(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 *EDzj&
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 F 6SIhf.;
2)基本用法 "r|O /
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 @4&sL] (q
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , #ocT4
seldom等。例如: NcPzmW{#;g
The sun rises in the east. 3nG(z
>
He usually goes to work by bus. tnTr&o#
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. v|`)~"~
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 :qnRiK]
如: i/WYjo
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. WLizgVM
The project starts early this year. L1aN"KGMF
There is a conference tonight. ()P?f ed
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: {E@@14]g
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. 3L#KHTM
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. 8rw;Yo<k
2 、一般过去时 LtCkDnXk
1)构成:动词过去式 ofN|%g /
2)基本用法 $3FFb#r
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: S"fnT*:.%
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 %Uuhi&PA-l
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: <6Br]a60RR
He died five years ago. Yr[1-Oy/k
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. `33+O
W
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he R`/nsou
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. -B@jQg@
>
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. U^Hymgb%
3 、一般将来时 <m9IZIY<
1)构成 qk<tLvD_'
will +动词原形 ~Fisno
2)基本用法 O@Xl_QNxc!
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 rMLCtGi
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. |f`!{=?
3)表示将来时的其他形式 -6Cxz./#yS
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 E7y<iaA{~
明即将发生的事。例如: jtl7t59R
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. $] w&`
F-
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 y
8
`H*s@
可能性。例如: 3wa }p^
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. wgI$'tI
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 i1u &-#k
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: Hn:%(Rg=aW
We're leaving on Friday. 8`'_ckIgr
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. 1G$kO90
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: t3G%}d?
He is about to retire. 0I079fqk<
4 、现在进行时 RM QlciG
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 >.~^(
2)基本用法 BxlpI[yWq
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: {Pu\KRU
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. /q(+r5k \
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. ,I'Y)SLx
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 kXv
-B-wOj
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: \ tU91VIj
He is constantly complaining about his job. !!dNp5h`
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. T3!l{vG
\O
5 、现在完成时 x@ (91f
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 a&4>xZU #
2)基本用法 naM4X@jl
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 xlS
t
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since @(&ki~+
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: n%@xnB$ZX
We’ve just back. 3fn6W)v?
We have studied English for more than ten years. ogDyrY}]
He has lived here since 1995. 19&!#z
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. Kx$
?IxZ
Have you booked your hotel yet l% K9Ke
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 Nl PP|=o
(1)过去与现在的关系 x
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这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 [m!$
01=
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 }=;N3Q" #y
造成的影响。 E^T/Qu
(2)时间状语不同 "E
Q}xj
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, QWxCNt:^?
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till ,1RW}1n
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: SQW A{f
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) ;(TBg-LEK
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 M'R^?Jjb
开着的。) 5H""_uw
6 、过去进行时 0 l
G\
QT
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 %U-KQI0
2)基本用法 MoO
jM&9
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: ,dK% [
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. =DGaK0n
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. (gs"2
7 、过去完成时 ?gH[tN:=
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 ]e7D""
2)基本用法 OKxPf]~4E
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 V92e#AR
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: n[AJ'A{
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning / QSK$ZDC
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. /vwGSuk._
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. onHUi]yYu{
8 、过去将来时 F~)xZN3=
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 G{YJ(6etZ
2)基本用法 Gk'J'9*
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 X;6&:%ZL@^
时的宾语从句中。例如: y85GKysT
He said he would stop smoking next month. By:A9s
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. `cMa Fc-y/
9 、将来完成时 d=Q0/sI&
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 e9o(hL
2)基本用法 0_,V
}
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: Go+f0aig
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. OAc+LdT
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. !H~G_?Mf\O
10 、现在完成进行时 Mp7r`A,6
1)构成 zG+oZ
2)基本用法 Ko k
mylHu
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 [gqV}Y"Md
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 7z5AI!s_
状语连用。例如: V`G)8?% Vy
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. ro|dB
He has been studying English for years. {[NBTT9&
He has been playing computer games since early morning.
s@K|zOx
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
AQ'~EbH(
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: o3qBRT0[R
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) |r%6;8A]i
They have built a ship.(已完成) Ro$l/lXl8t
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) tg7%@SI5^-
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! _ ?xORzO
(表达不满情绪) (wo.OH
II. 动词的语态 gG&2fV}l6
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 0\k2F,:%4
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: [(F.x6z)
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 _r?H by<b
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called ?qO_t;:0>
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called )8!""n~
将来 shall/will be Nw/4z$].J
called +YI/(ko=
------ shall/will have been called es6!p 7p?
应注意的事项: x32hO;
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 B#OnooJI
He was beat severely by the gunman.
+ZQf$@+
The cup was broken by Tom. si.ZTG9m
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 HcavA{H
或副词。例如: ;%0$3a
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. *GH`u*C_
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. 6c$ so
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 8iGS=M
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: &CpxD."8x
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) ^Vso`(Ss
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) lA<n}N)j
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) ]bLI!2Kr
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 7/&i'y
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如:
U*!q@g_
We were made to work twelve hours a day. sEkfmB2J/
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. 't.IYBHx
5) 表示被动的其他形式: YcOPqvQ
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: #I8)|p?P
She got her purse stolen. Oi%\'biM
I must get my hair cut. l25_J.e
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 (VV5SvdE
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: { R
H&mu
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. MdXOH$ps
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. S52'!WTq
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, ?1w{lz(P
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: Z*/{^ zsE
The book sells very well. 2^ uP[
The parachute opens easily. 4PK/8^@7)>
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: ]Q0m]O
aT
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; `(tVwX4
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 vT@*o=I