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分子生物学笔记完全版.pdf 279KB 希望有用,850000上传 >>编辑 1o$<pZZ  
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博士生入学专业基础课考试大纲 LS \4y&J40  
    高等水力学   [288] |
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一、考试要求 B,A/ -B\  
考试为笔试、闭卷形式。强调对基本概念、基本公式、基本计算方法的掌握和运用能力。避免单纯的死记硬背，更多地强调理解及想象能力。 !!P)r1=g  
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二、内容范围 \?}ZXKuJj  
1．流体运动微分形式的基本方程 uEk$Y=p7!  
（1）描述流体运动的方法 }$OQw'L[  
（2）流体微团运动的分析 _E ?(cWC  
（3）连续性微分方程 Nc]]e+N#V  
（4）理想流体的运动微分方程及其积分 0BBWuNF.  
（5）粘性流体的运动微分方程 {=&pnu\  
（6）不可压缩流体基本微分方程组 K.1#cf ^'  
（7）有关物理量在正交曲线坐标系中的表示式 T3Tk:r  
2．流体运动积分形式的基本方程 d*!,McBn  
（1）系统、控制体及输运方程 iJ#sg+  
（2）连续性方程  /y1,w JI  
（3）能量方程 :r!n z\%WW  
（4）动量方程 UoBu0Rx  
（5）动量矩方程 *P9)M%  
3．有涡流动及有势流动 &%FpNU9
 
（1）有涡流动的性质 )<!y_;$A  
（2）旋涡的诱导速度 `L0}^|`9  
（3）旋涡层 卡门涡阶 ( vgoG5  
（4）有旋流动 .( 75.^b2)  
（5）理想不可压缩流体恒定平面势流的基本方程 L0Xb^vx}m  
（6）几个基本势流 nIdvff  
（7）势流叠加原理及其应用 :Oy9`vv  
（8）空化和空蚀 vJK0>":G  
4．流动型态与边界层 F~&bg
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（1）层流运动 BgUf:PT  
（2）紊流运动的基本概念 YJF!_ kg.  
（3）紊流的基本方程 P!
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（4）紊流的半经验理论 ^!?W!k!:V  
（5）紊流扩散 f)/Yru. ;  
（6）边界层理论基础 T =_Hd  
（7）壁面边界层 ?%#3p[  
（8）边界层的分离现象 a%V6RyT4qW  
5．流动阻力与水头损失 evz{@;.R  
（1）流动阻力 4h|sbB"t  
（2）沿程水头损失 #] cO] I  
（3）局部水头损失 IP9mv`[  
6．明槽中的恒定均匀流与非均匀渐变流 Jvgx+{Xu  
  （1）明槽均匀流 o @XhL9  
  （2）缓流，急流，临界流 {p=`"H>  
  （3）明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 2tMe#V  
  （4）明槽非均匀渐变流水面曲线的分析 :I[nA?d[&  
  （5）明槽水面线的计算 W0R<^5_  
  （6）明槽水流的掺气 f#FAi3  
7．明槽中的非恒定流动 4|ML#aRz  
  （1）明槽非恒定流的特性 tHgu #k0  
  （2）明槽非恒定渐变流动的基本方程 Pp#  
  （3）特征线法 =CgcRxng  
  （4）直接插分法 *6IytWOX5  
  （5）瞬态法 R6v~Sy&n!  
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三、试卷结构 9kZ[Z ,=>  
填空、简答或论述题占30%，计算题及推导证明题为70%。 THEpW{.E  
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四、参考书目 HQGn[7JW  
1．董曾南 主编 水力学（第二版）上册 高等教育出版社，1995 0wQ'~8  
余常昭 主编 水力学（第二版）下册 高等教育出版社，1995

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无数innumerable ; countless &"lSq 2  
许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample BLaF++Fop  
非常多(大)的tremendous -,:^dxE'  
依序列举list in sequence  KEPNe(H  
过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic W?TvdeBx  
短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived tW-wO[2  
不合时宜的anachronism ExKyjWAJ  
可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time ^ruz-N^Y!  
一再time after time ; again and again KwAc Ga}J  
初始的preliminary >p*7)  
前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former I_k/lwBD  
自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages {Qba`lOkq  
年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult kY?w] lS)t  
老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated )Szn,  
偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times HkPdqNC&  
时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly L_`D  
永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life 7TW&=(  
重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities g|Tkl  
目前so far ; by far \ gO!6  
一次就可完成的事one-time event XOL_vS24  
正/反意见(opinion) {zIcEN$ ~  
骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove s|vx2-Cu]  
支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold sa?s[  
谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of {ui{Yc  
错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect V}h <,E9  
错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior Hkrhd   
做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite fl8eNiE|  
归咎blame…on ; put the blame on … ; …is to blame ujWC!*W(Q  
瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts SFjRSMi  
支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of %RX!Pi}5+g  
不会犯错的infallible &3Ry0?RET  
意见不和clashes of opinion Qk2*=BVh  
一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement f5z*AeI  
不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate KBDNK_7A  
批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of… l0PXU)>C  
我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. =4u
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愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to ^|%N _ s  
有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive CG ,H  
有意义的meaningful; fulfilling YF(bl1>YC  
他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit this… )}J }
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在大家同意下by common consent of… =, 64Qbau  
否定deny; withhold; negate V#+M lN  
承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede 4}t$Lf_  
于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use io
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使…受益benefit…; do good to…; is good for…; is of great benefit to… xB_78X1  
想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking IN@ =UAc&  
想出come up with Iv{uk$^7S  
找出come up with; find out bSW~hyI w  
利用use; take advantage of 2]5ux!Lqln  
夸耀brag about; boast about; show off; speak too highly of 0?''v>%  
照顾take care of; take charge of; attend to; watch over **]=!W  
对…很了解have a deep knowledge of… C_ W%]8u  
对抗权威stand up against authority; resisit boldly the authority ,_bG'Hmt  
对…有信心have confidence in  n[7=  
说清楚articulate; verbalize; put in words; utter ~PX#' Jr  
接受…之美意embrace the offer of… lT8^BT  
累积amass; accumulate; heap up; assemble *>T@3G.{Rm  
联系get in touch with; contact with JD~]aoH  
排除这可能性rule out the possibility d&X <&)a7  
等于is equivalent to; equal 36d6KS 7  
选择choose; elect; opt for; pick; single out )gG_K$08?  
发出deliver; give out; hand over &ZJ$V  
绕路detour; take a detour; take a roundabout way "4CO^ B  
禁止进入is kept out; is barred from W3xObt3w\  
小看make little of 5r^u7k  
坏了out of order; on the blink; is not working Zzv,p  
分别distinguish between; make a distinction between; tell…from fRt&-z('  
依靠count on; depend on O*1la/~m  
忽视neglect; give too little care to Gu%}B@4^  
存在come to be; come into existence; come to birth; come into being rk `]]  
考虑consider; take into consideration; take into account %)L|7v <  
考虑到in consideration of lsOZ%p%fV  
用尽力气exhaust one’s strength; use up one’s strength Gx-tPW}  
开动initiate; set going mg *kB:p  
准备…brace for; prepare for AeEF/*  
在于lie in; rest on; rest with W4=<hB  
主动take the initiative (L"G,l  
不算exclusive of; not counting; leaving out
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应该得到deserve; have right to; is worthy of D?P1\<A~  
避免avoid; shun; get around; circumvent ,IG?(CK|  
幻想fantasy; play of the mind ~'/_q4  
以此标准来算by this criterion; by this standard R^GLATM  
乍看之下at first glance G `JXi/#`  
面对in the face of; in the presence of g/x\#W  
以by means of; by virtue of; by the use of |I=\+
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不惜代价at all costs B#(2,j7M  
每况愈下from bad to worse -_~T;cj6  
承受错误造成的后果in reaping the harvest of his mistakes -W XZOdUjs  
取得同意…get the go-ahead to R6dD17  
不择手段unscrupulously; by hook or by crook uM9RlI5  
想法与作法beliefs and practices m_r_4BP  
内情ins and outs; turns and twists `xd{0EvF  
关键时刻the critical moment (Y?"L_pC  
虽然although; notwithstanding; albeit; though zmh3 Q a(  
根据according to; on the basis of; on the ground of (that); in the light of; in line with; in accordance with N;d@)h(N!  
逃避问题evade the question -4'yC_8t  
增大enlarge; extend; aggrandize C!aK5rqhv  
澄清clarify; make clear >L>t$1hXM  
赔偿compensate for; give…as compensation for \!,@pe_  
实现carry out; implement; realize; make…come true 8k`rj;  
假定suppose; assume; postulate; hypothesize sz%'=J~!V  
极端的radical; extreme 6v}WdK  
极端的措施drastic measures P(&9S`I  
剩下的the rest; the remainder; what is left |lhVk\X  
换言之in other words; put another way BKQI|i  
结果result; aftermath; consequence 1f^4J~{  
优点advantage; strength; strong point; merit; benefit *R^ulp[W  
简言之put simply; in short; in brief; in a nutshell -w:F8k ~  
举例而言for instance; for example; to illustrate; let us cite 特别是an illustration; to cite a concrete case Ii9@ j1-g  
特别是especially; more than others; particularly; in particular kM T73OI>_  
既然…now that…; seeing that… DIurFDQSS  
迹象inkling; hint; clue; a slight suggestion r*!sA5  
缺点disadvantage; demerit; shortcoming; drawback; weakness -6KGQc}U  
除去do away with; eliminate; remove; get rid of r{gJ[%  
缺少for lack of; for a deficiency of A+lP]Oy0S  
毕竟after all; all in all 6T
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范围scope; field; realm n)
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潜力potential; duKR;5:  
行为conduct; behavior; doings eSgCS*}0$z  
隔绝isolate; insulate wcT0XXh  
分辨出identify; recognize XHu2G t_  
不易懂的elusive; hard to understand 6NV- &0 _  
展开unfold b1}P 3W  
回馈feedback ;@@1$mzK  
主导的人物a dominant figure; a controlling man; the most influential person rI5)w_E?  
观点viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint F-k3F80=  
正在进行中is underway /?jAG3"  
只是一种姿态is merely a gesture &\$l%icuo  
立场position; stand; stance mk;l;!*T8  
意向inclination; leaning; intention !S[8w9q  
特权privilege; a special right aD~3C/?aW  
来自stem from; come from mlR*S<Z  
一件事的不同说法alternative statements of fact l("Dw8H  
交织intertwine; interweave n:GK0wu.s  
好奇心the eager desire to know; curiosity >Rw[x  
尊敬respect; esteem; think highly of ;wfzlUBC  
顽固的headstrong; obstinate; stubborn mJu;B3@  
暗淡的gloomy; dark; dim J(0.eD91v  
巨大的huge; gigantic; colossal; vast; enormous; tremendous Kc*h@#`~oL  
探索explore; fathom zLlu%Oc  
执行carry out; execute; do U3 e3  
现代modern times; modern age; contemporary age ?Ovl(4VG  
偏见prejudice; bias; partiality; predilection a[:0<Ek  
混乱chaos; commotion; confusion; disturbance; tumult LXaT_3;  
无弹性(僵硬)rigid *r)/.
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无缺点的flawless; airtight yVm~5Y&Z  
无药可救incurable 1O1/P,u+  
无法避免的unavoidable; inevitable ]&1Kz 2/  
细密的计划elaborate plan \iAkF`OC  
取消cancel; annul; abolish A('=P}I^  
解药a cure for…; a remedy for; Y&aFAjj  
谜puzzle; riddle; enigma Au$|@  
机会平等equality of opportunity mHo}, |  
较有影响力的国家a predominant country g]R }w@nJ  
遵守abide by; conform to; observe; comply with b w!
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热情的passionate; ardent; zealous _*1/4^  
模糊的ambiguous; vague; obscure 7</&=lly  
影响长远的far-reaching Z VuHO7'  
失望despair; loss of hope; without hope 8*3<Er v  
幼稚childish; childlike; naive {%xwoMVc+  
挑剔的picky; choosy; fastidious 0&Q-y&$7  
破坏destroy; ruin; break to pieces; devasate C)`k{(-{  
技巧的skillful; adept; dexterous
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警觉的alert; watchful; on guard; wary of y~An'+yBa  
忍受bear; put up with; endure; stand ahA21W`k  
证据evidence; facts; proof; grounds; testimony kt.z,<w5O  
很容易地easily; with little problem; with little hindrance 1q<BYc+z  
令人惊讶的amazing; astonishing; astounding ;1&%Wj"d  
生动的报导vivid description d0~F|j\#  
争取compete for; try hard to win u?Jw)
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遗产heritage; legacy; inheritance Cfu]umZLn  
保护protect; safeguard; preserve; shelter bB'iK4  
了解understand; comprehend; catch the meaning of; catch on C3Q[L}X\  
汇露reveal; make known; disclose jKZJ0`06q  
放大amplify; magnify; enlarge WY#A9i5Ge  
动力impetus; driving force; momentum $-m@cObw!.  
自满的complacent V #W,}+_Sz  
第一流的first-rate; excellent BpZE  
全处refuge; asylum; haven; sanctuary -?`^^v  
强调emphasize; stress; highlight a}
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短视的决定short-sighted decision .ml24SeC  
真正的genuine; authentic; real fOCLN$x^  
怪异的eccentric; peculiar; odd N|5J-fR&  
明显的distinct; clear; explicit; obvious wgxr8;8`q  
得到…的注意capture one’s attention &{NN!X  
事事干涉的meddlesome; interfering S/)P&V%  
背景setting; background J3gJSRT@P  
假的fake; false; counterfeit U|.kAI*  
夸大报导dramatize 1=gE,k5H  
退步setback V @8+  
古人the ancients ?U.+SQ  
古老的old; ancient; archaeic }Tf~)x  
逃犯infringe (on); violate os0fwv  
使害怕intimidate; frighten P_6oMR  
带来生气enliven Aon 3G  
对手rival LgXc}3  
吸引人的intriguing Q.X)QCp#r  
旁观者onlooker T#kPn#|  
准确地说to be exact; to be precise; precisely 7{>mm$^|V  
突然醒悟it dawned on me that 8&<C.nKP  
仔细思考之后after long deliberation; after careful thought wm~35cF(  
对比及其相关用词 yXP+$oox9  
可互换的interchangeable ){^o"A?-:  
可与…相比is comparable with (to) OP0KK^#  
普遍的prevailing; common; prevalent y(/"DUx  
是一个对比is a sharp contrast to 6D3hX>K4  
比作is likened to; is compared to OQ>8Q
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多样化的heterogeneous MJ"ug8N  
单一性的homogeneous sI\v}$(~  
一般而言in general; generally speaking; by and large dC+WII`V  
满于现状be happy with what you are U4;r.#qw,  
预测未来project into the future 5hN)y-4@  
另一个观点是… another way of looking at the matter is… e$kBpG"D  
不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… 0?c2= Y  
评估社会文化因素 assess (evaluate) sociocultural factors $>^DkrOd  
那并非说… that does not mean that… UF37|+"E  
那有这回事 there is no such thing as ;;>hWAS  
一个有待克服的困难是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… *Rm"3S  
由…造成 caused by; attributable to; due to; resulting from i/U
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由…组成 is made up of…; is comprised of; consist E%Tpby}^'  
必须从两方面考虑此问题this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: /`6Y-8e2  
限制limit; restrict; refrain; restrain; keep within limits; confine; keep in check 0QJ :  
一般人认为… conventional wisdom suggests that… 0PdeK'7  
这方法有陷阱the method had pitfalls: vVvx g0  
说服convince; persuade; cause to believe `Xs3^FJt  
具体的specific; concrete; tangible
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刻意的intentional; on purpose; intended `G/%U~  
费时间去了解…take time to acquaint oneself with… R:N4_4& C~  
…是此问题的核心 …is at the root of the issue J!{"^^*  
无法估计is beyond calculation; incalculable vbA<=V*P  
无资格的disqualified

好。