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分子生物学笔记完全版.pdf 279KB 希望有用,850000上传 >>编辑 V`7FKL@"  
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博士生入学专业基础课考试大纲 0#YX=vjX7  
    高等水力学   [288] _!?Hu/zo  
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一、考试要求 e4z1`YLsG  
考试为笔试、闭卷形式。强调对基本概念、基本公式、基本计算方法的掌握和运用能力。避免单纯的死记硬背，更多地强调理解及想象能力。 ,57`D'  
eU N"w,@y  
二、内容范围 m~D&gGFt  
1．流体运动微分形式的基本方程 QEu=-7@>  
（1）描述流体运动的方法 &09U@uc$  
（2）流体微团运动的分析 OHflIeq#@  
（3）连续性微分方程 PGARXw+  
（4）理想流体的运动微分方程及其积分 D^-7JbE]  
（5）粘性流体的运动微分方程 vQa'S-@u  
（6）不可压缩流体基本微分方程组 gt7VxZ  
（7）有关物理量在正交曲线坐标系中的表示式 ;9}pOzF1q  
2．流体运动积分形式的基本方程 \J6hI\/4^  
（1）系统、控制体及输运方程 A;O~#Chvd  
（2）连续性方程 1 `7<2w  
（3）能量方程 $L2%u8}8:  
（4）动量方程 k,
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（5）动量矩方程 Dr~=o%  
3．有涡流动及有势流动 .?>5-od2  
（1）有涡流动的性质 Go&D[#
 
（2）旋涡的诱导速度 tL+OCLF;  
（3）旋涡层 卡门涡阶 DS-fjH\  
（4）有旋流动 Z^ 9/v  
（5）理想不可压缩流体恒定平面势流的基本方程 \M"UmSB o  
（6）几个基本势流 L}yyaM)  
（7）势流叠加原理及其应用 O`$#Pg  
（8）空化和空蚀 '>v^6iS  
4．流动型态与边界层 Zh/Uu6  
（1）层流运动 O3.C:?;x  
（2）紊流运动的基本概念 '&;69`FSe  
（3）紊流的基本方程 XIWm>IQ[)  
（4）紊流的半经验理论 Cj*-[EL<  
（5）紊流扩散 RAjkH`  
（6）边界层理论基础 #2tCV't  
（7）壁面边界层 e0;  
（8）边界层的分离现象 ^<0IB#dA  
5．流动阻力与水头损失 3qQUpm+  
（1）流动阻力 K"2|[5  
（2）沿程水头损失 !?[oIQ)h  
（3）局部水头损失 !eJCM`cp   
6．明槽中的恒定均匀流与非均匀渐变流 lr2rQo>  
  （1）明槽均匀流 8#` 6M5  
  （2）缓流，急流，临界流 ;:m&#YJV  
  （3）明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 zx1:`K0bi  
  （4）明槽非均匀渐变流水面曲线的分析 Bfd-:`Jk  
  （5）明槽水面线的计算 xiyxrR;  
  （6）明槽水流的掺气 ~@8+hnE]  
7．明槽中的非恒定流动 1'G8o=~  
  （1）明槽非恒定流的特性 Q;nAPS  
  （2）明槽非恒定渐变流动的基本方程 NfE.N&vI_c  
  （3）特征线法 P j7gGf6v  
  （4）直接插分法 cbKL$|  
  （5）瞬态法 v&3O&y/1v  
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三、试卷结构 uv4 _:   
填空、简答或论述题占30%，计算题及推导证明题为70%。 -PAF p3w\y  
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四、参考书目 Pd
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1．董曾南 主编 水力学（第二版）上册 高等教育出版社，1995 "uu)2Xe  
余常昭 主编 水力学（第二版）下册 高等教育出版社，1995

一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of b?kPN:U#N/  
无数innumerable ; countless %OI4a5V*l  
许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample \Tq"mw9P  
非常多(大)的tremendous 7;HUE!5,^l  
依序列举list in sequence jXEGSn  
过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic Um ;kd&#x  
短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived X*Z5 P  
不合时宜的anachronism o`%I{?UCDJ  
可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time oofFrAaT  
一再time after time ; again and again Zd>ZY,-5  
初始的preliminary jA2ofC  
前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former _hoAW8i  
自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages i=Kvz4h  
年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult Tcs3>lJ}  
老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated -fM1$/ ]  
偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times Za\RM[Z!I  
时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly -]&<Sr-  
永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life zXgkcq)  
重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities K%<GU1]-]  
目前so far ; by far JfKg_&hM  
一次就可完成的事one-time event &^ceOV0+  
正/反意见(opinion) ew"m!F#  
骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove YnxU
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支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold w?;b7i  
谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of S%V%!803!  
错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect SbJh(V-pr  
错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior sVD([`Nmc  
做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite _U=S]2QW  
归咎blame…on ; put the blame on … ; …is to blame
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瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts #]5)]LF1q  
支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of d:3= 1x  
不会犯错的infallible L3>4t: 8  
意见不和clashes of opinion z{V8@q/  
一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement Pd&,G$l  
不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate W#C q6N  
批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of… dff#{  
我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. Q}ZBr^*]1e  
愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to fcn_<Yh0W  
有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive 6<Be#Y]b  
有意义的meaningful; fulfilling iQ0&W0D]  
他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit this… ILIRI[7(  
在大家同意下by common consent of… 3?]S,~!F  
否定deny; withhold; negate 2"_ 18l.  
承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede &,Uc>L%m  
于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use _qk9o  
使…受益benefit…; do good to…; is good for…; is of great benefit to… 7~ILRj5Nq  
想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking H.f9d.<W%  
想出come up with  =I{S;md  
找出come up with; find out u'{sB5_H  
利用use; take advantage of % {c2lyw  
夸耀brag about; boast about; show off; speak too highly of
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照顾take care of; take charge of; attend to; watch over 1.xw'i  
对…很了解have a deep knowledge of… pvI&-D #}  
对抗权威stand up against authority; resisit boldly the authority >l6XZQ >  
对…有信心have confidence in Pm'.,?"  
说清楚articulate; verbalize; put in words; utter X6n|Xq3k  
接受…之美意embrace the offer of… xXl$Mp7  
累积amass; accumulate; heap up; assemble 48W:4B'l9  
联系get in touch with; contact with b49|4   
排除这可能性rule out the possibility #{.pQi})  
等于is equivalent to; equal %Td+J`|U+  
选择choose; elect; opt for; pick; single out u_$6LEp-  
发出deliver; give out; hand over wpJ^}+kF  
绕路detour; take a detour; take a roundabout way  W\ zL  
禁止进入is kept out; is barred from *NKC\aV`0  
小看make little of PLlx~A  
坏了out of order; on the blink; is not working a'(lVZA;  
分别distinguish between; make a distinction between; tell…from 5k_Mj*{6  
依靠count on; depend on ant-\w>}  
忽视neglect; give too little care to E9 :|8#b  
存在come to be; come into existence; come to birth; come into being C:TuC5Sr  
考虑consider; take into consideration; take into account .'+|>6eU  
考虑到in consideration of gb^UFD L  
用尽力气exhaust one’s strength; use up one’s strength 4 g/<).1<b  
开动initiate; set going S@l a.0HDA  
准备…brace for; prepare for UwzE'#Q-  
在于lie in; rest on; rest with bTI&#Hu  
主动take the initiative ?`BED6$`G9  
不算exclusive of; not counting; leaving out bE%mgaOh  
应该得到deserve; have right to; is worthy of $rV:&A  
避免avoid; shun; get around; circumvent n[S41809<  
幻想fantasy; play of the mind )Pa nJHtU  
以此标准来算by this criterion; by this standard N1B$G  
乍看之下at first glance OQX{<pQ6  
面对in the face of; in the presence of [ a65VR~J  
以by means of; by virtue of; by the use of ML9T(th6v  
不惜代价at all costs 2TevdyI  
每况愈下from bad to worse `)xU;-  
承受错误造成的后果in reaping the harvest of his mistakes IQIb\OUo!v  
取得同意…get the go-ahead to \!4ghev3  
不择手段unscrupulously; by hook or by crook D aqy+:  
想法与作法beliefs and practices V.G9J!?<P  
内情ins and outs; turns and twists FZ'>LZ  
关键时刻the critical moment O7#}8-@}<u  
虽然although; notwithstanding; albeit; though 0e5- \a  
根据according to; on the basis of; on the ground of (that); in the light of; in line with; in accordance with \Lh<E5@]  
逃避问题evade the question \t~u :D  
增大enlarge; extend; aggrandize `peJ s~V  
澄清clarify; make clear 9W,}AWf:Y  
赔偿compensate for; give…as compensation for >+c`GpZH  
实现carry out; implement; realize; make…come true 
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假定suppose; assume; postulate; hypothesize 5['B- Iw  
极端的radical; extreme *R~(:z>>  
极端的措施drastic measures zR/p}Wu|!  
剩下的the rest; the remainder; what is left g)G7 kB/<p  
换言之in other words; put another way A#07Ly8kXn  
结果result; aftermath; consequence g>oYEFFJ  
优点advantage; strength; strong point; merit; benefit 06 W=(fY  
简言之put simply; in short; in brief; in a nutshell Q24:G  
举例而言for instance; for example; to illustrate; let us cite 特别是an illustration; to cite a concrete case 6+d"3-R.  
特别是especially; more than others; particularly; in particular p<nBS"/  
既然…now that…; seeing that… _"t.1+-K  
迹象inkling; hint; clue; a slight suggestion U;
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缺点disadvantage; demerit; shortcoming; drawback; weakness OL9C#er  
除去do away with; eliminate; remove; get rid of gB{R6 \<O  
缺少for lack of; for a deficiency of z=h5  
毕竟after all; all in all qQRYHo>/e  
范围scope; field; realm ->25$5#  
潜力potential; i&G`ah>  
行为conduct; behavior; doings h swMy  
隔绝isolate; insulate cz~FWk  
分辨出identify; recognize O]LuL&=s y  
不易懂的elusive; hard to understand )Is*- W  
展开unfold C>;8`6_!gU  
回馈feedback E4@fP]R+  
主导的人物a dominant figure; a controlling man; the most influential person z4+6k-#):  
观点viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint U8Jj(]},_  
正在进行中is underway @Lv_\^2/}  
只是一种姿态is merely a gesture D>^ix[ :J  
立场position; stand; stance f?^xh  
意向inclination; leaning; intention M!DoR6  
特权privilege; a special right KgAX0dM  
来自stem from; come from 9)hC,)5   
一件事的不同说法alternative statements of fact kx(:Z8DX  
交织intertwine; interweave _1%^ibn  
好奇心the eager desire to know; curiosity HON[{Oq  
尊敬respect; esteem; think highly of \>dG
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顽固的headstrong; obstinate; stubborn df rr.i  
暗淡的gloomy; dark; dim $iJ #%&D  
巨大的huge; gigantic; colossal; vast; enormous; tremendous bu5)~|?{t  
探索explore; fathom Bq8<FZr#!  
执行carry out; execute; do XArLL5_L  
现代modern times; modern age; contemporary age ' Em($A(  
偏见prejudice; bias; partiality; predilection TrAUu`?#  
混乱chaos; commotion; confusion; disturbance; tumult ;BvWU\!  
无弹性(僵硬)rigid ?`}U|]c  
无缺点的flawless; airtight &bx,6dX  
无药可救incurable 7s i.]  
无法避免的unavoidable; inevitable  >S/>2e:  
细密的计划elaborate plan P=z':4,M}  
取消cancel; annul; abolish KJSy7F  
解药a cure for…; a remedy for; (<-0UR]%q;  
谜puzzle; riddle; enigma zg"ZXZ  
机会平等equality of opportunity ~vS.Dr  
较有影响力的国家a predominant country z05pVe/5  
遵守abide by; conform to; observe; comply with `Y9@?s Q  
热情的passionate; ardent; zealous eU*hqy?0  
模糊的ambiguous; vague; obscure c6.|; 4  
影响长远的far-reaching W;W\L? r  
失望despair; loss of hope; without hope 2x CGr>X  
幼稚childish; childlike; naive d4tVK0 ~  
挑剔的picky; choosy; fastidious W=+ag<@  
破坏destroy; ruin; break to pieces; devasate  sj2+|>
 
技巧的skillful; adept; dexterous ='azVw%_  
警觉的alert; watchful; on guard; wary of nMqU6X>P!  
忍受bear; put up with; endure; stand dXQWT@$y!E  
证据evidence; facts; proof; grounds; testimony )Q `<O  
很容易地easily; with little problem; with little hindrance 0'",4=c#V  
令人惊讶的amazing; astonishing; astounding n $9!G  
生动的报导vivid description IAQ=d4V&  
争取compete for; try hard to win &kGSxYDk%  
遗产heritage; legacy; inheritance NaIVKo  
保护protect; safeguard; preserve; shelter 7UfyOOFa  
了解understand; comprehend; catch the meaning of; catch on [
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汇露reveal; make known; disclose 7O j9~3o4  
放大amplify; magnify; enlarge &x}JC/u]fd  
动力impetus; driving force; momentum <@P0sd   
自满的complacent qW9|&GuZ$  
第一流的first-rate; excellent dpS  
全处refuge; asylum; haven; sanctuary YN^8s  
强调emphasize; stress; highlight ;
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短视的决定short-sighted decision Oc1ZIIkh\  
真正的genuine; authentic; real 1Pbp=R/7ar  
怪异的eccentric; peculiar; odd E^s>S
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明显的distinct; clear; explicit; obvious /V^S)5r  
得到…的注意capture one’s attention BF Y~::<b  
事事干涉的meddlesome; interfering +KZc"0?
 
背景setting; background Wr;)3K  
假的fake; false; counterfeit Nt) 9-\T  
夸大报导dramatize Eyuc~[  
退步setback X^?-Une  
古人the ancients d7@ N~<n  
古老的old; ancient; archaeic (%bfNs|  
逃犯infringe (on); violate r&#q=R},p  
使害怕intimidate; frighten {)G3*>sG3  
带来生气enliven Qx:+n`$
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对手rival HwOw.K<  
吸引人的intriguing E:7vm@+  
旁观者onlooker f,$Fr I,  
准确地说to be exact; to be precise; precisely dX<UruPA  
突然醒悟it dawned on me that 6rk/74gI,a  
仔细思考之后after long deliberation; after careful thought >k
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对比及其相关用词 G"'DoP7p9  
可互换的interchangeable 8ciLzyrY*  
可与…相比is comparable with (to) X;-,3dy  
普遍的prevailing; common; prevalent !0cfz5t  
是一个对比is a sharp contrast to 9,,1\0-T*  
比作is likened to; is compared to i
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多样化的heterogeneous Odagaca  
单一性的homogeneous L%fWa2P'  
一般而言in general; generally speaking; by and large }D0j%~&"e  
满于现状be happy with what you are U9Y'eP.2  
预测未来project into the future |%$d/<<PZ  
另一个观点是… another way of looking at the matter is… qoOHWh&  
不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… $WdZAv\_S  
评估社会文化因素 assess (evaluate) sociocultural factors _,vJ0{*  
那并非说… that does not mean that… jAF DkqH  
那有这回事 there is no such thing as a29mVmi>  
一个有待克服的困难是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… MTr _8tI  
由…造成 caused by; attributable to; due to; resulting from Dt8eVWkN~  
由…组成 is made up of…; is comprised of; consist <{e0i  
必须从两方面考虑此问题this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: 3fpX  
限制limit; restrict; refrain; restrain; keep within limits; confine; keep in check H.'_NCF&;L  
一般人认为… conventional wisdom suggests that… x!S8'  
这方法有陷阱the method had pitfalls: \,~gA   
说服convince; persuade; cause to believe iPxSVH[  
具体的specific; concrete; tangible !iIT X,'8  
刻意的intentional; on purpose; intended E|#'u^`yv  
费时间去了解…take time to acquaint oneself with… u{8Wu;  
…是此问题的核心 …is at the root of the issue g=a-zg9LX  
无法估计is beyond calculation; incalculable ^fH]Rlx
 
无资格的disqualified

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