(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 bA@
/B'
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 `fBG~NDw
2)基本用法 mje<d"bW
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 @br@[RpB
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , {&2$[g=[ ^
seldom等。例如: RAIVdQ}.Z
The sun rises in the east. D
JLi ZS
He usually goes to work by bus. 9=t#5J#O
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. 3iE-6udCS
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 9z5\*b s
如: !p}`kG
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. W8
w3~
The project starts early this year. XB0a dp
There is a conference tonight. PX;Vo~6
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: U'tE^W
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. CzYGq
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. N>+ P WE$
2 、一般过去时 (+|X<Bl:`
1)构成:动词过去式 q5Fs )B
2)基本用法 C>.e+V+':
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: z< z*Wz
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 !X^Hi=aV
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: ac9qj
He died five years ago. kr%2 w
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. =WC-Sj{I
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he _w 5RK(
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. n5|l|#c$N
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. WzjL-a(
3 、一般将来时
Mtm/}I
1)构成 oBr.S_Qe
will +动词原形 OA[&Za#w
2)基本用法 F*M|<E=
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 r!7 Y'|
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. ] /+D^6
3)表示将来时的其他形式 ^(ScgoXva
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 \i!Son.<
明即将发生的事。例如: vv6?V#{
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. 'n0 .#E_
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 3\AM=`
可能性。例如:
bLqy!QE
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. R[LsE^
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 . V$ps-t
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: ZsZcQj6G,
We're leaving on Friday. X eoJ$PfT
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. z%1{
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: ,m^;&
&
He is about to retire. e*C6uz9N
4 、现在进行时 ,LZX@'5
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 ;Wc4qJ.@
2)基本用法 EVt?C+
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: F2 ~%zNe
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. aE|OTm+@9;
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. /\Z J
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 MgJ36zM
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: RKZ6}q1n
He is constantly complaining about his job. 15{Y9!
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. B[5r|d'
5 、现在完成时 a
l&(-#1
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 2Y!S_Hw8
2)基本用法 kJQ#Wz|z]
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 ^Q+i=y{W
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since J#2!ZQE
3
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: :-`7Q\c }
We’ve just back. os lJC$cy'
We have studied English for more than ten years. }/P5>F<H[
He has lived here since 1995. ]aryV?!
6
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. ~z5R{;Nbz|
Have you booked your hotel yet 2[fN\e{
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 &w8)* T
(1)过去与现在的关系 ^! 8P<y
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 '3IC*o"
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 #-% A[7Cdp
造成的影响。 k>jbcSY(z<
(2)时间状语不同 )6KMHG
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, gb=/#G0R
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till ] b9-k
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: `1OgYs
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) NcPgq?3p
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 "1`Oh<={b
开着的。) 0[?ny`Y
6 、过去进行时 7pA/
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 hI?sOR!
2)基本用法 sVk$x:k1M
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: Uo12gIX
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. {j5e9pg1L|
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. v
:Tzv^
7 、过去完成时 vx_o(wof
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 zA+~7;7E
2)基本用法 W>VP'vn}
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 =[\s8XH,
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: r:&`$8$
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning ay "'#[
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. ]?x:
Qm'yo
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage.
jdE5~a+
8 、过去将来时 bY
}eUL2i4
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 [.RO'>2z
2)基本用法
t#%R
q
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 [aI
]y=v
时的宾语从句中。例如: X#3et'
He said he would stop smoking next month. FO q1>>a0
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. 9j W2
9 、将来完成时 iyj+:t/
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 "qc
6=:y}
2)基本用法 vad12WrG<
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: 8
k3S
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. K'K2X-E
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. J|'7_0OAx
10 、现在完成进行时 kP/M<X"
1)构成 JQ4{` =,b
2)基本用法 3%.#}O,(
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 b~nAPY6
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 /-#I_>:8'
状语连用。例如: LM&y@"wfm
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. @6l%,N<fou
He has been studying English for years. wywQ<n
He has been playing computer games since early morning. 71vkyn@"
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 2tal
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: `7
/Y@}n
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) uYE`"/h,1e
They have built a ship.(已完成) S[7WW$lF
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) Ok n(pJ0
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! Ur*6Gi6
(表达不满情绪) l x,"EOP
II. 动词的语态 J!:SPQ
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 #>j.$2G>
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: +[5.WC7J
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 F'hHK.tT
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called y#XbJuN/
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called ;A#`]-i C
将来 shall/will be Ot]Ru,y->+
called 1UKg=A-q
------ shall/will have been called /% kY0 LY
应注意的事项: +|tC'gCnV
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 _Gu-
uuy
He was beat severely by the gunman. Uh][@35 p
The cup was broken by Tom. _cu:aktf2
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 "_`F\DGAZu
或副词。例如: wQRZ"ri,
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. |jM4E$
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. x:nKfY5
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 L(U"U#
QZ
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: /Ml.}7&
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) !%c'$f/
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) {#{DH?=^)u
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) X$yN_7|+
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 e6!LS x}y
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: yV"ZRrjO'Z
We were made to work twelve hours a day. ;INW`b~
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. f aLtdQi
5) 表示被动的其他形式: 0@EwM
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: z(H^..<!5
She got her purse stolen. ^.>jGI%rB
I must get my hair cut. &-mX ,
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 Pcw6!xH
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: wR^ RM(1
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. L@gWzC~?Q
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. w08?DD]CDt
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, 4 M(-xl?
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: ZfB"
E
The book sells very well. E>}4$q[r
The parachute opens easily. A7n\h-b
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: rs~wv('
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; zF`c8Tsx])
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 m o:D9