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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 #(4hX6?5AI  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 @V u[Tg}J  
2)基本用法 @"2-tn@q_  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 Q :|E  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , `Yve  
seldom等。例如: ' ]Y:gmM"  
The sun rises in the east. KJSy7F  
He usually goes to work by bus. .{>-.&  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. _RVXE  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 mL+ps x+  
如: @@&;gWr;  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. q[g^[~WM#  
The project starts early this year. >8- `  
There is a conference tonight. h2K  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: JH9CN  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. Hu.d^@V  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. pTd@i1%Nr  
2 、一般过去时 $>Do&TU   
1)构成:动词过去式 s3S73fNOk  
2)基本用法 u]-$]zIH  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: l-rI|0D#  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 6A<aelE*i  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: >~k Y{_  
He died five years ago. {fs(+ 0ei  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. IFe[3mB5  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he eS M!_2  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. -g9f3Be  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. 1l{n`gR  
3 、一般将来时 Zf! 7pM  
1)构成 Y|bGd_j  
will +动词原形 l!2.)F`x  
2)基本用法 B Xp3u|t  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 =W?c1EPLCx  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. 7Uh}|6PU  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 qW9|&GuZ$  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 dpS  
明即将发生的事。例如: 1 RL SeT  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. t+ @F"[j  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 $J+$ 8pA  
可能性。例如: ?k-IS5G  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. ?hO*~w;UU|  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 Nz8iU@!a  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: 6%>0g^`)9Y  
We're leaving on Friday. B dSTB"  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. W cnYD)  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: gS!M7xy  
He is about to retire. QP'* )gjO7  
4 、现在进行时 i e)Qsw@  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 V6c?aZ,O  
2)基本用法 q /#O :Q  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: ( %bfNs|  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. 0kDT:3  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. >Kx l+F  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 7Sokn?~i  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: &]5<^?3  
He is constantly complaining about his job. u%2u%-w  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. g wk\[I`;  
5 、现在完成时 g pPktp2  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 "l!"gc87  
2)基本用法 ;@sxE}`?g  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 lps  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since 9F3`hJZRy>  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: sQR;!-j  
We’ve just back. 2)G ZU  
We have studied English for more than ten years. Z:'2pu U+?  
He has lived here since 1995. i+2J\.~U#G  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. b*,R9  
Have you booked your hotel yet i;)88  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 \HRQSfGt  
(1)过去与现在的关系 f}*Xz.[bCp  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 %e _WO,R  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 KExfa4W 3{  
造成的影响。 l*h6 JgU  
(2)时间状语不同 ]t<%v_K  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, cZ5[A  T  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till A=BpB}b  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: 3n X7$$X  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) )M1.>?b  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 k/Cr ^J"  
开着的。) !zD| @sX{  
6 、过去进行时 XxV]U{i!  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 >GqIpfn  
2)基本用法 LM0 TSB?  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: iTD{  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. N$pO] p  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. )5&Wt@7Kj`  
7 、过去完成时 <;M6s~  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 6Ba>l$/q  
2)基本用法 L{aT"Of{X  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 3&_(D)+  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: A9F Z`  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning ]kc]YO7i%R  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. hX_;gR &R  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. &AA u:  
8 、过去将来时 Ro?yCy:L'  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 g`\Vy4w  
2)基本用法 yv,90+k  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 PL wa!j  
时的宾语从句中。例如: dDAdZxd  
He said he would stop smoking next month. :x= ZvAvo  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. .3oFSc`q  
9 、将来完成时 CfA F.H  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 *9*6n\~aI  
2)基本用法 6$2)m;| XY  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: Onby=Y o6  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. P6;L\9=H<  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. @~/LsYA:  
10 、现在完成进行时 QZ%_hvY[%>  
1)构成 dEns|r  
2)基本用法 a!4'}gHR  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 *T*MLD]Q  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 g7# _a6  
状语连用。例如: $:F]O$A  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. GiI2nHZc  
He has been studying English for years. :8Mp SvCV  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. MhHygZT[}  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 : !J!l u  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: "?n~ /9`  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) B u*ge~  
They have built a ship.(已完成) 8x[q[  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) ^=FtF9v  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! E.4`aJ@>d  
(表达不满情绪) XEY((VL0  
II. 动词的语态 Mryi6XT  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 67')nEQ9  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: =A GsW  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 x}].lTjD  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called YjoN: z`b  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called 0=yKE J  
将来 shall/will be ,d@.@a] `  
called @ 4j#X  
------ shall/will have been called I( G8cK  
应注意的事项: bxK1v 7  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 cdf8YN0!  
He was beat severely by the gunman. r[JgCj+$&  
The cup was broken by Tom. l%rwJLN1  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 X+ h|sy  
或副词。例如: $@7S+'Q3  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. hd8:|_  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. |*e >hk  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 {xMY2I++  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: m+s^K{k}  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) )CSb\  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) K9;pX2^z9  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) .3t[M0sd  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 0Zs}y\J`  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: x{6/di  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. rH8w||S2U  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. (sq4  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: 3;u*_ ]N_  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: ;%"UZ~]f  
She got her purse stolen. 1t WKH  
I must get my hair cut. /0uZ(F|>I  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 `Jq ?+W  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: O\,n;oj  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. Vp  .($  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. YYzj:'  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, h1^q};3!W\  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: jV;&*4if  
The book sells very well. I!%T!B540  
The parachute opens easily. hyH"  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: #(mm6dj  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; D0Oh,Fe#M\  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 x JQde 4  
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