2017考博英语阅读模拟试题及答案 | 考博英语阅读

nanafly

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30楼发表于: 2016-07-29

　Looking beyond the 10-year period，the botanists estimate that some 3，000 native plant species may become extinct in the foreseeable future—more than 10 percent of the approximately 25，000 species of plants in the United States.

　　The situation is the same or worse in most other parts of the world.It is estimated that about 20 percent of Earth‘s approximately 300，000 plant species are in danger.Most of these plants are in the tropical rainforests that are being cut down，and many have not even been identified yet.

　　Why is extinction threatening so many U.S.species? The main reason is the destruction of habitats.This destruction is caused，especially in the Eastern United States，by land development，such as the construction of shopping centers and housing tracts.In the Western states，the poor management of public lands has been a critical factor.There，many habitats have been destroyed by the spread of exotic plant species.1)For example， June grass， which was introduced from Europe in the late 1800s， has invaded hundreds of square kilometers of Western lands，pushing out some native species of grass that are less able to compete for the usually scarce moisture.

　　Public indifference has also contributed to the problem.2) Americans have rallied to the cause of endangered animals such as whooping cranes and African elephants，but they seem unconcerned about endangered plants.Perhaps they consider wild animals to be public property，but plants are the property of the owner of the land on which they grow.

　　The consequences of habitat destruction are often most serious in the tropics and subtropics.Those regions have a much greater number of plant species than are found in cooler climates.And many species grow in only a small area，increasing the probability of their being wiped out.It is not surprising，therefore，that nearly 75 percent of the 680 species on the most-endangered list are located in just three states and Puerto Rico.Hawaii has 21 percent;Texas，12.2 percent;Florida，10.6 percent;and Puerto Rico，10.1 percent.But nearly all of the 50 states have at least a few native plants that are among those facing extinction.

　　Saving endangered plants is important for several reasons.Among those plants，there may be some that produce substances that could be of value in making medicines.Others might possess genetic traits that could be used to improve crop plants.We might also find that some plants are worth growing for their own sake—as food or perhaps for the oil in their seeds.But beyond such practical applications，there is a sense of loss when any species—a plant as much as an animal—disappears from the face of the Earth forever.

　　1. In another decade，it is estimated that____.

　　[A]more than 10 percent of the native plants in the United States may die out

　　[B]approximately 25，000 species of plants in the United States will be extinct

　　[C]20 percent of Earth‘s approximately 300，000 plant species will be extinct

　　[D]20 percent of Earth‘s approximately 300，000 plant species may become extinct

　　2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of plant species extinction?

　　[A]Careless introduction of foreign plant species.

　　[B]Over-development of 1and for commercial use.

　　[C]Public ignorance of the present situation.

　　[D]Inappropriate governmental land protection policies.

　　3. In what way are the public indifferent to the present situation?

　　[A]They are still unaware of the cause of land destruction.

　　[B]They pay too much attention to endangered animals.

　　[C]They do not give due attention to saving endangered plants.

　　[D]They are selfish enough to protect only their own properties.

　　4. Plant species in the tropics and subtropics are most vulnerable in that____.

　　[A]a greater number of plant species are found there than in cooler regions

　　[B]many plant species grow in only a small area in these regions

　　[C]these regions frequently become the first targets of deforestation

　　[D]countries within these regions have a worse sense of environmental protection

　　5. All of the following are practical considerations for protecting plant species EXCEPT____.

　　[A]medicinal use of plant species

　　[B]utilizing their genetic traits to develop better plant species

　　[C]a sense of loss that some species disappear even before they are identified

　　[D]production of food and oil for the dinner table out of them

答案解析

　　1. [A] 参阅第一段，这句话的意思是：在展望10年后的情况时植物学家们预计，在不久的将来，3 000种植物——占美国近25 000种植物的10%以上——将可能灭绝。[D]不对，第二段第二句只提到了这些植物受到了(灭绝的)威胁，而不是将会灭绝。

　　2. [D] 第三段第四句虽然提到了公地管理不善是造成植物生长地遭破坏的根本原因，但是，这里并未提到是政策本身不好，还是政策执行得不好。有关[A]参阅第三段第五、六句，第五句中exotic意为“外(国)来的”。有关[B]参阅第四段第二句。有关[C]参阅第四段：该段批评美国人对保护动物非常热心，但对濒临灭绝的植物似乎漠不关心。在作者看来，其中的原因是他们认为野生动物是公共财产，而植物是土地所有者的私有财产。

　　3. [C] 参阅第2题题解。

　　4. [B] 参阅第五段第三句。

　　5. [C] 意为：当意识到有些物种甚至还没来得及被鉴别出就消失了时而产生的一种失落感。参阅最后一段最后一句，请注意本句中的beyond such practical applications.有关[A]参阅最后一段第二句;有关[B]参阅最后一段第三句，这句的意思指借鉴其他植物的基因特性并利用基因工程的方法来改进作物。有关[D]参阅最后一段第四句。

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nanafly

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31楼发表于: 2016-07-29

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was， however， largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22，000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.

　　The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent，and in most cases the dropouts，while not completing the Ph. D. requirement， went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially， but， according to the report， are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.

　　Discussing the study last week， Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated ‘because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.’

　　“The results of our research” Dr. Tucker concluded， “did not support these opinions.”

　　1. Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.

　　2. Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.

　　3. Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.

　　Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision， but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination， uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program， lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.

　　As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing， a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20，000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. ‘s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D. ’s shone in the $ 7，500 to $ 15，000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields， where Ph. D. ‘s tend to rise to the highest salaries， are still lagging behind other fields.

　　As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus， the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.

　　1.The author states that many educators feel that

　　[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.

　　[B] the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.

　　[C] the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.

　　[D] The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members.

　　2.Research has shown that

　　[A] Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. ‘s in financial attainment.

　　[B] the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.

　　[C] The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.

　　[D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree.

　　3.Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.

　　[A] is the most frequent reason for dropping out.

　　[B] is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.

　　[C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.

　　[D] does not vary in difficulty among universities.

　　4.After reading the article， one would refrain from concluding that

　　[A] optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree.

　　[B] a Ph. D. dropout， by and large， does not have what it takes to learn the degree.

　　[C] colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.

　　[D] Ph. D. ‘s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.

　　5.It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in

　　[A] salary for Ph. D. too low.

　　[B] academic requirement too high.

　　[C] salary for dropouts too high.

　　[D] 1000 positions.

　　答案详解

　　1. A. 许多教育工作者感到应采取步骤让辍学者回校学习，特别是有些学科。这在第三段最后一句话：“有些人建议高级专家和大学教师短缺现象可以通过劝说辍学者返回校园完成博士学位来减少。”

　　B. 辍学者应回到稍第几的学校去完成学业。 C. 有博士学位的人一般比辍学者具有较好的适应性。 D. 高辍学率主要原因在于教师方面缺乏刺激鼓励。这三项文内没有提。

　　2. D.约三分之一开始就读博士学位的人没有完成学业取得学位。第二段第一句：“辍学率为31%。大多数情况下，辍学人不能完成博士学位学业，就去从事生产性工作”。

　　A. 辍学者的经济收入比博士生低许多。这是错的。见倒数第二段：“作为辍学者干得真不错的证明，统计图表说明2%人文学科的辍学者年收入为20000多没劲，没有一个同样背景的博士生达到这个数字。7000至15000美元年收入水平为博士生的78%，辍学者仅为50%。” B. 在博士学习中刺激因素较小。 C. 博士预备生如果中途退学很可能改变其专业领域。

　　3. C. 博士生应达到外语要求的水平是许多博士生课程的一个基本组成部分。这在第四段有所表示：“约75%的退学者说，他们决定退学并不是处于学术的原因，而处于学术原因的退学者提出：难以通过资格考试，难以完成研究，通不过外语考试”。这里看出外语是博士生课程的基本组成部分。

　　A. 它是退学最频繁的原因。 B. 它对理科博士生比文科博士应考生更难。 D. 它在大学中的难度并没有不同。

　　4. A. 读完这篇文章，人们不会有这种结论。这在第三段末和最后一段。第三段末：“我们研究的结果并不支持这些一件(包括返回校园之意见)：⑴缺乏动力是退学的主要原因。⑵大多数退学者在博士课程上已经达到和他们的能力水平和专业水平相一致的水平。⑶大多数退学者现在从事的工作和他们所受教育和动机相一致。”最后一段：“至于返回校园的可能性，前景不乐观。至少有25%的退学生可能考虑返回研究生院就读，条件是保证他们保留现有的收入水平，有些还要保留他们目前的工作。”

　　B. 博士生退学者，大体而论，并不具备得到学位所需要的一切。 C. 学院和大学雇佣了许多退学生。 D. 博士生在非学术岗位上没有挣到他们应得的钱。B.、C.两项文内没提。D.不对，参见难句译注4。

　　5. A. 博士生的工资太低。见第四题A.的译注和难句译注4。

　　B. 学术要求太高。这只是某些因学术原因辍学者之强调点。 C. 辍学者工资太高。不是太高而是有一部分高于博士生。见第二题D项注释。 D. 职位低。文内没有提。

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32楼发表于: 2016-08-03

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

Aptera is certainly not the sort of name an old-school carmaker would give to its newest creation. Biologists will recognise it as the term for scuttling wingless insects—silverfish and suchlike. But Steve Fambro, the boss of the eponymous Californian company that plans to make and sell electric vehicles under this name, hopes they will soon be swarming over the state's highways.

　　Unlike Tesla, another boutique electric-vehicle maker from the Golden State, Aptera is aiming for the bottom end of the market. A Tesla sports car will set you back $98,000 (or it would if you could get your hands on one: Tesla has delayed shipment of its first 50 cars until next year). An Aptera, by contrast, starts at $26,900, and should be available this time next year. And instead of a Ferrari knock-off, you get a space-age tricycle. But Aptera and Tesla have things in common. They are both small. They were both started by people with no experience in the motor industry. And they are both aiming to start by roping in the eco-fashionistas of California, and then work outwards to the mainstream.

　　The name Aptera was chosen because the vehicle resembles a small, wingless aircraft. Its three-wheel design exempts it from onerous federal testing regulations. The outer shell is made of a carbon-fibre composite, rather than metal. The lines are wind-tunnel aerodynamic. And protuberances are kept to a minimum. Wing mirrors, for example, are replaced by a rear-facing camera with a 180° field of view and the exhaust valves are recessed to minimise turbulence. In the pure plug-in version, those valves are for waste heat from the electronics. There is also a petrol-electric hybrid, with a single-cylinder generator that extends the range from 200km to 1,130km. Top speed is 150kph.

　　One reason for the emergence of firms such as Aptera is that designing a new vehicle has become as much an exercise in software simulation as in metal (or even carbon-fibre) bashing. That enables the firm's engineers to do extensive development work—even things like crash-testing—on a computer. This is much cheaper than building endless prototypes and driving lots of them into walls. Another reason is the widespread availability of previously specialised components such as lithium-ion batteries. That means that an upstart such as Aptera can focus on the electronic brains of the vehicle and its final assembly, rather than having to make everything from scratch. It can thus, it believes, turn a profit without having to produce large volumes.

　　Automotive history is littered with failed attempts to build electric cars, and sceptics might think the latest batch will be no different. That there is a fashion for such vehicles, though, is hard to deny. Besides Aptera and Tesla—which are, in their different ways, the most conspicuous examples—Venture Vehicles of Los Angeles is proposing an electric version of the Dutch Carver three-wheeled motorbike, while Phoenix Motorcars of Ontario, California, has produced a sports-utility truck. Meanwhile, REVA, an Indian firm, and Think Global, a Norwegian one, are making two-door hatchbacks. Indeed, according to the Venture Capital Journal, about $220m has been invested in such small firms over the past year and a half.

　　1.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the common characterists of Tesla and Aptera?

　　[A] Both of them are envioroment-friendly.

　　[B] Both of them are from small companies of California and then expand outwards.

　　[C] Both of them are originated from the marginal status of the industry.

　　[D] Both of them are created by green hands of automobile business.

　　2. The petrol-electric hybrid version of Aptera is different from its other versions in that_____

　　[A] Top speed of the hybrid is higher than than of the other versions.

　　[B] The hybrid possesses a stronger capacity of long-distance drive with rapid speed.

　　[C] The hybrid has a special generator that is characterized by a sole cylinder.

　　[D] The hybrid generate more turbulence than the other versions.

　　3.The word “protuberance” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____

　　[A] protrusion.

　　[B] accessory.

　　[C] adjunct.

　　[D] impetus.

　　4. Firms such as Aptera are growing up because of the following reasons except_____

　　[A] Technologies of metal bashing simulation are well developped.

　　[B] The cost of making cars is greatly reduced.

　　[C] Some specialized parts are available to them.

　　[D] Large venture investment is devoted to such business.

　　5. Towards to the future of the electric cars, the author’s attitude can be said to be _____

　　[A] optimistic.

　　[B] lukewarm.

　　[C] wait-and-see.

　　[D] enthusiastic.
篇章剖析：

　　这篇文章讲述了一些新型汽车的情况。第一段讲述了Aptera在推出其最新产品;第二、三段讲述这一新产品的特点;第四段讲述Aptera公司目前的研发优势;第五段讲述许多公司现在都开始进军该领域。

　　词汇注释：

　　scuttle v. 仓皇奔逃;匆匆跑走 eponymous adj. 齐名的

　　swarm v. 挤满t ricycle n. 三轮车

　　onerous adj. 麻烦的 aerodynamic adj. 空气动力的

　　protuberance n. 凸起 valve n. 阀门

　　lithium n. 锂 litter v. 乱丢，弄乱

　　hatchback n. 有仓门式后背的车

　　难句突破：

　　(1) But Steve Fambro, the boss of the eponymous Californian company that plans to make and sell electric vehicles under this name, hopes they will soon be swarming over the state's highways.

　　[主体句式] But Steve Fambro hopes …

　　[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，the boss of…是做主语的同位语;该同位语中that引导的是定语从句，用来修饰company。

　　[句子译文] 但是计划用这个名字来制造并销售电动汽车的齐名的加利福尼亚公司老总Steve Fambro希望它们很快就能挤满加州的高速公路。

　　(1) Besides Aptera and Tesla—which are, in their different ways, the most conspicuous examples—Venture Vehicles of Los Angeles is proposing an electric version of the Dutch Carver three-wheeled motorbike, while Phoenix Motorcars of Ontario, California, has produced a sports-utility truck.

　　[主体句式] Besides Aptera and Tesla, Venture Vehicles …is proposing… while…

　　[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。while引导的是句子的伴随状语。

　　[句子译文] 除了Aptera和Tesla这两个最有名的例子，洛杉矶的冒险汽车公司也在计划制造德国Carver三轮摩托车式的电动车，而加州安大略的凤凰汽车公司已经制造了一种运动型载重卡车。

　　题目分析：

　　1.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the common characterists of Tesla and Aptera? 1. 关于Tesla 和Aptera共同的特点，下列哪项陈述是错误的?

　　[A] Both of them are envioroment-friendly. [A] 它们都是环保的。

　　[B] Both of them are from small companies of California and then expand outwards. [B] 它们都是从加州的小公司开始做起，后来向外扩张。

　　[C] Both of them are originated from the marginal status of the industry. [C] 它们原先都处于该产业的边缘地位。

　　[D] Both of them are created by green hands of automobile business. [D]它们都是由汽车行业中的新手制造的。

　　[答案] B

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 细节题。第一段中提到了它们之间的共同点有三个“But Aptera and Tesla have things in common. They are both small. They were both started by people with no experience in the motor industry. And they are both aiming to start by roping in the eco-fashionistas of California, and then work outwards to the mainstream”，体积小，创始人都是该行业的新手，环保;而且这两个公司都是小公司，后来渐渐向主流发展，可见原先是出于行业的边缘。选项中只有B不是共同点，因为不存在“expand outwards”。

　　2. The petrol-electric hybrid version of Aptera is different from its other versions in that_____ 2.Aptera的汽油电力混合版和它其他的版本区别在于_____

　　[A] Top speed of the hybrid is higher than than of the other versions. [A] 混合版的速度要比其他版本高。

　　[B] The hybrid possesses a stronger capacity of long-distance drive with rapid speed. [B] 混合版比其他版本的长途高速驾驶能力更强。

　　[C] The hybrid has a special generator that is characterized by a sole cylinder. [C] 混合版有一种独特的单气缸发动机。

　　[D] The hybrid generate more turbulence than the other versions. [D] 混合版比其他版本生产的动荡大。

　　[答案] B

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 细节题。根据第三段“There is also a petrol-electric hybrid, with a single-cylinder generator that extends the range from 200km to 1,130km. Top speed is 150kph”，可见混合版本可以将行程延长200到1130公里，这就是区别之处，因此答案为B选项。A、D选项都不是混合版的特征。C选项的表述虽然符合混合版的特征，但是却不是它区别于其他版本车的主要原因。

　　3.The word “protuberance” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____ 3. “protuberance” (第三段第四行)最有可能的意思是_____

　　[A] protrusion. [A] 突出。

　　[B] accessory. [B] 零件。

　　[C] adjunct. [C] 附件。

　　[D] impetus. [D] 推动力。

　　[答案] A

　　[难度系数] ☆

　　[分析] 猜词题。根据第三段“And protuberances are kept to a minimum. Wing mirrors, for example, are replaced by a rear-facing camera with a 180° field of view and the exhaust valves are recessed to minimise turbulence”，讲述该特征时举的例子——比如风镜由180度视角的朝后的摄像机代替，可以看出主要为了避免有突出的部分。选项中A最为符合。

　　4. Firms such as Aptera are growing up because of the following reasons except_____ 4. Aptera这样的公司成长起来是因为以下除了____之外的原因。

　　[A] Technologies of metal bashing simulation are well developped. [A] 金属撞击模拟的技术发展得很好

　　[B] The cost of making cars is greatly reduced. [B] 制造车的费用大大降低了

　　[C] Some specialized parts are available to them. [C] 他们可以拿到一些特别的部分

　　[D] Large venture investment is devoted to such business. [D]大型的投资活动被投入到了这样的商业中

　　[答案] D

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 细节题。根据第四段。这样的公司能成长起来是因为模拟演习已经发展起来，这样就可以节约试验成本;先前那些专门的配件随处都可以买到;选项中，A、C选项是正确的，B选项是A、C选项的结果;D选项在文章没有提到。因此，答案为D选项。

　　5. Towards to the future of the electric cars, the author’s attitude can be said to be _____ 5.对于电气汽车的未来，作者的态度是_____

　　[A] optimistic. [A] 乐观的。

　　[B] lukewarm. [B] 冷淡的。

　　[C] wait-and-see. [C] 观望的。

　　[D] enthusiastic. [D] 热心的。

　　[答案] A

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 态度题。根据最后一段，都是一些成功的案例，因此，作者对电气汽车的未来的态度是乐观的，因此正确答案为A选项。D选项有一定的干扰性，但是从文中可以看出作者的语气一直比较平淡客观，虽然持支持的态度但是没有表现出“热心”的层面，该选项过于夸张，因而是错误的。
参考译文：

　　Aptera 肯定不是传统汽车制造商会给新产品起的名字。生物学家会认为这是一种行色匆匆走路的无翼昆虫的名字，比如蠹虫等。但是计划用这个名字来制造并销售电动汽车的加利福尼亚公司老总Steve Fambro希望这种车很快就能挤满加州的高速公路。

　　Tesla 是金色之州(加州)的另一家流行电动汽车制造商，但Aptera与前者不同，其目标是低端市场。一辆Tesla运动跑车得花九万八千美元(或者说你如果能亲自开上一辆就得花这么多钱，因为Tesla第一批的50辆车推迟到明年才能到货)。而一辆Aptera起步价仅为两万六千九百美元，而且明年的这个时候应该就可以提货了。你拿到的并不是法拉利的缩版，而是太空时代的三轮车。但是Aptera和Tesla也有相似之处，两种车体积都很小，两家创始人都是这个行业的新手，目标都是要从环保理念盛行的加州起步，然后再逐渐扩展到主流市场。

　　起Aptera这个名字是因为这种汽车像小小的无翼飞机。三轮的造型使其免受繁琐的联邦检测法规的约束。车的外壳是碳类合成物，而不是金属。其设计为风道空气动力，且尽可能避免凸出部分，比如风镜由180度视角的向后摄像机代替，排气阀凹进去从而将气流减到最小。在插入式车型中，这些阀门是用来为电器散发出来的废热而设计的。还有一种汽油和电力混合汽车，只有一个气缸加速器，可以将行程延长200到1130公里，最高时速为150公里/小时。

　　像Aptera这样的公司之所以能够兴起，其中一个原因就是设计新型汽车的软件模拟演习几乎能与金属(甚至碳材料)撞击演习相媲美。这就使得公司的工程师可以在电脑上进行大量的研发工作，甚至是碰撞试验，要比制造无数个汽车模型再撞墙测试廉价得多。另外一个原因就是随着先前那些专门供应的部件、比如锂电池已随处可得，这意味着像Aptera这样的新秀可以将精力集中于汽车的电子脑和最终的装配上，而不是所有的东西都得从头来过。它相信这样一来，不用很大的制造量就可以获利了。

　　在汽车制造历史上有许多制造电动汽车失败的故事，一些怀疑论者可能认为这批最新汽车也差不多。但是现在制造这种汽车的风气正盛，这是无法否认的。除了Aptera和Tesla这两个最有名的例子，洛杉矶的冒险汽车公司也在计划制造德国Carver三轮摩托车式的电动车，而加州安大略的凤凰汽车公司已经制造了一种运动型载重卡车。同时，印度REVA公司和挪威的思想全球公司也在制造双门有仓门式后背的汽车。据《风险资本期刊》称，过去的一年半中有大约两亿两千万美元注入到了这样的小公司中。

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When Archaeopteryx, a feathered skeleton that was seemingly half dinosaur and half bird, turned up in 1862—three years after the publication of “The Origin of Species”—the origin of birds became a subject of raging debate among palaeontologists. Suggestions that they were the direct descendants of theropod dinosaurs (a group of bipedal meat-eaters that include Allosaurus, Velociraptor and Tyrannosaurus) caused quite a flap. Today, most researchers agree that birds are, indeed, a branch of the Dinosauria. How they made the transition from the land to the sky, though, has yet to be agreed. But a paper in this week's Current Biology, by Christopher Glen and Michael Bennett of the University of Queensland, makes a strong case that they did it by jumping.

　　Considering the diversity of life on Earth, flight is surprisingly rare. It has evolved only four times: among the insects about 300m years ago, the pterosaurs (230m), the birds (150m) and the bats (50m). That suggests it is a hard trick to pull off. For birds, there is general agreement that feathers came before flight. Fossils from north-eastern China show animals that had feathers but clearly could not have flown, as well as ones that look like proper birds. The best guesses are that feathers evolved either for insulation (as fur did in mammals) or for display, and that natural selection took advantage by turning them into a means of transport.

　　There are two broad schools of thought about what happened next. One argues that birds' immediate ancestors lived in trees. Members of this school think that powered flight developed as a natural extension of gliding (such controlled falling is used as a way of travelling from tree to tree by several arboreal species today). Gliding itself developed because of the lift provided by feathered forearms.

　　The alternative is that flight evolved on the ground. Some researchers who belong to this school of thought suggest that the power provided by flapping protowings may have given their owners an edge in the pursuit of prey. Others hypothesise that feathery forearms helped animals steer and stabilise themselves.

　　Unfortunately, behaviour does not fossilise, so it looked as though the question might never be answered. But Dr Glen, a palaeobiologist, and Dr Bennett, a biomechanic, think they have worked out how to do so. Their crucial observation is that in modern birds the curvature of the third toe (which carries a lot of weight during walking and climbing) varies with species' lifestyles. Birds that spend lots of time climbing around on the trunks of trees have dramatically curved third toes. Those that hop around on branches have mildly curved ones. Those that forage mainly on the ground have the least curved of all.

　　The two researchers compared these observations with their findings for the bird-like dinosaurs and dinosaur-like birds of China. They noticed that the toes of both feathered dinosaurs and of the earliest flying birds were similar to those of modern birds that spend most of their time on the ground. Flight, in other words, came before birds took to the trees. They are not fallen angels, but risen reptiles.

　　1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the current debate on the origin of birds?

　　[A] The opinion that birds were the direct descendants of dinosaurs gives the world a shock.

　　[B] Palaeontologists have get consensus on the specie’s transition from the land to the sky.

　　[C] Palaeontologists have different opinions on the process of the transition.

　　[D] The paper in this week's Current Biology demostrate that the specie moved by hopping before they flied.

　　2. The reason why flight is surprisingly rare is that _____

　　[A] life on earth is diversified.

　　[B] many species of this kind were eliminated during evolution.

　　[C] feathers evolved not for a means of transport.

　　[D] it is very hard to have such evolution.

　　3.The two schools of thought have different opinions on _____

　　[A] the functions of feathered forearams in transition from ground to sky.

　　[B] the location of living place before the animals’ evolution to birds.

　　[C] the development of powered flight.

　　[D] the power provided by either gliding or flapping.

　　4. The conclusion of the study carried out by Dr. Glen and Dr. Bennet is that_____

　　[A] powered flight developed as feathered forearms provided lift.

　　[B] flight evolved on the ground before they descend on the trees.

　　[C] earliest birds share similar toes with their modern counterparts.

　　[D] earliest flying birds evovled from feathered dinosaurs.

　　5.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of opinions of Dr. Glen and Dr. Bennet?

　　[A]Birds realized the transition from reptile to flight by jumping.

　　[B] Dinasaurs are, as a matter of fact, the direct ancester of birds.

　　[C]Feathers evolves not for the purpose of flight.

　　[D] Bird’s behaviors is indeed fossilised by their various shape of the third toe.
篇章剖析：

　　这篇文章讲述了关于鸟类进化的一些研究情况。第一段讲述研究者对于鸟类如何从陆地转到空中生活的进化史有一定的分歧;第二段讲述了鸟类羽毛出现的过程;第三、四段讲述了两派不同看法;第五、六段讲述研究者根据鸟类脚趾情况断定了上述转化是如何发生的。

　　词汇注释：

　　Archaeopteryx n. 始祖鸟 palaeontologists n. 古生物学家

　　theropod adj. 兽脚亚目的 bipedal adj. 两足动物的

　　Allosaurus n. 异龙 Velociraptor n.

　　Tyrannosaurus n. 暴龙 arboreal adj. 树栖的

　　biomechanic n. 生物力学家 curvature n. 弯曲

　　hop v.跳跃 forage v. 翻寻搜寻食物

　　难句突破：

　　(1) When Archaeopteryx, a feathered skeleton that was seemingly half dinosaur and half bird, turned up in 1862—three years after the publication of “The Origin of Species”—the origin of birds became a subject of raging debate among palaeontologists.

　　[主体句式] When Archaeopteryx turned up …, the origin of birds became…

　　[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，when引导的是时间状语从句。

　　[句子译文] 当始祖鸟——一种一半是恐龙一半是鸟类的羽毛动物——的骨架出现在1862年，也就是《物种起源》出版的三年后，鸟类的起源成为古生物学家激烈争论的主题。

　　(2) Fossils from north-eastern China show animals that had feathers but clearly could not have flown, as well as ones that look like proper birds.

　　[主体句式] Fossils …show animals … as well as ones …

　　[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。两个that引导的都是定语从句修饰前面的名词。

　　[句子译文] 华东发现的化石表明拥有羽毛的动物当时不一定能飞行，即使那些看起来完全像鸟类的也是这样。

　　题目分析：

　　1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the current debate on the origin of birds? 1.关于鸟类起源的争论，下列哪个陈述是错误的?

　　[A] The opinion that birds were the direct descendants of dinosaurs gives the world a shock. [A]鸟类是恐龙直接后裔，这个观点让世界很震惊。

　　[B] Palaeontologists have get consensus on the specie’s transition from the land to the sky. [B]古生物学家就该物种从地上到空中的转化这个问题上达成了一致。

　　[C] Palaeontologists have different opinions on the process of the transition. [C]古生物学家对于转变的过程有不同的观点。

　　D] The paper in this week's Current Biology demostrate that the specie moved by hopping before they flied. [D]本周《当今生物》上的论文显示了它们在掌握飞行能力之前是靠跳跃来移动的。

　　[答案] D

　　[难度系数] ☆☆

　　[分析]细节题。A选项，第一段中有提到了这点;B选项，第一段提到许多研究者同意鸟类是恐龙的一个分支，与这点相符;C选项，第一段提到了他们在该问题上有争议;D选项，是靠跳跃实现由地到空的转变，不是移动。因此，答案为D选项。

　　2. The reason why flight is surprisingly rare is that _____ 2. 为什么飞行动物很少是因为_____

　　[A] life on earth is diversified. [A] 地球上的生物是多元化的。

　　[B] many species of this kind were eliminated during evolution. [B]飞行动物的许多物种在进化过程中都灭绝了。

　　[C] feathers evolved not for a means of transport. [C]鸟类并不是为了移动的方式才进化的。

　　[D] it is very hard to have such evolution. [D] 发生这样的进化很难。

　　[答案] D

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

　　[分析] 细节题。根据第二段“Considering the diversity of life on Earth, flight is surprisingly rare. It has evolved only four times: among the insects about 300m years ago, the pterosaurs (230m), the birds (150m) and the bats (50m). That suggests it is a hard trick to pull off”，非行动物只进化了四次，进化是很艰难的过程，因此飞行动物品种少。答案为D选项。

　　3.The two schools of thought have different opinions on _____ 3. 两派在_____上有不同的观点。

　　[A] the functions of feathered forearams in transition from ground to sky. [A]长有羽毛的前臂在从地上到空中转变的作用

　　[B] the location of living place before the animals evolution to birds. [B] 这些动物进化为鸟类之前生活的地方

　　[C] the development of powered flight. [C] 动力飞行的发展过程

　　[D] the power provided by either gliding or flapping. [D]力量是由滑翔或者拍动翅膀提供的

　　[答案] C

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析]细节题。根据第三段和第四段，两派科学家在鸟类的飞行是靠滑行还是靠翅膀提供的升力形成的这一点上有分歧，选项C符合题意。此外B选项比较具有干扰性，文章中提到两种观点认为这些动物在进化为鸟类之前是分别住在地面上和树上，但这只是一个表面的原因，深层次的原因还在C选项。

　　4. The conclusion of the study carried out by Dr. Glen and Dr. Bennet is that_____ 4.Glen博士和Bennet博士在该研究中得到的最后结论是_____

　　[A] powered flight developed as feathered forearms provided lift. [A]长有羽毛的前臂提供了升力，从而使得动力飞行发展起来。

　　[B] flight evolved on the ground before they descend on the trees. [B] 飞行是从地上发展而来的，其发生在它们降落到树上之前。

　　[C] earliest birds share similar toes with their modern counterparts. [C]飞行是鸟类在到树上之前生活发生的。

　　[D] earliest flying birds evovled from feathered dinosaurs. [D]最早飞行的鸟类与现代鸟类有着相似的第三脚趾。

　　[答案] B

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析]细节题。根据第五段和第六段，他们通过研究鸟类脚趾得出结论，鸟类是一开始是在地上生活，后来在到树上生活之前就可以飞翔了，那么它们的飞翔是从地面发展而来的。答案为B选项。C选项具有一定的迷惑性，但是要注意的是“modern counterparts”范围过于广泛，而文中指的是“modern birds that spend most of their time on the ground”，因此该选项错误。

　　5.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of opinions of Dr. Glen and Dr. Bennet? 5.关于Glen博士和Bennet博士的观点，下列哪个陈述是错误的?

　　[A]Birds realized the transition from reptile to flight by jumping. [A] 鸟类依靠跳跃实现了从爬行动物到飞行动物的转变。

　　[B] Dinasaurs are, as a matter of fact, the direct ancestor of birds. [B] 恐龙实际上是鸟类直接的后裔。

　　[C]Feathers evolves not for the purpose of flight. [C] 鸟类的羽毛不是为了飞行而形成的。

　　[D] The bird’s behavior is indeed fossilised by their various shape of the third toe. [D] 最早飞行的鸟类的第三个脚趾是轻微弯曲的。

　　[答案] B

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 细节题。B选项，这一点不符合他们的观点，文章中的意思应该是鸟类是恐龙的直接后裔。A选项是正确的，这一点在第一段中就有所提及“But a paper in this week's Current Biology, by Christopher Glen and Michael Bennett of the University of Queensland, makes a strong case that they did it by jumping”。C选项的表述也是正确的，因为文章提到羽毛的出现甚至在鸟类掌握飞行能力之后，因此不是为了这个目的。D选项的表述是正确的，文章倒数第二段提到“Unfortunately, behaviour does not fossilise, so it looked as though the question might never be answered. But Dr Glen, a palaeobiologist, and Dr Bennett, a biomechanic, think they have worked out how to do so”，进而指出他们采用的方法就是研究鸟类的第三脚趾。因此答案为B选项。
参考译文：

　　当始祖鸟——一种一半是恐龙一半是鸟类的羽毛动物——的骨架出现在1862年，也就是《物种起源》出版的三年后，鸟类的起源成为古生物学家激烈争论的主题。有人提出它们是兽脚亚目的恐龙(一群两足食肉恐龙，包括异龙、…和暴龙)的直接后裔，这引起了一片哗然。现在，许多研究者同意鸟类实际上是恐龙的一个分支。但是，它们是如何从陆地转到空中生活，在这个问题上还有分歧存在。但是本周《当今生物》发表了昆士兰州Christopher Glen 和Michael Bennett的一篇文章，证明了正是靠跳跃实现了这种转变的。

　　鉴于陆地上生命的多样性，飞行动物的种类相对是比较少的。飞行动物只进化过四次：三亿年前昆虫类的进化，两亿三千万年前的翼龙，一亿五千万年前的鸟类和五千万年前的蝙蝠。这表明了进化是艰难的历程。大家普遍同意在能够飞行之前，这些动物先有了翅膀。华东发现的化石表明拥有羽毛的动物当时不一定能飞行，即使那些看起来完全像鸟类的也是这样。可能的情况就是羽毛的出现或者是充当隔离层(作用和动物的皮毛一样)，或者是为了好看，而自然选择又将它们转变成运动的工具。

　　对于接下来的进化，有两派不同看法。一派认为鸟类的直接祖先生长在树上，该派成员认为滑行(今天还有些树栖种类动物依靠这种有控制的坠落来从一棵树转移到另外一棵树上)自然会发展成为飞行。滑行自身也会发展，因为长了羽毛的前臂为其提供了升力。

　　另外一派的观点是飞行是从地面活动发展而来的。该派的一些研究者认为相当于翅膀的那个部分拍动起来产生的动力让这些动物在捕食时动起来。其他的一些假设还有长了羽毛的前臂有助于动物前行或保持平衡。

　　不幸的是，动作不能变成化石，因此看起来这个问题可能永远都没有答案了。但是古生物学家Glen博士和生物力学家Bennett博士认为他们已经找出了具体的方案。他们关键的观察报告是有关于现代鸟类第三个脚趾(在行走或爬行的时候这个脚趾承载许多重量)的弯曲度因鸟类生活方式的不同而各有差异。多数时候在树干上爬行鸟类的第三个脚趾非常弯曲，而在树上跳来跳去的鸟类第三个脚趾稍微弯曲，而那些在地上搜索食物的鸟类第三个脚趾是最不弯曲的。

　　这两位研究者将这些观察结果与中国的类鸟类恐龙和类恐龙鸟类的发现作了比较，他们发现有翅膀的恐龙和最早飞行的鸟类的脚趾与那些大多数时间在地上活动的鸟类相似。换句话说，鸟类在上树生活之前就可以飞翔了。它们不是坠落的天使，而是飞起来的爬行动物。

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Everyone is interested in whether different foods or nutrients affect our odds of getting diseases like cancer or of developing risk factors for those diseases, such as too much weight or high blood pressure. But there are many barriers to studying dietary change, which is why we still have no easy answers to the question of what, exactly, we should eat to be at our healthiest. It's also why you can be forgiven for often feeling whipsawed by headlines: Is coffee good or bad? What about alcohol, garlic, or chocolate?

　　This week researchers reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association that breast cancer survivors who cram their diets with fruits and vegetables are no more likely to escape a recurrence than women who stick to the usual five-a-day recommendation. Does that mean fruits and vegetables don't protect against cancer? No—just that in this specific group of women with breast cancer, the extra greens and additional apples didn't seem to help.

　　We asked researchers to explain why studies involving dietary changes are so hard to do—and what consumers should keep in mind when they read about them. Here's what the experts said:

　　Most diet studies take place in the real world. That means study subjects are keeping diaries of what they eat as they go rather than having their intake strictly controlled by someone else. You can give them meal advice, counseling, and how-to books up to their ears, but at the end of the day, they are on their own when it comes to what they put in their mouths. It's easier to get people to add something—like garlic, in the form of tasty sandwich spreads, or dark chocolate—than to take something away; no wonder a recent study comparing low-fat and low-carb diet plans found that almost no one was sticking to them by the end.

　　In studies focusing on diet, including the recent study on breast cancer recurrence, the amount of calories subjects reported eating would have caused them to lose far more weight than they actually did lose. The misreporting isn't necessarily vicious, but the inaccuracies add up. Say you're phoned about your daily intake on a day when it was someone's birthday at work and you had a slice of cake. You may not report it, thinking that a typical day wouldn't include the cake...forgetting yesterday's "special occasion" piece of pizza, and the Big Gulp of the day before. Or, despite the portion size guides you get, you characterize your bagel from the deli as a 4-ounce standard serving when a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade.

　　"You can't put a camera in everyone's belly and see exactly what they ate," says Christopher Gardner, a nutrition scientist at the Stanford Prevention Research Center who has recently published research on garlic and diet plans. You can get around this in some studies by taking objective measurements. Weight, for example, or if you're assessing intake of fruits and veggies, you can measure the level of pigments called carotenoids in the blood. In the breast cancer study, blood tests showed that the study subjects actually did eat more fruits and veggies (carotenoid concentration was 73 percent higher in those women after one year and 43 percent higher after four years). But objective measures can't definitively nail down whether someone is eating nutrients in certain proportions.

　　1. One can be forgiven for feeling whipsawed by feeling whipsawed by those headlines because_____

　　[A] there is no solid and convincing scientific hypothesis on these subjects.

　　[B] they question about what the healthiest food is has no answers.

　　[C] opinions on these subjects are quite contradictory.

　　[D] there is no authoritative answer to these questions.

　　2.Which one of the following statements is TURE of the conclusion of the study on breast cancer recurrence ?

　　[A] Women who stick to the five-a-day recommendation are less likely to have a recurrence.

　　[B] Women who eat extra greens and vegetables are less likely to escape a recurrence.

　　[C] Women could not depend on fruit diet to avoid the breast cancer recurrence.

　　[D] Fruits and vegetables are no good to women with breast cancer.

　　3.From the results of the studies focusing on diet, it can be inferred that_____

　　[A] the amount of calories set in diet could not help people to lose weight.

　　[B] people are reluctant to take part in such studies.

　　[C] it is difficult to get valuable conclusion from these studies.

　　[D] this kind of studies is not objective enough.

　　4.The fact that a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade implies that _____

　　[A] you should re-examine the standard size of the food you intake.

　　[B] you tend to give an inaccurate report of your actual diet.

　　[C] you fail to cooperate with the doctor by false record of your daily food.

　　[D] you make a mistake in noting down the size of standard serving.

　　5.The limitation of the objective measurements mentioned in the last paragraph is that _____

　　[A] they could only assess the proportion of fruits and veggies study subjects have taken.

　　[B] they could not have the subjects follow exactly the food proportion of their diet.

　　[C] they could not identify the levels of all the nutrients in patients’ blood.

　　[D] they could not tell the exact proportions of nutrients study subjects have eaten.

　　篇章剖析：

　　这篇文章讲述了关于饮食的一些研究所存在的问题。第一段讲述了人们对于食物和营养的困惑;第二段讲述研究表明蔬菜和水果对于防止癌症复发没有改善作用;第三、四段讲述专家对这些问题的解释;第五段讲述饮食研究中存在的一些人们没有进行客观报告的问题;第六段讲述更加客观的测量方法。

　　词汇注释：

　　whipsaw v. 拉锯 calorie n. 卡路里

　　bagel n. 百吉饼 deli n. 熟食店

　　pigment n. 色素 carotenoid n. 类胡萝卜素

　　难句突破：

　　(1) But there are many barriers to studying dietary change, which is why we still have no easy answers to the question of what, exactly, we should eat to be at our healthiest.

　　[主体句式] But there are many barriers …, which is why…

　　[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，which引导的定语从句用来修饰整个主句;定语从句中，why引导的是表语从句，该从句中what引导的是宾语从句。

　　[句子译文] 但是要进行饮食变化的调查有太多的障碍，这就是我们为什么不能轻松地告诉人们什么食物是最健康的。

　　(2) You can give them meal advice, counseling, and how-to books up to their ears, but at the end of the day, they are on their own when it comes to what they put in their mouths.

　　[主体句式] You can give them…, but …

　　[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，后面分句中when引导的是时间状语从句。

　　[句子译文] 你可以告诉他们一些用餐建议，告诉他们应该买些什么，但是这一天里，他们究竟往自己嘴里塞些什么东西就是由不得别人了。

　　1. One can be forgiven for feeling whipsawed by those headlines because_____ 1. 人们看到那些新闻标题会觉得很迷茫，这很可以理解，因为_____

　　[A] there is no solid and convincing scientific hypothesis on these subjects. [A] 关于这些主题的研究还没有得出可靠和可信的假设。

　　[B] the question about what the healthiest food is has no answers. [B] 关于什么食物是最健康的这个话题是没有答案的。

　　[C] opinions on these subjects are quite contradictory. [C] 关于这些话题的观点分歧很大。

　　[D] there is no authoritative answer to these questions. [D] 这些问题不存在权威的答案。

　　[答案] D

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。根据第一段“But there are many barriers to studying dietary change, which is why we still have no easy answers to the question of what, exactly, we should eat to be at our healthiest”，因为要进行摄入食物变化调查的障碍很多，因此在该问题上并没有一定的答案，选项中D最为符合题意。

　　2.Which one of the following statements is TURE of the conclusion of the study on breast cancer recurrence ? 2.关于乳癌复发的研究得出的结论，下列哪项陈述是正确的?

　　[A] Women who stick to the five-a-day recommendation are less likely to have a recurrence. [A] 坚持一天五顿饭的妇女的复发几率要小一些。

　　[B] Women who eat extra greens and vegetables are less likely to escape a recurrence. [B] 多吃绿色蔬菜和水果的妇女并不能躲避过复发。

　　[C] Women could not depend on fruit diet to avoid the breast cancer recurrence. [C] 妇女可以依靠水果餐来避免乳癌复发。

　　[D] Fruits and vegetables are no good to women with breast cancer. [D] 水果和蔬菜对于有乳癌的妇女没有好处。

　　[答案] B

　　[难度系数] ☆

　　[分析] 细节题。根据第二段“breast cancer survivors who cram their diets with fruits and vegetables are no more likely to escape a recurrence than women who stick to the usual five-a-day recommendation”，该研究报道表明吃大量的蔬菜、水果并不能让患有乳癌的妇女避免复发，那么B选项是正确的。D选项，虽然蔬菜、水果不能帮助妇女避免癌症复发，但是还是对她们身体有好处的。

　　3.From the results of the studies focusing on diet, it can be inferred that_____ 3.从饮食研究的结果来看，可以推出_____

　　[A] the amount of calories set in diet could not help people to lose weight. [A] 食物中的卡路里数量并不能帮助人们减肥。

　　[B] people are reluctant to take part in such studies. [B] 人们不愿意参加这样的研究。

　　[C] it is difficult to get valuable conclusion from these studies. [C] 要从这些研究中得到有价值的结论很难。

　　[D] this kind of studies is not objective enough. [D] 这类的研究不够客观。

　　[答案] D

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。根据第五段“the amount of calories subjects reported eating would have caused them to lose far more weight than they actually did lose”，这种研究的结果表明，受实验者报告自己摄入的卡路里数量本来可以让他们体重降的幅度更大的，这和他们自己报告的情况不够切实有关。因此，这样的研究不够客观。答案为D选项。

　　4.The fact that a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade implies that _____ 4.已经有十几年在任何一个大城市都没有出售这种4盎司的百吉饼了，这个事实说明了_____

　　[A] you should re-examine the standard size of the food you intake. [A] 你应该重新检查你摄入食物的标准量。

　　[B] you tend to give an inaccurate report of your actual diet. [B] 你更容易给出与你实际饮食情况相左的报告。

　　[C] you fail to cooperate with the doctor by false record of your daily food. [C] 你错误地报告了自己每日的饮食，不能和医生很好地合作。

　　[D] you make a mistake in noting down the size of standard serving. [D] 在记录标准尺寸时犯了一个错误。

　　[答案] B

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。根据第六段“Or, despite the portion size guides you get, you characterize your bagel from the deli as a 4-ounce standard serving when a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade”，尽管吃了许多百吉饼，却报告说只吃了4盎司大的，那么可以看出报告有误。答案为D选项。C选项错误的原因在于尽管报告有误，但是没有说明这就是不与医生合作。

　　5.The limitation of the objective measurements mentioned in the last paragraph is that _____ 5.最后一段中提到的客观度量的局限性在于_____

　　[A] they could only assess the proportion of fruits and veggies study subjects have taken. [A] 它们只能估量被研究者的水果和蔬菜摄入量。

　　[B] they could not have the subjects follow exactly the food proportion of their diet. [B] 被研究者无法严格遵循这些度量规定的食物比例。

　　[C] they could not identify the levels of all the nutrients in patients’ blood. [C] 它们分辨不了被研究者血液中所有营养物质的水平。

　　[D] they could not tell the proportions of nutrients study subjects have eaten. [D] 它们提供不了被研究者已摄入营养品的数量。

　　[答案] D

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

　　[分析] 细节题。根据最后一段“In the breast cancer study, blood tests showed that the study subjects actually did eat more fruits and veggies (carotenoid concentration was 73 percent higher in those women after one year and 43 percent higher after four years). But objective measures can't definitively nail down whether someone is eating nutrients in certain proportions”，这种血液测量可以测出试验者具体摄入的食物和蔬菜的量，但是却不能确定人们是否摄入了一定量的营养品。答案为D选项。
参考译文：

　　人们都很想知道到底不同的食物或营养物质是否会影响到我们患癌症等疾病的几率，或引发导致这些疾病的危险因子，如肥胖或高血压。但是要进行饮食变化的调查有太多的障碍，这就是我们为什么不能轻松地告诉人们什么食物是最健康的。这也就是为什么当人们经常被报纸头条弄得一头雾水：咖啡有利于还是有害健康?酒类、大蒜和巧克力呢?

　　本周《美国医学协会期刊》上的一篇报道称患乳癌而后康复的女性中，每天吃大量蔬菜、水果的人并不比坚持接受每天五顿饭建议的人们更可能避免复发。那么这是不是就意味着蔬菜、水果不能抗癌呢?是的，对患有乳癌的女性来说，额外的绿色蔬菜和苹果无济于事。

　　我们会问研究者为什么食物变化的研究这么难做呢，人们应该怎样对待媒体上的各种评价?专家是这样回答的：

　　大多数的食物研究是在现实生活中进行的，这就意味着研究主体只是每天记录下自己吃的食物，而不是由别的人严格控制他们的饮食。你可以告诉他们一些用餐建议，告诉他们应该买些什么，但是这一天里，他们究竟往自己嘴里塞些什么东西就是由不得别人了。让人们往食物里加上点什么——如夹在美味的三明治里面的大蒜，或是黑巧克力——要比让他们把这些食物拿开容易得多。最近的一项比较低脂和低碳食物的研究表明，到最后几乎没有人坚持这种食谱。

　　关于饮食的研究，包括最近关于乳癌复发的研究中，按照实验被试报告的卡路里摄入量，这本可以使他们体重下降更大的幅度。这种误报不一定是恶意的，但是确实有各种不精确因素。比如你某天打电话汇报自己吃的东西，而那天正好是一个人的生日，而你吃了一片蛋糕。但你可能不会提到这片蛋糕，觉得正常情况下你是不会吃蛋糕的，同样你忘记了昨天吃过“特殊节日”的比萨，前天吃了Big Gulp。或者是尽管你吃了很多，但你却说自己从熟食店买的百吉饼只有4盎司大，而实际上这十几年以来已经没有任何一个大城市还在出售4盎司的百吉饼了。

　　“你不可能在每个人的肚子里都安装一个摄像机，看看他们到底吃了什么。”斯坦福预防研究中心营养师Christopher Gardner说，他刚刚发表了关于大蒜和饮食计划的研究。在一些研究中你可以采用客观的测量法来避免以上情况发生。比如，如果在检测人们蔬菜和水果摄入量时，可以测量人们血液中叫做类胡萝卜素的色素水平。乳癌研究中，血液测量表明受试者确实吃了更多的食物和蔬菜(一年后类胡萝卜素浓度高了73%，四年后高了43%)。但是客观的方法不能确定人们是否摄入了一定比例的营养品。

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　Citigroup's board was locked in debate over its new leader yesterday, with no clear consensus over who would be tapped. Vikram S. Pandit, the former Morgan Stanley investment banker who joined Citigroup in July, remains the leading candidate, according to people briefed on the situation. But the search committee is still discussing other possibilities, depending on whether or not Robert E. Rubin would agree to stay on as chairman. No final decisions have been made, and not all of the directors have been persuaded that Mr. Pandit is the right choice.

　　The formal search for Citigroup's next chief executive began more than a month ago, after Charles O. Prince III resigned. But as its complexities mount, the search is beginning to resemble a game of multilevel chess. Citigroup's board is weighing the pros and cons of various leadership options, including the question of whether Mr. Pandit, 50, has enough operating experience to be its next chief. No one doubts his intellect, but some are concerned that he may not bring enough charisma or consumer banking knowledge to the job.

　　Mr. Rubin has lobbied hard for Mr. Pandit, but other board members are less convinced. If Citigroup's board chooses Mr. Pandit, the directors recognize that he will need a strong chairman to help him make the leap to his new job. That would mean persuading Mr. Rubin, who took on the chairman role only reluctantly last month, to stay on longer -- or recruiting another seasoned leader for that job.

　　Robert B. Willumstad, Citigroup's former operations chief, might be one contender for the chairman role. He understands the internal workings of the financial empire and brings some consumer banking experience. Yet it was unclear whether he would accept being chairman without being named chief executive as well. Mr. Willumstad, 62, is currently the chairman of the American International Group and the head of Brysam Global Partners, a private equity firm backed by JPMorgan Chase. Leaving A.I.G. would be no real hardship. Extricating himself from Brysam would require some negotiation, although Mr. Willumstad's contract with JPMorgan does allow for his departure. But associates say that Mr. Willumstad, who left Citigroup in July 2005 after being passed over in favor of Mr. Prince, seems to be enjoying the cushy confines of private equity. Negotiating his return to Citigroup might require handing him the top job.

　　If Mr. Pandit does not get the job, there is growing concern that he will leave the company to save face. News reports have all but anointed him as Citigroup's next leader. Deciding on someone else would leave Citigroup's board in a double bind. Not only did they pay an estimated $800 million for an underperforming hedge fund to bring Mr. Pandit to Citigroup, but if he leaves they might also lose the best person to run its investment bank.

　　Citigroup's board could also choose an outside candidate, who could bring a fresh perspective to the beleaguered bank. Several names have surfaced, including Michael A. Neal, the vice chairman of General Electric Capital's big commercial arm. Experts suggest that any outsider would need six months to a year to get up to speed on Citigroup's sprawling operations and contentious politics. Between the current market turbulence and the growing frustration of investors, some doubt that the company can afford to give an outside candidate that much time.

　　1. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the candidates of Citigroup’s new leader?

　　[A] Vikram S. Pandit is the candidate who has won the trust of the majority of the search committee.

　　[B] Robert B. Willumstad will be the most competitive rival of Vikram S. Pandit.

　　[C] Michael A. Neal is also considered a powerful rival of Vikram S. Pandit.

　　[D] Robert B. Willumstad will only return to Citigroup when he is given the highest position.

　　2. The search for Citigroup’s next chief executive is compared to a game of multilevel chess because_____

　　[A] the search becomes very complex in the end.

　　[B] the search involves in different levels of the board.

　　[C] Citigroup’s board weighs the pros and cons of various leadership options.

　　[D] the search is conducted in several rounds of selection.

　　3. Robert B. Willumstad left Citigroup in July 2005 probably because_____

　　[A] he enjoyed the free environment of Brysam Global Partners.

　　[B] he resented the unequal competition with Mr. Prince by the Citigroup board.

　　[C] his lacked adequate strength in standing out of Citigroup’s contentious politics.

　　[D] he was defeated in the competition for the Citigroup leader.

　　4. The possible results of Mr. Pandit’s resignation if he loses this election are the following ones except_____

　　[A] Citigroup will have to pay a big sum to get Mr. Pandit back to Citigroup.

　　[B] Citigroup will suffer double losses.

　　[C] Citigroup will lose its potential best investment banker.

　　[D] Citigroup will play loose with its money.

　　5. According to the last paragraph, an outsider will not probably be an ideal candidate because_____

　　[A] an outsider is not familiar with the internal workings of Citigroup.

　　[B] an outsider could not be adapted to the complex environment of the Citigroup’s board.

　　[C] Citigroup has a deadline of making the final decision of the search.

　　[D] The present economic situation will not allow Citigroup to give much time to an outsider to familiarize the company.
篇章剖析：

　　这篇文章讲述了花旗银行董事会新领导人选拔所存在的问题。第一段讲述花旗银行董事会目前就选拔问题陷入僵局;第二、三段讲述大家对Pandit先生的看法;第四段讲述Robert B. Willumstad的情况;第五段讲述目前公司面临的尴尬境遇;第六段讲述如果选择局外人也存在一定问题。

　　词汇注释：

　　charisma n. 感召力 cushy adj. 轻松的，舒适的

　　anoint v. 选定，指定 beleaguer v. 围攻

　　sprawl v. 蔓延 contentious adj. 好辨的

　　难句突破：

　　(1)Vikram S. Pandit, the former Morgan Stanley investment banker who joined Citigroup in July, remains the leading candidate, according to people briefed on the situation.

　　[主体句式] Vikram S. Pandit remains the leading candidate.

　　[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，who引导的定语从句用来修饰banker, 而the former…是做主语的同位语;according to是句子的状语。

　　[句子译文] Vikram S. Pandit，这位前摩根斯坦利投资银行家于7月份加入花旗银行，据与会人员表示，他仍然是头号候选人。

　　(2)Citigroup's board is weighing the pros and cons of various leadership options, including the question of whether Mr. Pandit, 50, has enough operating experience to be its next chief.

　　[主体句式] Citigroup’s board is weighing the pros and cons…

　　[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，including…是现在分词结构作opinions的定语;whether…是of的宾语从句。

　　[句子译文] 花旗银行董事会衡量了各个领导层的反对和支持意见，包括现年50岁的Pandit先生是否有足够的经验可以担任下一届的领导人。

　　1. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the candidates of Citigroup’s new leader? 1.关于花旗银行新领导候选人，下列哪个陈述是正确的?

　　[A] Vikram S. Pandit is the candidate who has won the trust of the majority of the search committee. [A] Vikram S. Pandit获得了大部分遴选委员会成员的信任。

　　[B] Robert B. Willumstad will be the most competitive rival of Vikram S. Pandit. [B] Robert B. Willumstad是Vikram S. Pandit最有竞争力的对手。

　　[C] Michael A. Neal is also considered a powerful rival of Vikram S. Pandit. [C] Michael A. Neal也是Vikram S. Pandit的一个有力的竞争对手。

　　[D] Robert B. Willumstad will only return to Citigroup when he is given the highest position. [D] Robert B. Willumstad 只有在得到最高职位的时候才会回到Citigroup。

　　[答案] B

　　[难度系数] ☆☆

　　[分析] 细节题。A选项，第一段提到了他们还在讨论别的可能，可以看出该委员会成员并不是大部分人都愿意选他的。B选项，第四段提到了Robert B. Willumstad“Robert B. Willumstad, Citigroup's former operations chief, might be one contender for the chairman role”，从后文可以看出他是Vikram S. Pandit强有力的对手。C选项，最后一段提到的内容可以看出选一个公司外部的人并不大可能，因此该陈述错误。D选项，第四段提到了这一点“Negotiating his return to Citigroup might require handing him the top job”，但是文章中用了“might”这个词，而选项的表述则过于肯定，因此该选项不正确。因此，正确答案为B选项。

　　2. The search for Citigroup’s next chief executive is compared to a game of multilevel chess because_____ 2.把选拔花旗银行下任首席执行官比喻成多级别的国际象棋比赛，这是因为_____

　　[A] the search becomes very complex in the end. [A] 选拨到最后变得非常复杂。

　　[B] the search involves in different levels of the board. [B] 选拔涉及到董事会的各个阶层。

　　[C] Citigroup’s board weighs the pros and cons of various leadership options. [C] 花旗银行的董事会衡量了各个领导层的反对和支持意见。

　　[D] the search is conducted in several rounds of selection. [D] 该选拔要进行好多轮次。

　　[答案]A

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。根据第二段“But as its complexities mount, the search is beginning to resemble a game of multilevel chess”，由于事情变得越来越复杂，选拔也成为多级别的国际象棋比赛了，可以看出，这样的比喻也只是突出事情的复杂性而已。因此，答案为A选项。

　　3. Robert B. Willumstad left Citigroup in July 2005 probably because_____ 3. Robert B. Willumstad于2005年七月离开了花旗银行可能是因为_____

　　[A] he enjoyed the free environment of Brysam Global Partners. [A] 他喜欢Brysam Global Partners轻松的氛围。

　　[B] he resented the unequal competition with Mr. Prince by the Citigroup board. [B] 他怨恨花旗银行董事会没有公平地对待他和Prince先生。

　　[C] his lacked adequate strength in standing out of Citigroup’s contentious politics. [C] 他没有足够的能力在花旗银行复杂的政治斗争中脱颖而出。

　　[D] he was defeated in the competition for the Citigroup leader. [D] 在竞争花旗银行领导人的竞争中他被击败了。

　　[答案] D

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。根据第四段“But associates say that Mr. Willumstad, who left Citigroup in July 2005 after being passed over in favor of Mr. Prince, seems to be enjoying the cushy confines of private equity”，Willumstad先生是在Citigroup选取了Prince先生而没有考虑他的情况下于2005年7月份离开的，而结合到Prince是前任领导，可以推断出Willumstad先生是因为竞争失败才离开了公司的。因此，D选项为正确答案。

　　4. The possible results of Mr. Pandit’s resignation if he loses this election are the following ones except_____ 4. 如果Pandit先生没有当选，那么他肯能会辞职，辞职可能带来的后果是以下除了____外的选项。

　　[A] Citigroup will have to pay a big sum to get Mr. Pandit back to Citigroup. [A] 花旗银行可能得向Pandit先生支付一大笔钱才能让他重新回来

　　[B] Citigroup will suffer double loss. [B] 花旗银行会承受双重损失

　　[C] Citigroup will lose its potential best investment banker. [C] 花旗银行会失去可能的最好投资银行家

　　[D] Citigroup will play loose with its money. [D] 花旗银行的钱打了水漂

　　[答案] A

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。根据第五段，Pandit先生如果辞职就会让董事会陷入两重打击，一方面他们已经向一家运营不佳的保值基金支付了大约8亿美金将Pandit先生挖过来，一方面他们将失去运营投资银行的最佳人选。因此，B、C、D都是可能的后果，而A选项不是，因此是正确答案。

　　5. According to the last paragraph, an outsider will not probably be an ideal candidate because_____ 5. 根据最后一段，公司外的人员不可能是理想人选因为_____

　　[A] an outsider is not familiar with the internal workings of Citigroup. [A] 公司外的人员对花旗银行的内部运营不熟悉。

　　[B] an outsider could not be adapted to the complex environment of the Citigroup’s board. [B] 公司外的人员不能适应花旗银行董事会复杂的氛围。

　　[C] Citigroup has a deadline of making the final decision of the search. [C] 花旗银行选定领导人人选有限定日期。

　　[D] The present economic situation will not allow Citigroup to give much time to an outsider to make himself qualified. [D] 目前的经济形势不允许花旗银行给公司外的人员足够的时间来做到合格。

　　[答案]D

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。最后一段提到了“Experts suggest that any outsider would need six months to a year to get up to speed on Citigroup's sprawling operations and contentious politics. Between the current market turbulence and the growing frustration of investors, some doubt that the company can afford to give an outside candidate that much time”，即任何一个外来人员都需要六个月到一年来熟悉状况，但是目前经济形势不好，投资者很焦急，不可能给外来的人员那么多适应的时间。因此，答案为D选项。
参考译文：

　　花旗银行董事会昨天因讨论其新任领导人问题而陷入僵局，对于人选没有统一的意见。Vikram S. Pandit，这位前摩根斯坦利投资银行家于7月份加入花旗银行，据与会人员表示，他仍然是头号候选人。但是遴选委员会还在讨论其它人选，这主要取决于Robert E. Rubin是否同意继续担任一段时间的主席。现在尚无最后决定，而且并不是所有的董事都认为Pandit先生是最佳人选。

　　选拔花旗银行的新任领导人是从一个月前Charles O. Prince III辞职后开始的。但是由于事情变得越来越复杂，选拔也成为多级别的国际象棋比赛了。花旗银行董事会衡量了各个领导层的反对和支持意见，包括现年50岁的Pandit先生是否有足够的经验可以担任下一届的领导人。对于他的睿智没有人怀疑，但是有人担心他的个人号召力不够或没有足够的消费者银行知识，因此不能胜任这份工作。

　　Rubin先生努力为Pandit先生四处游说，但是其他董事会成员却不太相信。如果花旗银行的董事会选择了Pandit先生，那么董事认为他需要有一位强有力的主席来帮助他顺利接受新的工作。那也就意味着要说服Rubin先生呆更长一段时间，而他上个月勉强接受了主席一职，或者就得聘请另外一位有经验的领导人来担任这项工作。

　　Robert B. Willumstad是花旗银行前任业务部主管，也可能是主席职位的候选人。他了解这个金融帝国的内部运作，而且也可以带来一些客户银行经验。但是还不能确定他是否在不被任命为首席执行官的情况下愿意接受主席一职。Willumstad先生今年62岁，现任美国国际集团主席和JPMorgan Chase资助的私募基金公司Brysam 全球合作伙伴公司的经理。离开美国国际集团可能不会很难，但是让他从Brysam脱身则需要一些斡旋，尽管Willumstad先生与JPMorgan签订的合同允许他离开。但是会员们称Willumstad先生是在花旗银行选取了Prince先生而没有考虑他的情况下于2005年7月份离开的，他好像很喜欢私募基金轻松的环境。要让他回到花旗银行，可能就得把最高职务交给他。

　　如果Pandit先生不能当选，那么他非常有可能要离开公司以挽回自己的面子。新闻报道称已经指定他为花旗银行下任领导人了。选择其他人会让花旗银行董事会处于双重约束中。他们不仅向一家运营不佳的保值基金支付了大约8亿美金将Pandit先生挖过来，而且如果Pandit先生要离开公司，那么公司将失去运营投资银行的最佳人选。

　　花旗银行董事会也可以选取一个外部候选人，从而会给这家遭受围攻的银行带来新气象。这些人选如通用电气资金的商业分部部长Michael A. Neal。专家认为任何一个外来人员都可能需要六个月到一年的时间来与花旗银行的扩张运营以及复杂的政治氛围和上拍。但现在一边是市场动荡，一边是投资者不断的失败，一些人怀疑公司是否能给一个外来的候选人那么多的适应时间

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　Proponents of different jazz styles have always argued that their predecessor’s musical style did not include essential characteristics that define jazz as jazz. Thus, 1940’s swing was belittled by beboppers of the 1950’s who were themselves attacked by free jazzes of the 1960’s. The neoboppers of the 1980’s and 1990’s attacked almost everybody else. The titanic figure of Black saxophonist John Coltrane has complicated the arguments made by proponents of styles from bebop through neobop because in his own musical journey he drew from all those styles. His influence on all types of jazz was immeasurable. At the height of his popularity, Coltrane largely abandoned playing bebop, the style that had brought him fame, to explore the outer reaches of jazz.

　　Coltrane himself probably believed that the only essential characteristic of jazz was improvisation, the one constant in his journey from bebop to open-ended improvisations on modal, Indian, and African melodies. On the other hand, this dogged student and prodigious technician — who insisted on spending hours each day practicing scales from theory books — was never able to jettison completely the influence of bebop, with its fast and elaborate chains of notes and ornaments on melody.

　　Two stylistic characteristics shaped the way Coltrane played the tenor saxophone: he favored playing fast runs of notes built on a melody and depended on heavy, regularly accented beats. The first led Coltrane to “sheets of sound” where he raced faster and faster, pile-driving notes into each other to suggest stacked harmonies. The second meant that his sense of rhythm was almost as close to rock as to bebop.

　　Three recordings illustrate Coltrane’s energizing explorations. Recording Kind of Blue with Miles Davis, Coltrane found himself outside bop, exploring modal melodies. Here he played surging, lengthy solos built largely around repeated motifs — an organizing principle unlike that of free jazz saxophone player Ornette Coleman, who modulated or altered melodies in his solos. On Giant Steps, Coltrane debuted as leader, introducing his own compositions. Here the sheets of sound, downbeat accents, repetitions, and great speed are part of each solo, and the variety of the shapes of his phrases is unique. Coltrane’s searching explorations produced solid achievement. My Favorite Things was another kind of watershed. Here Coltrane played the soprano saxophone, an instrument seldom used by jazz musicians. Musically, the results were astounding. With the soprano’s piping sound, ideas that had sounded dark and brooding acquired a feeling of giddy fantasy.

　　When Coltrane began recording for the Impulse! Label, he was still searching. His music became raucous, physical. His influence on rockers was enormous, including Jimi Hendrix, the rock guitarist, who, following Coltrane, raised the extended guitar solo using repeated motifs to a kind of rock art form.

　　1. The primary purpose of the text is to

　　[A] discuss the place of Coltrane in the world of jazz and describe his musical explorations.

　　[B] examine the nature of bebop and contrast it with improvisational jazz.

　　[C] analyze the musical sources of Coltrane’s style and their influence on his work.

　　[D] acknowledge the influence of Coltrane’s music on rock music and rock musicians.

　　2. Which of the following best describes the organization of the fourth paragraph?

　　[A] A thesis referred to earlier in the text is mentioned and illustrated with three specific examples.

　　[B] A thesis is stated and three examples are given each suggesting that a correction needs to be made to a thesis referred to earlier in the text.

　　[C] A thesis referred to earlier in the text is mentioned, and three examples are presented and ranked in order of their support of the thesis.

　　[D] A thesis is stated, three seemingly opposing examples are presented, and their underlying correspondence is explained.

　　3. According to the text, John Coltrane did all of the following during his career EXCEPT

　　[A] improvise on melodies from a number of different cultures.

　　[B] perform as leader as well as soloist.

　　[C] spend time improving his technical skills.

　　[D] eliminate the influence of bebop on his own music.

　　4. According to the text a major difference between Coltrane and other jazz musicians was the

　　[A] degree to which Coltrane’s music encompassed all of jazz.

　　[B] repetition of motifs that Coltrane used in his solos.

　　[C] number of his own compositions that Coltrane recorded.

　　[D] indifference Coltrane maintained to musical technique.

　　5. In terms of its tone and form, the text can best be characterized as

　　[A] dogmatic explanation.

　　[B] indignant denial.

　　[C] enthusiastic praise.

　　[D] speculative study.

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。第一段的倒数第一、二句是全文的中心主旨句，全文就是根据这两句话展开论述的。抓住这两句话就可以找出本题的正确选项A。考生在解题时，尤其是破解中心主旨题时，一定要先找出全文的中心主旨句。

　　2. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道例(举)证与细节理解题。第四段第一句明确指出“三张唱片为科尔特兰尼富有活力的探索提供了证明”。这说明第四段将讲述三个例子用来说明在前一段即第三段所提出的论点。另外这三个例子是按着先后顺序给出的，因此本题的正确选项是C。考生在解题时要注意段落之间的相互关系，更要注意句子之间的相互关系。

　　3. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道细节理解题型。本题属于比较难的题型，因为本题的涉及面比较广。本题A、B、C选项的内容分别在第二段第一句、第四段第三四句和第二段第二句提到过。故本题的正确选项应该是D。其实这道题表面上非常难，但是对于善于捕捉全文中心主旨句的同学来讲确比较容易，因为从第一段第四句的原因状语从句中就可以推导出本题的正确答案D。考生在解题时应时时牢记全文的中心主旨句。

　　4. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题型。根据本题题干中的“other jazz musicians”可将本题的答案信息来源定位在第一段的第一至四句，因为在这四句话中提到了其它的爵士音乐家。第一段第四句的状语从句明确指出了“Coltrane”与其它音乐家的不同在于他吸收了各种风格的爵士音乐。故本题的正确答案应该是A。考生在解题时应重视审题定位。

　　5. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】本题是一道归纳推导题型。细心的同学可从本文作者在论述时使用的词语中推导出本题的正确答案C。例如作者在第一段第四句的主语上使用了“titanic figure”;在第五句使用了“his influence…was immeasurable”;在最后一段的第三句使用了“his influence… was enormous”，这都反映了作者的“enthusiastic praise”。考生在解题时要重视原文作者在表达观点时的遣词造句。

　　[参考译文]

　　不同的爵士乐风格的支持者一贯认为他们前辈的音乐风格没有包括那些使爵士乐之所以成为爵士乐的本质特征。这样，二十世纪五十年代的比波普派轻视二十世纪四十年代的摇摆音乐派，而他们自己又受到二十世纪六十年代的自由爵士派的抨击。二十世纪八十至九十年代的新比波普派几乎对任何其他人都进行抨击。而黑人萨克斯管巨匠约翰·科尔特兰尼使这些从比波普派到新比波普派的支持者所提出的主张更加复杂化，因为在他自己的音乐例程中，他经历了所有这些风格。他对所有爵士音乐的风格的影响是不可估量的。在他最受欢迎的时期，科尔特兰尼基本上放弃了比波普风格的演奏以便探索爵士乐更深的处延，然而正是比波普风格的演奏使得他成名。

　　科尔特兰尼自己可能认为爵士乐的唯一本质特征就是即兴创作，这是他从比波普风格到对形式音乐、印度音乐、非洲音乐的自由即兴演奏的历程中一直没有改变的。另一方面，这个顽强的学生和异常的技巧家每天花几个小时用以练习理论书籍上的曲谱，从未能完全抛弃比波普的影响，在他的旋律中可以找到带有比波普特点的快速和精细的音符以及修饰效果。

　　有两种风格特征影响了科尔特兰尼演奏男高音萨克斯管的方式：他喜欢对建立于一种旋律上的音符进行快速的演奏，同时也依赖于强有力的、有规律的重音节奏。前者引导科尔特兰尼走向“片状声响”的境界，在那里科尔特兰尼的演奏越来越快，将音符成堆互相累放起来以表达一种堆叠起来的和谐感。而后者意味着，他的节奏感之接近于摇滚乐几乎就像其接近于比波普风格一样。

　　三张唱片为科尔特兰尼富有活力的探索提供了证明。和马尔斯·戴维斯合作录制《有几分忧伤》时，科尔特兰尼发现他已离开了波普风格，对形式音乐进行探索。在这中间，他演奏那些跌宕起伏的冗长的独奏，而这些独奏基本上是围绕着一个重复主题展开的。该种主题是用以组织其音乐的原则，它和自由派爵士乐萨克斯管演奏家奥尼迪·科尔曼采用的组织方式不同。后面这位音乐家在他的独奏中会对其旋律进行调节改变。在《大踏步》中，科尔特兰尼初次以领导者角色出现，对他自己的作品进行了介绍。在这中间，“片状声响”、强拍重音、重复回旋和极快的速度组成了每一段独奏的各个部分，各乐章的形式的多样性是独一无二的。科尔特兰尼深刻的探索获得了稳固的成就。《我的钟爱之物》是另一种意义上的分水岭。在这里，科尔特兰尼演奏了爵士乐演奏家很少使用的女高音萨克斯管，所产生的音乐上的效果是惊人的。伴随着女高音萨克斯管的尖音，那些显得昏暗及带有沉思意味的主题获得了一种令人眼花缭乱的梦幻感觉。

　　当科尔特兰尼开始为冲动唱片公司进行音乐录制时，他仍然在探索。他的音乐变得沙哑而感性。摇滚乐手受到他的巨大影响，其中包括吉米·亨德瑞克斯这位吉它手。后者仿效科尔特兰尼，使基于重复主题的大段吉他独奏上升成为一种摇滚艺术形式。

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It is possible for students to obtain advanced degrees in English while knowing little or nothing about traditional scholarly methods. The consequences of this neglect of traditional scholarship are particularly unfortunate for the study of women writers. If the canon — the list of authors whose works are most widely taught — is ever to include more women, scholars must be well trained in historical scholarship and textual editing. Scholars who do not know how to read early manuscripts, locate rare books, establish a sequence of editions, and so on are bereft of crucial tools for revising the canon.

　　To address such concerns, an experimental version of the traditional scholarly methods course was designed to raise students’ consciousness about the usefulness of traditional learning for any modern critic or theorist. To minimize the artificial aspects of the conventional course, the usual procedure of assigning a large number of small problems drawn from the entire range of historical periods was abandoned, though this procedure has the obvious advantage of at least superficially familiarizing students with a wide range of reference sources. Instead students were engaged in a collective effort to do original work on a neglected eighteenth-century writer, Elizabeth Griffith, to give them an authentic experience of literary scholarship and to inspire them to take responsibility for the quality of their own work.

　　Griffith’s work presented a number of advantages for this particular pedagogical purpose. First, the body of extant scholarship on Griffith was so tiny that it could all be read in a day; thus students spent little time and effort mastering the literature and had a clear field for their own discoveries. Griffith’s play The platonic Wife exists in three versions, enough to provide illustrations of editorial issues but not too many for beginning students to manage. In addition, because Griffith was successful in the eighteenth century, as her continued productivity and favorable reviews demonstrate, her exclusion from the canon and virtual disappearance from literary history also helped raise issues concerning the current canon.

　　The range of Griffith’s work meant that each student could become the world’s leading authority on a particular Griffith text. For example, a student studying Griffith’s Wife in the Right obtained a first edition of the play and studied it for some weeks. This student was suitably shocked and outraged to find its title transformed into A wife in the Night in Watt’s Bibliotheca Britannica. Such experiences, inevitable and common in working on a writer to whom so little attention has been paid, serve to vaccinate the student — I hope for a lifetime — against credulous use of reference sources.

　　1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with

　　[A] revealing a commonly ignored deficiency.

　　[B] proposing a return to traditional terminology.

　　[C] describing an attempt to correct a shortcoming.

　　[D] assessing the success of a new pedagogical approach.

　　2. It can be inferred that the author of the text expects that the experience of the student mentioned as having studied Wife in the Right would have which of the following effects?

　　[A] It would lead the student to disregard information found in the Bibliotheca Britannica.

　　[B] It would teach the student to question the accuracy of certain kinds of information sources when studying neglected authors.

　　[C] It would teach the student to avoid the use of reference sources in studying neglected authors.

　　[D] It would help the student to understand the importance of first editions in establishing the authorship of plays.

　　3. Which of the following best states the “particular pedagogical purpose” mentioned in lines 1-2, paragraph 3?

　　[A] To assist scholars in revising the canon of authors.

　　[B] To minimize the trivial aspects of the traditional scholarly methods course.

　　[C] To provide students with information about Griffith’s work.

　　[D] To encourage scholarly rigor in students’ own research.

　　4. Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph in relation to the text as a whole?

　　[A] It summarizes the benefits that students can derive from the experimental scholarly methods course.

　　[B] It provides additional reasons why Griffith’s work raises issues having to do with the cannot of authors.

　　[C] It provides an illustration of the immediate nature of the experiences students can derive from the experimental scholarly methods course.

　　[D] It contrasts the experience of a student in the experimental scholarly methods course with the experience of a student in the traditional course.

　　5. It can be inferred that the author of the text considers traditional scholarly methods courses to be

　　[A] irrelevant to the work of most students.

　　[B] inconsequential because of their narrow focus.

　　[C] unconcerned about the accuracy of reference sources.

　　[D] too wide-ranging to approximate genuine scholarly activity.

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。如果抓住了本文第二段第一句与第一段和全文其它段落的关系就不难找出本题的正确答案C。考生在解题时一定要善于找出全文的中心主旨句，并且细致入微地理解中心主旨句在上下文中的作用和关系。当然考生在解题时一定要由表及里地体味和归纳中心主旨句的深层含义，例如：第二段首句中表示目的的不定式短语“address such concerns”就是正确选项C中的“attempt”。

　　2. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与细节推导题。考生可根据题干中的“Wife in the Right”将本题的答案信息迅速确定在本文的最后一段。又可根据题干中的“experience”一词将本题的正确答案信息具体确定在全文的最后一句。这样考生就可以寻找出本题的正确答案B，选项B中的“question the accuracy”体现了尾段最后一句的中心内容。考生在解题时应重视准确的审题定位能力。

　　3. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道指代词与并列平行结构题型。考生在破解此题时一定要注意指代词“this”的准确含义。它的确切含义在第二段的尾句，从这句话中可得出本题的正确答案是D。考生在解题时一定要注意指代词的出现，一定要搞清指代词的具体内容。

　　4. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】本题是一道例(举)证题型。通过本段中的“for example”以及斜体字不难发现本段是在用具体的例子来举例说明一个论点。正确选项C中的“illustration”一词体现了尾段在全文中的作用。考生在解题时一定要善于辨别抽象叙述和具体举例说明之间的关系。

　　5. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】本题是一道归纳推导题型。根据题干中的“traditional scholarly methods courses”可迅速将本题的答案信息确定在第二段。本题的具体答案信息在第二段第一、二、三句，尤其是第二、三句。从第二段第二、三句可以“infer”(推断)出本题的正确选是D。这是一道比较难的题目，需要考生在理解第二、三句的基础上进行推导，考生在破解这类题型时应注意由表及里地对原文进行归纳和推导。

　　[参考译文]

　　学生们即使在对传统学术方法知之甚少或根本不懂的情况下也可能获得英语方面的高级学位。这种对传统学识的忽略造成的后果对有关女性作家的研究尤其不利。如果经典作品(那些作品被极广泛地用于授课的作家的名单)中想要包括更多的女性的话，学者们必须在历史研究及文章的编辑方面接受过良好的训练。学者们如果不懂得如何阅读早期手本，寻找出稀有书籍，建立版本间的次序等等，就丧失了修订经典作品的重要手段。

　　出于以上的考虑，一种实验性的关于学习传统学术方法的课程被设计出来，以便使学生们更加意识到传统学识对于任何现代批评家及理论家的实用性。为了使传统课程中的人为因素减到最小，通常的方法，即指派完成从整个历史时段中摘出来的大量细小问题的方法，已被放弃使用，尽管这一做法具有一个明显的优点：至少在浅层次上能使学生熟悉大范围的参考资料。相反的，学生们通过集体的努力来完成一项有关十八世纪作家伊丽莎白·格里费斯的创造性任务，以获得文学研究的真实经验并激发他们对自己工作的质量负责任的态度。

　　格里费斯的作品用于此次特殊的教学目的时显示了不少优点。首先，现存的关于格里费斯的学术研究内容是如此之少以至于能在一天之内被全部读完;这样学生们只要花很少的时间和力气来掌握文献，并为他们自己的发现保留了空白领域。格里费斯的剧作《柏拉图式的妻子》现存三个版本，足以提供代表编辑方面事务的例子，但又不多到使初学的学生不能应能。另外，正如她持续的创作力和受到的好评所显示的，格里费斯在十八世纪是成功的，因此她被排除在经典作品之外(事实上是在文学史上消失)这一现象也能帮助我们对现时的经典作品提出问题。

　　格里费斯的作品的范围意味着每一个学生都可以成为格里费斯某一篇作品的世界级领导权威。比如，一个研究格里费斯的《合法的妻子》的学生得到了该剧的第一版并对其研究了几个星期。当该学生发现在瓦特的《大英百科书目》中该标题变成了《夜晚的妻子》，他有理由感到震惊和愤怒。这样的经历，在研究一位仅被给予极少关注的作家时，是常见和不可避免的，它能为防止这一学生轻率使用参考文献起到一种如防疫疫苗般的作用，我希望它能终生有效。

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38楼发表于: 2016-08-05

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities — as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.

　　Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.

　　Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.

　　A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.

　　Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often run the danger of becoming- and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.

　　1. The primary purpose of the text is to

　　[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.

　　[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.

　　[C] propose a temporary solution to a problem.

　　[D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.

　　2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to

　　[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm.

　　[B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.

　　[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government.

　　[D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.

　　3. It can be inferred from the text that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies” (line 9, paragraph 1) are

　　[A] more popular with large corporations.

　　[B] more concrete.

　　[C] less controversial.

　　[D] less expensive to enforce.

　　4. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s assertion that, in the 1970’s, corporate response to federal requirements (line 1, paragraph 2) was substantial?

　　[A] Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.

　　[B] Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.

　　[C] The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses.

　　[D] The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972.

　　5. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?

　　[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.

　　[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.

　　[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.

　　[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible.

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。破解本题的关键在于考生是否完全理解本文第一段首句的内容，尤其是第一句中破折号后面的内容。破折号后面的内容和选项B中的 “its potential drawbacks”是相互吻合的。望考生注意培养捕捉全文中心主旨句的能力。

　　2. 【答案】A

　　【考点解析】这是一道逻辑思维上的反推题，也可以说是逆向思维题。本题反推即逆向思维的信息依据在第三段的最后一句。该句在谈论小的企业，大概内容是“……一个小企业的投资要马上在定货中反映出效果，否则其士气和财政前景都将深受影响”。根据小的企业的状况，我们可以推导出大的企业所面临的处境。希望考生加强逆向思维即反推的解题能力。

　　3. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】本题是一道关键词语的理解题目，其答案信息来源在第一段的尾句，原文当中的 “specific”一词是本题的答案所在。考生要加强对原文中重点形容词和副词的理解。

　　4. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道反论题。这种题的关键在于利用原文的信息否定原文所要表达的观点。原文讲“少数民族企业签订的合同金额由1972年的7700万美元升至1977年的11亿美元”。原文所要表达的观点是合同金额的增长。选项D正是利用原文的信息否定了原文所要表达的观点。选项D所表达的信息是变化增长数字背后的不变。这种题属于较难的题型，希望考生加以重视。

　　5. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】这是一道关键词语理解题。本题的答案信息在第二段的尾句，句中 “letup”一词决定了本题的正确答案是C，因为该词的含义是“停顿，减弱”。考生在备考过程中要尽力扩大自己的词汇量。

　　[参考译文]

　　最近几年美国少数民族所有的企业可以说是空前的机会和重大风险并存。****活动家早就指出过：黑人，拉美裔美国人，以及其他少数民族难以在生意场中立足的主要原因是他们缺少能得到有规模的订货或与大公司分合同的机会。现在议会以一致意见通过法律，要求企业获得价值50万美元以上的联邦合同后要尽最大可能来寻找少数民族合作者，并且需将他们在此点上的成效如何在政府中存档立案。实际上，一些联邦和地方机构走得更远，它们甚至规定了公共合同有多少比例要分给少数民族公司。

　　企业对此的反应是强烈的。从1977年统计的数据看，与少数民族企业签订的合同金额由1972年的7700万美元升至1977年的11亿美元。预计此金额要在80年代前期达到每年30亿美元以上，在下一个10年中看来也不会停止。

　　尽管这对少数民族企业来说前途光明，这种增加的财源也给它们带来了危险。首先，少数民族企业冒着过快膨胀和财政上力不从心的危险，因为它们大部分是小企业，和大企业不同之外在于它们为履行合同常需要在厂房、人员、设备(以及诸如此类)等上做一大笔投资。如果其后由于某种原因其合同量减少，它们将会遇到潜在的财政危机。对于被要求做正式评估和投标的小企业来说，市场供求情况有可能令人非常沮丧。评估和投标都消耗时间、资源，而且一个小企业的投资要马上在定货中反映出效果，否则其士气和财政前景都将深受影响。

　　第二个危险是有些白人企业想通过和少数民族企业合资也能享受更好的待遇。当然，在许多时候，合资是有正当理由的;显然，白人和少数民族企业可以联合起来做成任何一方都无法单独完成的事业。但是****组织和少数民族企业主已经向议会报怨：少数民族企业常在合资中成为白人操纵者的前台傀儡，而不是平等的合作伙伴。

　　第三，已获得一个大客户的生意的少数民族企业常会有陷入依赖性的危险。即使在最好的环境下，来自更大、更完备的对手的竞争常使一个小企业很难扩展自己的客户;当这样的企业已拥有来自一个客户的近乎稳定的定货时，它们确实需要和眼前的胜利所滋生出的自满做斗争。

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39楼发表于: 2016-08-05

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures were — reptiles or birds — are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.

　　Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharpclaws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animal’s body.

　　The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.

　　Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.

　　Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs’ hind feet resembled a bat’s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. The wind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.

　　1. It can be inferred from the text that scientist now generally agree that the

　　[A] enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances.

　　[B] structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats.

　　[C] fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight.

　　[D] pterosaurs were reptiles.

　　2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves as

　　[A] revolutionary.

　　[B] unlikely.

　　[C] unassailable.

　　[D] probable.

　　3. According to the text, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the

　　[A] size of its wingspan.

　　[B] presence of hollow spaces in its bones.

　　[C] anatomic origin of its wing strut.

　　[D] presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet.

　　4. The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley in the text suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?

　　[A] An animal’s brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.

　　[B] An animal’s appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.

　　[C] Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.

　　[D] The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.

　　5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the text?

　　[A] New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.

　　[B] Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented and each is disputed by means of specific information.

　　[C] Three hypotheses are outlined and evidence supporting each is given.

　　[D] Recent discoveries are described and their implications for future study are projected.

　　[答案与考点解析]

　　1. 【答案】D

　　【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题型。该题的答案信息在第二段的第一句，根据本句的内容即可得出本题的正确答案是D。考生要加强对题干的理解和认识，并且要善于找到原文和题干相吻合之处，否则就会失去解题思路。

　　2. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】本题是一道句间关系题型。本题的答案信息在尾段的第一、二句和尾段的倒数第一、二句。从尾段的第二句 “Each hypothesis has its difficulties” (每种假设都有缺陷)可以判断：作者认为“从浪尖上伴轻风飞起”是不可能的。考生要加强对句子之间语意关系的理解。

　　3. 【答案】C

　　【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题。其答案信息在第三段。题干中问翼龙和鸟类骨骼方面的“不同”。原文第三段中涉及两者相同与不同。第三段的尾句暗示本题的正确答案是C。考生在解题时应加强审题定位的能力。

　　4. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。本题的正确答案在第四段的第一、二、三句。这三句话的内容暗示本题的正确答案是B，即动物的外型通常受环境要求和生理能力的影响。考生在解题时应注意提高对原文信息的归纳推导能力。

　　5. 【答案】B

　　【考点解析】本题是一道段落结构识别题。尾段的第一句对所谈现象提出了三种解释，然后针对每一种解释进行科学上的否定。可见本题的正确答案是B。考生在复习中应该加强对段落结构的识别能力。

　　[参考译文]

　　第一批会飞的脊椎动物——翼龙的化石，已经让古生物学家感兴趣达两个多世纪了。这种有时和大型滑翔机一样重，而且翅膀展开达8—12米宽的庞然大物是如何克服飞行时的重力，以及这种生物到底是属于鸟类还是爬行动物，对科学家们来讲仍旧是个谜。

　　可能，最少引起争论的意见就是翼龙是爬行动物。它们的头盖骨、骨盆以及后腿都是爬行动物类型。对它们翅膀的解剖学研究证明它们尚未进化为鸟。翼龙每个前肢的大大延长的第四指支撑一个翅膀状的薄膜，其它指头小，而且是典型的爬行动物式，有尖爪。而鸟类的第二指进化成为翅膀的主要支架，翅膀也主要是羽毛构成的。当翼龙四肢爬行时，其它指可以用来抓取。而当它行走或不动时，第四指，连同翅膀，只能向上伸展，在身体两侧呈倒转的V字型。

　　翼龙和鸟类以及蝙蝠在总体结构及比例上很相似。这并不奇怪，因为任何飞翔脊椎动物都要受空气动力的约束。翼龙和鸟都有中空的骨头，这是为了节省重量。不过在鸟类中，这种骨头受内部支柱影响，重量大大增加。

　　尽管爬行动物通常全身鳞片，翼龙却可能拥有毛发。赫胥黎对此解释说，飞翔脊椎动物肯定已经是热血动物，因为飞翔要求一个高新陈代谢率，后者要求一个较高的体温。赫氏设想一层毛发覆盖物可以隔绝身体热量的损失，从而使身体在减轻飞行重量方面更为有效。最近一些有又长又密且厚的毛发的翼龙化石的发现，终于明白无误地证明赫氏的观点是对的。

　　解释翼龙怎样起飞的努力产生以下设想：它们从悬崖上起跳，或从树上起跳或者甚至从浪尖上伴轻风飞起。每种假设都有缺陷。第一种错误地设想翼龙的后爪象蝙蝠一样，钩子似的挂着为飞行做准备。第二种看来也不可能，因为大型翼龙不可能降在树上而不伤害它们的翅膀。第三种假设必须要有高浪来形成上升气流才能实现。然而，能产生此种大浪的风可能对翼龙来说过于猛烈，以至于它一旦升空，就无法控制自己。

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