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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 iOhX\@&  
一、代词 ~E8/m_> rU  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 w=!xTA  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 PPV T2;9  
  主格、宾格、所有格 { ixKc  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) @<$m`^H  
J5jI/P  
(二) 反身代词 w/ZP. B  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 YKU|D32  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) VhLfSN>W  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) @|"K"j#  
P(I%9  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  QR(;a:  
    A                 B    ^Tj{}<yT  
  a series of indicators that could help @N<h`vDa  
             C      ucz~y! 4L{  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. A =Z$H2  
    D ,d lq2  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 l44QB8 9  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 T YR \K  
6hR ` sE  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 >0iCQKq  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 |N6.:K[`  
 LDU4 D  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies S?JGg.)  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the *fj]L?,  
     A   B      C          D Hq gg*4#  
  Pacific. uJ0'`Q?6R9  
>L "+8N6  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 B:UM2Jl   
G B}=  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 0:I<TJ~P  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: | X#!5u  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 s~>1TxJe  
%#&njP  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined e9/Mjq\  
                       A   d)Z&_v<|  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and =w`uZ;l$Q  
             B q=`n3+N_H~  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. ^\`a-l^  
   C       D .:Sk=r4u\  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 ]=i('|YG  
H=~7g3  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important kQd|qZ=:w  
        A     I#;dS!W"'  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John .Oc j|A6  
   B        C      0m> 8  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  U~?mW,iRL  
      D B@dCCKc%/  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. .<fdX()e,  
xw_)~Y%\  
T!41[vm(  
(四) Who和which的区别 L%\Wt1\[  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 s]kzXzR C?  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 > cWE@P  
&)||~  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who oUN\tOiS+  
              A            B  ~@-r  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. ZPb30M0  
   C                  D `\;Z&jlpT  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 I"lzOD; eI  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 U  yV5A  
% C2Vga#  
(五) that和which的区别 7(tsmP  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 $^?VyHXvY  
TKsP#Dt/  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it >C6S2ISSz  
              A        B Rj>A",  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. @sg.0GR  
      C              D zP2X}VLMo  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 x lqP%  
GtZ.' ?-  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 m&xVlS  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, #\D 74$D  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ZOa|lB (,  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. X~"p]V_  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which o}/|"(K   
$HQ4o\~  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly g.hYhg'KUh  
              A         B   q jc4IW t~  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. $m*Gu:#xm&  
         C      D `<>QKpAn  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 j_<!y(W  
R"P-+T=7M  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  nC%qdzT  
  affected the way people in the United States----. YOGj__:  
   (A) living and working E JuTv%Y8  
   (B) they live and work {dpDQP +!  
   (C) live and work   P3|s}&  
   (D) to live and to work HNBmq>XDc  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 ZnI15bsDx  
z rSPa\M  
二、介词 !\BZ_guz  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 #*_!Xc9f  
!1=OaOT  
(一) 介词搭配 2 Kjd!~Z$  
N\|z{vn  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those 6Nn+7z<*&z  
    A         B   C      p5or"tK  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. 2y^: T'p  
                D %ZWt 45A  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 c6 mS  
wxh\CBxG  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. Ta?}n^V?;  
A       B     C  D '0q$qN  
分析:B错改为be rich in .06D_L"M  
)< G(C,!,.  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the X=] utn  
    A         B      C 0@cIj ]  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. 3_XLx{["'  
             D jmr .gW  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 Z@+nkTJ9&t  
Bgc ]t  
1;=L] L?  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 <L qJg  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 $]E+E.P  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. f- 9t  
          A      B  C     D <5z!0m- G  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 t7F0[E'=5\  
\Yr*x7!  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has -GPBX?  
                 A  B     "V]* ov&[  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on ;(`bP  
      C "PI;/(kR  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. *FC8=U2\X  
      D jC>ZMy8U)4  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 'M"z3j]m-,  
"crR{OjE"  
2、介词by <9fXf*  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by (rBsh6@)  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing #2_FM!e  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States *% ;A85V/  
    A         B       qK%N{ro[{?  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. }=bzUA`C  
   C     D Y0,{fw<  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 `S|F\mI ~  
9abUh3  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils EWDsBNZaI  
   A                      j? BL8E'   
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to *g+ ZXB  
     B    C       D o!UB x<4  
   supply moccasins and field rations. I(~([F2  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 @QmN= X5  
BGibBF^  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with a8T9=KY^  
        A                p+=zl`\=|  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements O oA!N-Q  
        B          C   G>vK$W$f N  
  that are often represented at symbols. n}Z%D-b$  
              D zS;ruK% 2  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 Ql5bjlQdO  
三、谓语动词 $;Fx Zkp  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 $5G(_   
①、主谓分割原则 G;cC!x<  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, m@+v6&,  
     A     H1U$ApD  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. e: Sd#H!  
        B      C      D Q9OCf"n$  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 0a :oC(Ak  
"G>d8GbIh  
②、与后者一致原则 I=&i &6v8G  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, A!!!7tj  
not only…but also 3mU~G}ig  
$rW(*#C  
*bp09XG  
③、与前者一致原则 P@UE.0NYX  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 5;KJ0N*-  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 5T.U=_ag  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 1#3|PA#>  
     A      B  C     w3q'n%  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. tco G;ir  
         D *CXc{{  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is AmIW$(Ce  
Q SF0?Puf  
④、就近原则 2Pm}wD^`  
or, either…or, neither…nor, kF^4kCJ@  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are h%F.h![*  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is [ S  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 AHn!>w,  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数  mhrF9&s  
%`k [xz  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are bu6Sp3g  
        A      B        z<9C-  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. ,u>LAo0  
    C              D *7H *epUa  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 2F*>&n&Db7  
KE"6I  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 <o|fH~?X  
There are five apples that are red. >ymn&_zlT  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 hK)'dG*  
n *$g1HG6  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets VK*_p EV,}  
      A            dQSO8Jf  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. !0hyp |F:>  
   B   C    D \&+Y;:6  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 !;8Y?c-D  
$"NH{%95}  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 zZPWE "u}  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. xdbzp U  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 @2. :fK  
x[};x;[ZE  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 #tA9`!  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: *~ IHVU  
a. there be 句型 ZKrK >X  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 %T>@Ldt  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 HdtGyh6X0  
|~%RSS~b*  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. y "+'4:_  
   A     B      C    D    /9kxDbj  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is d+)LK~  
w^8Q~ 3|7  
Xh}q/H<  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific {M:/HQo  
             A     B    VtzZ1/J E  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 $/ "+t.ir3  
     C         -w2^26 ax  
  miles in width. V0m1>{  
     D  :_ i1gY)  
分析:倒装句,are改为is u q 9mq"  
 !{V`N|0  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and ='D%c^;O8'  
   A    B       C         B/3~[ '  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film XelFGTE  
                    D Ay6T*Nu`   
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. ApSseBhh  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 [wSoZB l  
)?&mCI*  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 +,"[0RH  
fifty percent of + 名词 _Q^jk0K8ga  
one percent of + 名词 +e>G V61  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: "K>!+<  
  one percent of my students + are YRZw|H{>t  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 4`v[p4k  
C`Vuw|Xl  
这里要强调两个结构 o+OX^F0  
half of =fifty percent +>it u J  
most of + 可数名词 + are 0|va}m`<3G  
most of + 不可数名词+ is :/? Op  
Jt8M;Yk  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been Brg0:5H   
   A       B         C   Qh3+4nLFtb  
  found in central and eastern Canada. |'i ?o  
           D 4mBM5Tv  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 /Y\q&}  
-=rGN"(M _  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized %E, -dw  
                 A   B  3s:)CXO  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. gcX  
              C     D cP/(h  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 %iV\nFal>  
c$A}mL_  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 =|-xj h  
①、主要考察时间状语 8v;T_VN  
:]C\DUBo  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. P#A|Pn<p  
   A        B  C     D . 55aY~We  
;NJM3g0I  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was y7*^ H  
SLd9-N}T  
\v9<L'NP)  
②、For和since的区别 H~*[v"  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 }>j1j^c1='  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 Ug O\+cI  
  I has been a teacher for three years. M[T!AO-S$  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. 3^ &pb  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 483vFLnF  
KQqQ@D&n  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became L/cbq*L  
   A      B              s*}d`"YvH  
  the primary responsibility of the president.  6Ue6b$xE  
     C    D *KV] MdS  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 55|$Imnf  
N=L urXv  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of 17qrBG-/MD  
             A  B  C   K<_H`k*x  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. X!_OOfueP8  
            D N4 mQN90t  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 RMrt4:-DI  
qx? lCz a"  
T +4!g|Y  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  AU$5"kBE  
   A       B        C     D ,>jm|BTD {  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live V[#lFl).  
O 1X !  
(三) 谓语的语态 |$0/:*  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 +yea}uUE  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: NAocmbfNz  
①、prove " 7 4L  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 :{6[U=O  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; '}Y8a$(;V  
?3, *  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming nz&JG~Qfm  
                      A   C ]XDDr  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be FxT [4  
    B                  C _0`O}  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. V!=]a^]:  
                  D 1|89-Ii]  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 cK } Qu  
A,/S/_Q=  
3WVHI$A9  
②、Locate,Situate 1FX-#Y`e  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 }bTMeCgI  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 j?(QieBH  
这两个词也可以用作被动 BM W4E 5  
  My school was located near the river. 'huLv(U u  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 6bn-NY:i  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. }1P  
   (A)locates StVv"YY  
   (B)locating Bk F[nL*|  
   (C)to locate -wt2ydzos  
   (D)is located hg~fFj3ST  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 l9h;dI{6  
m~K]|]iqQ  
③、表示需要概念的动词 #Grm-W9E  
need, want, require等 S 7vE[VF5  
GwULtRa/  
My watch needed repairing |<0@RCgM  
My watch needed to be repaired. "gz;Q  
5dk,!Cjg  
④、表示人的情感的动词 mI%/k7:sf  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 DvCt^O*  
~e<<aTwN  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 i]z i[Zo$  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 Q/9b'^UJ  
 Ul Iw&U  
主动和被动技巧总结: p rgjU  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 fL;p^t u3  
xJhbGK  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the [ UJj*n  
                 A      g OM`I+CwT  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, B(LV22#  
                 B (T01hR&  
  power structures, and flood-control works along 6]S.1BP  
                    C U^&Cvxc[[  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. +kL(lBv'  
                D ]o$/xP  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 Pa +BE[z  
wlM ?gQXU[  
四、非谓语动词 AtDrQ<>y'  
I:<R@V<~#  
(一) 分词 Y +54z/{  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 w>_EM&r6~u  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 0)V-|v`  
+hgCk87%#  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then Ai18]QD-  
   A .`N` M9  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. W2qQKv  
     B      C            D  22~X~=  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning GQq'~Lr5  
r$Y!Y#hwQ  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 z 5+]Z a~  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in 8T )ELhTj  
      A               B   hP8&n9o  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 3>)BI(Wl  
               C         D TR_oI<xB2  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living h##?~!xDmq  
':)j@O3-  
>Eg. c  
一些动词后面必须用doing ]},Q`n>$  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 F{~r7y;0  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, n4T2'e  
 advocate, suggest $'{`i 5XB  
 delay, quit ~{Rt4o _W  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, SLOYlRGCi  
 avoid, escape(逃避) PFgjWp"Y  
 spend+名词+doing; X]U"ru{1q  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing )6 0f  
hs_|nr0;[  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their j{Jc6U  
   A     B    C              D ^1yTL5#:Vw  
  crops. "|r^l  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 !XA%[u  
?WtG|w  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, $o$Ev@mi  
               A        B ~K$"PK s3  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. vJAAAS  
        C          D  [Ro0eH  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing uQtk|)T E  
S]%U]  
(二) 不定式 YEPG[W<kg  
A. 动词不定式的省略 $N+ { r=  
①、help后面可以省略to (6#yw`\  
  help do cvXI]+`<3\  
  help sb. to do 5v>{Z0TE[6  
G9y12HV  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid +V+*7s%fL  
              A      B   h[ ZN >T  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. /mB Beg^a  
         C     D !k= 0X\5L  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 ['Y+z2k  
:CkR4J!m3  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ,[}yf#8@J  
  make, Gz[ym j)5  
  let, F`BgKH!  
  have sb. do sth |CZnq-,C  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. _[{:!?-?  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians '=K of1  
        A               B yhtvr5z1  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. APtselC  
   C     D _D2bGZN  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know +{C9uY)$vf  
fr'huvc  
③、感官动词 ^L8Wn6s'  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe s*)41\V0  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 )p!*c,  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 )pZekh]v  
7dlKdKH  
rZ!Yi*? f  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 E/dO7I`B   
(1)表示第一人 vlPl(F1  
the first woman to do sth. S}m$,<x  
@Ge>i5q  
(2)表示迫使的动词 }#ep}h  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do >9.5-5"   
{ p!_-sL  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis U BhciZ  
     A                 B    `\/toddUh[  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. l- 1]w$ y  
       C           D 7>'uj7r]=  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 m1hW<  
Z p7yaz3y  
S(>@:`=  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 %ezb^O_6v  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 " K 8&{=  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 Cdp]Nv6  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 \);.0  
  be apt to do HDF!`  
 Y8)E]D  
(4)表示目的的名词, =y< ">-  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 W NwJM  
固定的句式: f {y]  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. Si?$\H*:  
the objective 目标 G3RrjWtO  
aim I#|ocz  
goal . O5LI35,  
reason理由 w=f0*$ue+w  
function功能 g d337jw  
intension意图 _4P;+Y  
xn(+G$m  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing rQ9*J   
                       A  )\{'fF  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. hc-lzYS  
           B          C     D mD9STuA$H  
分析:the function to provide, A错 I3Lg?bZ  
6( >3P  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure zuUT S[  
                  A       <=q*N;=T,  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds 9*#$0Y=  
     B  <"* "1(wN  
  that make up various components of a living cell. PC*m% ?+  
    C    D `5~7IPl3  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 '@'B>7C#  
Y4QLs^IdB  
(5) 其他同根名词 Rn HQq'J|\  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 d i!"IQAvK  
 attempt to do 企图 {tPnj_|n<  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 iJ}2"i7M  
 ambition, Z.!g9fi8>  
 be ambitious to do  XJe/tR  
 effort _3|6ZO  
r,5-XB  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation aSUsyOe  
  A                    B   : (cb2j(C  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 8=:A/47=J  
          C       D PC|'yAN:  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 ^%;"[r  
o~= iy  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great !Q!&CG5l  
  A                   B   Rfht\{N 7  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. T)8p:}P!  
       C            D >)LAjwhBp  
分析:efforts to register, C错 `mrCu>7  
=c&62;O  
S/VA~,KCe;  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 gV|Y54}T  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 0pD[7~^o  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. G;NB\3 ~X  
I]jX7.fx  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 [m\,+lG?)j  
I am glad to see you. /_q#a h  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. gGI8t@t:  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen.  45) D+  
;|!MI'Af  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 zka?cOmYF[  
It is difficult to decide. >yKpM }6l{  
N!L'W\H,  
Zi/-~')E  
五、句子的结构 NI8~QeGah  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 E67XPvo1+@  
,Aj }]h\L  
(一) 主语的重复 #EG?9T  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 lUHt jr  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any y@3kU*-1  
          A      B      )Oievu_"|  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the &DLhb90  
          C          D y"-{$N  
  League of Nations. c4 5?St  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 fLNag~  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson W`x)=y]Z  
g/#~N~&  
sKd)BA0`  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are s@~/x5jwCs  
        A        B  6e# wR/  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. Lm|al.Z  
    C         D o?wt$j-  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 5 `=KyHi:b  
&XQZs`41+  
(二)谓语的重复 S?4KC^Y5  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 F;kvH  
@9vvR7{P  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  N09KVz2Q  
    A            B    s}(X]Gx1  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. }g{_AiP rv  
         C   D ,|pp67   
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 J 3=BE2L  
?Y3@"rdR  
(三)谓语的缺少 /^2CGcT(  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body VR4%v9[1  
          A     B    {mSJUK?TKl  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. _z8;lt   
         C               D 85z;Zt0{  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 !ZrB^?sO  
&{W^W8,%  
(四)主句的重复 bulboyA&#  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 C[YnrI!  
|zpx)8Q  
"'A"U  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite |ym%| B  
      A         B        C   =i6:puf  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. }-p,iTm  
     D RH1uVdJ1  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 " H1 :0p  
)N7n,_#T>  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow KzVTkDn,  
        A   B       w^o }E)O  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. ~E*d G  
      C    D te'*<HM  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 &71e5<(dG  
%MJ;Q?KB  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided d+}kg  
   A                     B  3k' .(P|F  
  names for towns, only George Washington VPd,]]S5(  
      C iP "EA8  
  is remembered in the name of a state. 6vp0*ww  
          D SLoo:)  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 {$fsS&aPg  
六、比较级和最高级 EXpSh}  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 @GG ccF  
\9/1L ?@  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 |F!F{d^p  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which OD+5q(!"a  
      A               _!AJiP3!)4  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. T:!MBWYe|  
     B       C           D ;NsO  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 V( mn yI  
\*"`L3  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 9 P"iuU  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. 7 g6RiH}  
     A      B     C  D 8tQ|-l *  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 LprM;Q_  
n Ga1a  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 1dv=xe.  
     A       B     C   D I@./${o  
  is the grizzly bear. CC8k&u,  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 (9GbG"   
*not.2+  
,sDr9h/'C3  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 }kPVtSQ  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 mJMq{6;  
frH)_YJ%  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with 7rIlTrG  
   A           B  ]Oso#GYD  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. h4 vm{ho  
   C                 D b UvK  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 7/>a:02  
}ND' 0*#  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 4vqNule  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as (hf zM+2  
8"M<{72U]  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 (~#G'Hd  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 ( V4G<-jG  
the taller boy \_ -DyD#3  
Jz$ >k$!UD  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 |s|/]aD}o  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed :6u~aT/  
          A            B ;3 UvkN  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is Dl\d_:+  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. vlQ0gsXK  
    C          D q\H7& w  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 3bts7<K=  
*Sb2w*c>  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 J3&Sj{ o  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, &<h?''nCy  
  A  B         C     t/ eo]  
  the Navajos form largest group. T} 8CfG_ j  
         D  _8S4Q!  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 5_aw. s>  
;+/NjC1  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, SG`)PW?  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language 7TdQRB  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the dXO=ZU/N  
u _X} -U  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many i;]CL[#2e`  
            A      B         C % $.vOFP9  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. >Bx8IO1_\d  
            D nNs .,J)  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 .qinR 6=  
j"6:A  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the w&C1=v -h  
例如:my best friends o}W;Co  
P4[]qbfd,  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial {\Ys@FF  
            A    B     C ^(g_.>  
  and banking center.  feN!_ -  
        D ,P~QS  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 FH[#yq.Pr  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 #@ q1Ko!NZ  
AbG&9=Ks  
&~}@u[=ux  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary 4`6< {  
                 A         [brkx3h  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. ;da4\bppt  
    B   C     D L, #Byao  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 hWm0$v 1p  
p$XnOh  
七、平行结构 ~9bv Wd1D  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 "H@Fe  
] .`_, IO  
yduuFK  
(一) 对等连接词 sX Z4U0 #  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 ~Z7)x7 z  
单一式: and, or ,but ePi Z  
相关式: both…and, not … but, i:{:xKiCa  
     either …or, neither…nor -G FwFkWm  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as ZDfS0]0F  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, y1nP F&_  
没有so...as... ; tm3B2  
between…and, :)j7U3u  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also qR_SQ VN  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, A_aO }oBX  
PMQb\%iE"  
短语式: as well as BL7>dZOa  
     rather than (而不是) \Ec X!aC  
     other than (除…之外) =1eV   
     instead of (代替) 4bE42c=Ca7  
7bHE!#L`0  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 O0-> sR  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  *u58l(&`8  
       A     B   3Sk5I%  
  but he is now living in Detroit. g^qz&;R]  
       C   D pz.Y=V\t  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 u6]gQP">I  
\MF3CK@/  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics $3lt{ %  
       A         B ' l|41wxk  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford 2-QuT"Gkd  
  remained active in city and regional planning. Y!bpOa&  
          C    D  KsZ@kTs  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 9zmD6G!}t  
(二)平行的内容 7k.d|<mRv  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 Z3OZPxm  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of MX"A@p~H  
             A         B   0~Um^q*'3  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, pK-_R #  
         C            D <)r,CiS  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. C3&17O6  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 =1%zI%  
f6keWqv<GW  
Bu*W1w\  
第二、名词单复数的平行 Bl>_&A)  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 |!?2OTY  
_lP4ez Y  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, UchALR^5  
  A     B          C   )^*9 oqQ  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. }CB=c]p  
                 D   oO!1  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 4d{"S02h  
D#vn {^c8O  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ~9`^72  
                   A         B YR^Ee8_H  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. 4~]8N@Bii  
      C          D \NvC   
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have `dG.L  
J4Q)`Y\~  
第三、时态的平行 _qO;{%r  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated /-G qG)PX  
                A     7?n* t  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops ~u~[E  
                   B _!$Up  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. ?@g;[310`  
          C    D 61s2bt#  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 ?hry=I(7r  
C-:SQf  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- 2RSHB o  
  spread from its home in Central America and N ,sqrk]  
  now grows throughout the tropics. E |GK3/  
   (A) to be    (B) it   DO1N`7@o  
   (C) the     (D) its U~){$kpI#  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? mKf>6/s{c  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow HhY2`P8  
wk@(CKQzI,  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- iEJQ#5))0  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. .1[2 CjQ  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised #by9D&QP]  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised S\{^LVXTMd  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 vElL.<..  
thZ@Br O#  
第四、排列位置的平行 "e7$q&R |  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. Edn$0D68u_  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode bh;b` 5  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  eM1;Nl  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes pD}VB6=  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes !MF"e|W  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 X-ki%jp3  
+'&_V011<  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: ZTPOD.:#  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 >y06 s{[  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 EBL,E:_)  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 Zxxy1Fl#.[  
Cp~3Jm3  
八、词序的颠倒 "JUQ)> !?  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 z:Zn.e*$b  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 L};;o+5uJD  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage {@K2WB  
              A    B        J&U0y  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. t ]I(98pY  
      C       D    W!4V: (T  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 >~ wk  
F6GZZKj  
~ GT\RAj[  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 Y/ac}q  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only Q}f}Jf3P  
          A      B     0) Um W{  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. 46?F+,Rzl  
    C         D 5iI3u 7Mn1  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 ]pP2c[;  
`0G.Y  
<%#y ^_  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 c+i`Zd.m<  
I/b8  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were *=If1qZs  
          A   B     C   oY6|h3T=Q$  
  in what is now the United States. |tJ%:`DGw  
    D UoS;!}l  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 dUtIAh-j  
WAmoKZw2  
所有的系动词分为三大类: "PScM9)\  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, 42LXL*-4  
    is, remain, keep, stay, `FB?cPR  
    lie, exit(表示位于) Qp.!U~  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 yGG\[I;7  
    become, turn, grow, IS4K$Ac.  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) Z#:@M[HH{  
n@,eZ!  
第三种,感官动词 W#_gvW  
    seem(好像是) 5a|m}2IX  
    look(看起来好像是) (Dh;=xG  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste GhQ`{iJM  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 -xgmc-LGo  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe kCjI`=7$[  
    A               B     St&HE:  
   to cause numerous deaths. DSZhl-uGM  
        C   D  9.#R?YP$  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 `[:1!I.}-  
)0d".Q|v4  
九、词性的混用 /D]r "-  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 UMW^0>Z!v  
EjE`S_i=  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 RW[<e   
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; A?k,}~  
9QZwUQ  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high Ns8NaD  
          A        B      7{F9b0zwk  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and kGiw?~t=%  
              C tU/NwA"  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. ,;pX.Ob U  
          D J$*["y`+  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) J,KTc'[  
s\FNKWQ  
,5uDEXpt{  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 |RXC;zt9s  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 :?6$}GcW  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds bJ!f,a'/  
         A       B      ]JuB6o_L  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to `9{C/qB  
          C        %-po6Vf  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting.  HcS^3^Y  
            D c}s3c >`d  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 #|E. y^IC  
o;I86dI6C  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, g]JI}O*5  
            A       c2:kZxT  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of HOb\Hn|6jq  
      B      C 3PeJPw  
   urban Black people in the United States. 0Hf-~6  
   D N Z9,9  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 SYLkC [0 k  
Z9bPj8d  
.sMi"gg  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 )d Dmq  
表示时间有两种可能, WT N!2b  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 /^ 7 9|$E  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, s7LX  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 7@]hu^)rry  
hV>Ey^Ty  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence )A;<'{t #L  
       A     B     1h{_v!X  
  were made while the American Civil War. mz '8  
   C    D CcE TS}Q0C  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 <!$Cvx\U  
ga%77t|jm3  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the aW5~z^I  
   A      B           C    xSZw,  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. 1-<Xi-=^{t  
          D 5J3kQ;5Q?  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。  $nWmoe)  
Xu0*sQK  
$R4\jIew V  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 4f5$^uN$qA  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 ><^@1z.J  
-n-X/M  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social g`8|jg0]`I  
                   A     beoMLHp  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. iqYc&}k,  
     B   C    D QB>e(j%  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 S/aPYrk>6  
Oylw,*%  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples NeP1 #  
   A        B   C      4B]a8  
  easily under the stress of compression. 3ji#"cX  
   D @P>@; S  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 LV0{~g(!%  
+Oa1FvoEA  
),eiJblH  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 ;.Y`T/eWS  
h2]Od(^[  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine &r_B \j3  
    A         B '7^_$M3$\  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. a@. /e @p  
          C            D O<*iDd`(e  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 _ U\vHa$#  
KqQrxi?f-  
lbY>R @5  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, )yk LUse+  
         A ZO~N|s6B^  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. E^!%m8--  
   B      C      D <fxYTd<#D[  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 Z.<B>MD8^  
0=04:.%D  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 4 _ 3\4  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; <8Ad\MU  
two hundred diligent students
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