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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 bA@ /B'  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 `fBG~NDw  
2)基本用法 mje<d"bW  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 @br@[RpB  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , {&2$[g=[ ^  
seldom等。例如: RAIVdQ}.Z  
The sun rises in the east. D JLiZS  
He usually goes to work by bus. 9=t#5J#O  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. 3iE-6udCS  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 9z5\*b s  
如: !p }`kG  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. W8 w3~  
The project starts early this year. XB0a dp  
There is a conference tonight. PX;Vo~6  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: U't E^W  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. CzYGq  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. N>+P WE$  
2 、一般过去时 (+|X<Bl:`  
1)构成:动词过去式 q5Fs)B  
2)基本用法 C>.e+V+':  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: z< z*Wz  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 !X^Hi=aV  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: ac9qj  
He died five years ago. kr%2w  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. =WC-Sj{I  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he _w 5RK(  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. n5|l|#c$N  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. WzjL-a(  
3 、一般将来时 Mtm/}I  
1)构成 oBr.S_Qe  
will +动词原形 OA[&Za#w  
2)基本用法 F*M|<E=  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 r!7Y'|  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. ] /+D^6  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 ^(ScgoXva  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 \i!Son.<  
明即将发生的事。例如: vv6?V#{  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. 'n0 .#E_  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 3\AM=`  
可能性。例如: bLqy!QE  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. R[LsE^  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 . V$ps-t  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: ZsZcQj6G,  
We're leaving on Friday. X eoJ$PfT  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. z% 1{  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: ,m^;& &  
He is about to retire. e*C6uz9N  
4 、现在进行时 ,LZX@'5  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 ;Wc4qJ.@  
2)基本用法 EVt? C+  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: F2 ~%zNe  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. aE|OTm+@9;  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. /\Z J   
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 MgJ36zM  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: RKZ6}q1n  
He is constantly complaining about his job. 15{Y9!  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. B[5r|d'  
5 、现在完成时 a l&(-#1  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 2Y!S_Hw8  
2)基本用法 kJQ#Wz|z]  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 ^Q+i=y{W  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since J#2!ZQE 3  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: :-`7Q\c}  
We’ve just back. oslJC$cy'  
We have studied English for more than ten years. }/P5>F<H[  
He has lived here since 1995. ]aryV?! 6  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. ~z5R{;Nbz|  
Have you booked your hotel yet 2[fN\e{  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 &w 8)* T  
(1)过去与现在的关系 ^!8P<y  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 '3IC*o"  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 #-% A[7Cdp  
造成的影响。 k>jbcSY(z<  
(2)时间状语不同 )6KMHG  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, gb=/#G0R  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till ] b9-k   
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: `1OgYs  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) Nc Pgq?3p  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 "1`Oh<={b  
开着的。) 0 [?ny`Y  
6 、过去进行时 7pA /   
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 hI?sOR!  
2)基本用法 sVk$x:k1M  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如:  Uo12gIX  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. {j5e9pg1L|  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. v :Tzv^  
7 、过去完成时 vx_o(wof  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 zA+~7;7E  
2)基本用法 W>VP'vn}  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 =[\s8XH,  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: r:&` $8$  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning ay "'#[  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. ]?x: Qm'yo  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. jdE5~a+  
8 、过去将来时 bY }eUL2i4  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 [.RO'>2z  
2)基本用法 t#%R q  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 [aI ]y =v  
时的宾语从句中。例如: X#3et'  
He said he would stop smoking next month. FOq1>>a0  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. 9j W2  
9 、将来完成时 iyj+:t/  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 "qc 6=:y}  
2)基本用法 vad12WrG<  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: 8 k3S  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. K'K2X-E  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. J|'7_0OAx  
10 、现在完成进行时 kP/M< X"  
1)构成 JQ4{` =,b  
2)基本用法 3 %.#}O,(  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 b~nAPY6  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 /-#I_>:8'  
状语连用。例如: LM&y@"wfm  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. @6l%,N<fou  
He has been studying English for years. wywQ<n  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. 71vkyn@"  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 2tal  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: `7 /Y@}n  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) uYE`"/h,1e  
They have built a ship.(已完成) S[7WW$lF  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) Ok n(pJ0  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! Ur*6Gi6  
(表达不满情绪) l x,"EOP  
II. 动词的语态 J!:SPQ  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 #> j.$2G>  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: +[5.WC7J  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 F'hHK.tT  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called y#XbJuN/  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called ;A#`]-i C  
将来 shall/will be Ot]Ru,y->+  
called 1UKg=A-q  
------ shall/will have been called /% kY0 LY  
应注意的事项: +|tC'gCnV  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 _Gu- uuy  
He was beat severely by the gunman. Uh][@35 p  
The cup was broken by Tom. _cu:aktf2  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 "_`F\DGAZu  
或副词。例如: wQRZ"ri,  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away.  |jM4E$  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. x:nKfY5  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 L(U"U# QZ  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: /Ml.}7&  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) !%c'$f/  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) {#{DH?=^)u  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) X$yN_7|+  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 e6!LSx}y  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: yV"ZRrjO'Z  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. ;INW`b~  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. f aLtdQi  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: 0@EwM  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: z(H^..<!5  
She got her purse stolen. ^.>jG I%rB  
I must get my hair cut. &-mX ,   
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 Pcw6!xH  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: wR^R M(1  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. L@gWzC~?Q  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. w08?DD]CDt  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, 4 M(-xl?  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: ZfB " E  
The book sells very well. E>}4$q[r  
The parachute opens easily. A7n\h-b  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: rs~wv('  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; zF`c8Tsx])  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 m o:D9  
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