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主题 : 2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法
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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 VY4yS*y  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 ?CPahU  
2)基本用法 n{mfn *r.  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 n/:33DAB  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , >|UOz&  
seldom等。例如: ^<2p~h0 \  
The sun rises in the east. A3/k@S-R2  
He usually goes to work by bus. YIYmiv5  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday.  r;N|)  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 [{,1=AB  
如: t%=tik2|7  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. }5"u[Z.  
The project starts early this year. k{-Cwo  
There is a conference tonight. 9\7en%(M  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: / j.9$H'y  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. gg2( 5FPP  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. sfl<qD+?  
2 、一般过去时 8Zd]wYO  
1)构成:动词过去式 oEpFuWp%A  
2)基本用法 }O p; g^W  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: Xsa].  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 Jln:`!#fDf  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: ^U/O !GK  
He died five years ago. $[ *w"iQ  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. ,eS)e+yzc2  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he 4CTi]E=H{  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. n+M<\  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. .T`%tJ-Em  
3 、一般将来时 ) )Za&S*<  
1)构成 }x ,S%M-  
will +动词原形 ;hq\  
2)基本用法 :k#HW6p  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 \{NO?%s0p  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. N2o7%gJw  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 .6J$,.Ig  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 N$tGQ@  
明即将发生的事。例如: -G=]=f/'  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. J[kTlHMD  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 B< C&xDRZ0  
可能性。例如: 2Khv>#l  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. s#GLJl\E_P  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 G+m }MOQP7  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: W%Fv p;\`  
We're leaving on Friday. !'O@2{?B  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. D m9sL!  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: v` r:=K  
He is about to retire. |l!aB(NW  
4 、现在进行时 D/' dTrR  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 Ea=P2:3*  
2)基本用法 *z2s$EZ  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: D&zle~" J  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. T]$U""  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. ?h2}#wg  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 WEpoBP CL  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: y+;|Fz  
He is constantly complaining about his job.  .wr>]yN  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. 0CvUc>Pj`"  
5 、现在完成时 o"SMbj  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 \j.:3X r  
2)基本用法 ?%kV?eu'  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 I 2DpRMy  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since $ulOp;~A%  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: <\FH fE  
We’ve just back. *$*ce|V5  
We have studied English for more than ten years. @|)Z"m7  
He has lived here since 1995. 5:U so{  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. bjS {(  
Have you booked your hotel yet h.fq,em+H  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 &~w}_Fjk  
(1)过去与现在的关系 P }uOJVQ_  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 kNL\m[W8$  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 _tXlF;  
造成的影响。 9g?(BI^z  
(2)时间状语不同 FGQzoS  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, ~v"L!=~G;a  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till fxIf|9Qi`  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: i 3SHg\~Z  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) 3yXY.>'  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 y)gKxRaCS  
开着的。) YgoBHE0#  
6 、过去进行时 5PnDN\  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 !Rt >xD  
2)基本用法 @ry_nKr9  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: AzxXB  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. pHJ3nHLQ  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. r>U@3%0&  
7 、过去完成时 &`XVq" 7  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 t<viX's  
2)基本用法 "FKOaQ%IH  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 uR r o?m<  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: UZsH9 o  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning \K!VNB>h  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. f`=-US  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. d{7 +w/Zi  
8 、过去将来时 3kMf!VL  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 qeZ? 7#Gf  
2)基本用法 <HVt V9R  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 :zF,A,)  
时的宾语从句中。例如: OH(waKq2I  
He said he would stop smoking next month. e;}7G  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. 5,6"&vU,  
9 、将来完成时 wx0j(:B]  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 o$l M$E:  
2)基本用法 ? '{SX9  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: VZmLS 4E  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. l&Q`wR5e  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. oEKvl3Hz_  
10 、现在完成进行时 $6iX   
1)构成 'F0e(He@,  
2)基本用法 Ao gVF  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 R3&Iu=g  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 iN8zo:&Z  
状语连用。例如: "8jf81V*  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. )g#T9tx2D  
He has been studying English for years. CxOob1@  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. :hk5 .[  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 }"%?et(  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: 9BBmw(M}  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) EF}\brD1  
They have built a ship.(已完成) vJc-6EO  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) {~"/Y@&]R  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! hwBfdZ  
(表达不满情绪) }DfshZ0QM  
II. 动词的语态 &LZn FR  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 Pz|> "'  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: Ed,~1GanY  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 pF:$  ko  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called l2rd9 -T  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called lC("y' ::  
将来 shall/will be OXSmt DvJ  
called m^f0V2M_  
------ shall/will have been called ukfQe }I  
应注意的事项: fg!__Rdi  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 [OV"}<V  
He was beat severely by the gunman. H*&f:mfq  
The cup was broken by Tom. )=Z>#iH1  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 ]&xk30  
或副词。例如: )oDHeU<&  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. eJVjuG  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. fk[-mZ  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 c~$)UND^  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: KL:j?.0  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) !M]uL&:  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) >#;.n(y  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) `d +Da=L  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 L9 \1+rq  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: 5C*Pd Wpl  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. P[#e/qnXu|  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. Ic:(Gi- %  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: WZejp}x  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如:  $s c  
She got her purse stolen. 3cyHfp x-W  
I must get my hair cut. A*R^n}sh  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 }wjw:M  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: vq0Tk bzs  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. UA0Bzoky;  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. qQ/^@3tXL  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, R)( T^V`{  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: =/+-<px  
The book sells very well. x0D*U?A  
The parachute opens easily. wY % }  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: !r8 `Yrn  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; e/&{v8Hmb  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 &|ex`nwc0  
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