]
的要求：“非英语专业博士研究生英语入学水平原则上应达到或高于硕士生的通过水平 F`=s@~Gf !uqp?L^;
《大纲》中对硕士生的写作要求是“掌握基本写作技能（如文章结构、段落展开和起承转合等），能按具体要求，在一小时内写出250词左右的短文，正确表达思想，语意连贯，无重大语言错误。”、 yTA4L&[ 9 % !Ih=DZ
>S#qO*W]` hd@jm^k
第一部分 写作文的要求，评分标准及考试中普遍存在的问题 . t} [9K'x/ Tb}op XYK
一 考试要求 b q8P[ z8cefD9F
1．文章内容切题。审题准确,不跑题。考博论坛2．表达清楚。语言简洁、准确、说理清楚,读者能从作文内容清楚理解作者写作意图3．意义连贯。 文字连贯、层次分明、意义表达完整。要使文章意义连贯必须具有一定的技能，包括较强的语感，遣词造句能力和文章谋篇布局的组织能力 P] NbQ}=T ry0YS\W
4．语言规范。符合英语表达的习惯、语法错误较少、语言基本功扎实，最终避免中式英语。 =N Ul0|| T}59m;I
二 作文的评分标准及样卷介绍' CK%tt r0*Y~
KHw
14 分: 内容符合要求, 包括了标题或提纲中的全部内容;语言流畅;层次分明,句式有变化。词汇丰富,句子结构和用词准确,文章长度符合要求。 89fTe_pt74 >35W{ d
11分：内容符合要求，包括了标题或提纲中的全部内容；文字连贯，句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误，文章长度符合要求。 Qf5<~h| w c/E'GG%Q%
8分：内容符合要求，包括了标题或提纲中多数内容；基本清楚表达的主题的内涵；句子结构和用词有少量错误，个别是大错。文章长度符合要求 w)e g{}-@. D.gD4g_O/
5 分： 内容基本切题，基本表达了标题或提纲中的内容；文字连贯，语言可以理解，但有较多的结构和用词错误，且大错较多。文章长度基本符合要求。 FBw \m0 $N\k*=
2 分： 基本切题，但语句支离破碎，只有少数句子可以理解 J#V0TaK< m~-O}i~)
0 分： 文不切题。只将预先背诵的某篇文章默写下来，或语句混乱，无法理解。 U2FkKd{ z0@BBXQ `
附：14 分样卷 xw&S71 8B -^q;e ]+J
Topic： With her entry into WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher- level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate(postgraduate) education system. State your opinion aobut this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint. V`Ak.GP#) @D>qo=KPM
K_Yw RfM?G 3:T~$M `]
With China’s entry into WTO, she is facing a lot of chances and challenges in many aspects. As far as talents are concerned, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, especially for higher-level talents. In order to adapt this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate education system. f{ur.-%8E R]3j6\
In my opinion, we must make some reform and adjustment in graduate education system in many aspects as follows. First of all, from the view of the government, it must adjust its policy of using talents, especially higher-level talents. For example, it may provide many privileges for them. 2Fs#_,9 P=l 7m*m
Secondly, for the viewpoint of the universities, they should adjust their constructure of curriculum. They should pay more attention to the cultivation of graduate’s capability. They should take effective measures to direct their educational goal from exam-oriented education to education for all-round development. Finally, as far as personnel is concerned, a student should pay more attention to the learning of all kinds of knowledge to meet the needs of society. 9JBEW k Z" $iB-]
In a word, it is high time that we reformed the graduate education system. If we do not make some changes in the graduate education system, we may be failure in the international competition. So we must reform our graduate education system. (219 words) h$gw- 0ly v2k@yx t(
点评： 该文紧扣主题，结构严谨，内容充实，语言流畅，句式变化多样。虽有个别小错，但英语表达能力较强，长度符合要求 C9 7:*k&W #_ Wk V
万能框架 Gq |0QSCv MV] `[^xQ5
As is implied in the table (or cartoon) and well known to all of us, … Take … in the table(cartoon) for example, it’s … for the … to… But when… On the other hand, there do exist some… that… They are making all possible means to … and trying their best to… Compared with what those… , It’s a pity that… And what’s more, with the deepening and furthering of our country’s opening and reforming, more… are allowed to… With China entering the WTO, … are also permitted to … If still blind to this, the … is sure to … So, it’s urgent and essential for … to analyze… more rationally and macroscopically.It must keep in mind that … should never be unheard. UFIGpU\% nDyA][
Although the condition is unsatisfactory now, with the awareness of the …in the table (or cartoon) and all the society efforts, improvement and an even brighter future are not only possible but also inevitable. 6VaAsL5 'I$kDM mwh
_|D>/TCuP $gZ iW 8
4||6=L yh rjML2K
三 历年考试中存在的典型问题分析 zPoVuV_c &4ndi=.#rg
1． 不会审题，偏离主题。 |EbS "0_~ A]ZQ?- L/
2． 汉语思维，逐字翻译。常见考生用汉语构思文章，同时将汉语句子硬译成英语。考博论坛' bLCiHq ? W 8F@nY
3． 用词搭配不当。 8Pu*C3<iW
'2
Y8
4． 词汇量小，表达困难，拼写错误。 6@JhP: 6~' }B_?7+
5． 句法逻辑关系混乱。例如：Our English class often told stories.正确的应是: x`&c8LsC8 r6GXmr
Stories are often told on our English class. hsPFx210"+ oW^>J-
6．不会用关联词转承上下句和段落。关联词即过渡词，使用过渡词，可使上下句子和段落合理衔接，承上启下，使表达合乎逻辑，常见过渡词如as far as, however, well, though, in spite of 。 /J djx3c' z[6avW"q
7． 语法错误。 主要表现为： y1xZn 2|ej~}Y
（1） 分不清及物与不及物动词，例如：rise， raise； hear, listen Jldon}+f {Q c,Nl
[?
（2） 被动语态和主动语态的误用,例如: interesting和 interested dv`G w F{
^\vFp
（3） 词类混淆,将动词或形容词误用作名词,将名词或动词误用作形容词,例如: A_/Z81J. ',/# |
benefit 和beneficial; difficult和 difficulty; pleasure 和pleased等 ) NmiWZ -xbs '[
（4） 混淆可数名词和不可数名词，例如： help，practice等。考博,考博网,考博论坛,考博英语,考博试题,考博试卷,考博辅导, U0Nv~NP Y% JE}
)
（5） 冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误， ~k#?3W<n Zu2`IzrG#
a English book, should did, must done 等。试 @DYZt a Z vG7Mk8mIr
)nhM., 4V `Ns Q&G
四．如何写出漂亮的文章 kl#{k YIE ) _\ ;l%&
文章要内容切题，表达清楚，意思连贯，语言比较规范。这就要求考生在写作时，把握如下方面： K"yFsc1 $2+s3)
1． 统一性（Unity） .w:S Zb2PFwcy
内容切题，实际上就是要求文章统一性。所谓统一性，就是指短文必须围绕着主题扩展，不能多中心。统一性表现在句子、段落和篇章三个层次上。我们写汉语文章的要求是首先不能跑题，实际上就是对统一性的要求。 B-BTj<j dm]g:KWg
2． 连贯性 (Coherence) cQ:x=DlV ^M%P43
指句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的衔接要自然通畅，主要体现在文章的逻辑发展顺序和过渡词语的运用上。 ;]@U,Tv ^$}O?y7O
1） 逻辑顺序. I按照时间先后，或空间位置的相互关系，我们可以写出眉目清晰、符合逻辑的段落或文章。叙述文体多采用时间顺序，描写文体中空间顺序更常见。高潮形成系指按照其重要性或严重性安排各个发展点（指段落）或发展段（指文章）的顺序，这种语篇发展方法在描写、叙述、说明和议论文中均常出现。英语语篇的逻辑顺序安排一般是先谈最次要的内容，继而谈较为重要的内容，最后再谈最重要的内容，从而形成文章高潮。 .>^ot[< *JfGGI_E
2） 过渡词语的运用—— DMa 3* -agB ]j
有时，单靠逻辑上的连贯对英语语篇来说是很不够的，因而过渡词语的运用必不可少。汉语的连贯属于“意合”，英语的连贯属“形合”，而借助过渡词语取得语篇的连贯是形合法最突出的特点。所以，在英语文章内，诸如等过渡词语特别多。它们的运用挑明了句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的关系，使文章更加显得连贯。由于受汉语“意合”的影响，中国学生常忽略过渡词语的运用。所以中国学生在进行英语写作时必须对此给以足够的重视。5 jgf_0-M Wp+lI1 t
]~}|5#E b8Z_o N5!
3． 语言规范 Gat&.L_X .dVV#
H
语言的规范涉及面广。小至遣词造句，大到语篇结构，无不体现语言使用的质量。根据近年博士生入学英语考试的作文试卷统计，许多考生未熟练掌握造句技能甚至不能保证单词拼写正确、句子无重大语法错误。因此要多读多看英语报刊和原著，从中学习语言用法，没有仔细阅读过、理解过的东西千万不要在作文中使用，切忌中国式英语。、、
