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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 r31)Ed$  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 aM!%EaT  
2)基本用法 xjH({(/B>a  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 GB8>R  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , G' 0JK+=o  
seldom等。例如: 6`V~cVu  
The sun rises in the east. QUK v :;  
He usually goes to work by bus. 9six]T  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. vTq [Xe"  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 UJ7{FN=@t  
如: M&J$9X  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. ?G<.W[3  
The project starts early this year. 7QM1E(cMg  
There is a conference tonight. \kEC|O)8  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: "/0Vvy_|  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. M+GtUE~"  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. ,KFF[z  
2 、一般过去时 g66x;2Q  
1)构成:动词过去式 /j"aOLL|  
2)基本用法 V(P 1{g  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: !eA6Ejf  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由  4 `]  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: b:(t22m#?  
He died five years ago. NN] 8T  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. L17{W4  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he [Y-3C47  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. St;@ZV  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. +6Ye'IOG  
3 、一般将来时 $ 9 k5a  
1)构成 +@qIDUiF3  
will +动词原形 j5MUP&/g3  
2)基本用法 .tA=5 QY,  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 H?wf%0  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. 3T~DeqAyw  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 _3zJ.%  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 >oL| nwn  
明即将发生的事。例如: 5`Y>!| Ab  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. (kL(:P/  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 P#-p* 4  
可能性。例如: l`r O)7  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. a^7QHYJ6  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 ?$.x%G+  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: .$a|&P=S  
We're leaving on Friday. ?\_vqW  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. hq?F8 1  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: 3u/ GrsF  
He is about to retire. aEn*vun  
4 、现在进行时 :;KQ]<  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 ta0;:o?/d  
2)基本用法 V(;c#%I2  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: CPcB17!  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. K6s tkDhb  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. =\)76xC20  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 &"DD&87N%  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: 4@=[r Zb9  
He is constantly complaining about his job. S^{tRPF%d  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. 6W9lKD_i  
5 、现在完成时 {v*X}`.h  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 F`CDv5  
2)基本用法 X0]Se(  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 f('##pND@  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since  q+ka}@  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: S e|h]+G  
We’ve just back. #>2cfZ`6'J  
We have studied English for more than ten years. [a7S?%>Bh  
He has lived here since 1995. 1w#vy1m J  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. ekd;sEO  
Have you booked your hotel yet |nY+Nen7  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 #J~xKyJi'  
(1)过去与现在的关系 rEoOv  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 3v3`d+;&  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 YGhHIziI  
造成的影响。 c3*9{Il^  
(2)时间状语不同 -^t&U] g  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, 0>:`|IGnT2  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till 4F+G;'JV  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: m}+_z^@j9  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) hA+;eXy/  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 r@ba1*y0  
开着的。) |sBL(9  
6 、过去进行时 @'"7[k!y;  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 :AyZe7:(D  
2)基本用法 4Yd$RP  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: ._<gc;G  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. i8.OM*[f  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. _#w5hX cu  
7 、过去完成时 0p=  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 [yVcH3GcjI  
2)基本用法 U!T#'H5'-  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 kp*BAQ  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: #Q%0y^s  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning M B,Z4 ^  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. ,62BZyT,T,  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage.  3,Bm"'b6  
8 、过去将来时 v[>8<z8  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 6H:EBj54?  
2)基本用法 XNkQ0 o0  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 L'a>D  
时的宾语从句中。例如: cQh=Mri]  
He said he would stop smoking next month. bc\?y2 3  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. s4>xh=PoJ  
9 、将来完成时 0WAOA6 _x  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 G_?qY#"(  
2)基本用法 jce2lXMm  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: *1_A$14 l  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. m`8tHHF  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. DJHE6XJ   
10 、现在完成进行时 U &y?3  
1)构成 ; J8 25CE  
2)基本用法 jI807g+  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 z#sSLE.$Z  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 SL>0_  
状语连用。例如: %:[Y/K-   
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. n\H.NL)  
He has been studying English for years. :@+@vM;gh  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. WK6|e [iP  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 JU0|pstf  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: Le}-F{~`^  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) R8R,!3 N  
They have built a ship.(已完成) \+sP<'~M  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) I?i,21:5  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours!   |HB  
(表达不满情绪) n7K\\|X  
II. 动词的语态 \~'+TW  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 V .VV:`S  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: 4f> s2I&pQ  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 `1"Xj ^ YM  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called $WK~|+"{>  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called }z8HS< #Q  
将来 shall/will be 0CRk&_ht  
called Smlf9h &  
------ shall/will have been called QAh6!<.;@  
应注意的事项: FrryZe=  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 . 'rC'FT  
He was beat severely by the gunman. O<?z\yBtS^  
The cup was broken by Tom. seo.1.Da2  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 S^4T#/  
或副词。例如: YE\s<$  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. IQ"9#{o  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. -Lbi eS%  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 #y&O5    
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: CERT`W%o  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) OwM.N+ z#T  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) c$HZvv  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) coQ>CbHg  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 sAz]8(Fi0  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: Lk~aM bw#  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. J<'I.KZ\z  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. / !*+9+h  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: <..|:0Q&~  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: # U j~F  
She got her purse stolen. <>FpvdB  
I must get my hair cut. P@z,[,sy"$  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 c _v;"QZ  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: 4D-4BxN*  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. ]FLi^}ct  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. .\X;VWTI  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, :"oQ _bLT  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: (;@\gRL  
The book sells very well. 8XU m.nV  
The parachute opens easily. d]*a:>58  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: Y@Zv52,  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; |#. J  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 ?{ 0MF  
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