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分子生物学笔记完全版.pdf 279KB 希望有用,850000上传 >>编辑 %p;; aZG  
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博士生入学专业基础课考试大纲 j4wsDtmAU  
    高等水力学   [288] 1lYQR`Uh  
PO nF_FC  
一、考试要求 <:>[24LJ{  
考试为笔试、闭卷形式。强调对基本概念、基本公式、基本计算方法的掌握和运用能力。避免单纯的死记硬背，更多地强调理解及想象能力。 &q>C  
Y41b8.|P+  
二、内容范围 PDpuHHB  
1．流体运动微分形式的基本方程 ly`\TnC  
（1）描述流体运动的方法 l0r^LK$  
（2）流体微团运动的分析 g;~$xXn  
（3）连续性微分方程  c?*x2Vk  
（4）理想流体的运动微分方程及其积分 u p zBd]  
（5）粘性流体的运动微分方程 0DaKd<Scv  
（6）不可压缩流体基本微分方程组 *SYu q)  
（7）有关物理量在正交曲线坐标系中的表示式 *JOp)e0b  
2．流体运动积分形式的基本方程 -I:L6ft8  
（1）系统、控制体及输运方程 yujv^2/  
（2）连续性方程 #Cb~-2:+7  
（3）能量方程 h ^Wm03w  
（4）动量方程 (g>&ov(d  
（5）动量矩方程 g*WY kv  
3．有涡流动及有势流动 %<>|cO  
（1）有涡流动的性质  GG(}#Z5h  
（2）旋涡的诱导速度 NftR
2  
（3）旋涡层 卡门涡阶 xf; Tk   
（4）有旋流动 +.a->SZ5"  
（5）理想不可压缩流体恒定平面势流的基本方程 c3)6{  
（6）几个基本势流 fM3Z oH/  
（7）势流叠加原理及其应用 # <5i/5&  
（8）空化和空蚀 z>HM$n`YD  
4．流动型态与边界层 [M?&JA_$}  
（1）层流运动 g{Hb3
id9  
（2）紊流运动的基本概念 ,Qt 2?  
（3）紊流的基本方程 vv
 D515i  
（4）紊流的半经验理论 ]x@36Ok)A  
（5）紊流扩散 -e.ygiK.`S  
（6）边界层理论基础 7G%^8 ce{!  
（7）壁面边界层 Z#@<|{eI  
（8）边界层的分离现象 5ZjM:wrF|  
5．流动阻力与水头损失 ,ysn7Y{Y  
（1）流动阻力 fK4NmdT V  
（2）沿程水头损失 R}$A>)%dx  
（3）局部水头损失 A[Vhy;xz  
6．明槽中的恒定均匀流与非均匀渐变流 (o8?j^ -v  
  （1）明槽均匀流 ]U.YbWe^  
  （2）缓流，急流，临界流 GTW
5f  
  （3）明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 = $6 pL  
  （4）明槽非均匀渐变流水面曲线的分析 $B@K  
  （5）明槽水面线的计算 ig?Tj4kD  
  （6）明槽水流的掺气 /pz(s+4=  
7．明槽中的非恒定流动 lLZ?&z$  
  （1）明槽非恒定流的特性 tkEup&
 
  （2）明槽非恒定渐变流动的基本方程 mTZgvPJ!  
  （3）特征线法 PxgLt2dXa  
  （4）直接插分法 *Ui>NTl  
  （5）瞬态法 vU, ]UJ}  
  x2z%J,z@4  
三、试卷结构 sme!!+Rd  
填空、简答或论述题占30%，计算题及推导证明题为70%。 |I=\+
P}s  
fu7J{-<<R  
四、参考书目 3,{tGNl|  
1．董曾南 主编 水力学（第二版）上册 高等教育出版社，1995 -W XZOdUjs  
余常昭 主编 水力学（第二版）下册 高等教育出版社，1995

一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of "6fTZ<  
无数innumerable ; countless WjvD C"  
许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample XxEKv=_bc  
非常多(大)的tremendous xt"GO  b  
依序列举list in sequence J2adA9R/,  
过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic N5:muh \  
短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived kKRZ79"7s  
不合时宜的anachronism @AU<'?k  
可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time f6Io|CZWJ  
一再time after time ; again and again @(H  
初始的preliminary h_:|H8t;w  
前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former ~wsDg[  
自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages 0qrsf!  
年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult  ?[G!6  
老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated T5+iX`#M  
偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times ;Y>cegG\  
时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly gr")Jw7  
永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life Z;#Ei.7p|  
重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities ki^c)Tqn  
目前so far ; by far 4(f4 4' ^  
一次就可完成的事one-time event Qpc+1{BQ  
正/反意见(opinion) EK6fd#J?1  
骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove PDnwaK   
支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold jWd 7>1R?  
谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of "38ya2*  
错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect m1k+u)7kD  
错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior `"<} B"s  
做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite u8A u `  
归咎blame…on ; put the blame on … ; …is to blame #Pz},!7  
瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts "s]c79t  
支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of ^
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不会犯错的infallible ':f
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意见不和clashes of opinion ?[\(i)]  
一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement 3JiDi X"|  
不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate Mlp[xk|  
批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of… VR>;{>~  
我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. T6|zT}cb  
愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to
a(X?N.w  
有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive ;2vHdN  
有意义的meaningful; fulfilling N4%q-fi  
他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit this… {ZH9W
 
在大家同意下by common consent of… pC2r{-  
否定deny; withhold; negate ;(Q4x"?I  
承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede D5]sf>~  
于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use i6zfr|`@  
使…受益benefit…; do good to…; is good for…; is of great benefit to… Y?2I /  
想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking 3y%B&W,sm  
想出come up with H'E>QT  
找出come up with; find out }!\ZJoa  
利用use; take advantage of 0 +0
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夸耀brag about; boast about; show off; speak too highly of /a\6&E
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照顾take care of; take charge of; attend to; watch over I)AV  
对…很了解have a deep knowledge of… Efb>ZQ  
对抗权威stand up against authority; resisit boldly the authority +Eh1>m  
对…有信心have confidence in dF*@G/p>V  
说清楚articulate; verbalize; put in words; utter ZD] ^Y}  
接受…之美意embrace the offer of… g*b`V{/V w  
累积amass; accumulate; heap up; assemble wAxXK94#3  
联系get in touch with; contact with pvJ@$L`'  
排除这可能性rule out the possibility 2/qP:3)  
等于is equivalent to; equal @^:R1c![s  
选择choose; elect; opt for; pick; single out  4G&E?  
发出deliver; give out; hand over Crmxsw.W^Y  
绕路detour; take a detour; take a roundabout way R:98'`X=  
禁止进入is kept out; is barred from 
Ns2M8  
小看make little of @CU3V+  
坏了out of order; on the blink; is not working -:`$8/A|  
分别distinguish between; make a distinction between; tell…from V2cLwQ'0  
依靠count on; depend on 5bX SN$7|  
忽视neglect; give too little care to Jz s.)  
存在come to be; come into existence; come to birth; come into being '<~l%q  
考虑consider; take into consideration; take into account (,`ypD+3q  
考虑到in consideration of ~`c?&YixU  
用尽力气exhaust one’s strength; use up one’s strength N;7Xt9l  
开动initiate; set going 7.$0LN/a!Z  
准备…brace for; prepare for EAU6z(X$  
在于lie in; rest on; rest with .`&($W  
主动take the initiative XP<wHh  
不算exclusive of; not counting; leaving out 9S@PY_ms  
应该得到deserve; have right to; is worthy of eD
/O)X  
避免avoid; shun; get around; circumvent -`gqA%#+  
幻想fantasy; play of the mind zE5%l`@|o  
以此标准来算by this criterion; by this standard HDZB)'I  
乍看之下at first glance C1^=se  
面对in the face of; in the presence of 1GKd*z  
以by means of; by virtue of; by the use of .}S9C]d:a  
不惜代价at all costs 5*u0VabC<  
每况愈下from bad to worse eW SA  
承受错误造成的后果in reaping the harvest of his mistakes c iVN-;vi  
取得同意…get the go-ahead to f4)fa yAVp  
不择手段unscrupulously; by hook or by crook !`L%wS  
想法与作法beliefs and practices B)g 7MG  
内情ins and outs; turns and twists %719h>$  
关键时刻the critical moment ra=U,  
虽然although; notwithstanding; albeit; though wUj[c7Y %  
根据according to; on the basis of; on the ground of (that); in the light of; in line with; in accordance with $L_-U~^  
逃避问题evade the question /"?yB$s  
增大enlarge; extend; aggrandize m(SGE,("w  
澄清clarify; make clear hdt;_qa  
赔偿compensate for; give…as compensation for nI.K|hU:P  
实现carry out; implement; realize; make…come true L,c@Z@  
假定suppose; assume; postulate; hypothesize reJw&t}Q  
极端的radical; extreme H)z}6[`  
极端的措施drastic measures O4J <u-E$  
剩下的the rest; the remainder; what is left +U{8Mj  
换言之in other words; put another way "/[xak!g  
结果result; aftermath; consequence F \6-s`(  
优点advantage; strength; strong point; merit; benefit _K["qm{X_  
简言之put simply; in short; in brief; in a nutshell dPZrX{ c  
举例而言for instance; for example; to illustrate; let us cite 特别是an illustration; to cite a concrete case 5 e=9~].7  
特别是especially; more than others; particularly; in particular l =~EweuM  
既然…now that…; seeing that… &{E1w<uv  
迹象inkling; hint; clue; a slight suggestion I^S gWC  
缺点disadvantage; demerit; shortcoming; drawback; weakness y,'M3GGl  
除去do away with; eliminate; remove; get rid of >dO1)  
缺少for lack of; for a deficiency of tNP>6F/  
毕竟after all; all in all N?7MYP
 
范围scope; field; realm DmzK* O{  
潜力potential; mQ(6ahD U  
行为conduct; behavior; doings I!sh+e  
隔绝isolate; insulate ZcJa :  
分辨出identify; recognize LF6PKS  
不易懂的elusive; hard to understand Q8-;w{%  
展开unfold xAJ N(8?  
回馈feedback O_=2{k~s0  
主导的人物a dominant figure; a controlling man; the most influential person AzFd#P  
观点viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint 0F48T<i  
正在进行中is underway GZ=7)eJ~<  
只是一种姿态is merely a gesture 3an9Rb V  
立场position; stand; stance .M(')$\U  
意向inclination; leaning; intention HrOq>CSR  
特权privilege; a special right =n@"lY u[  
来自stem from; come from R:N4_4& C~  
一件事的不同说法alternative statements of fact xA7>";sla[  
交织intertwine; interweave vbA<=V*P  
好奇心the eager desire to know; curiosity \NZ(Xk  
尊敬respect; esteem; think highly of M[eq)a$  
顽固的headstrong; obstinate; stubborn 5:R$xgc  
暗淡的gloomy; dark; dim DsJ ikg(J  
巨大的huge; gigantic; colossal; vast; enormous; tremendous bF2RP8?en  
探索explore; fathom {beu  
执行carry out; execute; do `GDWy^-Q+!  
现代modern times; modern age; contemporary age d9=i{i3  
偏见prejudice; bias; partiality; predilection jmORKX+)  
混乱chaos; commotion; confusion; disturbance; tumult CJa`[;i0y  
无弹性(僵硬)rigid #}xw *)3  
无缺点的flawless; airtight /]1$Soo  
无药可救incurable 
+x!Hc  
无法避免的unavoidable; inevitable Ei HQ&u*  
细密的计划elaborate plan RVN;j4uMg  
取消cancel; annul; abolish x%'5rnm|  
解药a cure for…; a remedy for; Ro@=oyLE  
谜puzzle; riddle; enigma 9u;/l#?@T  
机会平等equality of opportunity $5wf{iZY.Q  
较有影响力的国家a predominant country `N}aV
Ns  
遵守abide by; conform to; observe; comply with ~@\sN+VS  
热情的passionate; ardent; zealous 7_Op(C4,nC  
模糊的ambiguous; vague; obscure #|"M  
影响长远的far-reaching i7b^b>B|e  
失望despair; loss of hope; without hope |jB/d@RE  
幼稚childish; childlike; naive @~QI3)=s  
挑剔的picky; choosy; fastidious F.{$HJ  
破坏destroy; ruin; break to pieces; devasate Qt\^h/zjG  
技巧的skillful; adept; dexterous vD^Uod1  
警觉的alert; watchful; on guard; wary of 'Rb tcFb  
忍受bear; put up with; endure; stand hb<cyn Y  
证据evidence; facts; proof; grounds; testimony cN:dy#  
很容易地easily; with little problem; with little hindrance 74=zLDD S  
令人惊讶的amazing; astonishing; astounding {G+io
bQdd  
生动的报导vivid description 
|va^lT  
争取compete for; try hard to win 1+#E|YWJ  
遗产heritage; legacy; inheritance 9>@Vk vpY  
保护protect; safeguard; preserve; shelter h])oo:u'/Q  
了解understand; comprehend; catch the meaning of; catch on a%2K,.J  
汇露reveal; make known; disclose >qVSepK3  
放大amplify; magnify; enlarge qP$)V3
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动力impetus; driving force; momentum @R Jr ~y0  
自满的complacent &3OV|ly]  
第一流的first-rate; excellent uO)vGzt3^x  
全处refuge; asylum; haven; sanctuary ZfXgVTJ`  
强调emphasize; stress; highlight 4t-l@zFWb  
短视的决定short-sighted decision CFUn1^?0  
真正的genuine; authentic; real V`8\)FFG  
怪异的eccentric; peculiar; odd Yd(<;JKF[  
明显的distinct; clear; explicit; obvious q+} \(|  
得到…的注意capture one’s attention \mL]xE-  
事事干涉的meddlesome; interfering Z]w?RL  
背景setting; background u @;e`-@  
假的fake; false; counterfeit g;Zy3   
夸大报导dramatize lD{*Z spz  
退步setback .%!^L#g  
古人the ancients kE:{#>[Uz  
古老的old; ancient; archaeic :H:
Se  
逃犯infringe (on); violate p1\mjM  
使害怕intimidate; frighten E3] 8(P%D-  
带来生气enliven ^ FM  
对手rival 8 C9ny}  
吸引人的intriguing 7xFZJ#  
旁观者onlooker rP}[>  
准确地说to be exact; to be precise; precisely @t;726  
突然醒悟it dawned on me that :>/6:c?atG  
仔细思考之后after long deliberation; after careful thought [RF
] lM]w  
对比及其相关用词 VkO*+"cGv  
可互换的interchangeable Yep~C%/}  
可与…相比is comparable with (to) 'F#dv[N  
普遍的prevailing; common; prevalent EqGpo_  
是一个对比is a sharp contrast to 1*|/N}g)  
比作is likened to; is compared to <s7cCpUFP  
多样化的heterogeneous  Bnk'  
单一性的homogeneous C,A/29R,s  
一般而言in general; generally speaking; by and large #a2gRg
  
满于现状be happy with what you are 7xQ:[P!G+  
预测未来project into the future }'faf{W  
另一个观点是… another way of looking at the matter is… ,<'>jaC  
不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… NuOxEyC  
评估社会文化因素 assess (evaluate) sociocultural factors $PI9vyS  
那并非说… that does not mean that… 0\vG <  
那有这回事 there is no such thing as ?Pa(e)8\  
一个有待克服的困难是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… r/HCWs|  
由…造成 caused by; attributable to; due to; resulting from ,p OGT71  
由…组成 is made up of…; is comprised of; consist hF$qH^-c*A  
必须从两方面考虑此问题this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: }r!+wp   
限制limit; restrict; refrain; restrain; keep within limits; confine; keep in check kY!zBk  
一般人认为… conventional wisdom suggests that… F>3 o0ke}  
这方法有陷阱the method had pitfalls: _ziSH 3(  
说服convince; persuade; cause to believe wwywiFj  
具体的specific; concrete; tangible "bDj00nwh  
刻意的intentional; on purpose; intended beC%Tnb7  
费时间去了解…take time to acquaint oneself with… L
t=32SvTn  
…是此问题的核心 …is at the root of the issue biU_ImJ>0  
无法估计is beyond calculation; incalculable zL9~gJ  
无资格的disqualified

好。