重庆医科大学考博英语０７样题

重庆医科大学2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生
英语试题（样题）
考试时间：3小时

Part I Vocabulary (10 points)
Section A (5 points)
Directions: In each item, chose one word that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word. Mark out your choice on the answer sheet with a single line through the center.
1. The public usually regards the theory of public opinion as controversial.
a. practical b. disputable c. reasonable d. soluble
2. The serious illness deprived him of his sight and the use of his leg.
a. robbed b. excluded c. disabled d. gripped
3. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mocking bird initiates a set of actions to protect its off-spring.
a. hastens b. triggers c. devises d. releases
4. The flowers on the table were a manifestation of the child’s love for his mother.
a. a demonstration b. a combination
c. a satisfaction d. an infestation
5. Handling preschoolers’ fears is often of understanding their fantasies.
a. behavior b. habit c. hobby d. imagination
6. The devastating earthquake last month caused hundreds of people homeless.
a. unguarded b. overwhelming c. destructive d. evil
7. On hearing of the case some time later, Conan Doyle was convinced that the man was not guilty, and immediately went to work to ascertain the truth.
a. explore b. obtain c. verify d. search
8. Fear of pirate raids caused the Spaniards to fortify their coastline.
a. arms b. invasions c. ships d. cruelty
9. The poor woman did not sleep all night and was completely worn out.
a. consumed b. exhausted c. ground d. smashed
10. Mountain life produces a strong, tough breed of men.
a. generation b. genius c. type d. gang

Section B (5 points)
Directions: In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark out your choice on the answer sheet with a single line through the center.
11. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can no longer be satisfactorily ________.
a. diminished b. alleviated c. replaced d. abolished
12. In principle, a person whose conduct was caused by mental disorder should not be liable to criminal ________.
a. identification b. punishment c. investigation d. commitment
13. Cut off by the storm, they were forced to ________ food for several days.
a. go in for b. go over c. go without d. go out
14. Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for ________ vitamins.
a. exceptional b. exceeding c. excess d. external
15. For some rare cases, the doctor does not base his diagnosis on the patient’s ________ only but also on the results of tests.
a. complaints b. reports c. statements d. symptoms
16. The Army and Navy of that country were reformed in ________ with western models after the Second World War.
a. consequence b. agreement c. accordance d. contact
17. Please come and help me with this form because I don’t know how to ________ it.
a. set about b. set aside c. set off d. set up
18. The salesman’s ________ annoyed the old lady, but finally she gave in.
a. endurance b. assistance c. resistance d. persistence
19. Does brain power ________ as we get older? Scientists now have some surprising answers.
a. collapse b. descend c. deduce d. decline
20. All experts agree that the most important consideration with diet drugs is carefully ________ the risks and benefits.
a. weighing b. valuing c. evaluating d. distinguishing

Part II Reading Comprehension(40 points)
Passage 1
Yellow Fever
Hopes for victory over the disease of yellow fever were raised still further when one of a team of Rockefeller doctors, studying yellow fever in Ghana, scored a major victory in the summer of 1927. Visiting a village where there was an outbreak, the doctor took blood from a goodlooking young African, Asibi by name, who had a mild touch of fever. The doctor now injected some of his blood into four animals including one monkey that had just arrived from India. Only the monkey went down with yellow fever. For the first time the virus of the disease had been passed into an animal other than man. Having animals that could be given the disease opened the way to new lines of experiments.
The Asibi virus was kept going from monkey to monkey. In this way they gradually developed a virus whose power to make people ill had been greatly lowered. But still it had enough strength to develop resistance in human beings. So from the blood of a West African a vaccine was finally developed that now protects millions of people from yellow fever.
Such, then, was the point reached in 1932. Yellow fever appeared to be on the way out, at least in the Americas. Then there occurred an outbreak in a country district in Brazil. This was strange, since yellow fever had always been believed to be a disease of the city, one that people caught by being bitten in their own homes by the city type of mosquitoes, bred within a hundred yards of their houses. Something much more surprising, however, was in store for the members of the Brazilian Yellow Fever Service, when they reached the area. There was yellow fever in the district, without doubt. The Service found it was present by all the standard tests. But there were no city-type mosquitoes, not one.
One morning a doctor went into the jungle with some woodcutters. He wanted to collect mosquitoes, but they weren’t biting. The doctor was just ready to leave, when one of the men shouted that a tree was about to fall. He stood back and watched the great mass come down. Sunlight streamed through the hole made in the roof of the jungle and from the upper branches of the fallen tree rose a cloud of blue mosquitoes which circled around the men.
So it was learned that these blue mosquitoes, relatively rare on the floor of the jungle, exist in great numbers in the treetops. There too, the monkeys live. This discovery completed a chain of facts about the way jungle yellow fever is caught and spread. It is mainly a disease of monkeys in the jungle treetops. They are infected by the bites of several kinds of mosquitoes. Blue mosquitoes being one of the most common attackers. The pattern is carried on from monkey to mosquito and back to monkey. But men going into the jungle may also get the disease, particularly if their work disturbs the roof of the jungle. If the man bitten by an infected mosquito then returns to a city where there are mosquitoes of the city type, he may start again the pattern of man to mosquito to man.
21. A further advance in the fight against yellow fever was made when it was discovered that the disease could be passed from ________.
a. man to mosquito b. animal to man
c. animal to mosquito d. man to animal
22. Jungle yellow fever can only exist where there are ________.
a. any type of mosquitoes b. blue mosquitoes
c. monkeys d. animals and mosquitoes
23. The doctors in this in this story were interested in discovering ________.
a. the pattern of the disease
b. the signs of yellow fever
c. the kind of people who get the disease
d. how monkeys stay healthy
24. An interesting finding in this story is that ________.
a. only one type of mosquitoes carries yellow fever
b. at least two types of mosquitoes carry yellow fever
c. any mosquitoes can carry the disease
d. monkeys are necessary in keeping yellow fever going

Passage 2
A Leap in Thought
You’ve had a problem, you’ve thought about it till you were tired, forgotten it and perhaps slept on it, and then flash! When you weren’t thinking about it suddenly the answer has come to you, as a gift from the gods.
Of course all ideas don’t come like that, but the interesting thing is that so many do, particularly the most important ones. They burst into the mind, glowing with the heat of creation. How they do it is a mystery. Psychology does not yet understand even the ordinary processes of conscious thought, but the emergence of new ideas by a “leap in thought” is particularly intriguing, because they must have come from somewhere. For the moment let us assume that they come from the “unconscious”. This is reasonable, for the psychologists use this term to describe mental processes which are unknown to the subject, and creative thought consists precisely in what was unknown becoming know.
It seems that all truly creative activity depends in some degree on these signals from the unconscious, and the more highly intuitive the person, the sharper and more dramatic the signals become.
But growth requires a seed, and the heart of the creative process lies in the production of the original fertile nucleus from which growth can proceed. This initial step in all creation consists in the establishment of a new unity from disparate elements, of order out of disorder, of shape from what was formless. The mind achieves this by the plastic reshaping, so as to form a new unit, of a selection of the separate elements derived from experience and stored in memory. Intuitions arise from richly unified experience.
This process of the establishment of new from must occur in pattern of nervous activity in the brain, lying below the threshold of consciousness, which interact and combine to from more comprehensive patterns. Experimental physiology has not yet identified this process, for its methods are as yet insufficiently refined, but it may be significant that a quarter of the total bodily consumption of energy during sleep goes to the brain, even when the sense organs are at rest, to maintain the activity of the thousand million brain cells. These cells, acting together as a single organ, achieve the miracle of the production of new patterns of thought. No calculating machine can do that, for such machines can “only do what we know how to design them to do”, and these formative brain processes obey laws which are still unknown.
Can any practical conclusions be drawn from the experience of genius? Is there an art of thought for the ordinary person? Certainly there is no single road to success; in the world of the imagination each has to find his own way to use his own gifts.
25. The description in the first paragraph may imply that ________.
a. inspiration may come from the gods
b. in finding an answer to a problem, inspiration may come only after you have thought hard about it
c. inspiration may come only when you have forgotten the problem
d. whenever you thought about the answer to a problem, you would get a flash of inspiration
26. The pronoun “they” in paragraph 2 refers to ________.
a. “many people” b. the most important people
c. “many ideas” d. Psychologists
27. In the sentence “This is reasonable, for the psychologists use this term to describe mental processes which are unknown to the subject”. Here “subject” refers to ________.
a. a school course
b. a topic of a speech
c. a person being treated in a certain way or being experimented on
d. a citizen
28. The writer might want to tell his readers that ________.
a. successful persons depend on their inspirations
b. we ordinary people had better not blindly count on any practical conclusion from experience of genius, but find our own way to use our own gifts
c. there is no genius at all
d. none of the above

Passage 3
Experiments have been carried out on volunteers to see what happens when all sensations are stopped. This can be done in several ways. One method is to put a man inside a completely isolated room. This room is heavily sound-proofed and absolutely dark. There is no light or sound and the person is instructed just to lie motionless on a bed. People have stayed in rooms such as this for as long as four days. The results of sensory deprivation (SD) vary with the individual.
Soon after entering the confinement cell most subjects went to sleep and slept almost without interruption for ten to twenty-four hours. These are gross estimates for there was nothing by which the subjects could determine the time which had elapsed. We know for certain that one subject slept for nineteen hours but insisted that he had had a nap of less than one hour. According to the monitoring microphone, which was capable of picking up the deep breathing of sleep, it seems more likely that most subjects slept all of the first twenty-four hours.
We felt that so much sleeping in the first day wasted the effects of confinement, so we started placing subjects in SD early in the morning. We reasoned that after a night’s sleep our confined subject would be unable to dissipate (驱散) the effects of SD by sleeping. Such was not the case. As far as we could determine they went to sleep just as quickly and slept just as long as the previous subjects. We then started entering the subjects at midmorning, midday, and mid-afternoon. As it turned out, it made no difference when during the day and, presumably, during the night we started the confinement; the initial sleep period was always about the same.
We had not expected this extended period of initial sleep. In fact, it had seemed reasonable to expect something of the opposite. SD was a very novel situation for our subjects, and as such, we reasoned, it should have occupied them for some time. I had a similar expectation for astronauts during space flight and was greatly surprised to learn that the Russian astronaut Yuri Gagarin had been able to sleep during his space flight around the earth.
Other effects were also noted. With no real sensations to work on, the brain makes up all sorts of false information. Many people experience vivid dreams and hallucinations (幻觉). When they are finally taken out of the room into the real changing world of light and sound, they are in a very strange state of mind, ready to believe anything and not really able to make decisions.
29. This passage is mainly about ________.
a. how to have a sound sleep
b. what causes loss of sensations
c. what will happen if sensations were lost
d. how to lose sensations
30. What does “subjects” Para 3, Line2) mean in this passage?
a. Any member of a state except the supreme ruler.
b. Something to be talked or written about or studied.
c. Person, animal or thing to be treated or dealt with.
d. Theme on which a composition is based.
31. We can probably infer from the passage that ________.
a. most astronauts are unable to fall asleep in space
b. a period of sensory deprivation would make a person hard to control
c. many people are subject to fantasy while in the sensory deprivation cell
d. microphones are used to control the breathing of subjects
32. All of the following are the results of sensory deprivation except that ________.
a. most subjects fell asleep and slept for a long time
b. some subjects didn’t know how many hours they spent sleeping
c. it took a long time for the subjects to adapt themselves to sensory cell
d. many subjects became credulous right after sensory deprivation

Passage 4
I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on one’s own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.
Nowadays a superficial traveler in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction of village commerce, but its vigor is still remarkable.
Our local grocer’s shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queuing up at a supermarket. And the proprietor (店主) knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.
His prices may be a bit higher than those in the town, but he will deliver anything at any time. His assistants think nothing of bicycling down the village street in their lunch hour to take a piece of cheese to an old age pensioner who sent her order by word of mouth with a friend who happened to be passing. The more affluent customers telephone their shopping lists and the goods are on their doorsteps within an hour. They have only to hint at a fancy for some commodity outside the usual stock and the grocer, a red-faced figure, instantly obtains it for them.
The village gains from this sort of enterprise, of course. But I also find it satisfactory because a village shop offers one of the few ways in which a modest individualist can still get along in the world without attaching himself to the big battalions of industry or commerce.
33. The services available in village nowadays are normally ________.
a. fewer but still very active
b. less successful than earlier but managing to survive
c. active in providing food for the village, and tourist goods
d. surprisingly energetic considering the little demand for them
34. The local grocer’s shop is expanding ________.
a. because women spend a lot of their tie there just gossiping
b. even though town shops are larger and rather cheaper
c. in spite of the fact that people like to shop where they are less well-known
d. for people get frozen food as well as antiques
35. How do the village grocer’s assistants feel about giving extra service?
a. They tend to forget it
b. They will not consider it
c. It does not seem worth their while
d. They take it for granted
36. Another aspect of personal service available in the village shop is that ________.
a. there is a very wide range of goods available
b. rare goods are obtained whenever they are needed
c. special attention is given to the needs of wealthier customers
d. goods are always restocked before they run out

Passage 5
Until about 200 years ago. Change was so slow that people presumed that the lives of their children and grandchildren would not be very much different from their own.
And then came the 20th century, when people went from flying in their first airplane at Kity Hawk to planting their first footsteps on the moon – all in the blink of a lifetime. One group of scientists haws said that the rate of change in our contemporary world is running a million times faster than the rate of humans’ ability to adjust to the new situations.
Here is how some futurists say Americans may live in the opening years of the next millennium.
The World Future Society, a nonprofit organization in Maryland, predicts that supermarkets may become hydroponics greenhouses where shoppers pick their own produce from the vine. And for those who would not care for such a hands – on experience, groceries could be electronically ordered and automatically delivered into refrigerators that open outside and inside the house.
Marvin J. Cetron, founder and president of Forecasting International Ltd., a consulting company in Arlington, Virginia, said he believes that by 2006, people will have personal diagnostic and meal preparation machines. If you eat too much, the diagnostic machine will tell you to exercise.
Many experts anticipate advances in biotechnology that could lead to cows that produce low-fat milk, disease-resistant potatoes grown by crossing them with a chicken gene and pork made leaner by introducing a cow gene into the pig’s genetic pool.
But if, as expected, the world’s human population doubles in the next 40 years, the pressure to produce food to feed everyone is gong to be immense, said Lester R. Brown, head of the Worldwatch Institute, in Washington, He notes in his book, “Vital Signs 1995” that “the pace of history is accelerating as soaring human demands collide with the Earth’s natural limits.”
How about medicine? For many people, particularly aging baby boomers, a big question will be, how can you add years to your life? Many futurists say that will be possible, at least for those who can afford it.
By 2020, the complete DNA structure will be mapped. Mr. Cetron said: “Doctors will know a person’s genetic characteristics right from birth, even before birth.”
That could guide doctors to tailor life styles and treatments to help patients avoid disorders they are prone to develop. Coupled with genetic medicine, he said, a child born in 2010 could expect to live 120 years.
But Mr. Brown of the Worldwatch Institute cautioned that public health and medicine are likely to be challenged by another global trend: the rise in infectious diseases and their increased immunity to antibiotics.
Many futurists expect little change in how Americans live in houses in the next few years. “Home behavior changes pretty slowly,” Mr. Millett said. But from 2010 to 2020, he predicts “fundamental change.”
37. Which of the following world trends is mentioned in the passage?
a. Futurism is being taken more seriously by more people
b. Doctors wish to engineer a dramatically different kind of life.
c. Diseases capable of being spread will be on the rise.
d. Old people will be unwilling to live in nursing houses.
38. According to the author, which of the following is NOT true?
a. It took a life time from people’s first flight in the airplane to landing on the moon.
b. Changes in the 20th century have come all too soon.
c. People are ready to adapt themselves to new conditions.
d. People are slow to keep pace with changes in our present world.
39. The world Future Society predicts that people will get their vegetables and fruit from where plants are grown ________
a. manually b. automatically c. in good soil d. in water
40. Which of the following may still be a problem in medicine at the end of the next century?
a. The adaptation of life styles to avoid disorder.
b. The mapping of the complete DNA structure.
c. The increase of life span beyond 120
d. The identification of man’s genetic characteristics.

Part III Close (10 points)
When the earth was born there was no ocean. The ________(41) cooling earth was ________(42) in heavy ________(43) of cloud, which contained much of the water of the new planet. For a long time its surface was ________(44) hot that no moisture could fall ________(45) immediately being reconverted ________(46) steam. This dense, perpetually renewed cloud covering must have been so thick that ________(47) rays of sunlight could penetrate it. And so the ________(48) outlines of the continents and the empty ocean basins were sculptured out of the surface of the earth in ________(49), in s Stygian (冥界的) world of heated rock and swirling clouds and gloom.
As soon as the earth’s ________(50) cooled enough, the ________(51) began to fall. Never have there been such rains since that time. They fell ________(52), day and night, days passing into months, into years, into centuries. They poured into the waiting ocean basins, or, falling upon the continental masses, ________(53) away to become sea.
That primeval ocean, growing ________(54) as the rains slowly filled its basins, must have been only ________(55) salt. But the falling rains were the symbol of the dissolution of the continents. ________(56) the rains began to fall the lands began to be ________(57) and carried to the sea, it is an endless, ________(58) process that has never stopped the dissolving of the rocks, the ________(59) cout of their contained minerals, the carrying of the rock fragments and dissolved minerals to the ocean. And ________(60) the eons of time, (极漫长的时期) the sea has grown ever more bitter with the salt of the continents.
41. a. traditionally b. gradually c. contrarily d. incidentally
42. a. surrounded b. encircled c. enveloped d. rounded
43. a. lines b. coats c. tiers d. layers
44. a. very b. so c. too d. as
45. a. within b. without c. with d. together with
46. a. to b. from c. in d. on
47. a. some b. little c. no d. much
48. a. thin b. thick c. tough d. rough
49. a. daylight b. darkness c. brightness d. moonlight
50. a. surface b. plate c. crust d. shell
51. a. rocks b. dusts c. clouds d. rains
52. a. instantly b. immediately c. continuously d. increasingly
53. a. went b. drained c. flowed d. ran
54. a. once and all b. in bulk c. in sum d. all together
55. a. softly b. fairly c. faintly d. feebly
56. a. At the moment b. In a moment c. From the moment d. For a moment
57. a. washed down b. torn away c. washed off d. worn away
58. a. inexorable b. merciless c. inelastic d. inevitable
59. a. separating b. obtaining c. leaching d. gaining
60. a. at b. with c. over d. for

Part IV Translation: In this part, you are provided with eight passages. Choose one English passage and one Chinese passage at your own wills and translate them into Chinese (10 points) and English (15 points) respectively. (25 points in all)
1. Researchers for the first time have directly mapped growing human brains, revealing unsuspected physical changes. The finding, reported in the journal Nature, may help lay the foundations of how best to teach language, mathematics and other crucial mental skills. Every human brain experiences rapid, distinct waves of almost explosive growth that may determine when it is most receptive to learning new skills. Educators have long known that intellectual abilities in language, music and mathematics must be developed before puberty. The researchers followed half a dozen children between the ages of 3 and 15, imaging them repeatedly over the years to create a unique fingerprint of their maturing brains. They found that growth rates in an area of the brain linked to language were slow between the ages of 3 and 6 but speeded up from 7 to 15 years, when children normally fine-tune language skills.
2. 大多数研究大脑的现代科学家得出结论：人的大脑有三个主要部分。第一部分包括脊髓、脊质(medulla)和脑中区，它控制如呼吸和消化等功能。围绕着大脑第一部分的区域是第二部分。这里是人的情感如激动、恐惧和爱的中心区域，也是味觉和嗅觉区。记忆和学习也由它控制。第三部分是新大脑皮质区(neocortex)，当我们谈起大脑，常把它当作“灰质”区。它将来自于其它两个部分的信息传送到机体，并且接受机体信息。
3. Among all cancers, lung cancer is the biggest killer: more than 100,000 Americans die of the disease each year. Giving up smoking is one way to reduce the risk, but another answer may lie in the kitchen, according to a report in the British medical journal The Lancet. Since 1957, a team of researchers has monitored the dietary habits and medical histories of 2,000 middle-aged men employed by the Western Electric Co. In Chicago. The study showed little correlation between the incidence of lung cancer and the consumption of foods containing vitamin A. But the data on carotene intake revealed a significant relationship. Among the 488 men who had the lowest carotene consumption, there were 14 cases of lung cancer; in a group of the same size that ate the most carotene, only two cases developed.
4. 一些在动物和人的身上的研究表明，维生素A可能有一些抗癌的功能。各类蔬菜和水果含有大量的维生素A。研究结果表明，胡萝卜素甚至对长期抽烟的人有明显的预防肺癌的效果。在确立肺癌与胡萝卜素的联系之前，还要作进一步的研究。与此同时，研究人员警告人们不要服用大量维生素A补品，大剂量的维生素A极其有毒。因而，他们建议保持均衡饮食，各类食物可含有丰富的胡萝卜素。
5. Some researchers realized that nitrates, commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives, caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to cows and living animals, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cows. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes, but for financial reasons. Although the FDA has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices are going on in the country.
6. 我们食用的食物似乎对健康十分有益。虽然科学在使用食物更适合食用方面采取了无数种措施，它同时也使得许多种食物不宜食用。研究表明，人类疾病的80%与饮食有关，40%的癌症，尤其是结肠癌，也与饮食有关。不同的文化更有可能引起某些不同的疾病，因为某些文化的饮食习惯特征显著。当然，食物与疾病相关不是一个新发现。
7. In the 1970s, researchers made chance observations that people with arthritis, who often took aspirin, seemed less likely to get cancer than those without. Ten years ago, an obscure paper from Sweden said patients with advanced colon cancers were given either a placebo or aspirin, and the patients in the aspirin group lived twice as long. And, in recent weeks, studies have linked drugs similar to aspirin that are used to stop inflammation with the prevention of colon and breast cancer. So, why the time difference between the initial observations and the eventual study of the relationship between aspirin and cancer? The answer is quite simple: Aspirin is cheap and does not generate profits to support drug company research into cancer-prevention. Health research graduated from government to the free market 50 years ago. But, the issues that faced us then were different from what they are now. Infectious disease is no longer regional or owned by the poor; it gets on airplanes and can threaten the world days.
8. 良好的健康对每个人来说都很重要。一个健康体魄的人无论面对什么情况，总是能够精力充沛，享受生活。健康状况差的人尽管他受到良好的教育，他不能获得多大的成功。运动可以帮助每个人保持健康的体魄，可出增强免疫能力。体育锻炼可以增加味口和消化力。参加运动的人能有更多的能量，他消耗能量越多，他使用血液越多。新的血液需要食物使它保持纯洁。运动还可出使我们的头脑更健康。我们在玩耍的时候，我们就使大脑抛开工作和学习。结果，我们的头脑得到放松。

Part V Writing (15 points)
Information has obtained unprecedented importance in today’s world.
In this part you’re required to write a composition not less than 150 words.
Your composition should be based on the outline below:

Information In the Modern Society
Outline:
1. Present situation
2. Importance of information
3. Suggestions

评价一下你浏览此帖子的感受

精彩

分享到： QQ空间新浪微博腾讯微博人人网网易微博

回复引用

举报顶端

d260

级别: 初级博友

显示用户信息

沙发发表于: 2008-10-26

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

好详细，谢谢了！

回复引用

举报顶端

上一主题下一主题

考博论坛 » 考博见面礼

http://freekaobo.com
访问内容超出本站范围，不能确定是否安全
继续访问	取消访问

快速回复
	限 100 字节进入高级模式加粗字体颜色背景颜色插入链接图片验证问题: 免费考博网网址是什么? 正确答案:freekaobo.com 按"Ctrl+Enter"直接提交	上一个下一个