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主题 : 2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法
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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 h&6v&%S/L  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 #7A_p8  
2)基本用法 P$=Y5   
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 7}<05 7Xn'  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , X4R+Frt8  
seldom等。例如: |VL(#U  
The sun rises in the east. ;9R;D,G k!  
He usually goes to work by bus. 4F+n`{~  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. Vuqm{bo^  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 I bd na9z7  
如: $3Ct@}=n  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. 3:h9cO/9  
The project starts early this year. $(6 .K -D  
There is a conference tonight. *SX'Or,  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: \&p MF  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. 8@|rB3J  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. R;_U BQ)  
2 、一般过去时 t1)b26;  
1)构成:动词过去式 q1Si*?2W  
2)基本用法 P/'~&*m-  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: n#G I& U  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 F-)lRGw  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: [9WtoA,kx  
He died five years ago. "bRg_]\q6  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. lMX 2O2 o  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he QJ`#&QRp  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. '|b {  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. ,x?H]a )  
3 、一般将来时 &rX..l  
1)构成 `MgR/@%hr  
will +动词原形 |#x;}_>7  
2)基本用法 X3DXEeBEL  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 @+ VvZc2Y  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. Tw{H+B"uVz  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 ~ySmN}3~'  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 8x jJ  
明即将发生的事。例如: N7%+n*Z  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. [IVT0 i  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 @.gT&Hq  
可能性。例如: n*^g^gp  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. >wjWX{&?  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 aC>r5b#:  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: Hw5\~!FX  
We're leaving on Friday. :b;2iB VB  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. hi >Ii2T  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: H*3f8A&@s  
He is about to retire. ^ 3LM %B  
4 、现在进行时 $Trkow%F]  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 C8cB Lsa[J  
2)基本用法 0/<}.Z]  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: 1 ,oC:N  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. U KF/v  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. /a6\G.C5  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 0\wMlV`F  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: bvn?wK   
He is constantly complaining about his job. a=gTGG"9  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. dY/=-ymW  
5 、现在完成时 uJMF\G=nb  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 kmM_Af&  
2)基本用法 &6,GX7]Fo  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 "*#$$e53A  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since ! 2"zz/N{  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: b]~X U  
We’ve just back. WDKj)f9cy  
We have studied English for more than ten years. KU3lAjzN  
He has lived here since 1995. P /wc9Yt  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. @fT*fv   
Have you booked your hotel yet b`E0tZcJ  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 'rHkJ  
(1)过去与现在的关系 q NU\XO`H  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 5bv(J  T  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 > zh%CF$  
造成的影响。 H]"Z_n_  
(2)时间状语不同 ;%]Q%7  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, [f.[C5f%"'  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till Hm`9M.5b  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: "f~S3?^!2  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) =bZ>>-<  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 '\l(.N  
开着的。) bU=!~W5  
6 、过去进行时 <y6M@(b  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 jIZQ/xp8_  
2)基本用法 +=| Q'V  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: vC$[Zm  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. _,NL;66=[  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. 8G1Tpn  
7 、过去完成时 #_QvnQ?I  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 z++*,2F  
2)基本用法 ;6L<Syl5  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 | 3!a=  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: C z4"[C`;  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning O%tlj@?  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. Up*p*(d3  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. iwJBhu0@#  
8 、过去将来时 "\vEi &C  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 IpoZ6DB$  
2)基本用法 <!Nj2>  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 ]3NH[&+  
时的宾语从句中。例如: K:V_,[gO  
He said he would stop smoking next month. =KmjCz:  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. /.aZXC$]  
9 、将来完成时 IW Lv$bPZ/  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 S@z$,}Yc`<  
2)基本用法 p;"pTGoW i  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: S M@l4GH  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. tUGnD<P  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. gJ+MoAM"  
10 、现在完成进行时 Fm`hFBKW  
1)构成 WT;=K0W6&  
2)基本用法 KCe =$  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 mF%>pj&b  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 zob^z@2  
状语连用。例如: %?<C ?.  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. ?#<Fxme  
He has been studying English for years. ES;7_ .q  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. fYuJf,I[f  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 8%_XJyg  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: 5H6m{ng  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) TF} <,aR  
They have built a ship.(已完成) (Vf&,b@U_  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) IU{~{(p"  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! _.' j'j%  
(表达不满情绪) )r~$N0\D  
II. 动词的语态 z[M LMf[c  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 U-QK   
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: "w*VyD  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 0F8y8s  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called @g }r*U?  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called c+f~>AaI  
将来 shall/will be 9.m_ 3"s  
called 'VS!<  
------ shall/will have been called lE78 Yl]  
应注意的事项: SpdQ<]  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 M9.jJf  
He was beat severely by the gunman. Y#{ L}  
The cup was broken by Tom. rZLTai}`>  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 b] DF7 U  
或副词。例如: ;2(8&.  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. n[|&nv6x  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. "^fcXV9Wp  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 R+Dx#Wn I  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: )'?3%$EM  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) 1.+0=M[h  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) -GLI$_lLF  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) (n;#Z,  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 dT4?8:  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: m Y*JNx  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. OBqaf )W  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. 1//d68*"  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: wHq*)7#h#  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: 2a'b}<|[(  
She got her purse stolen. 8ia P(*J  
I must get my hair cut. {U?/u93~  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 @W[`^jfQ  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: 62TWqQ!9d  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. pyhC%EZU  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. V]dzKNFi  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, 89e<,f`h  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: :c[iS~ ~Y  
The book sells very well. P&@ 2DI3m  
The parachute opens easily. @xIKYJyU  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: )65 o  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; P>n}\"z4  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 g\^7Q  
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