(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 \+:`nz3m
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 3ug~m-_
2)基本用法 r,Msg&rT
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 *e:2iM)8~
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , b;NV vc(
seldom等。例如: mP?}h
The sun rises in the east. EYi{~
He usually goes to work by bus. 'ITZz n*
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. ?~cO\(TY["
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 15%6;K?b
如: ==trl#kQ%%
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. /+WC6&
The project starts early this year. 2X(2O':Uc
There is a conference tonight. LxiN9
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: $-<yX<.
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. fd62m]X
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. 3_T'0x\FP
2 、一般过去时 UF@.
1)构成:动词过去式 P]L%$!g
2)基本用法 K9K.mGYc
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: G/w@2lYx
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 S(rnVsW%Ki
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: 0rif,{"
He died five years ago. 7
Rc/<,X
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. tA9Ew{3s
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he u!fZ>kS
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. VRHS 4
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. Svs&?B\}{6
3 、一般将来时 #;m^DX QZn
1)构成 YYvX@f
will +动词原形 2Ns<lh
2)基本用法 TBHd)BhI.
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 =Hj3o_g-
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. t=[/
L]!
3)表示将来时的其他形式 P)ne^_
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 5Iv"
明即将发生的事。例如: *6v5JH&K
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. i_I`
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 `"$9L[>
可能性。例如: h@s i)5"
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. 9s*UJIL
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 Zh?n;n}
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: 0BOL0<Wq
We're leaving on Friday. 3V]psZS
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. *Ym+xu_5
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: 2%]#rZ
He is about to retire. 7[}WvfN8#
4 、现在进行时 MOIVt) ZY
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 Q2!RFtXV
2)基本用法 9|9/8a6A
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: s1T}hp
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. Ej`G(
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. z}p*";)A
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 D6EqJ
,~
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: M/}i7oS]
He is constantly complaining about his job. sWgzHj(c
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. iyMoLZ5
5 、现在完成时 ?j}
Fxr
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 'EkjySZ]F{
2)基本用法 \(1WLP$2U
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 `P;uPQDzZ3
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since P;e@<O
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: "6iq_!#L
We’ve just back. [g:KFbEY
We have studied English for more than ten years. Zor Q2>
He has lived here since 1995. _Tma1~Gq
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. [JVU
a2Sm
Have you booked your hotel yet W;
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注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 P Z+Rz1x
(1)过去与现在的关系 z%L\EP;o}
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 1${Cwb/F
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 ^g
n7DiIPH
造成的影响。 B_|jDH#RyJ
(2)时间状语不同 .cg"M0
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, LgoUD*MbQ
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till }G[Qm2k
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: {@`Z`h"N
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) ik|iAWy
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 [ncOtDE
开着的。) qi-!iT(fe
6 、过去进行时 9\W }p\c
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 <Q?X'.
2)基本用法 j`kw2
(
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: Ym"Nj
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. 9DP6g<>B
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. WD,iY_'7u^
7 、过去完成时 y%x2
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 r(QjVLjj`k
2)基本用法 wWR9dsB.;
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 l~V^
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: Lz'05j3!
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning h tn?iLq
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. a,sU-w!X'
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. ]Kb3'je
8 、过去将来时 2|n~5\K|t
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 LMmW3W`
2)基本用法 n-7|{1U
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 wZA(><\
时的宾语从句中。例如: '8 ~E
He said he would stop smoking next month. Z?^~f}+
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. Gdd lB2L)x
9 、将来完成时 wtDy-H n
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 |3?q L
2)基本用法 > T,^n
{_v
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: W^Jh'^E
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. Ih]'OaE
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. bt/u
^E
10 、现在完成进行时
tU02t#8
1)构成 {U&*8Q(/
2)基本用法 +IiL(\ew
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 S"iz
fQ@
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 rkdwGqG
状语连用。例如: p-H q\DP
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. $:R"IqDG
He has been studying English for years. 5fK#*(x
He has been playing computer games since early morning. M~Yho".
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 GVT+c@Gx
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: !A(*?0`
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) ^T
bw#x]2
They have built a ship.(已完成) =IH z@CU
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) -z]v"gF?Px
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! _q >>]{5
(表达不满情绪) Z[Gs/D
II. 动词的语态 _C3l2v'I$
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 Aen)r@Y:
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: A ^YHtJ
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 XOQj?Q7)U
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called _Y'+E
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called Jrp{e("9
将来 shall/will be EGYYSoBLU
called 9ZjSM,+
------ shall/will have been called k23*F0Dv
应注意的事项: .!T]sX_P
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 ", b}-B
He was beat severely by the gunman. &?\ h[3
The cup was broken by Tom. (J(JB}[X,
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 TY[{)aH{S
或副词。例如: trL:qD+{(
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. V3O<l}ak
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. g6:S"Em
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 (Hqy^EOZ
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: ydOJ^Yty
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) %jKbRiz1u
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) [!E pv<G
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) zCxr]md
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 F.i%o2P3
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: 5}FPqyK"
We were made to work twelve hours a day. .^BL7
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. u!TVvc
5) 表示被动的其他形式: Q C?*O?~#
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: Z)B5g>
She got her purse stolen. KTX;x2r
I must get my hair cut. cTf/B=yMi
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 M$j]VZ
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: <t[WHDO`
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. ~Y^
UP
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. ln}2
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, ,<]X0;~oB
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: 4#H~g
@
The book sells very well. rdd%"u+
The parachute opens easily. .0$$H"t
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: &y-(UOqbkP
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; !Oj].
WQ
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 D&KD5_Sw