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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 tbk9N( R  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 bm7$DKp#  
2)基本用法 %BHq2~J  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 G6Fg<g9:  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , ~d5{Q?T)  
seldom等。例如: wy&*6>.  
The sun rises in the east. y.oJzU[p%  
He usually goes to work by bus. hQ8{ A7  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. pcl _$2_  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 Hm^p^,}_x  
如: SI(8.$1  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. Rx<pV_|H,  
The project starts early this year. - jw=Iyv  
There is a conference tonight. jKQP0 t-  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: 5Q'R5]?h  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. =gqZ^v&5U  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. %`\{Nx k  
2 、一般过去时 M*{e e0\`r  
1)构成:动词过去式 J)[(4R>  
2)基本用法 \%VoX` B  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: MdfkC6P  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 gy[uq m_ T  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: 1wM p3  
He died five years ago. 0nd<6S+fs  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. `'QPe42  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he $7*Ml)H!9  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. Dx%fW`  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. _B[(/wY  
3 、一般将来时 3IxT2@H)  
1)构成 oAx0$]+%V)  
will +动词原形 1$W!<:uh  
2)基本用法 .PxM #;i2  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 M@3H]t?  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. EKf4f^<  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 Xz@>sY>Jc  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 ?~{xL"  
明即将发生的事。例如: Kna'5L5"  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. =EJ"edw]%0  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 zl[JnVF\6  
可能性。例如: L5W>in5(  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. one>vi`=  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 uwka 2aSS  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: \v_C7R;&  
We're leaving on Friday. [8w2U%}]  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. kes'q8k  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: aBnbu vp  
He is about to retire. pS \>X_G3  
4 、现在进行时 I'C ,'  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 Ln|${c  
2)基本用法 di 5_5_$`o  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: 'Ot[q^,KRG  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. EiUV?Gvz  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. Cs{f'I  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 !Xi>{nV  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: [ UJj*n  
He is constantly complaining about his job. g OM`I+CwT  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. B(LV22#  
5 、现在完成时 (T01hR&  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 mtHz 6+  
2)基本用法 HV.7IyBA^  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 f,>i%.  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since h :R)KM  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: h6i{5\7.  
We’ve just back. :F=nb+HZ  
We have studied English for more than ten years. P;&p[[7  
He has lived here since 1995. AtDrQ<>y'  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. H@' @xHv  
Have you booked your hotel yet ?y)X$D^  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 FOi`TZ8  
(1)过去与现在的关系 H~]o]uAi"  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 ,r;d{  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 /H@")je  
造成的影响。 {1|7N GQ  
(2)时间状语不同 %)Dd{|c  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, w tLM c  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till  LB7I`W  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: MPN=K|*  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) 6 JYOe  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 a&Du5(r;!  
开着的。) :-" jK w  
6 、过去进行时 y/hv H"f  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 ArzsZ<\//  
2)基本用法 "0zXpQi,B  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: .BDRD~kB  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. k+GnF00N^8  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. sNmC#,  
7 、过去完成时 ./y[<e  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 L$c%u  
2)基本用法 LE80`t>M#  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 x~Ly$A2p  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: ,h.Jfo54,  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning ,xe@G)a  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. (`.qG &6p  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. tSc>@Q_|  
8 、过去将来时 ^I~T$YjC '  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 AnE_<sPA  
2)基本用法 XA xI?y[c  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 JKi@Kw  
时的宾语从句中。例如: SO Q-D4q  
He said he would stop smoking next month. 2n;;Tso "  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. U2>dwn  
9 、将来完成时 r,@X>_}  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 1L=Qg4 H  
2)基本用法 '[yqi1 &  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: ecqz@*d&  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. #JR,C -w  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. VO;UV$$  
10 、现在完成进行时 $x_52 j\j  
1)构成 V_A,d8=lt  
2)基本用法 LXu"rfp  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 .Lr)~  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 )\D40,p  
状语连用。例如: P2Qyz}!wo  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. CX ]\Q-y  
He has been studying English for years. qzlMn)e  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. HMS9y%zl/  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 jle%|8m&@  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: 51ajE2+X&  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) FH`'1iVH  
They have built a ship.(已完成) X!#i@V  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) VmOFX:j!,  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! PZ!dn%4jy  
(表达不满情绪) bhqq  
II. 动词的语态 2htA7V*dD  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 4/`h@]8P  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: 4I#eC#"  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 >\?z37 :T  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called -wf RR>)d  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called l\=-+'Y  
将来 shall/will be )p!*c,  
called )pZekh]v  
------ shall/will have been called 7dlKdKH  
应注意的事项: "Ql}Y1  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 Tn@UX(^,  
He was beat severely by the gunman. DD@)z0W  
The cup was broken by Tom. _Vo)<--+I  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 I NPYJ#%  
或副词。例如: 4j=<p@  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. %l8*t$8  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. s,$Z ( "B  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 oTF^<I-C  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: t":W.q<  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) $c@w$2  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) wUK7um  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) tIGVB +g{F  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 H:q)^$s  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: J7'f@X~nM  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. e$Xq    
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. $Wr\ [P:  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: *t#s$Ga  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: ^s^ JzFw  
She got her purse stolen. 6%gB E  
I must get my hair cut. ;m@1Ec@* p  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 \Y!T>nWn)I  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: Dd!Sr8L[  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. . ]o3A8  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. c Ndw9?Z  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, V&Xi> X8  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: !;o\5x<'$O  
The book sells very well. uQGz;F x  
The parachute opens easily. La"o)L +m_  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: Xh.+pJl,*  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; U/T4i#  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 b!i`o%Vb  
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