(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 m,,-rC
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 z*>"I
2)基本用法 s[NkPh9&
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 >y"W(
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , LoSblV
seldom等。例如: 3haYb`
The sun rises in the east. ^](sCE7
He usually goes to work by bus. =21$U
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The Jones always go to church on Sunday. f)l:^/WP+
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 VUxuX5B3M
如: yhJH3<
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. O
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The project starts early this year. ri1D*CS
There is a conference tonight. >0DQ<
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(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: !?Gt5$f
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. 9+nB;vA
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. d&4ve Lu
2 、一般过去时 , 7KP
1)构成:动词过去式 Gole7
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2)基本用法 m_zl*s*6
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: U
>w#`Sy[
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 U(P^-J<n1
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: {^=T&aCYdS
He died five years ago. T\I}s"d
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. ~~a,Fyko2
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he bc=,$
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. 45. -P
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. G
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3 、一般将来时 "BT*9N=|
1)构成 ,%"!8T
will +动词原形 pqe7a3jr
2)基本用法 ~k\Dde
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 LvtHWt
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. N(uH y@
3)表示将来时的其他形式 lC/1,Z/M
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 %]7'
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明即将发生的事。例如: 0t*e#,y
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. ;\j7jz^uC
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 WX
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可能性。例如: Ipro6
I
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. $inlI_
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 p3r("\Za,
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: -yOwX2Wv5;
We're leaving on Friday. R!i\-C1 S
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. fF6bEJl3
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: Ov8^6O
He is about to retire. Vu.VH([b]Q
4 、现在进行时 .3
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1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 P5Lb)9_Jw
2)基本用法 0JFS%Yjw[
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如:
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What are you doing ? I'm writing a report.
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Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. |RjAp.pm
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 4)"S/u
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: ~c,CngeL0
He is constantly complaining about his job. 5{/uHscwLa
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. CbGfVdw/c
5 、现在完成时 yPrF2@#XZ/
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 6ChFsteGFr
2)基本用法 JBhM*-t(M1
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 b5Q|$E
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since {FQ@eeU
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: `j1oxJm
We’ve just back. :)Pj()Os|
We have studied English for more than ten years. )J*M{Gm 6i
He has lived here since 1995. Gv[s86AP,
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. 6Hbu7r*tm
Have you booked your hotel yet 3
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注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 @)\4 $#+-
(1)过去与现在的关系 _tUh*"e&
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 vPz$+&{I
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 ;FQNO:NP
造成的影响。 ,ZghV1z
(2)时间状语不同 q<j9l'dHG
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, Lqdapx"Z_
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till qJ sH
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: z&cM8w:
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) ollsB3]]
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 -woFKAy`
开着的。) j7U&a}(
6 、过去进行时 PB
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1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 ta6>St7.
2)基本用法
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表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: )X;051Q
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. EK=
y!>
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. {,i-V57-h
7 、过去完成时 O wuc9
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 |p!($
2)基本用法 q
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表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 -%5#0Ogh
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时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: IITUM)
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning @R}3f6@67
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. jz`3xFy *]
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. O2\(:tvw
8 、过去将来时 Q^ZM| (s#
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 >{QO$F#
2)基本用法 .dMdb7
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 YGC%j
时的宾语从句中。例如: q8&l%-d`
He said he would stop smoking next month. 5@%.wb4
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. ;1[Z&Uv8
9 、将来完成时 ,,BP}f+l$
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 l 9
wO x
2)基本用法 2mnAL#
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: oz>2P.7
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. (
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Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. ]VxC]a2
10 、现在完成进行时 |dqHpogh
1)构成 qxb]UV,R
2)基本用法 tH)jEY9
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 &}[P{53sr
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 &:g:7l]g
状语连用。例如: ,bXZ<RY
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I have been reading this novel the whole morning. F'b
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He has been studying English for years. Rz
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He has been playing computer games since early morning. R8k4?_W?T
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 E I zy
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: g/JF(nkP
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) Cl`i|cF\
They have built a ship.(已完成) EM*I%|n@m
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) IGcq*mR=
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! ,JE_aje7
(表达不满情绪) 8{!d'Pks
II. 动词的语态 N
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英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 ![^pAEgx
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: VFL^-tXnA^
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 +ODua@ULFB
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called T:$^1"\
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called X+aQ 7^"s
将来 shall/will be RkYn6
called 3NtUB;!
------ shall/will have been called W~/d2_|/
应注意的事项: aX^T[
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 b<00 %Z
He was beat severely by the gunman. 8x
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The cup was broken by Tom. a)JXxst
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 n" Ie
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或副词。例如: z#GZb
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. cjEqN8
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. T
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3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 x,,y}_
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主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: ~\_VWXXvIW
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) Tu#;Y."T
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) ?8-!hU@QC
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) v_!6S|
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 t]LiFpy2IC
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: :Z//
We were made to work twelve hours a day. _J
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The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. <:v+<)K
5) 表示被动的其他形式: KS$t
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: );gY8UL^
She got her purse stolen. 4!/JN J
I must get my hair cut. t )zd'[
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 *): |WDR
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: Z
RagM'K
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. _uQ]I^ 'D
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. #d-({blo<
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, $D^\[^S
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: ABy
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The book sells very well. a: "1LnvR
The parachute opens easily. >v:ex(y0
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: hQn?qJy%W
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; p;+O/'/j
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 RQ,#TbAe