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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 'fIoN%  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 ~stJO])a  
2)基本用法 u9zEhfg8  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 ~Bi>T15e  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , DQ*T2*L  
seldom等。例如: psFY=^69o  
The sun rises in the east. ~EL3I  
He usually goes to work by bus. rijavZS6  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. !jTtMx  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 qC x|}5:  
如: 6|G&d>G$_  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. yCvP-?2  
The project starts early this year. -Is;cbfLj/  
There is a conference tonight. L}a-c(G+8  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: }NJKkj?  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. QJ,[K _  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. %;eD.If}  
2 、一般过去时 9$?Sts}6&  
1)构成:动词过去式 i$5<>\g  
2)基本用法 "P 9(k>  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: T!7B0_  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 gHo sPY[  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: 5MCnGg@  
He died five years ago. dfP4SJqq  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. 0,/I2!dF?  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he |z7V1xF  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. B[,AR"#b  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. _70Z1_ ;  
3 、一般将来时 g\% Z+Dc  
1)构成 E|vXM"zFl  
will +动词原形 GEK7q<  
2)基本用法 @y'0_Y0-B  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 apOa E7|  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. iInWw"VbKe  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 4{@{VsXN  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 ;1HzY\d%<  
明即将发生的事。例如: |h?2~D!+d  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. Vu,e ]@  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 P)l_ :;&  
可能性。例如: =C2KHNc  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. `a%MD>R_Lg  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 >J5C.hx  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: Rf OJUz  
We're leaving on Friday. 1<Sg @  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. aeISb83Y|  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: PY;tu#W!%  
He is about to retire. #R>x]Nt}  
4 、现在进行时 jsQHg2Vd  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 @c-  
2)基本用法 V2!0),]B  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: xeL"FzF:V  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. f4 qVUU  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. ?G5,}%  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 9b&|'BBW  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: xbBqR _ H_  
He is constantly complaining about his job. fZezDm(Q  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. qVKdc*R-  
5 、现在完成时 CxTmW5l  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 fd4C8>*7G  
2)基本用法 zGFD71=#  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 ~N/r;omVc  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since CVW T >M<  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: Jup)A`64  
We’ve just back. v,S5C  
We have studied English for more than ten years. p_h/hTi  
He has lived here since 1995. v!8=B21  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. ]bJz-6u#:  
Have you booked your hotel yet ~PI 2G 9  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 iCPm7AU  
(1)过去与现在的关系 }! EVf  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 R(d<PlZ  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 >!t3~q1Cn  
造成的影响。 -;7 xUNQ  
(2)时间状语不同  SvT0%2  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, q1T)H2S  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till {5~h   
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: &t^*0/~  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) UDh \%?j  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 orFwy!  
开着的。) -K'UXoU1  
6 、过去进行时 [UA*We 1  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 Jy)=TJ!y  
2)基本用法 hSm?Z!+  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: hzsQK _;S  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. )Ka-vX)D@  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. DK74s  
7 、过去完成时 x/DV>Nfn  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 9\4x<*  
2)基本用法 I=kqkuW  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 Dd r.6`VJ  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: )#m{"rk[x,  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning _ L HbP=B  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. <=NnrZOF  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. FBXktSg  
8 、过去将来时 AkQ(V  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 @D;K&:~|N  
2)基本用法 z\m$>C|  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 v6 U!(x  
时的宾语从句中。例如: 6CyByj&  
He said he would stop smoking next month. ';3>rv_  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. A;;#]]48  
9 、将来完成时 zDdo RK@  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 d~aTjf  
2)基本用法 hl:Ba2_E +  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: dHY@V> D'-  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. QZVyU8j3  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. ]Ozz"4Z  
10 、现在完成进行时 XZOBK^,5^B  
1)构成 t\/H.Hb  
2)基本用法 e8`d<U  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 WfO EI1  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 96\FJHt Z  
状语连用。例如: |B (,53  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. DNmC   
He has been studying English for years. q?j7bp ]  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. wf  ]Wm  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 W>' DQB  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: cUug}/!I  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) iYLg[J"  
They have built a ship.(已完成) ;ab[YMkH  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) OkRb3}  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! EZWWv L  
(表达不满情绪) J)g +I  
II. 动词的语态 e[fld,s  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 %;wD B2k*  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: /*g0M2+OZo  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 #IppjaPl8  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called .\`M oH  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called v1$}[&/  
将来 shall/will be lGet)/w;c  
called E7$ aT^  
------ shall/will have been called \ $TM=Ykj  
应注意的事项: vm xS^_I  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 l )r^|9{  
He was beat severely by the gunman. m!INbIh  
The cup was broken by Tom. yodhDSO5i  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 M\ wCZG  
或副词。例如: JiqhCt\  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. DFwiBB6  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. uGC%3!f!  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 3 JlM{N6+  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: Cf 202pF3y  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态)  de8xl  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) 2U R1T~r  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) G~zfPBN0D  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 2(Xu?W 7d  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: akj#.aYk  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. R<3 -!p1v  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. "MPS&OK  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: 8&hxU@T~  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: 4Qi-zNNB  
She got her purse stolen. 6XAofN/5f  
I must get my hair cut. &G-dxET]  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 ^c}kVQ\g3  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: [pt U}  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. X~*/ ~f  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. iYW<qgz  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, 1k%HGQM{  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: y2B'0l  
The book sells very well. A/Sj>Y1j  
The parachute opens easily. 1Fsa}UK  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: '^Q$:P{G?  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; z  +c8G  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 +wEsfYW  
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