该错题常考要点 iOhX\@&
一、代词 ~E8/m_> rU
代词中主要讲解六个问题
w=!xTA
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 PPV T2;9
主格、宾格、所有格 {
ixKc
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) @<$m`^H
J5jI/P
(二) 反身代词 w/ZP.B
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 YKU|D32
He killed himself. (他自杀了) VhLfSN>W
He killed him. (他杀了他) @|"K"j#
P(I%9
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating QR( ;a:
A B ^Tj{}<yT
a series of indicators that could help @N<h`vDa
C ucz~y!4L{
themselves to predict earthquakes. A =Z$H2
D ,d lq2
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 l44QB8
9
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 TYR \K
6hR `sE
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 >0iCQKq
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 |N6.:K[`
LDU4 D
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies S?JGg.)
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the *fj]L?,
A B C D Hq gg*4#
Pacific. uJ0'`Q?6R9
>L "+8N6
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 B:UM2Jl
G
B}=
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 0:I<TJ~P
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: | X#!5u
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 s~>1TxJe
%#&njP
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined e9/Mjq\
A d)Z&_v<|
the word“normalcy”to express social and =w`uZ;l$Q
B q=`n3+N_H~
economic conditions they promised the nation. ^\`a-l^
C D .:Sk=r4u\
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 ]=i('|YG
H =~7g3
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important kQd|qZ=:w
A I#;dS!W"'
work is not poetry, but his biography, John .Oc j|A6
B C 0m> 8
Keats, published the year of her death. U~?mW,iRL
D B@dCCKc%/
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. .<fdX()e,
xw_)~Y%\
T!41[vm(
(四) Who和which的区别 L%\Wt1\[
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 s]kzXzR
C?
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 > cWE@P
&)||~
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who oUN\tOiS+
A B
~@-r
account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. ZPb30M0
C D `\;Z&jlpT
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 I"lzOD; eI
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 UyV5A
%
C2Vga#
(五) that和which的区别 7(tsmP
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 $^?VyHXvY
TKsP#Dt/
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it >C6S2ISSz
A B Rj>A",
would affect society could not have been foreseen. @sg.0GR
C D zP2X}VLMo
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 x
lqP%
GtZ.'?-
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 m&xVlS
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, #\D74$D
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ZOa| lB (,
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. X~"p]V_
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which o}/|"(K
$HQ4 o\~
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly g.hYhg'KUh
A B q
jc4IW t~
reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. $m*Gu:#xm&
C D `<>QKpAn
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 j_<!y(W
R"P-+T=7M
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has nC%qdzT
affected the way people in the United States----. YOGj__:
(A) living and working E JuTv%Y8
(B) they live and work {dpDQP +!
(C) live and work P3|s}&
(D) to live and to work HNBmq>XDc
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 ZnI15bsDx
z
rSPa\M
二、介词 !\BZ_guz
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 #*_!Xc9f
!1=OaOT
(一) 介词搭配 2 Kjd!~Z$
N\|z{vn
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those 6Nn+7z<*&z
A B C p5or"tK
in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. 2y^:
T'p
D %ZWt 45A
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 c6 mS
wxh\CBxG
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. Ta?}n^V?;
A B C D '0q$qN
分析:B错改为be rich in .06D_L"M
)< G(C,!,.
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the X=]
utn
A B C 0@cIj
]
alternation of periods of light and darkness. 3_XLx{["'
D jmr
.gW
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 Z@+nkTJ9&t
Bgc
]t
1;=L]
L?
(二) 最重要的两个介词 <L qJg
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 $]E+E.P
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. f- 9t
A B C D <5z!0m-
G
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 t7F0[E'=5\
\Yr*x7!
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has -GPBX?
A B "V]*
ov&[
starred in stage, television, and film productions on ;(`bP
C "PI;/(kR
both sides the Atlantic Ocean. *FC8=U2\X
D jC>ZMy8U)4
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 'M"z3j]m-,
"crR{OjE"
2、介词by <9fXf*
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by (rBsh6@)
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing #2_FM!e
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States *%;A85V/
A B qK%N{ro[{?
can be performed from a justice of the peace. }=bzUA`C
C D Y0,{fw<
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 `S|F\mI~
9abUh3
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils EWDsBNZaI
A j? BL8E'
could veto a declaration of war at refusing to *g+ZXB
B C D o!UB x<4
supply moccasins and field rations. I(~([F2
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 @QmN= X5
BGibBF^
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with a8T9=KY^
A p+=zl`\=|
operations on sets of numbers or other elements OoA!N-Q
B C G>vK$W$f N
that are often represented at symbols. n}Z%D-b$
D zS;ruK%
2
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 Ql5bjlQdO
三、谓语动词 $;Fx Zkp
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 $5 G(_
①、主谓分割原则 G;cC!x<
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, m@+v6&,
A H1U$ApD
America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. e:
Sd#H!
B C D Q9OCf"n $
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 0a
:oC(Ak
"G>d8GbIh
②、与后者一致原则 I=&i &6v8G
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, A!!!7tj
not only…but also 3mU~G}ig
$rW(*#C
*bp09XG
③、与前者一致原则 P@UE.0NYX
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 5;KJ0N*-
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 5T.U=_ag
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 1#3|PA#>
A B C w3q'n%
several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. tcoG;ir
D *CXc{{
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is AmIW$(Ce
Q SF0?Puf
④、就近原则 2Pm}wD^`
or, either…or, neither…nor, k F^4kCJ@
单数名词+or+复数名词+are h%F.h![*
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is [ S
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 AH n!>w,
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 mhrF9&s
%`k [xz
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are bu6Sp3g
A B z<9C-
amazingly complex for single-celled animals. ,u>LAo0
C D *7H
*epUa
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 2F*>&n&Db7
KE"6I
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 <o|fH~?X
There are five apples that are red. >ymn&_zlT
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 hK)'dG*
n
*$g1 HG6
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets VK*_pEV,}
A dQSO8Jf
carry a supply that last just a few seconds. !0hyp |F:>
B C D \&+Y;:6
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 !;8Y?c-D
$"NH{%95}
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 zZPWE"u}
The rich are not always happier than the poor. xdbzpU
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 @2.
:fK
x[};x;[ZE
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 #tA9`!
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况:
*~
I HVU
a. there be 句型 ZKrK>X
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 %T>@Ldt
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 HdtGyh6X0
|~%RSS~b*
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. y "+'4:_
A B C D /9kxDbj
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is d+)L K~
w^8Q~3|7
Xh}q/H<
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific {M:/HQo
A B VtzZ1/JE
Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 $/
"+t.ir3
C -w2^26ax
miles in width. V0m1>{
D :_
i1gY)
分析:倒装句,are改为is uq9mq"
!{V`N|0
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and ='D%c^;O8'
A B C B /3~[ '
Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film XelFGT E
D Ay6T*Nu`
presented on the five-story-tall screen. ApSseBhh
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 [wSoZB
l
)?&mCI*
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 +,"[0RH
fifty percent of + 名词 _Q^jk0K8ga
one percent of + 名词 +e>G V61
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: "K>!+<
one percent of my students + are YRZw|H{>t
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 4`v[p4k
C`Vuw|Xl
这里要强调两个结构 o+OX^F0
half of =fifty percent +>ituJ
most of + 可数名词 + are 0|va}m`<3G
most of + 不可数名词+ is :/?
Op
Jt8M;Yk
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been Brg0: 5H
A B C Qh3+4nLFtb
found in central and eastern Canada. |'i ?o
D 4mBM5Tv
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 /Y\q&}
-=rGN"(M
_
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized %E,-dw
A B 3s:)CXO
in the United States are for foods and beverages. gcX
C D cP/( h
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 %iV\nFal>
c$A}mL_
(二) 谓语动词的时态 =|- xj h
①、主要考察时间状语 8v;T_VN
:]C\DUBo
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. P#A|Pn<p
A B C D . 55aY~We
;NJM3g0I
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was y7*^
H
SLd9-N}T
\v9<L'NP)
②、For和since的区别 H~*[v"
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 }>j1j^c1='
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 Ug O \+cI
I has been a teacher for three years. M[T!AO-S$
I has been a teacher since 1996. 3^&pb
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 483vFLnF
KQqQ@D&n
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became L/cbq*L
A B s*}d`"YvH
the primary responsibility of the president. 6Ue6b$xE
C D *KV]MdS
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 55|$Imnf
N=L
urXv
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of 17qrBG-/MD
A B C K<_H`k*x
the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. X!_OOfueP8
D N4mQN90t
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 RMrt4:-DI
qx? lCz a"
T
+4!g|Y
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. AU$5"kBE
A B C D ,>jm|BTD {
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live V[#lFl).
O 1X
!
(三) 谓语的语态 |$ 0/:*
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 +yea}uUE
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: NAocmbfNz
①、prove "7
4 L
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 :{6[U=O
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; '}Y8a$(;V
?3,
*
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming nz&JG~Qfm
A C]XDDr
to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be FxT
[4
B C _0`O}
mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. V!=]a^]:
D 1|89-Ii]
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 cK } Qu
A,/S/_Q=
3WVHI$A9
②、Locate,Situate 1FX-#Y`e
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 }bTMeCgI
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 j?(QieBH
这两个词也可以用作被动 BMW4E 5
My school was located near the river. 'huLv(U
u
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 6bn-NY:i
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. }1P
(A)locates StVv"YY
(B)locating BkF[nL*|
(C)to locate -wt2ydzos
(D)is located hg~fFj3ST
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 l9h;dI{6
m~K]|]iqQ
③、表示需要概念的动词 #Grm-W9E
need, want, require等 S
7vE[VF5
GwULtRa/
My watch needed repairing |<0@RCgM
My watch needed to be repaired.
"gz;Q
5dk,!Cjg
④、表示人的情感的动词 mI%/k7:sf
move, annoy, surprise, please等 DvCt^O*
~e<<aTwN
He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 i]z
i[Zo$
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 Q/9b'^UJ
Ul
Iw&U
主动和被动技巧总结: p rgjU
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 fL;p^t u3
xJhbGK
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the [
UJj*n
A gOM`I+CwT
United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, B(LV22#
B (T01hR&
power structures, and flood-control works along 6]S.1BP
C U^&Cvxc[[
the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. +kL(lBv'
D ]o$/xP
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 Pa +BE[z
wlM
?gQXU[
四、非谓语动词 AtDrQ<>y'
I:<R@V<~#
(一) 分词 Y +54z/{
现在分词和过去分词的区别 w>_EM&r6~u
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 0)V-|v`
+hgCk87%#
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then Ai18]QD-
A .`N`M9
struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. W2qQKv
B C D 22~X~=
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning GQq'~Lr5
r$Y!Y#hwQ
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 z
5+]Z a~
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in 8T
)ELhTj
A B
hP8&n9o
the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 3>)BI(Wl
C D TR_oI<xB2
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living h##?~!xDmq
':)j@O3-
>Eg .c
一些动词后面必须用doing ]},Q`n>$
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 F{~r7y;0
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, n4T2'e
advocate, suggest $'{`i5XB
delay, quit ~{Rt4o _W
forgive(原谅),tolerate, SLOYlRGCi
avoid, escape(逃避) PFgjWp"Y
spend+名词+doing; X]U"ru{1q
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing )60f
hs_|nr0;[
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their j{Jc6U
A B C D ^1yTL5#:Vw
crops. "|r^l
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 !XA%[u
?WtG|w
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, $o$Ev@mi
A B ~K$"PKs3
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. vJAAAS
C D [Ro0eH
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing uQtk|)T E
S]%U]
(二) 不定式 YEPG[W<kg
A. 动词不定式的省略 $N+{
r=
①、help后面可以省略to (6#yw`\
help do cvXI]+`<3\
help sb. to do 5v>{Z0TE[6
G9y12HV
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid +V+*7s%fL
A B h[
ZN >T
the habits that might shorten the lives. /mBBeg^a
C D !k= 0X\5L
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 ['Y+z2k
:CkR4J!m3
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ,[}yf#8@J
make, Gz[ymj)5
let, F`BgKH!
have sb. do sth |CZnq-,C
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. _[{:!?-?
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians '=Kof1
A B yhtvr5z1
to know when to play various parts of a composition. APtselC
C D _D2bGZN
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know +{C9uY)$vf
fr'huvc
③、感官动词 ^L8Wn6s'
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe s*)41\V0
see sb do sth. 强调过程 )p!*c,
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 )pZekh]v
7dlKdKH
rZ!Yi*? f
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 E/dO7I`B
(1)表示第一人 vlPl(F1
the first woman to do sth. S}m$,<x
@Ge>i5q
(2)表示迫使的动词 }#ep}h
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do >9.5-5"
{ p!_-sL
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis UBhciZ
A B `\/toddUh[
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. l- 1]w$
y
C D 7>'uj7r]=
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 m1hW<
Zp7yaz3y
S(>@:`=
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 %ezb^O_6v
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 " K 8&{=
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 Cdp]Nv6
be lieable to do 易于…的 \);.0
be apt to do HDF!`
Y8)E]D
(4)表示目的的名词, =y<">-
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 W NwJM
固定的句式: f{y]
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. Si?$\H*:
the objective 目标 G3RrjWtO
aim I#|ocz
goal .
O5LI35,
reason理由 w=f0*$ue+w
function功能
gd337jw
intension意图 _4P;+Y
xn(+G$m
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing rQ9*J
A )\{'fF
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. hc-lzYS
B C D mD9STuA$H
分析:the function to provide, A错 I3Lg?bZ
6(>3P
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure zuUT S[
A <=q*N;=T,
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds 9*#$0Y=
B <"*"1(wN
that make up various components of a living cell. PC*m%
?+
C D `5~7IPl3
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 '@'B>7C#
Y4QLs^IdB
(5) 其他同根名词 Rn
HQq'J|\
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 d
i!"IQAvK
attempt to do 企图 {tPnj_|n<
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 iJ}2"i7M
ambition, Z.!g9fi8>
be ambitious to do XJe/tR
effort _3|6ZO
r,5-XB
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation aSUsyOe
A B : (cb2j(C
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 8=:A/47=J
C D PC|'yAN:
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 ^%;" [r
o~= iy
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great ! Q!&CG5l
A B Rfht\{N 7
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. T)8p:}P!
C D >)LAjwhBp
分析:efforts to register, C错 `mrCu>7
=c&62;O
S/VA~,KCe;
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 gV|Y54}T
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 0pD[7~ ^o
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. G;NB\3~X
I] jX7.fx
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 [m\,+lG?)j
I am glad to see you. /_q#ah
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. gGI8t@t:
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen.
45)D+
;|!MI'Af
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 zka?cOmYF[
It is difficult to decide. >yKpM }6l{
N!L'W\H,
Zi/-~')E
五、句子的结构 NI8~QeGah
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 E67XPvo1+@
,Aj }]h\L
(一) 主语的重复 #EG?9T
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 lUHt
jr
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any y@3kU*-1
A B )Oiev u_"|
compromises concerning the establishment of the &DLhb90
C D y"-{$ N
League of Nations. c4 5?St
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 fL Nag~
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson W`x)=y]Z
g/#~N~&
sKd)BA0`
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are s@~/x5jwCs
A B 6e#wR/
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. Lm|al.Z
C D o?wt$j-
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 5
`=KyHi:b
&XQZs`41+
(二)谓语的重复 S?4KC^Y5
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 F;kvH
@9vvR7{P
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of N09KVz2Q
A B s}(X]Gx1
one or more sentences related to the same idea. }g{_AiP
rv
C D ,|pp67
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 J
3=BE2L
?Y3@" rdR
(三)谓语的缺少 /^2CGcT(
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body VR4%v9[1
A B {mSJUK?TKl
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. _z8;lt
C D 85z;Zt0{
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 !ZrB^?sO
&{W^W8,%
(四)主句的重复 bulboyA
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 C[YnrI!
|zpx)8Q
"'A"U
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite |ym%|
B
A B C =i6:puf
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. }-p,iTm
D RH1uVdJ1
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 "H1
:0p
)N7n,_#T>
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow KzVTkDn,
A B w^o}E)O
sweeps across the face of the Earth. ~ E *d G
C D te'*<HM
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 &71e5<(dG
%MJ;Q?KB
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided d+}k g
A B 3k'.(P|F
names for towns, only George Washington VPd,]]S5(
C iP "EA8
is remembered in the name of a state. 6vp0*ww
D SLoo:)
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 {$fsS&aPg
六、比较级和最高级 EXpSh}
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 @G GccF
\9/1L?@
(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 |F!F{d^p
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which OD+5q(!"a
A _!AJiP3!)4
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. T:!MBWYe |
B C D ;NsO
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 V(
mnyI
\*"`L3
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 9P"iuU
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. 7g6RiH}
A B C D 8tQ|-l*
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 LprM ;Q_
nGa1a
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 1d v=xe.
A B C D I@./${o
is the grizzly bear. CC8k&u,
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 (9GbG"
*not.2+
,sDr9h/'C3
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 }kPVtSQ
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 mJMq{6;
frH)_ YJ%
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with 7rIlTrG
A B ]Oso#GYD
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. h4 vm{ho
C D bUvK
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 7/>a:02
}ND'
0*#
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 4v qNule
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as (hf zM+2
8"M<{72U]
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 (~#G'Hd
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 ( V4G<-jG
the taller boy \_ -DyD#3
Jz$>k$!UD
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 |s|/]aD}o
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed :6u~aT/
A B ;3UvkN
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is Dl\d_:+
abundant, and humidity is moderate. vlQ0gsXK
C D q\H7&w
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 3bts7<K=
*Sb2w*c>
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 J3&Sj{ o
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, &<h?''nCy
A B C t/ eo]
the Navajos form largest group. T} 8CfG_j
D _8S4Q!
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 5_aw.s>
;+/NjC1
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, SG`)PW?
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language 7TdQRB
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the dXO=ZU/N
u _X}-U
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many i;]CL[#2e`
A B C %
$.vOFP9
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. >Bx8IO1_\d
D nNs .,J)
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 .q inR6=
j"6:A
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the w&C1=v -h
例如:my best friends o}W;Co
P4[]qbfd,
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial {\Ys@FF
A B C ^(g_.>
and banking center. feN!_-
D ,P~QS
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 FH[#yq.Pr
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 #@
q1Ko!NZ
AbG &9=Ks
&~}@u[=ux
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary 4`6< {
A [brkx3h
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. ;da4\bppt
B C D
L,
#Byao
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 hWm0$v1p
p $XnOh
七、平行结构 ~9bv Wd1D
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 "H@Fe
] .`_,
IO
yduuFK
(一) 对等连接词 sX
Z4U0#
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 ~Z7)x7
z
单一式: and, or ,but ePi
Z
相关式: both…and, not … but, i:{:xKiC a
either …or, neither…nor -GFwFkWm
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as ZDfS0]0F
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, y1nP F&_
没有so...as... ;
tm3B2
between…and, :)j7U3u
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also qR_SQ
VN
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, A_aO}oBX
PMQb\%iE"
短语式: as well as BL7>dZOa
rather than (而不是) \Ec
X!aC
other than (除…之外) =1eV
instead of (代替) 4bE42c=Ca7
7bHE!#L`0
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 O0->sR
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, *u58l(&`8
A B 3Sk5I%
but he is now living in Detroit. g^qz&;R]
C D pz.Y=V\t
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 u6]gQP">I
\MF3CK@/
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics $3lt{ %
A B '
l|41wxk
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford 2-QuT"Gkd
remained active in city and regional planning. Y!bpOa&
C D KsZ@kTs
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 9zmD6G!}t
(二)平行的内容 7k.d|<mRv
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 Z3OZPxm
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of MX"A@p~H
A B 0~Um^q*'3
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, pK-_R
#
C D <)r,CiS
or yearly periods of light and darkness. C3&17O6
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 =1%zI%
f6keWqv<GW
Bu*W1w\
第二、名词单复数的平行 Bl>_&A)
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 |!?2OTY
_lP4ez
Y
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, UchALR^5
A B C )^*9
oqQ
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. }CB=c]p
D oO! 1
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 4d{"S02h
D#vn {^c8O
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ~9`^72
A B YR^Ee8 _H
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. 4~]8N@Bii
C D \NvC
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have `dG.L
J4Q)`Y\~
第三、时态的平行 _qO;{%r
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated /-G qG)PX
A 7?n*t
with the imagist movement , but later develops ~u~[E
B _!$Up
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. ?@g;[310`
C D 61s2bt#
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 ?hry=I(7r
C-:SQf
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- 2RSHBo
spread from its home in Central America and N
,sqr k]
now grows throughout the tropics. E
|GK3 /
(A) to be (B) it DO1N`7@o
(C) the (D) its U~){$kpI#
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? mKf>6/s{c
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow HhY2`P8
wk@(CKQzI,
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- iEJQ#5))0
commercially for their meat and eggs. .1[2 CjQ
(A) raised (B) and are raised #by9D&QP]
(C) raised as (D) are raised S\{^LVXTMd
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 vElL.<..
thZ@BrO#
第四、排列位置的平行 "e7$q&R
|
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. Edn$0D68u_
(A) Not only does rust corrode bh;b`
5
(B) Not only rust corrodes eM1;Nl
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes pD}VB6=
(D) Rust not only corrodes ! MF"e|W
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 X-ki%jp3
+'&_V011<
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: ZTPOD.:#
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 >y06
s{[
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 EBL,E:_)
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 Zxxy1Fl#.[
Cp~3Jm3
八、词序的颠倒 "JUQ)> !?
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 z:Zn.e*$b
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 L};;o+5uJD
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage {@K2WB
A B J&U0y
that can be given to any individual in the United States. t ]I(98pY
C D W!4V:(T
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 >~
wk
F6GZZKj
~
GT\RAj[
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 Y /ac}q
例:Certain types of computers work properly only Q}f}Jf3P
A B 0)Um
W{
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. 46?F+,Rzl
C D 5iI3u 7Mn1
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 ]pP2c[;
`0G.Y
<%#y
^_
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 c+i`Zd.m<
I/b8
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were *=If1qZs
A B C oY6|h3T=Q$
in what is now the United States. |tJ%:`DGw
D
UoS;!}l
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 dUtIAh-j
WAmoKZw2
所有的系动词分为三大类: "PScM9) \
第一种:表示保持某种状态, 42LXL*-4
is, remain, keep, stay, `FB?cPR
lie, exit(表示位于) Qp.!U~
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 yGG\[I;7
become, turn, grow, IS4K$Ac.
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) Z#:@M[HH{
n@,eZ!
第三种,感官动词 W#_gvW
seem(好像是) 5a|m}2IX
look(看起来好像是) (Dh;=xG
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste GhQ`{iJM
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 -xgmc-LGo
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe kCjI`=7$[
A B St&H