(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 ..yLtqos
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 ::!{f+Up
2)基本用法 5<Y-?23
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 92g&,Wb
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , ci`N,&:R
seldom等。例如: )Q c>NF0
The sun rises in the east. U&L?IT=x
He usually goes to work by bus. v:u=.by99
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. *+>QKR7
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 ="s>lI-1a
如: pLsJa?}R
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. ;1>)p x**
The project starts early this year. E(0 [/N~
There is a conference tonight. a'YK1QX
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: )r6d3-p1
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. NZt
8L?
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing.
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2 、一般过去时 6"_ytqw7
1)构成:动词过去式 fz`\-"f]
2)基本用法 [h~#5x
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: o7t#yw3
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 j$}W%ibj
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: c~{)vL0K
He died five years ago. .eG_>2'1
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. y<*/\]t9L[
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he +4m~D`fqt[
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. VVm8bl.q
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. ,|Lf6k
3 、一般将来时 |-.r9;-b
1)构成 ewp&QH4
will +动词原形 FOD_m&+
2)基本用法 J?84WS
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 }pL#C
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. D?}K|z LQ
3)表示将来时的其他形式 q5u"v
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 j;_
>,\
明即将发生的事。例如: }^}ep2^
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. LSW1,}/B
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 4/ M~#
可能性。例如: I,wgu:}P#
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. ?(P3ZTk?.
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 >(39K
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: dsD!)$
We're leaving on Friday. Hv.nO-c
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. DSc:>G
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: ELqpIXq#
He is about to retire. X!ad~bt
4 、现在进行时 @?\[M9yK
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 #JIh-h@
2)基本用法 (2fWJ% 7VG
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: pv9Z-WCix$
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. 'Z=8no`
<
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. 2#?qey
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 Zcg@]Sx(I
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: f hS4Gb_
He is constantly complaining about his job. o9#8q_D9
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. K,Z_lP_~Vw
5 、现在完成时 U" ;8zplU
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 TDo!yQ
2)基本用法 >p|tIST
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 qH1&tW$
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since rS^+y{7
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: HE0@`(mCpa
We’ve just back. /6PL
We have studied English for more than ten years. -U#e
He has lived here since 1995. 8)
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I have played the piano since 1 came to England. 27q=~R}
Have you booked your hotel yet c. ;}e:)s
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 wW?/`>@
(1)过去与现在的关系 O${B)C,
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 W+&<C#1|]
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 u|}p3-z|Y
造成的影响。 qZz?i
(2)时间状语不同 e0; KmQjG
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, [@LA<Z_
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till 6mAaFDI,R
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: >/5'0n_R
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) -0o1iU7
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 `C +>PCO
开着的。) B{ptP4As-
6 、过去进行时 rMy(NAo_
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 ?7]UbtW[
2)基本用法 2Sg^SZFH+o
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: aIXN wnq
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. #5b}"xK{
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. td"D&1eQ@
7 、过去完成时 n |e=7?H8
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 o$%I{}9x
2)基本用法 gXP)YN
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 M8p6f)l3
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: )GC9%mF;
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning ys~oJb~
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. 94CHxv
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. Q`{2yU:r
8 、过去将来时 J%mtlA
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 r]<?,xx[
2)基本用法 ]aN]H a
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 abgAUg)
时的宾语从句中。例如: 1> IA9]D7
He said he would stop smoking next month. |K,[[D<R
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. $F
M:8^
9 、将来完成时 l?Qbwv}
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 *<"#1H/q
2)基本用法
oT}-i [=}
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: W0qn$H
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store.
*Q XUy
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. Y4j%K~lsY
10 、现在完成进行时 @
||GMA+|
1)构成 mi&mQQ
2)基本用法 g3Z"ri~!G
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 1k dQh&~G
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 |Zm'! -_
状语连用。例如: <[Y@
<
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. <C{uodFll
He has been studying English for years. sOb=+u$$9
He has been playing computer games since early morning. Cak-J~=
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 FwaYp\z
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: ]7:*A7/!.
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) :9Mqwgk,;3
They have built a ship.(已完成) sMHP=2##
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) \_|g}&}6Y
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! O&@pi-=o
(表达不满情绪) {T'M4y=)i
II. 动词的语态 ^6i,PRScS
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 Q=n2frW(T
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: W~Ae&gcn#
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 ]!'9Y}9a
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called I6lWB(H!u
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called R!y`p:O
C
将来 shall/will be &)Z]nNVb
called .F^372hH3
------ shall/will have been called r9y(j
z
应注意的事项: $c1xh.
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 @;`d\lQ
He was beat severely by the gunman. =)IV^6~b
The cup was broken by Tom. -a`PW
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 :e!
3-#H
或副词。例如: !.@F,wZvY
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. (Q[(] dfc
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. E:ti]$$
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 |?<^4U8
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: 4H_QQ6
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) >eucQ]
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) (Q F-=o
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) G^2%F5@
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 Y^-D'2P]P
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: L7PMam
We were made to work twelve hours a day. F42?h:y8I
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. fX{Xw0
5) 表示被动的其他形式:
EWK?vs
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: @~C
C$Y$
She got her purse stolen. s4vj
I must get my hair cut. {VT**o
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 3S{3AmKj?
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: vEC#W43l
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. [Y-3C47
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. W-<`V
o'
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, {Y1&GO;
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: $ 9
k5a
The book sells very well. +@qIDUiF3
The parachute opens easily. j5MUP&/g3
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: )*nZ6Cg'
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; &x)n K
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 7=a=@D[