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分子生物学笔记完全版.pdf 279KB 希望有用,850000上传 >>编辑 mNII-XG  
http://freekaobo.ys168.com/?jdfwkey=en7ot1免费考博专业资料 freekaobo

博士生入学专业基础课考试大纲 ixvF`S9  
    高等水力学   [288] ,I2x&Ys&.  
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一、考试要求 Q)/oU\  
考试为笔试、闭卷形式。强调对基本概念、基本公式、基本计算方法的掌握和运用能力。避免单纯的死记硬背，更多地强调理解及想象能力。  NZu2D  
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二、内容范围 ==Ah& ){4^  
1．流体运动微分形式的基本方程 OTj J'  
（1）描述流体运动的方法 K'c[r0Ew  
（2）流体微团运动的分析 $xqX[ocor  
（3）连续性微分方程 fzJ^`  
（4）理想流体的运动微分方程及其积分 Z [YSET  
（5）粘性流体的运动微分方程 [gIvB<Uv  
（6）不可压缩流体基本微分方程组 P_.zp5>  
（7）有关物理量在正交曲线坐标系中的表示式 !BjJ5m  
2．流体运动积分形式的基本方程 <u}[
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（1）系统、控制体及输运方程 -PCFOm"  
（2）连续性方程 a_\t(U  
（3）能量方程 >aAsUL5W  
（4）动量方程 $}JWJ\-]  
（5）动量矩方程 ew&"n2r  
3．有涡流动及有势流动 6(/*E=bOKV  
（1）有涡流动的性质 ^4C djMF-E  
（2）旋涡的诱导速度 !PfdY&.)  
（3）旋涡层 卡门涡阶 4vi[hiV   
（4）有旋流动 .1:B\R((  
（5）理想不可压缩流体恒定平面势流的基本方程 wln"g,ct  
（6）几个基本势流 1nR\m+{  
（7）势流叠加原理及其应用 TR9dpt+T  
（8）空化和空蚀 PU-L,]K  
4．流动型态与边界层 [JEf P/n|.  
（1）层流运动 u =lsH  
（2）紊流运动的基本概念 FK@Gd)(  
（3）紊流的基本方程 dN@C)5pm5`  
（4）紊流的半经验理论 _Mi*Fvj  
（5）紊流扩散 Pp.]/;  
（6）边界层理论基础 J;N\q  
（7）壁面边界层 Q[9W{l+  
（8）边界层的分离现象 eMtQa;Lc9o  
5．流动阻力与水头损失 _adW>-wQ!d  
（1）流动阻力 P}w0=  
（2）沿程水头损失 23X-h#w  
（3）局部水头损失 M4e8PRlI  
6．明槽中的恒定均匀流与非均匀渐变流 W^i[7 r  
  （1）明槽均匀流 AG|:mQO  
  （2）缓流，急流，临界流 }Vfc;2  
  （3）明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 'VV"$`Fu"  
  （4）明槽非均匀渐变流水面曲线的分析  7*r!-$  
  （5）明槽水面线的计算 7>3+]njw  
  （6）明槽水流的掺气 4JL]?75  
7．明槽中的非恒定流动 eC_i]q&o|  
  （1）明槽非恒定流的特性 jpZ 7p;  
  （2）明槽非恒定渐变流动的基本方程 p-h(C'PqF  
  （3）特征线法 dvLL~VP  
  （4）直接插分法 ]Aj5 K  
  （5）瞬态法 u6 4{w,  
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三、试卷结构 V]/$ dJ  
填空、简答或论述题占30%，计算题及推导证明题为70%。 @Py?.H  
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四、参考书目 .#LHj} u  
1．董曾南 主编 水力学（第二版）上册 高等教育出版社，1995 8aVj@x$'  
余常昭 主编 水力学（第二版）下册 高等教育出版社，1995

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无数innumerable ; countless 5o
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许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample c22L]Sxo  
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依序列举list in sequence ]E1|^[y  
过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic T/q*k)IoR  
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不合时宜的anachronism o3.b='HAm  
可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time sd |c/ayh~  
一再time after time ; again and again 6}:(m#+  
初始的preliminary u4Z Accj  
前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former F "-GhjK  
自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages cB2~W%H  
年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult Y~UWUF%aK  
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时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly / 16 r_l  
永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life <KZ J  
重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities df9$k0Fx  
目前so far ; by far HCaEETk5  
一次就可完成的事one-time event !D9V9p  
正/反意见(opinion) J_&G\b.9/  
骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove |@dY[VK>  
支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold @&2#kO~=  
谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of @*JS[w$1  
错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect 6"V86b0)h}  
错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior Y^ 'mBM#j  
做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite ]dnB,  
归咎blame…on ; put the blame on … ; …is to blame S{JBV@@tC  
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意见不和clashes of opinion Z|zT%8.8N  
一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement {(^%2dk83C  
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批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of… ]PZ\N~T
 
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有意义的meaningful; fulfilling X8( Ws
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在大家同意下by common consent of… w"BMJ+  
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于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use N!^5<2z@eT  
使…受益benefit…; do good to…; is good for…; is of great benefit to… c9R|0Yn^J  
想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking $#d.@JWi  
想出come up with uM('R;<^  
找出come up with; find out \9s x_ T  
利用use; take advantage of (Y$48@x  
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对抗权威stand up against authority; resisit boldly the authority yaKw/vV  
对…有信心have confidence in ?tFsSU  
说清楚articulate; verbalize; put in words; utter mL[Y{t#N  
接受…之美意embrace the offer of… F otHITw[  
累积amass; accumulate; heap up; assemble zV"oB9\9O  
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等于is equivalent to; equal zCdzxb_h"  
选择choose; elect; opt for; pick; single out rYw
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绕路detour; take a detour; take a roundabout way KK4"H]!.  
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小看make little of "ZLujpZcG  
坏了out of order; on the blink; is not working [Y=X^"PF  
分别distinguish between; make a distinction between; tell…from Yab=p 9V;;  
依靠count on; depend on ~ok i s  
忽视neglect; give too little care to @Xb>GPVe#L  
存在come to be; come into existence; come to birth; come into being 2?bE2^6  
考虑consider; take into consideration; take into account )
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考虑到in consideration of `DPR >dd@  
用尽力气exhaust one’s strength; use up one’s strength ,
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开动initiate; set going wuQ>|\Zs  
准备…brace for; prepare for 'o*:~n  
在于lie in; rest on; rest with 4/Bn9F  
主动take the initiative g}]EIv{  
不算exclusive of; not counting; leaving out t9Nu4yl  
应该得到deserve; have right to; is worthy of 2iM8V  
避免avoid; shun; get around; circumvent Dxwv\+7]  
幻想fantasy; play of the mind Fc"&lk4e  
以此标准来算by this criterion; by this standard #Rkldv'  
乍看之下at first glance P;dp>jL  
面对in the face of; in the presence of `=0J:  
以by means of; by virtue of; by the use of D-8>?`n\  
不惜代价at all costs cc%O35o  
每况愈下from bad to worse Uq,M\V\  
承受错误造成的后果in reaping the harvest of his mistakes 'ZHu=UT7_  
取得同意…get the go-ahead to ; -R
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不择手段unscrupulously; by hook or by crook !7g E  
想法与作法beliefs and practices p.2>
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内情ins and outs; turns and twists FNDLqf!j  
关键时刻the critical moment %;0w2W  
虽然although; notwithstanding; albeit; though }eX_p6bBw  
根据according to; on the basis of; on the ground of (that); in the light of; in line with; in accordance with JXlFo3<  
逃避问题evade the question >5Zpx8W  
增大enlarge; extend; aggrandize xLZQ\2q  
澄清clarify; make clear 6QRfju'  
赔偿compensate for; give…as compensation for
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实现carry out; implement; realize; make…come true oQDOwM,  
假定suppose; assume; postulate; hypothesize &1Fcwj  
极端的radical; extreme .;tO;j|6  
极端的措施drastic measures P:k(=CzZ@J  
剩下的the rest; the remainder; what is left x#0C+cU  
换言之in other words; put another way =X X_Cnn  
结果result; aftermath; consequence Wsz='@XvB  
优点advantage; strength; strong point; merit; benefit )O- x1U  
简言之put simply; in short; in brief; in a nutshell Q]xW}5 /  
举例而言for instance; for example; to illustrate; let us cite 特别是an illustration; to cite a concrete case %,,h )9  
特别是especially; more than others; particularly; in particular R~*Y@_oD  
既然…now that…; seeing that… xN"KSQpu  
迹象inkling; hint; clue; a slight suggestion G^m
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缺点disadvantage; demerit; shortcoming; drawback; weakness Mty]LMK  
除去do away with; eliminate; remove; get rid of lIjHd#q-C  
缺少for lack of; for a deficiency of cn\& ;55v  
毕竟after all; all in all sf*SxdoZU  
范围scope; field; realm ,t+ATaOF  
潜力potential; 6vaxp|D  
行为conduct; behavior; doings uBE,z>/,;  
隔绝isolate; insulate ~$\j$/A8/  
分辨出identify; recognize '6 'XBL?  
不易懂的elusive; hard to understand g?$9~/h :;  
展开unfold !F<
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回馈feedback %9D@W*Z  
主导的人物a dominant figure; a controlling man; the most influential person f<;9q?0VF  
观点viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint :9h8q"T  
正在进行中is underway KFs` u6  
只是一种姿态is merely a gesture O^xt  
立场position; stand; stance rODKM-7+  
意向inclination; leaning; intention .~U9*5d  
特权privilege; a special right ;Pa(nUE@  
来自stem from; come from e"CLhaT  
一件事的不同说法alternative statements of fact piG1&*  
交织intertwine; interweave @iRVY|t/  
好奇心the eager desire to know; curiosity I7~|!d6  
尊敬respect; esteem; think highly of 'oHR4O*  
顽固的headstrong; obstinate; stubborn EC~t'v  
暗淡的gloomy; dark; dim Ds X>xzM  
巨大的huge; gigantic; colossal; vast; enormous; tremendous eI}VHBAz  
探索explore; fathom ??m7xH5u1  
执行carry out; execute; do =vc5,  
现代modern times; modern age; contemporary age jVINc=o  
偏见prejudice; bias; partiality; predilection #I?iR3u  
混乱chaos; commotion; confusion; disturbance; tumult _o.Z`]  
无弹性(僵硬)rigid  /Xz4q!Ul  
无缺点的flawless; airtight \Wc/kY3&  
无药可救incurable w4'K2 7  
无法避免的unavoidable; inevitable 8q3TeMYV  
细密的计划elaborate plan / D ]B  
取消cancel; annul; abolish kkB
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解药a cure for…; a remedy for; #0u69  
谜puzzle; riddle; enigma
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机会平等equality of opportunity E ZKz-}  
较有影响力的国家a predominant country " B {0-H+  
遵守abide by; conform to; observe; comply with 23$hwr&G\  
热情的passionate; ardent; zealous {H;|G0tR  
模糊的ambiguous; vague; obscure +~Lzsh"  
影响长远的far-reaching ,?<h] !aQ  
失望despair; loss of hope; without hope !otq
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幼稚childish; childlike; naive **r?   
挑剔的picky; choosy; fastidious 2{kfbm-89t  
破坏destroy; ruin; break to pieces; devasate 'Y{ux>  
技巧的skillful; adept; dexterous s<_LcQbt{  
警觉的alert; watchful; on guard; wary of ,35:Srf|  
忍受bear; put up with; endure; stand }t D!xI;  
证据evidence; facts; proof; grounds; testimony z!C4>,  
很容易地easily; with little problem; with little hindrance `J#xyDL6?  
令人惊讶的amazing; astonishing; astounding \1`D aQp7  
生动的报导vivid description \v3>Eo[  
争取compete for; try hard to win /N[o[q  
遗产heritage; legacy; inheritance $ lsRg:J  
保护protect; safeguard; preserve; shelter KT;C RO>  
了解understand; comprehend; catch the meaning of; catch on b|ksMB>)  
汇露reveal; make known; disclose ss X6kgq_(  
放大amplify; magnify; enlarge 95?5=TF  
动力impetus; driving force; momentum >RL6 Jbo|  
自满的complacent a[P>SqT4`  
第一流的first-rate; excellent K jn&  
全处refuge; asylum; haven; sanctuary t`8e#n 9  
强调emphasize; stress; highlight OZC/+"\,  
短视的决定short-sighted decision d% _78nOh"  
真正的genuine; authentic; real kJ#[UCqzM  
怪异的eccentric; peculiar; odd zN)|g  
明显的distinct; clear; explicit; obvious
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得到…的注意capture one’s attention Mdltzy=)L  
事事干涉的meddlesome; interfering N}}PlGp$  
背景setting; background 1fO2)$Y  
假的fake; false; counterfeit 5}X
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夸大报导dramatize vSYunI  
退步setback n&YW".iG  
古人the ancients `u p-m=zA  
古老的old; ancient; archaeic \sHy.{  
逃犯infringe (on); violate W>q*.9}Y"  
使害怕intimidate; frighten j1;_w  
带来生气enliven M\\e e3Ih  
对手rival ;"d,~nLn  
吸引人的intriguing vB{;N  
旁观者onlooker }sTH.%  
准确地说to be exact; to be precise; precisely so?pA@O
 
突然醒悟it dawned on me that ,<0Rf  
仔细思考之后after long deliberation; after careful thought iioct_7,g<  
对比及其相关用词 ?$30NK3G  
可互换的interchangeable #Dj"W8'zh  
可与…相比is comparable with (to) eD*?q7  
普遍的prevailing; common; prevalent *<`7|BH3  
是一个对比is a sharp contrast to O3^98n2  
比作is likened to; is compared to )CC?vV  
多样化的heterogeneous Tm%$J  
单一性的homogeneous Ph(]?MG\_  
一般而言in general; generally speaking; by and large m!HC-
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满于现状be happy with what you are (l\a'3a.  
预测未来project into the future bn0"M+7)f  
另一个观点是… another way of looking at the matter is… Zw;$(="  
不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… 5xh!f%6  
评估社会文化因素 assess (evaluate) sociocultural factors <MPeh&_3
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那并非说… that does not mean that… .o-0aBG  
那有这回事 there is no such thing as T6sr/<#<(  
一个有待克服的困难是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… <T(s\N5B=  
由…造成 caused by; attributable to; due to; resulting from $cRcap  
由…组成 is made up of…; is comprised of; consist F{TC#J}I%'  
必须从两方面考虑此问题this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: !a' K&  
限制limit; restrict; refrain; restrain; keep within limits; confine; keep in check \\Y,?x_0T  
一般人认为… conventional wisdom suggests that… wY' "ab  
这方法有陷阱the method had pitfalls: w@87]/4Rq  
说服convince; persuade; cause to believe Z1VC5*K  
具体的specific; concrete; tangible U5|B9%:&  
刻意的intentional; on purpose; intended }16&1@8  
费时间去了解…take time to acquaint oneself with… #.~ga7Q  
…是此问题的核心 …is at the root of the issue uZ@-e|qto  
无法估计is beyond calculation; incalculable -<8B,  
无资格的disqualified

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