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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 H4i}gdR  
一、代词 :kZ]Swi 5  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 &oL"AJU  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 (>`_N%_  
  主格、宾格、所有格 UMcM& yu-  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) %PW-E($o<  
d`\SX(C  
(二) 反身代词 I0-1Hr  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 /N0mF< P  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) f,YO RJ  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) ~B<\#oO  
Z<U,]iZB  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  CKw-HgXG  
    A                 B    bbL\xq^  
  a series of indicators that could help ~|u;z,\  
             C      /cS8@)e4  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. fb f &bJT  
    D 8%4;'[UV  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 1I;q@g0  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 h]zok}$  
9WHE4'Sa  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 h(WlJCln  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 Uahh|> s  
$GoS?\G  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies c{ 'Z.mut  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the 51:5rN(_  
     A   B      C          D $#^3>u  
  Pacific. 5?3v;B6  
uVYn,DB`  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 ]n=z(2Z9lD  
azZ|T{S  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 ErN[maix#  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: |A4B4/!  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 !19T=p/:$  
iBWzxPv:z  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined Tw \@]fw  
                       A   xpZ@ DK;  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and C,;?`3bH@  
             B  6cg,L:j#  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. %X\J%Fj  
   C       D DN9x<%/-  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 hW~% :v  
qY&(O`?m&  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important eDo4>k"5  
        A     h-.^*=]R6  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John #WA7 }tHb  
   B        C      :~s"]*y  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  q2k}bb +  
      D {\?f|mm q  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. @"cnPLh&  
x1 LI&  
daY0;,>  
(四) Who和which的区别 MPp:EH  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 ^`-Hg=d  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 0o6r3xc;  
wPyc?:|KD?  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who aorL,l  
              A            B E=v4|/['N  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. W OYZ  
   C                  D Q2|6WE  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 _ru<1n[4~  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 U ;4;>  
a$"Z\F:x  
(五) that和which的区别 F&/ }x15  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 NFU=PS$  
TDtHR hq7  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it Y\H4.$V  
              A        B LQ$dT#z2A  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. >03JQe_#*L  
      C              D RvW>kATb_F  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 or ` "{wop  
 wZ8LY;  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 %D^j7`Z  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, (+\K  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when {*|$@%y!  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. la !rg#)-X  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which (7aE!r\Ab  
3TD!3p8  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly 8j%lM/ v  
              A         B   dZbG#4oO  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain.  s@3<]  
         C      D )&elr,b /y  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 > cJX'U9  
w*N9p8hb]  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  3412znM&  
  affected the way people in the United States----. p&\x*~6u  
   (A) living and working YI?y _S  
   (B) they live and work ~Urj:l  
   (C) live and work $VJ=A<  
   (D) to live and to work Ie;}k;?-  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 i`:r2kU:*W  
QPa&kl  
二、介词 I-q@@! =  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 $}7WJz:  
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(一) 介词搭配 .es= w=  
yyHr. C  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those =l3* { ?G  
    A         B   C      @le23+q  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. {Z|.-~W  
                D M+^+u 1QQ0  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 A]vQ1*pnk  
|v{ a5|<E  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. [XQoag;!  
A       B     C  D c>3W1"  
分析:B错改为be rich in GRj{*zs  
ZA ii"F  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the zUxF"g-W  
    A         B      C d=wzN3 ;-  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. }qXi ;u))  
             D rReZ$U  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 cEw/F0  
`h Y:F(  
`^afbW  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 9!FV. yp%F  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 5NeEDY 2%#  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. AC(}cMM+  
          A      B  C     D ipKkz  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 ^ tm,gh  
">voi$Kzey  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has $K8ZxH1z@  
                 A  B     y)#Ib*?  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on wEzLfZ Oz/  
      C @eT!v{o  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. Mk[_yqoCO  
      D zYSXG-k  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 CWI(Q`((>  
OjeM#s#N!  
2、介词by UmQ 9_H7  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by -_pI:K[  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 0R*  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States 8u;l<^<  
    A         B       %qfEFhRC  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. <r 3F*S=  
   C     D  O,xU+j~)  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 -@L*i|A  
tq>QZEg  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils D,1S-<  
   A                      WZ"x\K-;  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to k9WihejS  
     B    C       D \\x``*  
   supply moccasins and field rations. /o![%&-l  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 ~++y4NB8Q  
,p>=WX  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with sRb)*p'  
        A                `2d,=.X  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements !lL21C6g+  
        B          C   #$X_,P|D  
  that are often represented at symbols. FrB}2  
              D  g5X+iV  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 oC.:mI  
三、谓语动词 <+" Jh_N#  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 LYkW2h`JQ  
①、主谓分割原则 KDwjck"5;  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, ?7/n s>}  
     A     u0#q) L8  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. xv9SQ,n<  
        B      C      D 4=>/x90y  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 ^'*9,.ltd  
Pfe&wA't  
②、与后者一致原则 6|rqsk  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, %#yCp2  
not only…but also X'IW &^kI  
h$G&4_O  
uf^"Y3  
③、与前者一致原则 FG38)/  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, QROe+:  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 RN]4Is:  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and |Xlc2?e  
     A      B  C     mBhG"0:  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. (`k0tC2  
         D KFkKr>S :  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ,[D,G  
Aj*0nV9_  
④、就近原则 <:W]uT  
or, either…or, neither…nor, S92'\2  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are ;l[/<J  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 5^t68 WOl  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 _~d C>`K  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 #U{^L{1Gx  
xV:.)Dq9  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are @`t)ly#N  
        A      B        muwXzN(KX  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. :(c2YZ   
    C              D _Z~wpO}/  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 3/H^YM @  
2fT't"gw  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 mR,p?[P  
There are five apples that are red. L"rLalUw  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 L%ND?'@  
6d&BN7B  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets KFor~A# D  
      A            "!i7U2M'  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. mHE4Es0  
   B   C    D T {a%:=`  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 f&bY=$iff  
8XD9fB^  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 W1f]A#t<  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. .J#xlOa-  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 sTU]ntoQqR  
vQ^a7  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 _|D8~\y  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: %?J\P@  
a. there be 句型 k ~lj:7g~  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 fw ._  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 oOy@X =cw  
}UMg ph:2:  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 2GLq#")P  
   A     B      C    D    #!u P >/  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is HuBG?4Qd  
4JKB6~Y  
Qf0$Z.-  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific EC&t+"=R  
             A     B    S,fMGKcq  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 9Gfm?.O5  
     C         + _rjA_  
  miles in width. 5 (q\x(N  
     D  }]>[FW  
分析:倒装句,are改为is ZZ A!Y9ia2  
"B*a| 'n!  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and " E72j.  
   A    B       C         oD4NQR  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film F#7Z R*ZB1  
                    D 8 Mp2MZ*p  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. vC E$)z'"  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 LO[1xE9  
?aEBS  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 QG?7L_I  
fifty percent of + 名词 7s; <5xc  
one percent of + 名词 #QXv[%k  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: .{`+bT^b<2  
  one percent of my students + are !CtY.L p  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. \=Af AO@  
*=ftg&  
这里要强调两个结构 @g9j+DcU  
half of =fifty percent hE\,4c1  
most of + 可数名词 + are I+D`\OSL  
most of + 不可数名词+ is IJ!]1fXy+  
`]\4yTd  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been BnvUPDT&  
   A       B         C   [@kzC/Jq3  
  found in central and eastern Canada. &YO5N4X~o  
           D BS;rit:  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 75K~ebRr  
Tr)a6Cf  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized b;]'Bo0K  
                 A   B  \-GV8A2:k  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. -4,qAnuMx  
              C     D /AJ ^wY  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 *`ehI_v :  
7$x@;%xd  
(二) 谓语动词的时态  ^wb -s  
①、主要考察时间状语 <%JdQ82?  
)jR:\fe  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. p!' "hx  
   A        B  C     D :KgLjhj|)  
_M:)x0("  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was j!mI9*hP  
>G' NI?$  
j2qDRI  
②、For和since的区别 rMe` HM@  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 &BG^:4b  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 wa<@bub  
  I has been a teacher for three years. ]!YzbvoR  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. t1Hd-]28V  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 ]_d(YHYf  
VQPq+78  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became .Yha(5(  
   A      B              l#:=zu  
  the primary responsibility of the president. i`2Q;Az_P6  
     C    D 4I:Jb;k>  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 S wC,=S  
ed{z^!w4  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of CG=#rc]vz  
             A  B  C   EoQ.d|:g  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 5? c4aAn  
            D 7dPA>5"XD  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 VrF]X#\)  
\VtCkb  
7:x.08  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  %*|XN*iXC  
   A       B        C     D l*nS gUg  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live 'd(}bYr)  
XHN?pVZ7  
(三) 谓语的语态 Hd;>k$B  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 _$cQAH0 E  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: Ij=hmTl{P  
①、prove j{p0yuZ)<  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 =@3Qsd  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ~0/=5 dC  
*:YW@Gbm  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming F!fxA#  
                      A   &2QN^)q  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be cG"jrQ  
    B                  C A \4 Gq  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. *l7 ojv  
                  D bE0S) b)  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 r43dnwX  
RCxqqUS\C  
]&}?J:+?0E  
②、Locate,Situate anl?4q3;9  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 7Kh+m@q.  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 ENqJ9%sk7  
这两个词也可以用作被动 yP-.8[;  
  My school was located near the river. DbOWnXV"o  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 ky!'.3yoI  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. DVpqm6$ Q  
   (A)locates %kVpW& ~  
   (B)locating  \f  
   (C)to locate 7&T1RB'>  
   (D)is located :k(aH Ua  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。  wl9E  
#>>-:?X  
③、表示需要概念的动词 DoImWNLo  
need, want, require等 '<XG@L  
2+ 9">a@  
My watch needed repairing !FO||z(vb  
My watch needed to be repaired.  >nTGvLOq  
*!.'1J:YJ(  
④、表示人的情感的动词 {)k}dr  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 r!#a.  
seq S*^7  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 [qid4S~r,&  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 %2qvK}  
gv<9XYByt  
主动和被动技巧总结: JO1c9NyKr  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 PW.W.<CL  
4pA(.<#A  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the *a+~bX)18  
                 A      bCE[oi6hb  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, ?b2%\p`"  
                 B [n66ZY#U]  
  power structures, and flood-control works along #ljfcQm  
                    C uZW1 :cx  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. +B*ygv:  
                D WKmGw^  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 [ Ma&=2h  
I_eYTy-a`1  
四、非谓语动词 })s s.  
S{J$[!F  
(一) 分词 Az" 3f  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 [}d 3 u!  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 qb "H&)aHw  
uKtrG,/ p  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then f@>27&'WV  
   A m",$M>  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. k(hes3JV  
     B      C            D f,PFvT$5e  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning %VSST?aUvX  
#!9aTp).AL  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ILTd*f  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in N.B D]_ C  
      A               B   R}Z"Y xx  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 0.|tKetHq  
               C         D +B c/@.Q'  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living Wu:vO2aw8  
b)'Ew27  
WynH cxC  
一些动词后面必须用doing .U9NQwd  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 [*8w v ^  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, wxr93$v  
 advocate, suggest mNm 8I8  
 delay, quit Y( D d7`c  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, b 3D:w{l  
 avoid, escape(逃避) (/Z~0hA[Q  
 spend+名词+doing; Og" 50-  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing esbxx##\  
#j iQa"  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their e +4p__TmZ  
   A     B    C              D C[? itk!  
  crops. Lm:O vVVB  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 hG&RGN_<6+  
XC0G5rtB  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, {Am\%v\  
               A        B u=#LY$  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. <w.V!"!  
        C          D Pw hs`YGMF  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing 4 lJ@qhV  
6bo,x  
(二) 不定式 SX/yY  
A. 动词不定式的省略 m{(D*Vuqd  
①、help后面可以省略to f+%J=Am  
  help do D\N-ye1LE  
  help sb. to do (3c,;koRR  
k;;?3)!  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid &FkKnz4IZ  
              A      B   eey <:n/Z  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. 8y~ Jn~t  
         C     D  .;iXe  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 ' OdZ[AN  
PIB|&I|p  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 u0w2v+  
  make, m*CIbkDsZ  
  let, G*\wu&7!  
  have sb. do sth A<y3Tc?Q  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. |>jlY |  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians 8[(c'rl|)|  
        A               B "MM7qV  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. 6\OSIxJZ F  
   C     D (@uQ>dR:  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know |KplbU0iC  
htMsS4^Kvd  
③、感官动词 C.%iQx`   
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe  ZMg%/C  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 *=~ 9?  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 g] X4)e]  
Ibd7[A\  
w+2:eFi=/  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 fG0rUi(8  
(1)表示第一人 cV&(L]k>`  
the first woman to do sth. :*1|ERGoay  
x%vt$dy*8  
(2)表示迫使的动词 ^^3 >R`  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do IDdhBdQ  
|1-0x%@[;  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis  J@(*(oQb  
     A                 B    VskyRxfdW3  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. e_\4(4x  
       C           D L a0H  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 rZ w&[ G  
m-*du(  
/D 2v 1  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 Z;7f D  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 )nQpO"+M  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 DW m$:M4 z  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 2ai \("?  
  be apt to do 'ZT E"KT  
Fg5>CppH  
(4)表示目的的名词, 9oc.`-e\?  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 fCO!M1t  
固定的句式: #x':qBv#  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. FyZw='D  
the objective 目标 0qw,R4YK  
aim A;Xn#t ,(K  
goal 2[ qO;js  
reason理由 {j ${i  
function功能 H.|FEV@  
intension意图 -'5:Cq   
\Ao M'+  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing +\\,FO_  
                       A  q`"gT;3S  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. A4Q8^^byY  
           B          C     D $-jj%x\}  
分析:the function to provide, A错 /DQoM@X  
>9uDY+70I3  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure -P(q<T2MV'  
                  A       E`u=$~K  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds BqCBH!^x  
     B  6EGh8H f  
  that make up various components of a living cell. ~Pv4X2MO  
    C    D ~bdADVH  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 [-{L@  
azS"*#r6}  
(5) 其他同根名词 ;jo,&C  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 sn}U4=u  
 attempt to do 企图 N&-d8 [~  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 z,X ^;  
 ambition, VkRvmKYl  
 be ambitious to do  $s)G0/~W  
 effort uG${`4  
r*p<7  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation Me`jh8(K\6  
  A                    B   t(\d;ybyx  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. #T99p+O  
          C       D "m3u}!`3  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 *h-_   
1Ty{k^%  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great cr27q6_  
  A                   B   kC!7<%(  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. q\x*@KQgM  
       C            D l$}h1&V7  
分析:efforts to register, C错 R1! {,*Gy  
yLW iY~Fd  
\(cu<{=rU  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 "c\ZUx_i6  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 ullq}}  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. :y"Zc1_ E  
erdWGUfQOe  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 >Yl?i&3n  
I am glad to see you. u%Hegqn  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. XTG* 56IzL  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. +w?RW^:Q=  
Zoh2m`6  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 u `1cXL['  
It is difficult to decide. +#"CgZ]  
?i>.<IPOq  
SaH0YxnY+  
五、句子的结构 ^cz #PNB  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 s_N?Y)lS+(  
.RxH-]xk  
(一) 主语的重复 E EEYNu/4/  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 : P>Wd3m  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any :rnn`/L  
          A      B      :EJ+#  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the zqh.U @  
          C          D _Jn-#du  
  League of Nations. Vahfz8~w/  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 f wWI2"}  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson %>_ZUu3M  
c |  
d/vF^v*o0X  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are v@_b"w_TY  
        A        B  7E*d>: 5I  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. J+r\EN^9  
    C         D 6}ct{Q  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 ~mP#V  
u=I\0H  
(二)谓语的重复 n@<+D`[.V  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 0"]N9N;/  
'B ocMjRA  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  0l=g$G \%  
    A            B    G9J+D?'hH  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. r8x<- u4  
         C   D Hg(%g T  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 }wJ-*By{+  
D|lp3\`%  
(三)谓语的缺少 W9nmTz\8  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body D=uU:7m  
          A     B    (!`TO{!6P  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. BM9J/24  
         C               D ,$BbJQ5  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 ;LSdY}*%0  
uf4C+ci  
(四)主句的重复  ,U':=8  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 j_ i/h "  
OE_;i}58  
M_asf7|v  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite ?[{_*qh  
      A         B        C   ], Xva`"  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. X.TsOoy  
     D uXD?s3Wv  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 7L68voC@U  
gYb}<[O!  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow hS(}<B{x!  
        A   B       B"sQ\gb%Q  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. X@`kuWIUw  
      C    D ]3UEju8$  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。  }?^V9K-  
m^hi}Am1  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided 'Bul_D4B  
   A                     B  <i}lP/U  
  names for towns, only George Washington 6%N.'wf  
      C #bk[Zj&  
  is remembered in the name of a state. Cbw@:+% J{  
          D HHd;<%q  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 @nIoYT='  
六、比较级和最高级 yffg_^fR  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 x""gZzJ$L  
yMz%s=rh  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 _G9 vsi  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which NFDh!HUm  
      A               zT _  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. rK^Sn7U  
     B       C           D 3 *0/<1f1!  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 fcDiYJC*  
Yfro^}f  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 UvR F\x%  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. Id_?  
     A      B     C  D W+F{!dW  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。  ]I pLF#  
ey icMy`7{  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere m*'^* #  
     A       B     C   D )83UF r4kP  
  is the grizzly bear. }F v:g!  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 6I5,PB  
 12W`7  
k)'y;{IN  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 uL.)+E  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 pb>TUKvT&  
cM' \u~m{  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with q\0CS>.  
   A           B  701mf1 a  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. huPAWlxT  
   C                 D >v sy P  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 HUP~  
uItzFX*   
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 nTG@=C#  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as Bf)}g4nYn  
u ZzO$e  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 #pe #(xoI  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 #o>~@.S#:0  
the taller boy m'j]T/WF  
D@O#P^?  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 N9 SC \  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed YI877T9>  
          A            B u!]g^r  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is e1Ne{zg~  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. FV 0x/)<z  
    C          D '<$!?="  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 4Go$OQ`  
MAv-`8@|  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 iJ-z&=dOe  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, 5 R*  
  A  B         C     6I<^wS9j_  
  the Navajos form largest group. zUQn*Cio e  
         D spX*e1  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 # $N)  
@P'("qb~  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, &E/0jxM1  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language 0 %W0vTvL  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the PLV-De  
ji&%'h  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many \>G:mMk/  
            A      B         C @ L-] %C  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. !GAU?J;<#2  
            D FD1Z}v!5IJ  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 ,B'n0AO/'  
b}-/~l-:  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the =>0 G  
例如:my best friends \F;  S  
Z'<I Is:J  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial Y CBcyE}p  
            A    B     C e.>> al  
  and banking center. G@(ukt`0}  
        D 4k]DktY}.  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 LP{@r ic  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 0] u=GD%  
*[ww;  
DxvD 1u   
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary `at>X&Ce,  
                 A         d^:(-2l-  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. B s{n  
    B   C     D qy^sdqHl@  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 }~bx==SF6!  
'7ps_pz  
七、平行结构 Eo@b)h  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 Gc0/*8u/  
wQR0R~|M  
bmd3fJb`r  
(一) 对等连接词 IPxK$nI^  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 "l7))>lL  
单一式: and, or ,but -6yFE- X/  
相关式: both…and, not … but, rd0[(-  
     either …or, neither…nor JXNfE,_  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as G8hq;W4@]/  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, .KX LWH  
没有so...as... ,2/y(JX}*!  
between…and, 9i`sSi8   
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also vN8Xq+  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, Hp1n*0%dZ&  
"i1r9TLc  
短语式: as well as \NTNB9>CO  
     rather than (而不是) !tckE\ h#N  
     other than (除…之外) A  DW>  
     instead of (代替) Xx;4  
uNS ]n}  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 ~L3]Wa.  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,   `GQ'yv  
       A     B   )<8f3;qd  
  but he is now living in Detroit. Q ,6 [  
       C   D lWe1Q#  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 yw{;Qm2\7  
f6O5k8n  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics 0s+pcqOd^  
       A         B & ~*qTojj  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford MRZ/%OZ.  
  remained active in city and regional planning. [ta3sEPjs  
          C    D  A=a~ [vre  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 o;\c$|TNU  
(二)平行的内容 cV+ x.)a.  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 6*Y>Y&sea  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of LnY`f -H  
             A         B   Mq [|w2.  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, `*to( )  
         C            D YLO/J2['  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. ~3F\7%Iqc  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 ZZJXd+Q}  
|fTWf}Jx  
~~D =Z#  
第二、名词单复数的平行 Il&}4#:  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 lAcXi$pF  
fL7u419=  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, hExw}c  
  A     B          C   2*<'=*zaQ  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. C"=^ (HU  
                 D   !"e~HZmr  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 jj&4Sv#>  
pPX~pPIj2  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, Y3J;Kk#AH  
                   A         B =cN! h"C[  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. 5_}e?T&s  
      C          D +#|):aF  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have BL& D|e  
J"TM[4^\Y  
第三、时态的平行 G L> u3K  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated S ;; Z  
                A     `Rc7*2I)l  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops I )LO@  
                   B uDZ$'a  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. +- B`Fya  
          C    D S _B $-H|  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 i(k]}Di:  
fzVU9BU  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- -q-/0d<l  
  spread from its home in Central America and P o: )b  
  now grows throughout the tropics. 4p %=8G|  
   (A) to be    (B) it   :gNTQZR  
   (C) the     (D) its 71h?t`N  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? E|aPkq]  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow h]#wwJF  
=eXJZPR  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- Nm 0kMq|h  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. bLfbzkNV\1  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised BK_x5mGu3  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised #h 4`f  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 +P&;cCV`S3  
#\[((y:q  
第四、排列位置的平行 l&z)Q/>?pZ  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. U*Hw t\  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode l 1RpG"  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  t^ =6czk  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes 95,{40;X7  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes 9Fl}"p[>L.  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 >?$+hZz<  
s ^/<6kwO  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: WheJ 7~  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 Fn8 d;%C  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 5"Ibm D>D  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 LDJ=<c!  
0YsC@r47wL  
八、词序的颠倒 rm Cr P(  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 iB Ld*B|#K  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 n')#]g0[  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage p",HF%  
              A    B        rurC! -  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. kq[*q-:"x  
      C       D    #L-3eW=f  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 Z#wmEc.}C  
QD0upYG  
> Xq:?}-m2  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 aDx{Q&  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only &)Fp  
          A      B     $1N_qu  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. llbj-9OZL  
    C         D &~+lXNXF  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 {89F*  
%@Nuzdp  
g?ID}E ~<  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 L;=<d  
FAVw80?5k  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were r '/7kF- 5  
          A   B     C   @|xcrEnP}B  
  in what is now the United States. odPq<'V|AY  
    D 3&!X 8Lhv  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 uh UC m  
pHlw&8(f"  
所有的系动词分为三大类: !Y3w]_x[:  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, tL1"Dt>  
    is, remain, keep, stay, i,BE]w  
    lie, exit(表示位于) }"j7Qy)cs  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 95;q ] =U  
    become, turn, grow, AD4KoT&  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) mT;1KE{J{  
%N@454enH  
第三种,感官动词 N<$U:!Z  
    seem(好像是) 6X5`npf  
    look(看起来好像是) DG&14c>g  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste m/sAYF"  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 R_oj K&%  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe X62h7?'Pd  
    A               B     m98j`t  
   to cause numerous deaths. ~HD:Y7  
        C   D  *Z=K9y,IC  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 b(dIl)Y4 :  
8 ~.|^no  
九、词性的混用 j"*Z S'0  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 Q+E%"`3V4l  
Esw#D90q  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 ,2vPmff  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词;  L3P_  
dhpEB J  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high ;=1]h&S  
          A        B      8'?V5.6?|~  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and PhF3' ">  
              C .?9+1.`  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. a? K=  
          D ,Khhu%$  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) %>}6>nT#  
l q=| =  
:; \>jxA  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 {`BC$V  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 "TA r\; [  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds d9h"Q  
         A       B      Ha9A5Ao}0  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to g2.%x \d  
          C        1$e z}k,  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. S', i  
            D DesvnV'{`  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 ?I&ha-."  
ivsp):W  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, #z 3tSnmp  
            A       dHc38zp  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of ,A9pj k'  
      B      C VQV7W  
   urban Black people in the United States. ork/:y9*y  
   D 3/mVdU?U  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 ]8KAat~J  
#k5WTcE  
L {(\k$>'  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 @=q,,t$r  
表示时间有两种可能, X~t]qT  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 q 1a}o%  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, 6z@OGExmd#  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 p% ESp&  
Bi2be$nV  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence N8|=K_;&  
       A     B     =\.Oc+p4  
  were made while the American Civil War. jXq~ x"(  
   C    D 2MwR jh_  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 0:UK)t)3I  
uP/PVoKQ  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the 9k=-8@G9  
   A      B           C    gv$6\1  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. Gs%IZo_  
          D bA\TuB  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 R< @o]p  
T5_z^ 7d  
6#VG,'e3  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 ?PORPv#  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 yyZH1A  
[C d"@!yA  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social % INRds  
                   A     Z0T{1YEJ  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. 3nv7Uz  
     B   C    D ?6.vd]oNO  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 X1G[&  
b9%}< w  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples Jhu<^pjs  
   A        B   C      YAnt}]u!"  
  easily under the stress of compression. 3n9$qr= '  
   D p#~' xq  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 ;AKtb S;H  
q]q(zUtU  
Z'dY,<@  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 I!lz Og4~  
=MO2M~e!  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine WmLl.Vv=  
    A         B &3v{~Xg)  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. 2{c ;ELq  
          C            D d_#\^!9  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 84tuN  
g(<02t!OT=  
nMc3.fM  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, K !8+~[  
         A B5Rmz&  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. ,S;?3? a  
   B      C      D A@*P4E`xp  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 7|PpAvMF  
*2crhI*@>  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 D h]+HF  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; [,Ts;Hy6Q  
two hundred diligent students
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