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分子生物学笔记完全版.pdf 279KB 希望有用,850000上传 >>编辑 W.MJyem  
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博士生入学专业基础课考试大纲 !~ -^s  
    高等水力学   [288] ^jf$V#z0/  
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一、考试要求 /jj!DO#  
考试为笔试、闭卷形式。强调对基本概念、基本公式、基本计算方法的掌握和运用能力。避免单纯的死记硬背，更多地强调理解及想象能力。 Z:T4Z}4N  
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二、内容范围 (a^F`#]  
1．流体运动微分形式的基本方程 &RR Ora  
（1）描述流体运动的方法 ^<y$+HcH  
（2）流体微团运动的分析 n0vPW^EQ  
（3）连续性微分方程 q8kt_&Ij  
（4）理想流体的运动微分方程及其积分 "H G:by  
（5）粘性流体的运动微分方程 A%Bz52yg  
（6）不可压缩流体基本微分方程组 \s~W;m  
（7）有关物理量在正交曲线坐标系中的表示式 \2NiI]t]  
2．流体运动积分形式的基本方程 k?J}-+Bm[|  
（1）系统、控制体及输运方程 HH+rib'u  
（2）连续性方程 |ZZ3Qr+%S  
（3）能量方程 7XR[`Tn9<  
（4）动量方程 (
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（5）动量矩方程 \[D"W{9 l  
3．有涡流动及有势流动 N
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（1）有涡流动的性质 >Zr/U!W*?  
（2）旋涡的诱导速度 _')KDy7  
（3）旋涡层 卡门涡阶 ,%,}[q?]d  
（4）有旋流动 mS%D" e  
（5）理想不可压缩流体恒定平面势流的基本方程 ~?L. n:wu  
（6）几个基本势流 #a .aD+d'  
（7）势流叠加原理及其应用 Q7Dkh KT  
（8）空化和空蚀 qY0Ic5wCY  
4．流动型态与边界层 90ORx\Oeo  
（1）层流运动 F`
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（2）紊流运动的基本概念 gqC:r,a  
（3）紊流的基本方程 nKHyq\  
（4）紊流的半经验理论 
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（5）紊流扩散 JgxOxZS`@  
（6）边界层理论基础 Z#Zk)  
（7）壁面边界层 Zd~Z`B} &  
（8）边界层的分离现象 RWoa'lnu  
5．流动阻力与水头损失 8<g5.$xyz  
（1）流动阻力 5q8bM.k\7N  
（2）沿程水头损失 w>!KUT  
（3）局部水头损失 U~T/f-CT  
6．明槽中的恒定均匀流与非均匀渐变流 9pk<=F  
  （1）明槽均匀流 VvPTL8Z  
  （2）缓流，急流，临界流 lJKU^?4S8  
  （3）明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 fYH%vr)  
  （4）明槽非均匀渐变流水面曲线的分析 YxsWY
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  （5）明槽水面线的计算 D&]SPhX  
  （6）明槽水流的掺气 gMgbqGF)  
7．明槽中的非恒定流动 HZM&QZHx)`  
  （1）明槽非恒定流的特性 .=K@M"5&  
  （2）明槽非恒定渐变流动的基本方程 Z$+0gm\Cnw  
  （3）特征线法 N]5-#  
  （4）直接插分法 3UBG?%!$f  
  （5）瞬态法 Gh@QR`xxc  
  VV?KJz=,W=  
三、试卷结构 *xt3mv/<z  
填空、简答或论述题占30%，计算题及推导证明题为70%。 :
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四、参考书目 J;G+6C$:  
1．董曾南 主编 水力学（第二版）上册 高等教育出版社，1995 4egq Y0A  
余常昭 主编 水力学（第二版）下册 高等教育出版社，1995

一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of *qGxQ?/  
无数innumerable ; countless .3!=]=  
许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample $I+QyKO9k  
非常多(大)的tremendous A=E1S{C  
依序列举list in sequence @/XA*9]l  
过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic l *.#g  
短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived WOR~tS
 
不合时宜的anachronism g/'M
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可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time k)dLJ<EM  
一再time after time ; again and again 1Y\g{A"  
初始的preliminary
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前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former U c$RYPq  
自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages GnkNoaU  
年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult &8z`]mB{t  
老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated Hq3"OMGq  
偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times CsJw;]dYI  
时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly AWc7T W  
永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life ,Qd UfM  
重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities 8|OsVIe%  
目前so far ; by far fOtL6/?  
一次就可完成的事one-time event E~3wdOZv1  
正/反意见(opinion) X@2[!%n
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骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove F/IXqj  
支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold 2X!O
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谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of nGZZCsf <  
错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect #ih(I7prH  
错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior cLEBcTx  
做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite yF0\$%H>$  
归咎blame…on ; put the blame on … ; …is to blame (i^ {\zv  
瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts '%vb&a!.6  
支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of 6*J`2U9Q  
不会犯错的infallible s{4|eYR  
意见不和clashes of opinion NTkGLD1e.  
一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement /GD4GWv :  
不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate 7F!_gj p  
批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of… wt0^R<28  
我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. d[9c6C:<q  
愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to k7z;^:  
有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive 
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有意义的meaningful; fulfilling s<Px au+A  
他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit this… 9~2}h Xm;  
在大家同意下by common consent of… @KfFtR-;  
否定deny; withhold; negate ViIt'WX  
承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede sEP-jEuwG  
于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use BQu_)@  
使…受益benefit…; do good to…; is good for…; is of great benefit to… A[`c2v-hF  
想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking 'Alt+O_  
想出come up with 4wk-f7I(  
找出come up with; find out (99P9\[p  
利用use; take advantage of 1RpTI7  
夸耀brag about; boast about; show off; speak too highly of v10p]=HmO  
照顾take care of; take charge of; attend to; watch over ,#:*dl  
对…很了解have a deep knowledge of… `@1y|j:m  
对抗权威stand up against authority; resisit boldly the authority dfl| 6R  
对…有信心have confidence in Z M_ 6A1  
说清楚articulate; verbalize; put in words; utter qKNX^n;  
接受…之美意embrace the offer of… exT O#*o  
累积amass; accumulate; heap up; assemble D1]%2:  
联系get in touch with; contact with |W4 \  
排除这可能性rule out the possibility {@, } M  
等于is equivalent to; equal z(V?pHv+  
选择choose; elect; opt for; pick; single out  7AD h  
发出deliver; give out; hand over ['~j1!/;6  
绕路detour; take a detour; take a roundabout way j}$dYbf$  
禁止进入is kept out; is barred from jR-DH]@y  
小看make little of t9T3e  
坏了out of order; on the blink; is not working ]AkHNgW  
分别distinguish between; make a distinction between; tell…from _%^t[4)q  
依靠count on; depend on ;]YQWK  
忽视neglect; give too little care to /xf4*zr  
存在come to be; come into existence; come to birth; come into being *%
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考虑consider; take into consideration; take into account {T|sU\|Q  
考虑到in consideration of uX_A4ht*  
用尽力气exhaust one’s strength; use up one’s strength 6&V4W" k  
开动initiate; set going ]yu,YZ@ 7  
准备…brace for; prepare for !#cZ!  
在于lie in; rest on; rest with k<W n  
主动take the initiative <K4`GT"n  
不算exclusive of; not counting; leaving out DC
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应该得到deserve; have right to; is worthy of +LddW0h+=8  
避免avoid; shun; get around; circumvent XgY( Vv
  
幻想fantasy; play of the mind  FkJa+ZA  
以此标准来算by this criterion; by this standard N}{CL(xi  
乍看之下at first glance 47I5 Y5  
面对in the face of; in the presence of G"!YV# "~  
以by means of; by virtue of; by the use of }gi>Z  
不惜代价at all costs *]G&pmMs  
每况愈下from bad to worse <()xO(  
承受错误造成的后果in reaping the harvest of his mistakes L'=e /&  
取得同意…get the go-ahead to 7kpCBLM(}  
不择手段unscrupulously; by hook or by crook :H[E W3Q  
想法与作法beliefs and practices 6GzmzhX4  
内情ins and outs; turns and twists !fdni}f)  
关键时刻the critical moment u:H@]z(x  
虽然although; notwithstanding; albeit; though lh
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根据according to; on the basis of; on the ground of (that); in the light of; in line with; in accordance with 1xK'T_ [  
逃避问题evade the question 8OC5L1  
增大enlarge; extend; aggrandize rN? L8  
澄清clarify; make clear U,/NygB~  
赔偿compensate for; give…as compensation for #|*;~:fz  
实现carry out; implement; realize; make…come true
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假定suppose; assume; postulate; hypothesize g#FqjE|mx  
极端的radical; extreme &rj6<b1A  
极端的措施drastic measures /:dVW"A|  
剩下的the rest; the remainder; what is left tF)K$!GR[  
换言之in other words; put another way 2a*1q#MpAt  
结果result; aftermath; consequence @Zd+XWFw  
优点advantage; strength; strong point; merit; benefit THQW8 V  
简言之put simply; in short; in brief; in a nutshell g9 2M\5 x9  
举例而言for instance; for example; to illustrate; let us cite 特别是an illustration; to cite a concrete case yZ
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特别是especially; more than others; particularly; in particular FsZM_0>/s  
既然…now that…; seeing that… z2t;!]"'l  
迹象inkling; hint; clue; a slight suggestion i2b\` 805  
缺点disadvantage; demerit; shortcoming; drawback; weakness )Y~q6D K  
除去do away with; eliminate; remove; get rid of S}e*~^1J  
缺少for lack of; for a deficiency of ,: w~-   
毕竟after all; all in all EH3jzE3N  
范围scope; field; realm 3@$h/xMJ  
潜力potential; $Z 10Zf=  
行为conduct; behavior; doings fh$U
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隔绝isolate; insulate H*|Bukgt/M  
分辨出identify; recognize `(;d+fof  
不易懂的elusive; hard to understand pvy;L[c  
展开unfold UE7P =B  
回馈feedback !=&]#-;b  
主导的人物a dominant figure; a controlling man; the most influential person SfJ/(q  
观点viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint S,AZrgh,"X  
正在进行中is underway sLbz@54  
只是一种姿态is merely a gesture ~\<ZWU<BE  
立场position; stand; stance 6z%3l7#7Yi  
意向inclination; leaning; intention Vu`dEvL?  
特权privilege; a special right j K[VEhs  
来自stem from; come from +6<MK;  
一件事的不同说法alternative statements of fact Zpb3>0<R  
交织intertwine; interweave |nry^zb  
好奇心the eager desire to know; curiosity Q
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尊敬respect; esteem; think highly of +\Q6Onqr  
顽固的headstrong; obstinate; stubborn 
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暗淡的gloomy; dark; dim *kyy
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巨大的huge; gigantic; colossal; vast; enormous; tremendous fY%Sw7ql<  
探索explore; fathom D4#,9?us  
执行carry out; execute; do 3pDZ}{ZZU  
现代modern times; modern age; contemporary age =j;o, J:(  
偏见prejudice; bias; partiality; predilection ;o^m"I\y  
混乱chaos; commotion; confusion; disturbance; tumult w4L\@y3  
无弹性(僵硬)rigid '3hvR
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无缺点的flawless; airtight {7/6~\'/@  
无药可救incurable u]dpA  
无法避免的unavoidable; inevitable 38'H-]8q"  
细密的计划elaborate plan BMX x(W]  
取消cancel; annul; abolish 9oq(5BG,  
解药a cure for…; a remedy for; :He:Bdk  
谜puzzle; riddle; enigma yp*kMC,3  
机会平等equality of opportunity b/5~
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较有影响力的国家a predominant country H`i o|~Q  
遵守abide by; conform to; observe; comply with IB;y8e,  
热情的passionate; ardent; zealous 7L<oWAq  
模糊的ambiguous; vague; obscure KPO((G0&  
影响长远的far-reaching n--`zx-['  
失望despair; loss of hope; without hope 6w]]KA  
幼稚childish; childlike; naive O-'T*M>  
挑剔的picky; choosy; fastidious  >=Rb:#UM  
破坏destroy; ruin; break to pieces; devasate EhVnt#`Si  
技巧的skillful; adept; dexterous \@F{Q-  
警觉的alert; watchful; on guard; wary of r
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忍受bear; put up with; endure; stand 4%6Q+LS']Q  
证据evidence; facts; proof; grounds; testimony c`jTdV
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很容易地easily; with little problem; with little hindrance 'V>+G>U  
令人惊讶的amazing; astonishing; astounding Wex4>J<`/
 
生动的报导vivid description 7SM/bJ-M#  
争取compete for; try hard to win Rd!.8K[  
遗产heritage; legacy; inheritance .ev]tu2N  
保护protect; safeguard; preserve; shelter i)p__Is  
了解understand; comprehend; catch the meaning of; catch on EPg?jKZava  
汇露reveal; make known; disclose F3f>pK5  
放大amplify; magnify; enlarge [ &4y@  
动力impetus; driving force; momentum DxD0iJ=W  
自满的complacent V,"'k<y  
第一流的first-rate; excellent oy'+n-  
全处refuge; asylum; haven; sanctuary KWYG\#S0]  
强调emphasize; stress; highlight VcL  
短视的决定short-sighted decision d^Wh-U
 
真正的genuine; authentic; real N?Z?g_a8  
怪异的eccentric; peculiar; odd iUKj:q:  
明显的distinct; clear; explicit; obvious sg
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得到…的注意capture one’s attention ^ Q}1&w%  
事事干涉的meddlesome; interfering &sWyh[`P  
背景setting; background _aGdC8%[  
假的fake; false; counterfeit {V&7JZl,/  
夸大报导dramatize [4t KJ+v  
退步setback ;0*^98K  
古人the ancients ;n@C(hG  
古老的old; ancient; archaeic mc=*wr$  
逃犯infringe (on); violate 525>=h  
使害怕intimidate; frighten vB{b/xmah  
带来生气enliven K_aN7?#.v`  
对手rival .R'i=D`Pz  
吸引人的intriguing LA+MX0*  
旁观者onlooker NZ uFxJ-`  
准确地说to be exact; to be precise; precisely .g~@e_;):  
突然醒悟it dawned on me that H^g<`XEgw  
仔细思考之后after long deliberation; after careful thought 12a #]E  
对比及其相关用词 !;gke,fB  
可互换的interchangeable =1VH5pVr}  
可与…相比is comparable with (to) :ct+.#  
普遍的prevailing; common; prevalent q9!9OcN2  
是一个对比is a sharp contrast to >B  
比作is likened to; is compared to `[CJtd2\  
多样化的heterogeneous 'qJ-eQ7e  
单一性的homogeneous l,FoK76G  
一般而言in general; generally speaking; by and large 6hK" k  
满于现状be happy with what you are zIFL?8!H9{  
预测未来project into the future .}N^AO=  
另一个观点是… another way of looking at the matter is… sCQup
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不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… c!Vc_@V,  
评估社会文化因素 assess (evaluate) sociocultural factors 3L?a4,Q"k}  
那并非说… that does not mean that… 5-HJ&Q
 
那有这回事 there is no such thing as b]BA,D4  
一个有待克服的困难是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… =bWq 3aP)P  
由…造成 caused by; attributable to; due to; resulting from %}XMhWn{  
由…组成 is made up of…; is comprised of; consist PAV2w_X~  
必须从两方面考虑此问题this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: 3 ?F@jEQk  
限制limit; restrict; refrain; restrain; keep within limits; confine; keep in check q&Wwtqc9  
一般人认为… conventional wisdom suggests that… p,\bez  
这方法有陷阱the method had pitfalls: P&0cF{  
说服convince; persuade; cause to believe hX%v`8  
具体的specific; concrete; tangible KHz8 38C]  
刻意的intentional; on purpose; intended $S8
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费时间去了解…take time to acquaint oneself with… L"7 ` \4  
…是此问题的核心 …is at the root of the issue Y0O<]2yVx  
无法估计is beyond calculation; incalculable FR^wDm$  
无资格的disqualified

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