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分子生物学笔记完全版.pdf 279KB 希望有用,850000上传 >>编辑 $99n&t$Y  
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博士生入学专业基础课考试大纲 *;slV3  
    高等水力学   [288] UgSB>V<?  

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一、考试要求

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考试为笔试、闭卷形式。强调对基本概念、基本公式、基本计算方法的掌握和运用能力。避免单纯的死记硬背，更多地强调理解及想象能力。 f}ji?p  
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二、内容范围 SM#]H-3  
1．流体运动微分形式的基本方程 I*{nP)^9  
（1）描述流体运动的方法 4[r0G+  
（2）流体微团运动的分析 5lmHotj#  
（3）连续性微分方程 ZF8 yw(z   
（4）理想流体的运动微分方程及其积分 J1|\Q:-7p  
（5）粘性流体的运动微分方程 kx{{_w  
（6）不可压缩流体基本微分方程组 )[6U^j4  
（7）有关物理量在正交曲线坐标系中的表示式 ^ogt+6c  
2．流体运动积分形式的基本方程 jXx<`I+]  
（1）系统、控制体及输运方程 85$m[+md  
（2）连续性方程 6r0krbN  
（3）能量方程 {SPq$B_VR  
（4）动量方程 tjGn|+|k  
（5）动量矩方程 IB"w&sBy  
3．有涡流动及有势流动 #e1>H1eU  
（1）有涡流动的性质 . B9iLI  
（2）旋涡的诱导速度 DB|Y  
（3）旋涡层 卡门涡阶 ,j{,h_Op  
（4）有旋流动 RD
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（5）理想不可压缩流体恒定平面势流的基本方程 ~d4 )/y  
（6）几个基本势流 8 &LQzwa  
（7）势流叠加原理及其应用 $E~`\o%Ev  
（8）空化和空蚀 L|:`^M+^w  
4．流动型态与边界层 =E4LRKn  
（1）层流运动 Y|f[bw  
（2）紊流运动的基本概念 0/MtYIYk  
（3）紊流的基本方程 eS\Vib  
（4）紊流的半经验理论 )e+>w=t  
（5）紊流扩散 C.yQ=\U2  
（6）边界层理论基础 2B[X,rL.pX  
（7）壁面边界层 9igiZmM  
（8）边界层的分离现象 u(>^3PJ+  
5．流动阻力与水头损失 XB^'K2  
（1）流动阻力 q 4:o#K#  
（2）沿程水头损失 ]d0BN`*U.  
（3）局部水头损失 rdP[<Y9  
6．明槽中的恒定均匀流与非均匀渐变流 v5#jZ$<F  
  （1）明槽均匀流 feDlH[$  
  （2）缓流，急流，临界流 HZC"nb}r4  
  （3）明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 ZF9z~9  
  （4）明槽非均匀渐变流水面曲线的分析 5oW!YJg  
  （5）明槽水面线的计算 $oID(P  
  （6）明槽水流的掺气 DFB@O|JL  
7．明槽中的非恒定流动 Cazocq5  
  （1）明槽非恒定流的特性 +NZ_D#u  
  （2）明槽非恒定渐变流动的基本方程 \^J%sf${  
  （3）特征线法 XH4  
  （4）直接插分法 \O3m9,a   
  （5）瞬态法 MDZ640-Y  
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三、试卷结构 ]___M  
填空、简答或论述题占30%，计算题及推导证明题为70%。 ~*&H$6NJS  
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四、参考书目 +ZaSM~   
1．董曾南 主编 水力学（第二版）上册 高等教育出版社，1995 S}m)OmrmA  
余常昭 主编 水力学（第二版）下册 高等教育出版社，1995

一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of rK6l8)o  
无数innumerable ; countless KEo,m  
许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample XSwl Tg  
非常多(大)的tremendous O-0x8O^B  
依序列举list in sequence n1ZbRV  
过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic U7,e/?a  
短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived a@K%06A;'
 
不合时宜的anachronism UkwP  
可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time b<[Or^X ]  
一再time after time ; again and again PA{PD.4Du  
初始的preliminary R{`(c/%8  
前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former gT{Q#C2Baw  
自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages Ys9[5@7  
年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult ,$L4dF3  
老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated v|,1[i{  
偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times :wyno#8`-
 
时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly "m$##X\  
永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life w>&aEv/f  
重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities dh\'<|\K  
目前so far ; by far .[KrlfI  
一次就可完成的事one-time event VR8-&N  
正/反意见(opinion) V]6dscQ  
骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove dm0R[[7  
支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold k PG-hD  
谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of  :A_@,Q  
错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect Lnl(2xD  
错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior (UD@q>c  
做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite |kg7LP3(8,  
归咎blame…on ; put the blame on … ; …is to blame !;v|'I  
瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts K&]G3W%V  
支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of z (wc0I  
不会犯错的infallible M#6W(|V/  
意见不和clashes of opinion <oV(7  
一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement oxA<VWUNT
 
不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate g}{aZ$sta  
批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of… xwq (N_  
我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. prF%.(G2)  
愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to |v%YQ R  
有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive &)ChQZA  
有意义的meaningful; fulfilling L|xbR#v  
他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit this… %/.b~|,-  
在大家同意下by common consent of… "Ac-tzhE  
否定deny; withhold; negate BC.87Fji/  
承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede 9~XAq^e  
于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use Ya"a`ozq  
使…受益benefit…; do good to…; is good for…; is of great benefit to… k$R-#f;  
想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking ?P`
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想出come up with 0R'?~`aTt  
找出come up with; find out JIOR4'9  
利用use; take advantage of *C*U5~Zq7:  
夸耀brag about; boast about; show off; speak too highly of kfY}S  
照顾take care of; take charge of; attend to; watch over U$ElV]N  
对…很了解have a deep knowledge of…  YkKi|k
 
对抗权威stand up against authority; resisit boldly the authority qiD@'Va\  
对…有信心have confidence in @9RM9zK.q  
说清楚articulate; verbalize; put in words; utter G@X% +$I  
接受…之美意embrace the offer of… "_NN3lD)X  
累积amass; accumulate; heap up; assemble ,i`,Oy(BI  
联系get in touch with; contact with s$ `0yGmQ  
排除这可能性rule out the possibility c]o'xd,T8\  
等于is equivalent to; equal YZ8>OwQz2  
选择choose; elect; opt for; pick; single out O;jrCB  
发出deliver; give out; hand over G}raA%  
绕路detour; take a detour; take a roundabout way +lcbi  
禁止进入is kept out; is barred from .g<DD)`  
小看make little of wE`]7mA  
坏了out of order; on the blink; is not working AH7}/Rc  
分别distinguish between; make a distinction between; tell…from V6X 0
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依靠count on; depend on SZ'R59Ee<  
忽视neglect; give too little care to $G@5qxcV  
存在come to be; come into existence; come to birth; come into being >SHhAEF  
考虑consider; take into consideration; take into account ?GR"FmB(  
考虑到in consideration of kxhWq:[c  
用尽力气exhaust one’s strength; use up one’s strength zHRplm+i  
开动initiate; set going jm/`iXnMf  
准备…brace for; prepare for e6$WQd`O  
在于lie in; rest on; rest with \Uq(Zga4)  
主动take the initiative I,vJbvvl!  
不算exclusive of; not counting; leaving out ~=l;=7 T  
应该得到deserve; have right to; is worthy of `|&O*`  
避免avoid; shun; get around; circumvent 
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幻想fantasy; play of the mind `+:`_4  
以此标准来算by this criterion; by this standard #.)0xfGW)n  
乍看之下at first glance JP[K;/  
面对in the face of; in the presence of >U27];}y  
以by means of; by virtue of; by the use of >!1-lfa8
 
不惜代价at all costs w%jII{@,  
每况愈下from bad to worse |t#)~Oo  
承受错误造成的后果in reaping the harvest of his mistakes U8n V[  
取得同意…get the go-ahead to kJT )r6  
不择手段unscrupulously; by hook or by crook ,(^*+G.i  
想法与作法beliefs and practices ar+9\  
内情ins and outs; turns and twists .Rs^Y ZF  
关键时刻the critical moment LBDjIpR6  
虽然although; notwithstanding; albeit; though 5MJS ~(  
根据according to; on the basis of; on the ground of (that); in the light of; in line with; in accordance with "'?>fe\qG  
逃避问题evade the question _ZSR.w}j/  
增大enlarge; extend; aggrandize Y\g3hM  
澄清clarify; make clear DT&@ ^$?  
赔偿compensate for; give…as compensation for t!7-DF|N  
实现carry out; implement; realize; make…come true ?)d~cJ  
假定suppose; assume; postulate; hypothesize &`2)V;t  
极端的radical; extreme hf&9uHN%7m  
极端的措施drastic measures z9Rp`z&`E  
剩下的the rest; the remainder; what is left YNsJZnGr8#  
换言之in other words; put another way LyFN.2q
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结果result; aftermath; consequence p9{mS7R9T  
优点advantage; strength; strong point; merit; benefit Z=vU}S>r|v  
简言之put simply; in short; in brief; in a nutshell {kR#p %E]  
举例而言for instance; for example; to illustrate; let us cite 特别是an illustration; to cite a concrete case t'k$&l}+  
特别是especially; more than others; particularly; in particular z*%q@]ym  
既然…now that…; seeing that… fVpMx4&F   
迹象inkling; hint; clue; a slight suggestion ge8ZsaiU  
缺点disadvantage; demerit; shortcoming; drawback; weakness {&1/ V  
除去do away with; eliminate; remove; get rid of u.xnOcOH!  
缺少for lack of; for a deficiency of sD#.Oq4&]y  
毕竟after all; all in all Y`a3t O=Pd  
范围scope; field; realm nZYBE030  
潜力potential; t
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行为conduct; behavior; doings ePo}y])2  
隔绝isolate; insulate O3kA;[f;  
分辨出identify; recognize BLD gt~h#  
不易懂的elusive; hard to understand %n9aaoD  
展开unfold $yNS pNmT0  
回馈feedback E hMNap}5"  
主导的人物a dominant figure; a controlling man; the most influential person 1yu4emye4  
观点viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint 20Wg=p9L  
正在进行中is underway 1p=]hC  
只是一种姿态is merely a gesture HN|%9{VeB  
立场position; stand; stance \bw2u!  
意向inclination; leaning; intention 8bld3p"^  
特权privilege; a special right P/_['7  
来自stem from; come from brUF6rQ  
一件事的不同说法alternative statements of fact TOQP'/   
交织intertwine; interweave $~T4hv :  
好奇心the eager desire to know; curiosity {I't]Qj_e  
尊敬respect; esteem; think highly of |&i<bqLw:  
顽固的headstrong; obstinate; stubborn 7-fb.V9  
暗淡的gloomy; dark; dim hp|YE'uYT  
巨大的huge; gigantic; colossal; vast; enormous; tremendous #o#H?Vo9b  
探索explore; fathom X#
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执行carry out; execute; do 4^o^F-k'  
现代modern times; modern age; contemporary age
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偏见prejudice; bias; partiality; predilection Pa:|_IXA  
混乱chaos; commotion; confusion; disturbance; tumult e$Pj.>-<=  
无弹性(僵硬)rigid +ami?#Sz*;  
无缺点的flawless; airtight [ub e6  
无药可救incurable \:LW(&[!  
无法避免的unavoidable; inevitable 5]:U9ts#  
细密的计划elaborate plan NC6&x=!3  
取消cancel; annul; abolish  N4TV  
解药a cure for…; a remedy for; 1T n}
 
谜puzzle; riddle; enigma QQc -Ya!v  
机会平等equality of opportunity #&e-|81H  
较有影响力的国家a predominant country kvu) y`  
遵守abide by; conform to; observe; comply with nKj7.,>;:<  
热情的passionate; ardent; zealous tw)mep wB  
模糊的ambiguous; vague; obscure 5L}/&^E#p  
影响长远的far-reaching m+z& Q  
失望despair; loss of hope; without hope +k R4E23:  
幼稚childish; childlike; naive >9Vn.S  
挑剔的picky; choosy; fastidious .O<obq~;C  
破坏destroy; ruin; break to pieces; devasate FW DNpr  
技巧的skillful; adept; dexterous [0("Q;Ec[j  
警觉的alert; watchful; on guard; wary of =:U`k0rn!  
忍受bear; put up with; endure; stand :7;@ZEe  
证据evidence; facts; proof; grounds; testimony P16~Qj  
很容易地easily; with little problem; with little hindrance %E;'ln4h&,  
令人惊讶的amazing; astonishing; astounding buHJB*?9  
生动的报导vivid description 7F~X,Dk_  
争取compete for; try hard to win ` 5>b:3  
遗产heritage; legacy; inheritance hOK8(U 0  
保护protect; safeguard; preserve; shelter )D%~`,#pQ  
了解understand; comprehend; catch the meaning of; catch on 5SQ8}Or3  
汇露reveal; make known; disclose
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放大amplify; magnify; enlarge j B{8u&kz)  
动力impetus; driving force; momentum 3o/[t  
自满的complacent b|(:[nB  
第一流的first-rate; excellent _,*r_D61S  
全处refuge; asylum; haven; sanctuary 4Wp=y  
强调emphasize; stress; highlight ,<X9Y 2B  
短视的决定short-sighted decision F((4U"   
真正的genuine; authentic; real qZZK#,Qb  
怪异的eccentric; peculiar; odd dDGQ` +H9  
明显的distinct; clear; explicit; obvious =-Ck4e *T  
得到…的注意capture one’s attention PQE=D0  
事事干涉的meddlesome; interfering 2B`JGFcdcB  
背景setting; background f%8C!W]Dm  
假的fake; false; counterfeit zKK9r~ M  
夸大报导dramatize Pc]HP  
退步setback ez[Vm:2K  
古人the ancients A":T 1 s  
古老的old; ancient; archaeic o#N+Y?O  
逃犯infringe (on); violate .A|@?p[  
使害怕intimidate; frighten ?r!o~|9|  
带来生气enliven - ! S_ryL  
对手rival %]7d`/  
吸引人的intriguing Kf
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旁观者onlooker (QiAisE  
准确地说to be exact; to be precise; precisely 5E <kwi  
突然醒悟it dawned on me that T6kdS]4-  
仔细思考之后after long deliberation; after careful thought =WJNWt>  
对比及其相关用词 A_UjC`  
可互换的interchangeable (Awm9|.{+  
可与…相比is comparable with (to) .tr!(O],h  
普遍的prevailing; common; prevalent W(/h Vt  
是一个对比is a sharp contrast to XB5DPx  
比作is likened to; is compared to x$(f7?s] 1  
多样化的heterogeneous xe$_aBU  
单一性的homogeneous Q=dy<kg']  
一般而言in general; generally speaking; by and large ijU*|8n{>  
满于现状be happy with what you are M"To&?OI  
预测未来project into the future rU(+T0t?I  
另一个观点是… another way of looking at the matter is… S0W||#Pr  
不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… {+b7sA3
 
评估社会文化因素 assess (evaluate) sociocultural factors Mrb)  
那并非说… that does not mean that… dUdT7ixo  
那有这回事 there is no such thing as E&:,oG2M  
一个有待克服的困难是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… IO:G1;[/2L  
由…造成 caused by; attributable to; due to; resulting from (&x['IR  
由…组成 is made up of…; is comprised of; consist iDrZc  
必须从两方面考虑此问题this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: T^]}Oy@e,J  
限制limit; restrict; refrain; restrain; keep within limits; confine; keep in check 1[-tD0{H  
一般人认为… conventional wisdom suggests that… IMONgFBS  
这方法有陷阱the method had pitfalls: y1L,0 ]  
说服convince; persuade; cause to believe )@bQu~Y  
具体的specific; concrete; tangible Pj%|\kbNs  
刻意的intentional; on purpose; intended koi^l`B$  
费时间去了解…take time to acquaint oneself with… )whA<lC  
…是此问题的核心 …is at the root of the issue QkC (uS  
无法估计is beyond calculation; incalculable ;gr9/Vl  
无资格的disqualified

好。