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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 52MCUl  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 -[=AlqL  
2)基本用法 c7g.|R  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 tC?A so  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , I#S~  
seldom等。例如: we\b]  
The sun rises in the east. ci ,o8 [Y  
He usually goes to work by bus. l|vW eBs  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. i|c`M/) h:  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 K/ wiL 69  
如: V5yxQb  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. oDW<e'Jm  
The project starts early this year. 68p\WheCal  
There is a conference tonight. xxLgC;>[  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: Nxbd~^j  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. a(}VA|l  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. mEB2RLCM  
2 、一般过去时 mmrW`~-  
1)构成:动词过去式 Sv7>IVC?@  
2)基本用法 `z-H]fU  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: BrNG%%n  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 h/ LR+XX!  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: t+=12{9;f  
He died five years ago. -5V)q.Og  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. H _Zo@y~J  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he di3 B=A>3  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. 9N~8s6Ob  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. O+G~Qp0b>  
3 、一般将来时 6keP':bt  
1)构成 v p\PYg;x  
will +动词原形 ?ID* /u|X  
2)基本用法 nB cp7 e  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 $ZQl IJZ  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. ./"mn3U  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 TK; \_yN  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 gCv"9j<j  
明即将发生的事。例如: gB(9vhj $  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. y#b;uDY  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 3C277nx  
可能性。例如: uz*d^gr}  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. f!5F]qP>-  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 yB-.sGu  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: sW;7m[o  
We're leaving on Friday. >j&1?M2C  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. 9aTL22U?  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: fph-v-cl  
He is about to retire. y7CWBTH0>  
4 、现在进行时 iPMB$SdfO  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 hZ!oRWIU%G  
2)基本用法 M[A-1]'  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: [!^cd%l  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. 6H0W`S0a  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. >OT \~C  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 j2M4H@  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: \ 0D$Mie  
He is constantly complaining about his job. ?p(kh^z  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. i#k-)N _$  
5 、现在完成时 Ru:n~77{  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 :#WEx_]  
2)基本用法 $)Wb#B  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 TfL4_IAG.  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since Y=9j2 ]t  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: ^b=XV&{q  
We’ve just back. C(s\LI!r  
We have studied English for more than ten years. SWT:frki`  
He has lived here since 1995. h77IWo6%  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. uMHRUi  
Have you booked your hotel yet JPLI @zX^  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 c -w0  
(1)过去与现在的关系 IdF$Ml#[h  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 [g+y_@9s  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 IQIbz{bMx  
造成的影响。 wk@yTTnb  
(2)时间状语不同 XoJgs$3B  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, vb %T7  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till ~6 kJ~R4  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: W<Z$YWr  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) E3f9<hm   
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 "c ,!vc4  
开着的。) =5Wp&SM6  
6 、过去进行时 9Eg&CZ,9$D  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 6|^0_6_  
2)基本用法 n$YE !D'  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: gfm;xT/y  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. LE K/mCL  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. (f~gEKcB2u  
7 、过去完成时 d&u 7]<yDA  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 's.~$  
2)基本用法 sPy2/7Wqd  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 Y\p $SN  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如:  ,1 P[  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning l4 "\) ];  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. .=XD)>$  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. %$TEDr!  
8 、过去将来时 'gDe3@ci!  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 c#QF G1  
2)基本用法 e\9g->DUs  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 ^=0 $  
时的宾语从句中。例如: !)c=1EX]"  
He said he would stop smoking next month. nJT4w|Yx  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. HabzCH  
9 、将来完成时 M3(k'q7&:  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 >zmzK{A=  
2)基本用法 sx5r(0Z  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: 0^#DNq*NQ  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. 7tgFDLA  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. TnA?u (R%  
10 、现在完成进行时 =Ndli>x}1  
1)构成 `f)(Y1%.  
2)基本用法 b/<mRQ{  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 tg85:  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 wqy ^8N[K]  
状语连用。例如: 73 V"s  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. 3.vgu kkk5  
He has been studying English for years. A-wRah.M  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. PAZ$_eSK6  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 kdcQw7G  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: U<Jt50O  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) r,xmEj0E  
They have built a ship.(已完成) W x]d $_  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) ]V<-J   
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! 'RTtE  
(表达不满情绪) 3t(c_:[%  
II. 动词的语态 sLns3&n2  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 zn)yFnB!TH  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: Fr5 Xp  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 ue0s&WF|  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called - k`.j  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called G!Zy l^  
将来 shall/will be \##5O7/1  
called Acu@[ I^  
------ shall/will have been called ddDS=OfH  
应注意的事项: NK/4OAt%  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 C;qMw-*F  
He was beat severely by the gunman. !LIlt`ag9  
The cup was broken by Tom. 7SS07$B  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 N 8t=@~]  
或副词。例如: CAgaEJhX3  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. #Ufo)\x  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. =~| :t&v=c  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 J(iV0LAZb  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: `|Fp^gM  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) kGHC]Fb)  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) v?j!&d>  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) < qeCso  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 n?QZFeI`  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: i_l+:/+G+  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. r<yhI>>;<  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. K=\&+at1  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: }5n  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: c`kQ vXx  
She got her purse stolen. REA;x-u*  
I must get my hair cut. eOY^$#Y  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 $>w/Cy  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: 5*G%IR@@LK  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. "H+,E_&(  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. |NMO__l@  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, KIus/S5 RC  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: EzT`,#b  
The book sells very well. >"d?(@PJ  
The parachute opens easily. 7%d8D>uw8  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: 2wlKBSON  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; V|FrN*m  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 nWaNT-  
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