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分子生物学笔记完全版.pdf 279KB 希望有用,850000上传 >>编辑 |C0!mU  
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博士生入学专业基础课考试大纲 5'<a,,RKu  
    高等水力学   [288] P:5vS:s?  
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一、考试要求 z.OJ1vY7  
考试为笔试、闭卷形式。强调对基本概念、基本公式、基本计算方法的掌握和运用能力。避免单纯的死记硬背，更多地强调理解及想象能力。 tJGK9!MH{(  
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二、内容范围 7 h>,  
1．流体运动微分形式的基本方程 fUOQ(BGp  
（1）描述流体运动的方法 K@{R?j/+  
（2）流体微团运动的分析 /J(~NGT  
（3）连续性微分方程 - rI4_Dl  
（4）理想流体的运动微分方程及其积分 =c%gV]>G  
（5）粘性流体的运动微分方程 Qv
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（6）不可压缩流体基本微分方程组 2tQ?=V(Di  
（7）有关物理量在正交曲线坐标系中的表示式 8v=t-GJW  
2．流体运动积分形式的基本方程 p[;@9!t  
（1）系统、控制体及输运方程 j%':M  
（2）连续性方程 cE?p~fq<  
（3）能量方程 1bjWWNzQA  
（4）动量方程 $J0o%9K   
（5）动量矩方程 L D%SLJ:  
3．有涡流动及有势流动 q2 ;CvoF  
（1）有涡流动的性质 9S<V5$}  
（2）旋涡的诱导速度 m;qqjzy  
（3）旋涡层 卡门涡阶 (-@I'CFd  
（4）有旋流动 j!@,r^(  
（5）理想不可压缩流体恒定平面势流的基本方程
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（6）几个基本势流 *o<|^,R  
（7）势流叠加原理及其应用 zXkq2\GHA  
（8）空化和空蚀 J6@RIia  
4．流动型态与边界层 fVi[mH0=+  
（1）层流运动 ^KV:.up6  
（2）紊流运动的基本概念 u]]mbER*t#  
（3）紊流的基本方程 n;>
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（4）紊流的半经验理论 mqY=N~/O  
（5）紊流扩散 M7YbRl  
（6）边界层理论基础 bzZ7L-yD  
（7）壁面边界层 o<5+v^mt#  
（8）边界层的分离现象 V5 Gy|X  
5．流动阻力与水头损失 {J/+KK  
（1）流动阻力 7U
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（2）沿程水头损失 _<?z-K_;I  
（3）局部水头损失 {yMkd4v  
6．明槽中的恒定均匀流与非均匀渐变流 Eks<
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  （1）明槽均匀流 j V<5GWq  
  （2）缓流，急流，临界流 R?J8#JPXD  
  （3）明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 ;)ERxMun  
  （4）明槽非均匀渐变流水面曲线的分析 g<:TsP'|  
  （5）明槽水面线的计算 i6O'UzD@T  
  （6）明槽水流的掺气 BLm}mb#/{  
7．明槽中的非恒定流动 9MbF:  
  （1）明槽非恒定流的特性 z*o2jz?t4  
  （2）明槽非恒定渐变流动的基本方程 `*i:z'  
  （3）特征线法 8 v da"  
  （4）直接插分法 s,M]f,T  
  （5）瞬态法 6 I43a1[s  
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三、试卷结构 dd4^4X`j  
填空、简答或论述题占30%，计算题及推导证明题为70%。 TnuA uui*  
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四、参考书目 $]a*ZHd;2&  
1．董曾南 主编 水力学（第二版）上册 高等教育出版社，1995 C @P$RVS  
余常昭 主编 水力学（第二版）下册 高等教育出版社，1995

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无数innumerable ; countless %)e&" mq!|  
许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample Z[kVVE9b?  
非常多(大)的tremendous "rpP  
依序列举list in sequence SOS|3q_`  
过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic ;NGSJfn  
短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived jTqEV (  
不合时宜的anachronism (7X^z&2  
可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time - P4X@s_;  
一再time after time ; again and again >ffQ264g=i  
初始的preliminary pO2XQYhrY  
前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former M2A_T.F=H  
自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages TR:4$92:H  
年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult Bey9P)_O f  
老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated \{o<-S;h  
偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times yz%o?%@  
时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly |gfG\fL3V  
永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life -hGLGF??  
重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities fD2 N}  
目前so far ; by far H$6;{IUz~  
一次就可完成的事one-time event '.7ER   
正/反意见(opinion) 1gX$U00:  
骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove Wyb+K)Tg  
支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold $WsyAUl  
谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of h<g2aL21?F  
错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect Z3-=TN  
错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior -E.fo._L5  
做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite (:RYd6i  
归咎blame…on ; put the blame on … ; …is to blame xQNGlVipZ@  
瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts PD-*rG `  
支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of ~b6c:db3  
不会犯错的infallible aoGns46Y  
意见不和clashes of opinion H2yPVJ\Y)"  
一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement ,]tMZ?n8  
不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate ?:+p#&I  
批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of… <ti,W n.  
我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. $NBQv6#:  
愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to QvlVjDIy  
有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive j/1f|x  
有意义的meaningful; fulfilling (bD#PQXzm  
他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit this… oKPG0iM:  
在大家同意下by common consent of… +)_#j/  
否定deny; withhold; negate lr)9U7  
承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede .qCI!%fg  
于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use i4)]lWnd  
使…受益benefit…; do good to…; is good for…; is of great benefit to… <'~6L#>,<  
想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking }-p-(  
想出come up with P&*e\"{  
找出come up with; find out  X*`b} ^T  
利用use; take advantage of )!'7!" $  
夸耀brag about; boast about; show off; speak too highly of dlwOmO'Bm)  
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对…很了解have a deep knowledge of… soA] f  
对抗权威stand up against authority; resisit boldly the authority ]G,BSttD  
对…有信心have confidence in a@! O}f*  
说清楚articulate; verbalize; put in words; utter 4Dasj8GsV  
接受…之美意embrace the offer of… U}GO* +  
累积amass; accumulate; heap up; assemble A9z3SJ\vXl  
联系get in touch with; contact with VI)hA ^S  
排除这可能性rule out the possibility (Vt5@25JW  
等于is equivalent to; equal )#,a'~w  
选择choose; elect; opt for; pick; single out ~l*[=0}  
发出deliver; give out; hand over x)f<lZ^L&H  
绕路detour; take a detour; take a roundabout way 2c3/iYCKP  
禁止进入is kept out; is barred from )2R]KU_=g  
小看make little of Kj:'Ei7  
坏了out of order; on the blink; is not working sAjN<P  
分别distinguish between; make a distinction between; tell…from 5?TX.h9B4  
依靠count on; depend on /Ur]U w  
忽视neglect; give too little care to J$&2GAi  
存在come to be; come into existence; come to birth; come into being |lh&l<=(f  
考虑consider; take into consideration; take into account 8cj}9}k  
考虑到in consideration of |2I/r$Q  
用尽力气exhaust one’s strength; use up one’s strength zvT8r(<n}  
开动initiate; set going tNxKpA |F  
准备…brace for; prepare for ?Xqkf>  
在于lie in; rest on; rest with _w7yfZLv+  
主动take the initiative ,?!MVN-  
不算exclusive of; not counting; leaving out 'acCnn'  
应该得到deserve; have right to; is worthy of S*H @`Do%d  
避免avoid; shun; get around; circumvent MFqb_q+  
幻想fantasy; play of the mind $Eo-58<q  
以此标准来算by this criterion; by this standard cY.5z:7u~v  
乍看之下at first glance aF.fd2k  
面对in the face of; in the presence of 7M$cIWe$
 
以by means of; by virtue of; by the use of vP,$S^7$  
不惜代价at all costs l@>@2CB  
每况愈下from bad to worse ](z*t+">  
承受错误造成的后果in reaping the harvest of his mistakes RF'&.RtVa  
取得同意…get the go-ahead to j_SUR)5  
不择手段unscrupulously; by hook or by crook v+'*
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想法与作法beliefs and practices H1$n6J  
内情ins and outs; turns and twists Oki{)Ssy  
关键时刻the critical moment @Z Dd(xB&  
虽然although; notwithstanding; albeit; though I\|.WrMNi  
根据according to; on the basis of; on the ground of (that); in the light of; in line with; in accordance with ^_uCSA'X  
逃避问题evade the question iXqRX';F'}  
增大enlarge; extend; aggrandize ym2"D?P (  
澄清clarify; make clear jH37{S-  
赔偿compensate for; give…as compensation for [NbW"Y7  
实现carry out; implement; realize; make…come true >txeo17Ba\  
假定suppose; assume; postulate; hypothesize '-P+|bZ W4  
极端的radical; extreme dyl1~'K^  
极端的措施drastic measures Xi!e=5&Pa  
剩下的the rest; the remainder; what is left &@'+h* b  
换言之in other words; put another way Fp>nu_-"  
结果result; aftermath; consequence U"a7myB+jX  
优点advantage; strength; strong point; merit; benefit 7nZ3u_~  
简言之put simply; in short; in brief; in a nutshell xxOhGA)  
举例而言for instance; for example; to illustrate; let us cite 特别是an illustration; to cite a concrete case 877Kv);  
特别是especially; more than others; particularly; in particular ?h,. 1Tb  
既然…now that…; seeing that… o 9d|XY _  
迹象inkling; hint; clue; a slight suggestion otQ G6  
缺点disadvantage; demerit; shortcoming; drawback; weakness lz_ r  
除去do away with; eliminate; remove; get rid of uYijzHQyD  
缺少for lack of; for a deficiency of hz5t/
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毕竟after all; all in all SME]C')7  
范围scope; field; realm @[{5{ y  
潜力potential; JY3!jt
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行为conduct; behavior; doings !wKiMgLS  
隔绝isolate; insulate 3A\Z]L  
分辨出identify; recognize {a(<E8-^  
不易懂的elusive; hard to understand %
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展开unfold A>\3FeU>UC  
回馈feedback )/Oldyp  
主导的人物a dominant figure; a controlling man; the most influential person ^!x qOp!  
观点viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint %1)JRc  
正在进行中is underway m3XT8F*&  
只是一种姿态is merely a gesture V@K^9R,|  
立场position; stand; stance ri4:w_/{,Y  
意向inclination; leaning; intention c*R18,5-  
特权privilege; a special right boZ
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来自stem from; come from 61*b|.sl'#  
一件事的不同说法alternative statements of fact H7f Xg  
交织intertwine; interweave 5Hs!s+  
好奇心the eager desire to know; curiosity
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尊敬respect; esteem; think highly of 1/SB[[g  
顽固的headstrong; obstinate; stubborn eQIS`T  
暗淡的gloomy; dark; dim 'Z nJdj  
巨大的huge; gigantic; colossal; vast; enormous; tremendous \!k\%j9  
探索explore; fathom +y][s{A  
执行carry out; execute; do &+GbklUB~  
现代modern times; modern age; contemporary age }{v0}-~@  
偏见prejudice; bias; partiality; predilection ]Nue1xV_  
混乱chaos; commotion; confusion; disturbance; tumult 3w! NTvp  
无弹性(僵硬)rigid g^^^fKUp)  
无缺点的flawless; airtight {(h!JeQ  
无药可救incurable {<i(aq
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无法避免的unavoidable; inevitable ;!EEzR.  
细密的计划elaborate plan vQ[ TcV  
取消cancel; annul; abolish U)1hC^[!   
解药a cure for…; a remedy for; v=D4O.  
谜puzzle; riddle; enigma %gTY7LIe1z  
机会平等equality of opportunity 'JAe=K H  
较有影响力的国家a predominant country mQ\oR|  
遵守abide by; conform to; observe; comply with r6kQMFA  
热情的passionate; ardent; zealous i^eDM.#X  
模糊的ambiguous; vague; obscure RI]x=  
影响长远的far-reaching h5[.G!  
失望despair; loss of hope; without hope qx}*L'xB  
幼稚childish; childlike; naive ?q"9ZYX<  
挑剔的picky; choosy; fastidious qwo{34  
破坏destroy; ruin; break to pieces; devasate 5%"0  
技巧的skillful; adept; dexterous kFi=^#J{  
警觉的alert; watchful; on guard; wary of X&
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忍受bear; put up with; endure; stand $oZ
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证据evidence; facts; proof; grounds; testimony N0fmC*1-  
很容易地easily; with little problem; with little hindrance j7C&&G q  
令人惊讶的amazing; astonishing; astounding _Tf0L<A'R  
生动的报导vivid description -J++b2R\%  
争取compete for; try hard to win Gdlx0i  
遗产heritage; legacy; inheritance AaJz3oncJ  
保护protect; safeguard; preserve; shelter }k6gO0z  
了解understand; comprehend; catch the meaning of; catch on 3L;&MG=  
汇露reveal; make known; disclose </qli-fXB}  
放大amplify; magnify; enlarge "R-Pe\W  
动力impetus; driving force; momentum e'dZ2;X$zo  
自满的complacent HuajdC~  
第一流的first-rate; excellent mQ:5(]v  
全处refuge; asylum; haven; sanctuary s=)1:jYk  
强调emphasize; stress; highlight 2tdr1+U?g  
短视的决定short-sighted decision 9jrlB0  
真正的genuine; authentic; real t8S,C4
 
怪异的eccentric; peculiar; odd S{)'1J_0  
明显的distinct; clear; explicit; obvious XNB4KjT  
得到…的注意capture one’s attention I)f54AX  
事事干涉的meddlesome; interfering =p$:vW
 
背景setting; background Rm=[Sj84  
假的fake; false; counterfeit t0o'_>*?A  
夸大报导dramatize #jX%nqMxW  
退步setback @m ?&7{y#?  
古人the ancients ?1/wl;=fm  
古老的old; ancient; archaeic SR&'38UCe  
逃犯infringe (on); violate S
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使害怕intimidate; frighten kI# yW!  
带来生气enliven di#:KW  
对手rival %z AN@  
吸引人的intriguing ;p2a .P  
旁观者onlooker ~JxAo\2i  
准确地说to be exact; to be precise; precisely B}2JK9  
突然醒悟it dawned on me that &io*pmUm6  
仔细思考之后after long deliberation; after careful thought )l*6zn`z  
对比及其相关用词 )w!*6<  
可互换的interchangeable D}:M0EBS  
可与…相比is comparable with (to) _.$g?E/(  
普遍的prevailing; common; prevalent >Y[nU~w  
是一个对比is a sharp contrast to <ooRpn  
比作is likened to; is compared to 1r;.r|  
多样化的heterogeneous ?*)wQZt;  
单一性的homogeneous G[!Y6c3  
一般而言in general; generally speaking; by and large 5qx$=6PT  
满于现状be happy with what you are Ww$?X LF  
预测未来project into the future >\c"U1%E  
另一个观点是… another way of looking at the matter is… ^\zf8kPti  
不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… }X[wWH  
评估社会文化因素 assess (evaluate) sociocultural factors  [EU\-  
那并非说… that does not mean that… L;s,xV  
那有这回事 there is no such thing as jFMf=u&U  
一个有待克服的困难是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… 5 NdIbC  
由…造成 caused by; attributable to; due to; resulting from V57tn6>b  
由…组成 is made up of…; is comprised of; consist 4P\?vz"  
必须从两方面考虑此问题this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: F
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限制limit; restrict; refrain; restrain; keep within limits; confine; keep in check "G3zl{ ?GP  
一般人认为… conventional wisdom suggests that… c-{;P>L  
这方法有陷阱the method had pitfalls: =/jCDY  
说服convince; persuade; cause to believe >k{KwFB^S  
具体的specific; concrete; tangible t&99ZdE  
刻意的intentional; on purpose; intended urK[v  
费时间去了解…take time to acquaint oneself with… Pwh0Se5Z  
…是此问题的核心 …is at the root of the issue #fR~7KR  
无法估计is beyond calculation; incalculable 4]$$ar)  
无资格的disqualified

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