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分子生物学笔记完全版.pdf 279KB 希望有用,850000上传 >>编辑 g~V{Ca;}  
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博士生入学专业基础课考试大纲 }
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    高等水力学   [288] ^qk$W?pX  

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一、考试要求 YTGup]d  
考试为笔试、闭卷形式。强调对基本概念、基本公式、基本计算方法的掌握和运用能力。避免单纯的死记硬背，更多地强调理解及想象能力。 p 3_Q  
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二、内容范围 p@Qzg /X  
1．流体运动微分形式的基本方程 Z]Qm64^I  
（1）描述流体运动的方法 IC{>q3  
（2）流体微团运动的分析 Kt^PL&A2  
（3）连续性微分方程 @*c+`5)_  
（4）理想流体的运动微分方程及其积分 ^iI^)  
（5）粘性流体的运动微分方程 Ik}*7D  
（6）不可压缩流体基本微分方程组 C'=C^X%   
（7）有关物理量在正交曲线坐标系中的表示式 WUHx0I  
2．流体运动积分形式的基本方程 ZRX>SyM
 
（1）系统、控制体及输运方程 6}|vfw  
（2）连续性方程 Sqb#U{E  
（3）能量方程 OsK=% aDpj  
（4）动量方程 4$|G$h  
（5）动量矩方程 v)pdm\P  
3．有涡流动及有势流动 Tok"-
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（1）有涡流动的性质 yx}:Sgv%  
（2）旋涡的诱导速度 |C(72t?K  
（3）旋涡层 卡门涡阶 '@:;oe@]  
（4）有旋流动 Nh+$'6yT%  
（5）理想不可压缩流体恒定平面势流的基本方程 (ncfR  
（6）几个基本势流 *3k~%RM%?  
（7）势流叠加原理及其应用 .Ftml'!  
（8）空化和空蚀 SOUA,4  
4．流动型态与边界层 huQ1A0(no  
（1）层流运动 -I|yi'  
（2）紊流运动的基本概念 :WxMv~e{U  
（3）紊流的基本方程 ("TI~  
（4）紊流的半经验理论 ;N j5NB7  
（5）紊流扩散 sVC5<?OW!p  
（6）边界层理论基础 f{)*"  
（7）壁面边界层 AX&1-U  
（8）边界层的分离现象 x7*}4>|W,I  
5．流动阻力与水头损失 Fj5^_2MU:  
（1）流动阻力 d 6L(Q(:s  
（2）沿程水头损失 Qv?jo(]  
（3）局部水头损失 j[z\p~^  
6．明槽中的恒定均匀流与非均匀渐变流 FINM4<s)  
  （1）明槽均匀流 V}JW@  
  （2）缓流，急流，临界流 tL3(( W"  
  （3）明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 ~k J#IA  
  （4）明槽非均匀渐变流水面曲线的分析 XkNi'GJf  
  （5）明槽水面线的计算 )Q\;N C=4  
  （6）明槽水流的掺气 G>!"XK:fB  
7．明槽中的非恒定流动 ^6`R:SV4Gx  
  （1）明槽非恒定流的特性 X%gJ,c(4  
  （2）明槽非恒定渐变流动的基本方程 F{}z[0  
  （3）特征线法 C{'c_wX  
  （4）直接插分法 :4; >).  
  （5）瞬态法 cis~]x%  
  s$]I@;_  
三、试卷结构 g$: 2c7uL  
填空、简答或论述题占30%，计算题及推导证明题为70%。 xWlB!r<}Gz  
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四、参考书目 zL_X?UmV  
1．董曾南 主编 水力学（第二版）上册 高等教育出版社，1995 3Fr}8Dy  
余常昭 主编 水力学（第二版）下册 高等教育出版社，1995

一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of ~u
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无数innumerable ; countless mhs%b4'>  
许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample -Pvt+I>  
非常多(大)的tremendous RJ-CWt [LG  
依序列举list in sequence [Z[)hUXE?  
过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic Le}q>>o;q  
短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived H;Bj\-Pa  
不合时宜的anachronism HnpGPGz@F  
可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time 2L\h+)  
一再time after time ; again and again 7eq;dNB@gq  
初始的preliminary f8n'9HOw>  
前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former %?cPqRHJ ~  
自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages F )tNA?p)  
年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult \k* ]w_m-  
老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated R52!pB0[  
偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times :_^YEm +A  
时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly ]~oM'?&!  
永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life wgufk{:  
重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities zzxU9m~"  
目前so far ; by far mEqV&M1;7l  
一次就可完成的事one-time event K}zw%!ex  
正/反意见(opinion) 0r@rXwz  
骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove kxO$Uk&TX  
支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold 2<'gX>TW  
谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of 81KtK[?b  
错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect  Ne4A  
错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior D?E5p.!A  
做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite o 1b#q/  
归咎blame…on ; put the blame on … ; …is to blame z4<h)hh"k6  
瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts JAn3  
支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of 7j]@3D9[:p  
不会犯错的infallible d E
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意见不和clashes of opinion fpqKa r  
一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement iGp@P=;m  
不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate ePF9Vzq  
批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of… #a0 (Wh7  
我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. n b{8zo  
愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to +uH1rF_&@  
有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive ND`~|6
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有意义的meaningful; fulfilling #8(@a Y  
他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit this… >sP;B5S  
在大家同意下by common consent of… jjwY{jV  
否定deny; withhold; negate @Wv*`  
承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede $V+ze*ra  
于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use /
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使…受益benefit…; do good to…; is good for…; is of great benefit to… QM$?}>:  
想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking +[>m`XTq  
想出come up with 5zUD W?  
找出come up with; find out 18`?t_8g  
利用use; take advantage of {:"bX~<^  
夸耀brag about; boast about; show off; speak too highly of Y/4B*>kl  
照顾take care of; take charge of; attend to; watch over [k.<x'#  
对…很了解have a deep knowledge of… m!PN1$9V  
对抗权威stand up against authority; resisit boldly the authority m=#2u4H4  
对…有信心have confidence in .NPai4V'  
说清楚articulate; verbalize; put in words; utter ed617J  
接受…之美意embrace the offer of… uh GL1{  
累积amass; accumulate; heap up; assemble T+gqu &9R  
联系get in touch with; contact with \ET7  
排除这可能性rule out the possibility /6f $%:q  
等于is equivalent to; equal PB`94W  
选择choose; elect; opt for; pick; single out Q!@"Y/  
发出deliver; give out; hand over 1_F2{n:yp  
绕路detour; take a detour; take a roundabout way khyVuWN  
禁止进入is kept out; is barred from w 5,-+&;  
小看make little of QYg2'`(  
坏了out of order; on the blink; is not working OpiN,>;  
分别distinguish between; make a distinction between; tell…from "EA%!P:d,  
依靠count on; depend on QupCr/Hs  
忽视neglect; give too little care to cm-!6'`  
存在come to be; come into existence; come to birth; come into being Of-l<Ks\  
考虑consider; take into consideration; take into account \# #~Tq  
考虑到in consideration of Id9hC<8$dq  
用尽力气exhaust one’s strength; use up one’s strength g#:?Ay-m  
开动initiate; set going aLG6yVtu  
准备…brace for; prepare for yV_aza  
在于lie in; rest on; rest with V:yia^1  
主动take the initiative 3Ju<jX
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不算exclusive of; not counting; leaving out l+R Be<Mq  
应该得到deserve; have right to; is worthy of r IY_1  
避免avoid; shun; get around; circumvent qWy(f|:hYi  
幻想fantasy; play of the mind 6>zO"9  
以此标准来算by this criterion; by this standard  \&"gCv#  
乍看之下at first glance {}~7Gi!  
面对in the face of; in the presence of bF<FX_}!s!  
以by means of; by virtue of; by the use of TU^UR}=lP  
不惜代价at all costs 'tklz*  
每况愈下from bad to worse FG:(H0  
承受错误造成的后果in reaping the harvest of his mistakes +q6/'ErN]m  
取得同意…get the go-ahead to 4uwI=
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不择手段unscrupulously; by hook or by crook 8.bdN]zn  
想法与作法beliefs and practices I^emH+!MW  
内情ins and outs; turns and twists 9-5H~<}fF  
关键时刻the critical moment !0i  
虽然although; notwithstanding; albeit; though }CIH1 q3P  
根据according to; on the basis of; on the ground of (that); in the light of; in line with; in accordance with % tTL  
逃避问题evade the question j KGfm9|zj  
增大enlarge; extend; aggrandize *2P%731n5  
澄清clarify; make clear {CdQ)|  
赔偿compensate for; give…as compensation for UP'~D]J  
实现carry out; implement; realize; make…come true 6j/g/!9c!  
假定suppose; assume; postulate; hypothesize HRn Q*  
极端的radical; extreme &{-r 5d23  
极端的措施drastic measures }OL?k/w  
剩下的the rest; the remainder; what is left B]iPixA6  
换言之in other words; put another way q!iSY  
结果result; aftermath; consequence `\_>P@qz  
优点advantage; strength; strong point; merit; benefit nvY%{Zf$}  
简言之put simply; in short; in brief; in a nutshell xq$(=WPI  
举例而言for instance; for example; to illustrate; let us cite 特别是an illustration; to cite a concrete case u
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特别是especially; more than others; particularly; in particular A{NKHn>%`  
既然…now that…; seeing that… wz`\RHL  
迹象inkling; hint; clue; a slight suggestion ut j7"{'k|  
缺点disadvantage; demerit; shortcoming; drawback; weakness vxE#6  
除去do away with; eliminate; remove; get rid of E.LD1Pm0  
缺少for lack of; for a deficiency of wr5ScsNS  
毕竟after all; all in all X(_xOU)V  
范围scope; field; realm fJ<I|ZZ  
潜力potential; #K#BNpG|  
行为conduct; behavior; doings RD6n1Wb(@  
隔绝isolate; insulate Y=83r]%
 
分辨出identify; recognize aQ.QkM Z  
不易懂的elusive; hard to understand |#(KP  
展开unfold =-bGH   
回馈feedback e'I/}J  
主导的人物a dominant figure; a controlling man; the most influential person _ck)yY?7  
观点viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint tq$L* ++O  
正在进行中is underway Kd r7 V  
只是一种姿态is merely a gesture YuXCRw9p;  
立场position; stand; stance =e)t,YVm  
意向inclination; leaning; intention Xfc+0$U@  
特权privilege; a special right ^/~ZP?%]  
来自stem from; come from &L [i"1a  
一件事的不同说法alternative statements of fact =cR"_Z[8X  
交织intertwine; interweave fV#,<JG  
好奇心the eager desire to know; curiosity m>{a<N  
尊敬respect; esteem; think highly of _jb'HP  
顽固的headstrong; obstinate; stubborn "hmLe(jo}  
暗淡的gloomy; dark; dim w!dgIS$  
巨大的huge; gigantic; colossal; vast; enormous; tremendous Tbp;xv_qo  
探索explore; fathom W KAG)4  
执行carry out; execute; do a,|Hn  
现代modern times; modern age; contemporary age ,&~-Sq)~  
偏见prejudice; bias; partiality; predilection -
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混乱chaos; commotion; confusion; disturbance; tumult tzShds  
无弹性(僵硬)rigid J@o_-\@  
无缺点的flawless; airtight pwH*&YU  
无药可救incurable 5e3p9K`5  
无法避免的unavoidable; inevitable h#p[6 }D  
细密的计划elaborate plan p*j>s\  
取消cancel; annul; abolish sYhHh$mwA  
解药a cure for…; a remedy for; ,\?s=D{  
谜puzzle; riddle; enigma +Wl]1 c/  
机会平等equality of opportunity /Y=_EOS  
较有影响力的国家a predominant country #<~oR5ddlb  
遵守abide by; conform to; observe; comply with fH@cC`  
热情的passionate; ardent; zealous S{RRlR6Z  
模糊的ambiguous; vague; obscure ^7uXpqQBr  
影响长远的far-reaching 1M.#7;#B3  
失望despair; loss of hope; without hope R$!]z(  
幼稚childish; childlike; naive 4{Q$^wD+.  
挑剔的picky; choosy; fastidious 2 OV$M~  
破坏destroy; ruin; break to pieces; devasate tPa(H;  
技巧的skillful; adept; dexterous cTz@ga;!mI  
警觉的alert; watchful; on guard; wary of  &
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忍受bear; put up with; endure; stand ^q_wtuQ  
证据evidence; facts; proof; grounds; testimony GSs?!BIC  
很容易地easily; with little problem; with little hindrance k`o8(zPb  
令人惊讶的amazing; astonishing; astounding x ;~;Ah.p  
生动的报导vivid description u$CN$ynS  
争取compete for; try hard to win /Xj{]i3{  
遗产heritage; legacy; inheritance z;?ztpa@  
保护protect; safeguard; preserve; shelter qRgFVX+vc  
了解understand; comprehend; catch the meaning of; catch on amq, ^  
汇露reveal; make known; disclose Y4w
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放大amplify; magnify; enlarge 0i"2s}^+_  
动力impetus; driving force; momentum [MQ* =*
 
自满的complacent AOkG.u-k  
第一流的first-rate; excellent RX%)@e/@  
全处refuge; asylum; haven; sanctuary } xA@3RT  
强调emphasize; stress; highlight k]C k%[d  
短视的决定short-sighted decision :Tv>)N  
真正的genuine; authentic; real pacD7'1{  
怪异的eccentric; peculiar; odd 4%zy$,|e  
明显的distinct; clear; explicit; obvious }A]eC  
得到…的注意capture one’s attention ZXL'R|?  
事事干涉的meddlesome; interfering N@Oe[X8  
背景setting; background 00'SceL=`  
假的fake; false; counterfeit mR
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夸大报导dramatize 9D &vxKE  
退步setback "wcw`TsK  
古人the ancients {chZ&8)f  
古老的old; ancient; archaeic oH&@F@r:+  
逃犯infringe (on); violate ;~L,Aqn7  
使害怕intimidate; frighten 6$:Q]zR#'H  
带来生气enliven "f<gZsb  
对手rival
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吸引人的intriguing Z*f%R\u  
旁观者onlooker CbW[_\  
准确地说to be exact; to be precise; precisely 16]Ay&Kn!  
突然醒悟it dawned on me that cr<j<#(Z}  
仔细思考之后after long deliberation; after careful thought AX%} ip[PC  
对比及其相关用词 8m=R" %h  
可互换的interchangeable ;-JFb$m  
可与…相比is comparable with (to) G u_\ySV/y  
普遍的prevailing; common; prevalent pnE]B0e  
是一个对比is a sharp contrast to rv(N0p/  
比作is likened to; is compared to P qC#[0Qy  
多样化的heterogeneous 64#Ri!RR}  
单一性的homogeneous 'I+M*Iy  
一般而言in general; generally speaking; by and large ^X+qut+~  
满于现状be happy with what you are !wQ?+:6  
预测未来project into the future %XeN_ V  
另一个观点是… another way of looking at the matter is… .tGz,z}  
不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… h!JyFc  
评估社会文化因素 assess (evaluate) sociocultural factors vdvnwzp!l  
那并非说… that does not mean that… ?!jJxhK<h  
那有这回事 there is no such thing as fNu/>pN  
一个有待克服的困难是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… 2)}*'_
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由…造成 caused by; attributable to; due to; resulting from w' J`$=  
由…组成 is made up of…; is comprised of; consist I<sUB4T>#W  
必须从两方面考虑此问题this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: =H23eOS_#  
限制limit; restrict; refrain; restrain; keep within limits; confine; keep in check ]NBx5m+y@i  
一般人认为… conventional wisdom suggests that… *S.FM.r  
这方法有陷阱the method had pitfalls: ,{S $&g*  
说服convince; persuade; cause to believe _*?qOmf=
 
具体的specific; concrete; tangible f42F@M(:  
刻意的intentional; on purpose; intended UP)<(3YA  
费时间去了解…take time to acquaint oneself with… DpA)Vdj  
…是此问题的核心 …is at the root of the issue L[9Kh&c  
无法估计is beyond calculation; incalculable (M1YOK)I  
无资格的disqualified

好。