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主题 : 2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法
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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 @,M!&l  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 0J@)?,V-.  
2)基本用法 K JPB-  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 5SR 29Z[  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , Fd5{pM3  
seldom等。例如: J24UUZ9&$  
The sun rises in the east. >W.Pg`'D  
He usually goes to work by bus. [m3G%PO@Da  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. COJqVC(#  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 GG(rp]rgl  
如: {(ey!O  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. /Lu wPM  
The project starts early this year. Iimz  
There is a conference tonight. 3|9) A+,#  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: 9p2"5x  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. !?O:%QG  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. p*#SSR9<  
2 、一般过去时 h!yF   
1)构成:动词过去式 >9<h?F%S  
2)基本用法 a(d'iAU8^  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: *|_u~v:)|5  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 $qg5m,1?  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: ;Qk*h'}f  
He died five years ago. :Gy .P  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. J>!p^|S{  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he @hl5^d"l  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. >@ h0@N  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. N5%~~JRO  
3 、一般将来时 t!D=oBCro  
1)构成 [#3:CDT  
will +动词原形 &rcr])jg[  
2)基本用法 'qQ DM_+  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 s:I^AL5  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. ^row=5]E  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 hLx*$Z>  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 1hi^  
明即将发生的事。例如: P63z8^y  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. EU>@k{Qt  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 f=} u;^  
可能性。例如: d 'x;]#S  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. E<-}Jc1  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 3,N7Nfe  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: !l.Rv_o<O  
We're leaving on Friday.  ^4 es  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. <XCH{Te1  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: ,A[HYc|uy  
He is about to retire. 7F}I .,<W  
4 、现在进行时 .}Bb :*@  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 q.Z0Q  
2)基本用法 GbB&kE3KP  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: "TN}=^A\F  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. 6D 0uLh  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. *$^M E  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 U?xl%qF`)  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: nqiy)ZN#R  
He is constantly complaining about his job. r~t&;yRv  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. M7jDV|Go  
5 、现在完成时 p)TH^87  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 F!zZIaB]  
2)基本用法 2Q1* Xq{  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 <@;eN&  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since x6:$lZ(  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: w5qhKu!1  
We’ve just back. s2w .V O  
We have studied English for more than ten years. )o9CFhFB  
He has lived here since 1995. ^z0[{1  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. 3@6f %Dyj  
Have you booked your hotel yet J fsCkS  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 ]!0*k#i_.  
(1)过去与现在的关系   ;h  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 IGv>0LOd@  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 K})j5CJ/  
造成的影响。 1iF |t5>e  
(2)时间状语不同 9D8el}uHf  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, W&+UF'F2  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till ]IyC  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: -*?a*q/#nQ  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) ,YH^j c  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 Ev$?c9*>  
开着的。) oleRQ=  
6 、过去进行时 d@] 0 =Ax  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 '%K,A-7W  
2)基本用法 if^\Gs$  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: r,yhc =  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. <M+ZlF-`  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. 4fpz; 2%  
7 、过去完成时 `<\AnhNW]I  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 M-|4cd]6  
2)基本用法 +-8uIqZ  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 ;Iv)J|*  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: a*%>H(x  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning hnG'L*HooE  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. D ZLSn Ax  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. _W?}%;  
8 、过去将来时 :X2B+}6_&  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。  >cSc   
2)基本用法 PiAA,  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 WER K JA  
时的宾语从句中。例如: m=j7 vb  
He said he would stop smoking next month. 2ht<"  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. #l:qht  
9 、将来完成时 roL~r`f`  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 Ld+}T"Z&M>  
2)基本用法 j.ANBE96>  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: fqvA0"tv  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. _=4Dh/Dv  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. y;#p=,r  
10 、现在完成进行时 [/5>)HK} C  
1)构成 wm@1jLjrQ  
2)基本用法 0W]Wu[k  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 yUEUIPL  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 d \0K 3=h  
状语连用。例如: T<p>:$vo  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. L>pP3[~DV  
He has been studying English for years. 4S03W  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. d![EnkyL;  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别  "FG6R'  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: iM}cd$r{  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) Wq"pKI#x  
They have built a ship.(已完成) q(a6@6f"kD  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) MO/l(wO  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! \n+`~< i  
(表达不满情绪) _Se>X=  
II. 动词的语态 5+,&9;'Y^  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 S{ fNeK  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: QN*'MA"M  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 .@1\26<  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called ]+fL6"OD/2  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called |%b'L.$4  
将来 shall/will be w[]7{ D];  
called O:k@'&  
------ shall/will have been called h9SS o0]F  
应注意的事项: vgsu~(L;  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 E-Cj^#OY|N  
He was beat severely by the gunman. ) ~ C)4  
The cup was broken by Tom. B#sc!eLmU&  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 e$Md ?Pq  
或副词。例如: ]$KH78MTW  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. [Zgy,j\ \  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. #WfJz}P,!  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 d4A}BTs1  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: CDR^xo5 dP  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) [wIyW/+  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) Mt-y{*6!k  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) tA'i-D&  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 ezHj?@  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: B/pNM81(  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. o$Hc5W([Z  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. ou96 P<B  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: 0^{z q|%Q!  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: sHh2>f@x$  
She got her purse stolen. m,]Tl;f  
I must get my hair cut. @{XN}tWDOp  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 %Sxy!gGz%%  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: 0D 0#*J  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. Z&J417buk  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. @WFjM  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, H+_oK ]/  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: ]FQ4v.7  
The book sells very well. H$\?D+xlf  
The parachute opens easily. vad " N  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: HHtp.; L/  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; 0#<_:E  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 ^!Bpev   
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