该错题常考要点 hnM?wn
一、代词 T/DKT1P-
代词中主要讲解六个问题 p\]Mf#B
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 Q}GsCmt=)O
主格、宾格、所有格 0|g|k7c{rF
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) w=.w*?>
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(二) 反身代词 t\J5np
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 q:4 51 C
He killed himself. (他自杀了) b/IT8Cm3
He killed him. (他杀了他) .LDK+c
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating +uMOT#KjR
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a series of indicators that could help HvSKR1wL\
C KE3/s
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themselves to predict earthquakes. tZlz0BY!
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 Vb>!;C
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 WZq0$:I
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 nQ4 s
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 7'pCFeA>=T
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies p!^.;c
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the 9U1cH qV
A B C D }t!,{ZryE1
Pacific. 44T>Yp09
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 `$j"nP F_
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 u4QPO:,a4
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: vJ96qX
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 k2Yh?OH
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined q]F2bo
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the word“normalcy”to express social and .>z)6S_G
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economic conditions they promised the nation. KKm&~^c
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 JjarMJr|D
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important FHpS ?htRy
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John \6A-eWIQif
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Keats, published the year of her death. b4`t, D
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. #rSm;'%,
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(四) Who和which的区别 cVjs-Xf7D%
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 *?'nA{a)E
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 nNNs3h(Ss
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who aewVq@ngq!
A B
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. !1
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 $X1T!i[.X
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 ?&ie;t<7
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(五) that和which的区别 =7{n 2
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 ;.$AhjqiP
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it -4du`dg
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. u#9 H
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 8nzDLFxp_
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 `[)
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Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, a3t[Tk;
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when +<#0V!DM
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. V~nqPh!Jc
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which h-)tWJ c
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly R@ksYC3 F
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. A7U]wW9
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 jL^3/0"o
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has V)|]w[(Y
affected the way people in the United States----. _.
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(A) living and working {=3&_/9s){
(B) they live and work BqoGHg4iq
(C) live and work n-djAhy
(D) to live and to work yRd [$p
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 1}=@';cK*
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二、介词 l$1
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介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 (:|g"8mQm
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(一) 介词搭配 7XM:4whw
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those :{8,O-
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. a_z1S Z2[
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 bukdyo;l
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. "=Xky,k
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分析:B错改为be rich in '/U% -/@
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the 7W.z
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. $?*XPzZ
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 Hfo/\\
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 Yu+;vjbK-
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 Ha/Gn
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例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. =`EVg>+^
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 Ae8P'FWB>
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has '>Uip+'
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on Tqm)-
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. #9/S2m2\YG
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 Gj- *D7X5
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2、介词by !{S HlS
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by 9RQw6rL
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing OE(!^"5?[
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States vq8&IL
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. 4>Y\Y$3
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 wh#x`Nc
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils K&;;{~md.
A ^cI 0d,3=
could veto a declaration of war at refusing to #TD0)C/
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supply moccasins and field rations. dL|*#e
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 }!1pA5x$
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with *K=Yrisz
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements {f[
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that are often represented at symbols. dH+oV`
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 "Rq)%o$Z
三、谓语动词 [a\>"I\[
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 c@)}zcw*
①、主谓分割原则 5}he)2*uD
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, =J827c{.
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. cP&XkAQ
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 v@;!fBUt
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②、与后者一致原则 &+-]!^2o
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, _do
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not only…but also ,]8$QFf
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③、与前者一致原则 N
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名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, Hpq?I-g<^
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 .qG*$W2f
例:The athlete, together with his coach and Ialbz\;F2%
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. (#%R'9Rv
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is #+6t|
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④、就近原则 @gHWU>k,A
or, either…or, neither…nor, 3f^~mTY9>]
单数名词+or+复数名词+are Q^z&;%q1
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is bRb+3au_x
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 RmcQGQ
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 L fx$
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are o6~9.~_e
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. v9K{oB
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 8!q$8]M
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 ZQQ0}
There are five apples that are red. P-~kxb9aa
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 =9@t6
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets E8QY6 gKF
A @3@oaa/v
carry a supply that last just a few seconds. IU*w'a
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 )^'g2gVK+p
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 O3>m,v
The rich are not always happier than the poor. bn8`$FA^
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 4v("qNw#
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 ao(lj
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: mm,be.
a. there be 句型 F3L'f2yBG
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 6]*~!al?
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 vS$_H<;P
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. D<35FD,
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is z:_o3W.E
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ?tJy
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 1JIo,7
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miles in width. @@O=a
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分析:倒装句,are改为is xp4w9.X5(
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and *nPB+@f
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film aq|R?
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. D]s8w
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 jBTXs
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 @"\j]ZEnY
fifty percent of + 名词 \;h+:[<e1
one percent of + 名词 ?ep'R&NV
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: ;m;a"j5
one percent of my students + are yJheni
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. XM+o e0:[
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这里要强调两个结构 eu]t.Co[X
half of =fifty percent m5G9
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most of + 可数名词 + are 8+L,a_q-
most of + 不可数名词+ is ),<E
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been fVU9?^0/)9
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found in central and eastern Canada. HOn,c@.9Y
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 w/L^w50pt
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized y;!q E~!3
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. M*r/TT
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 &
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 JJ50(h)U
①、主要考察时间状语 MWsjkI`
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. !b
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was <Rs#y:
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②、For和since的区别 c)d*[OI8
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 *wgHa6?+7
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 cTA8F"UGD
I has been a teacher for three years. WIytgM
I has been a teacher since 1996.
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I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 7}r!&Eb
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became )'
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the primary responsibility of the president. a@|/D\C
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 Kn9O=?Xh;
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of :$bp4+3>
A B C M*DF tp<
the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. pK)*{fC$`
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 )V!9/d
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. ]dXHjOpA
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live NDG3mCl
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(三) 谓语的语态
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语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 Sm(QgZO[4
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: ryz
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①、prove 5:jbd:o
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 !i0jk,[B=
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; rm7$i9DH2
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming gTI!b
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be r]x;JBy
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. PZ/ g
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 Mr}]P(4h
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②、Locate,Situate |aiP7C
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 r7tN(2;5
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 oE+s8Q
这两个词也可以用作被动 <B]\&
My school was located near the river. @MfuV4
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区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 0B(<I?a/
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. NIeKS_ +
(A)locates _
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(B)locating @l9qH1
(C)to locate Q K0
(D)is located Si<9Oh
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 [Rh[Z #6
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③、表示需要概念的动词 lAsDdxB`
need, want, require等 T`g.K6$b
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My watch needed repairing o5 6_t{<
My watch needed to be repaired. qvz2u]IOw
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④、表示人的情感的动词 F]~ rA! g1
move, annoy, surprise, please等 F_ ~L&jHP
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 8tWOVLquJ
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 -k{n"9a9?
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主动和被动技巧总结: )SZt If
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 &H!
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the \^iPU 27H
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, ._m+@Uy]H}
B T
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power structures, and flood-control works along ZdHfZ3)dB
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. #q1Qa_LXc
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 X l#P@60
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四、非谓语动词 [-!
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(一) 分词 `e]L.P_e?
现在分词和过去分词的区别 _ngyai1
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 b7g\wnV8z
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then 78>)<$+d
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. zu&5[XL
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning . $uvQpyh
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 r
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例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in B7(~m8:eH7
A B C
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. F+Rtoq|
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living A,i.1U"w8
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一些动词后面必须用doing *JE%bQ2Q
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 1o)@{x/pd
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, 3^
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advocate, suggest $Z6g/bD`E
delay, quit }]_/:KUt
forgive(原谅),tolerate, e*p7(b-
avoid, escape(逃避) Kk1 591
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spend+名词+doing; J#vIzQ
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing M*FUtu
w naP? |/
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their r(xh5{^x
A B C D rF:C(
{y
crops. C,7
d
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 0X@!i3eu
&v|Uy}h&%1
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, H-A?F^#
A B CsHHJgx
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. x8k7y:
C D &5puGnTZ
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing 52?zBl`|
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(二) 不定式 ^Pl(V@
A. 动词不定式的省略 |U{9Yy6
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①、help后面可以省略to k7JE{(Ok
help do FJ0Ity4u6
help sb. to do CXt9 5O?
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid HS> (y2}'
A B >qj.!npQD
the habits that might shorten the lives. &
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C D zh`!x{Z?^
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 oV"d%ks
xC N6?
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ZrY#B8
make, D![42H+-Qd
let, $A~UA
have sb. do sth $pW6a %7
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. 58xaVOhb
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians \:]
A B $VEG1]/svp
to know when to play various parts of a composition. s18o,Zs'
C D W\]bh'(
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know :"m~tU3&
y8} fj=
③、感官动词 n>Cl;cN=
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe 1B}q?8n
see sb do sth. 强调过程 3OnIAk3
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 ;+v5li
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 5cc;8i
(1)表示第一人 %=p:\+`VI
the first woman to do sth. [6 d~q]KH
E :gS*tsY
(2)表示迫使的动词 ggluQGA
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do b1+6I_u.
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis m
7<HK,d
A B nP]tc
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. IZ){xI
C D g%C!)UbT
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 0!4;."S
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yH`4sd
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 l>(
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be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 'K|Jg.2
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 ,E7+Z' ;
be lieable to do 易于…的 j[E8C$lW
be apt to do %62W[Oh5
B #o/3
(4)表示目的的名词, 0P MF)';R
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 r'TxYM-R
固定的句式: :eK(9o
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. `
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the objective 目标 kzky{0yKk=
aim R,Gr{"H
goal [{s 1=c
reason理由 / 7i>0J]
function功能 $ 12mS
intension意图 KBUClx?
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing ;q=0NtCS=4
A \IL;}D{
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. ujlIWQU2mo
B C D $A4rdhvd
分析:the function to provide, A错 tEU}?k+:j)
5g x9W\a ?
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure $0-}|u]5U
A y_s^dQe
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds RFsd/K; Zp
B Fi7G S;
that make up various components of a living cell. dkHye>
C D kiah,7V/
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 |8QXjzH
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(5) 其他同根名词 &-S;.}
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 3`Ug]<m
attempt to do 企图 A#b`{C~l
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 QU#u5sX A
ambition, /~8<;N>,+
be ambitious to do : ~RY
effort A:-M RhE9X
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation P'
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A B m
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catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. rXIFCt8J
C D ?k|}\l[X1
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 =\QKzQ'BC
_,"?R]MO
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great b0PQ;?R#V
A B !,SGKLs.m
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. o4[
C D M0B6v}^H
分析:efforts to register, C错 (t.OqgY
i[+cNJ|$B0
7U3b YU~;
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 $ ]fautQlt
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 96VJE,^h
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. L[j73z'
bG|aQ2HW
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 'XbrO|%
I am glad to see you. (V06cb*42[
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. #A:+|{H"
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. |riP*b
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 en5sqKqh+
It is difficult to decide. +L]$M)*0&
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五、句子的结构 Q4[^JQsR2
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 d%EUr9~?
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(一) 主语的重复 ]zt77'J
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 }JWLm.e
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any Il8,g+W]
A B k%gO
compromises concerning the establishment of the C3hQT
8~
C D '=V!Y$tn
League of Nations. AWG;G+
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 -,Oq=w*EV
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson X9S`#N
`zw^ WbCO{
H?a1XEY/
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are d$?sS9"8(
A B nl\l7/}6
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. qx;8Hq(E[
C D
A|90Ps
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 y+"6Y14
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(二)谓语的重复 YR? ujN
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 H[M(t^GM
+!F+mV9
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of MJ..' $>TC
A B ~ 7^#.
one or more sentences related to the same idea. kM;fxR:-
C D =U- w!uW
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 6oA2"!u^w
x[dR5
(三)谓语的缺少 e,cSB!7
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body AW')*{/(Ii
A B JsA.jqkB
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. +~{Honj[
C D Gdu5
&]H#6
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 # ^q87y
Kwmtt
(四)主句的重复 z:p;Wm
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 7+2DsZ^6MW
8TH fFL
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite /9o
gg
A B C NSV;R~"
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. 7E]qP
5
D vLT$oiN[c
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 EU,f;H
_rakTo8BY
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow ;%`oS.69
A B ;QS(`SK l
sweeps across the face of the Earth. G}V5PEF]`
C D Muay6b?
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 d$}!x[g$Z
p
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided [~Vj(H=KwI
A B 3bBCA9^se
names for towns, only George Washington
Bbj%RF2,
C De^Uc
is remembered in the name of a state. D3(rD]c0{
D
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分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 H-C$Jy)f"
六、比较级和最高级 Usl963A#'F
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 yLgv<
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 N/x]-$fl
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 5D6 ,B
A n]x%xnt
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. K'f`}y9
B C D 7wz9x8 \t
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 y{g"w
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 ,JqCxb9
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. yB5JvD ?
A B C D |7)oX
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 q(\kCUy!
Y{I,ipU.
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere B*OBXN>'P
A B C D <^(>o
is the grizzly bear. :-tMH02c
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 &j?+%Y1n@
t_kRYdW 9
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 i)q8p
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 ?p&( Af)
@MKf$O4K
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with 8 -YC#&
A B i9eE/
.
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. V*gh"gZ<
C D )1gOO{T]h?
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 @tlWyUju
o[%\W
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 lf\x`3Vd
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as }"M5"?
LRqlK\
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 C#TP1~6
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 @a (-U.CZ
the taller boy CU@}{}Yl
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 HcM/
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed Y)2#\ F
A B '7
t:.88
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is `_SV1|=="8
abundant, and humidity is moderate. Sym}#F\s
C D Y|S>{$W
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they Jwpc8MQ
\. a 7F4h
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 W5>emx'>
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, wz>[CXpi_
A B C
N@X(YlO
the Navajos form largest group. FuC\qF
D g3f;JB
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 NAOCQDk{
fr`Q
5!0
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, Q/0oe())
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language n`V? n
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 4v`G/w
_9'hmej
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many V''fmWo7
A B C a(LtiO
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. <[K3Prf C
D 4s@Tn>%SP
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 >+DMTV[O
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the 2#ZqGf.'v
例如:my best friends 8tVSa
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial N6`U)=2o>h
A B C YRMe<upo
and banking center. )+ 'r-AF*
D _Tm]tlV
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 8nWPt!U:
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 ;WAa4r>
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yg/K
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例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary u-tD_UIck
A 9tb-;|
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. \hn$-'=4
B C D :LlZ#V2
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 >; tE.CJH
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七、平行结构 z`.<dN
g
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 (&v,3>3]
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7WUvO
(一) 对等连接词 zG8g}FrzG;
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 8!HB$vdw7
单一式: and, or ,but \ q3ui}-9
相关式: both…and, not … but, [S8*b^t4
either …or, neither…nor cD=IFOB*GD
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as |i#06jIq
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, Yi)s=Q :
没有so...as... Iqn
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between…and, 4T;<`{]
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also 0
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not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, tbiM>qxB
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短语式: as well as MB $aN':
rather than (而不是) %vm_v.Q4)
other than (除…之外) z6rT<~xZtu
instead of (代替) 1_A_)l11
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 $evuL3GY#
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, `'sD (e
A B esQ$.L
but he is now living in Detroit. #p55/54ZI
C D M8<Vd1-5
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 B2P@9u|9
v3FdlE
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics @2a!T03
A B T_=WX_h $
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford
EG|dN(qh
remained active in city and regional planning. "y&`,s5}
C D {jmy:e2
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 GGr82)E
(二)平行的内容 8.8t$
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 4oueLT(zc
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of EY<"B2_%
A B .(.
<
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, z F.@rXl
C D \`xlD&F@U
or yearly periods of light and darkness. i,a"5DR8
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 ?6&8-zt1?
vr'cR2
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第二、名词单复数的平行 _/noWwVu
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 y32$b,%Xi,
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, Zx_^P:rL
A B C 2~?
E'
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. Cp"
7R
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D U4\v~n\
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 |?2fq&2
uHSnZ"#
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, 6X%g-aTs
A B h )5S
4)
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. YnU)f@b#
C D &4S2fWx
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have I*3}erT
-HQbvXAS
第三、时态的平行 xi(\=LbhY
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated p ZTrh&I]
A .E}lAd.Mn
with the imagist movement , but later develops -"dt3$ju
B m\0_1 #(
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. Rt+ -ud{O
C D ^.!jD+=I
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 71{jedT
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例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- q_h (D/g
spread from its home in Central America and u6ULk<<\
now grows throughout the tropics. <SI|)M,, 3
(A) to be (B) it R/ZScOW[
(C) the (D) its &btI#
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? j/*1zu8Y
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow P U/<7P*
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- j,+]tHC-
commercially for their meat and eggs. o6k#neB>=.
(A) raised (B) and are raised 5?^L))
(C) raised as (D) are raised
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分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 E>|X'I?r^
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第四、排列位置的平行 RDp
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. hu.o$sV3;
(A) Not only does rust corrode "^n,(l*4x
(B) Not only rust corrodes 7~mhWPzMwB
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes 0
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(D) Rust not only corrodes #_w
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分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 >5t%_/yeB
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: eyCZ[SC
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 ukW&\
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 [X.bR$>
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 _5jT}I<k
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八、词序的颠倒 5 8bW
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 /*mF:40M;
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 52e>f5m.
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage O,Q.-
A B ]dpL
PR
that can be given to any individual in the United States. dI{DiPho
C D faDSyBLo
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 0@
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pjWRd_h.
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 +WH\,E
例:Certain types of computers work properly only ky2 bj}"p9
A B =*2,^j
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. fK J
-/{|
C D \CL8~
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。
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3
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 3e_tT8
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were l|P"^;*zq
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in what is now the United States. i(}PrA
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 #De>EQ%
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所有的系动词分为三大类: p['RV
第一种:表示保持某种状态, {q-&!l|
is, remain, keep, stay, X3.zNHN5
lie, exit(表示位于) -@pjEI
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态
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become, turn, grow, sh<Q2X
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) 6_CP?X+T
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第三种,感官动词 "r9Rr_,
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seem(好像是) -$Oh.B`i
look(看起来好像是) .WSyL
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste WR;1
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 n6/Ous
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe B
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to cause numerous deaths. 66yw[,Y
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 GEBSUvM 7
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九、词性的混用 W }NUU
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 CMt<oT6.?
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 ~6G
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做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; @DN/]P
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high 6Yu:v
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and {}O~tf_
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. <b 5DX
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) >F/^y O
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 1`cH
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后面加宾语当然要用动名词 #;[G>-tC
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds bo0
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to u]p21)m$x
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. "Q?+T:D8|
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分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 GZ%vFje_
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, H:fKv7XL
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of Q}BMvR 9w
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urban Black people in the United States. 4Aj~mA
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 J1w;m/o
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####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 `v*HH}aDO
表示时间有两种可能, R)NSJ-A!2
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 -FZC|[is
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, p-4$)w~6i
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 JP#S/kJ%3
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence z8\YMr6o
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were made while the American Civil War. {npm9w<;
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 \n<!
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the -^_2{i
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history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. *b{IWOSe^
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分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 n`,
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 |A&;m}(Mt
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 DU^.5f
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social 2Q6;SF"Z
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. A@V$~&JCL5
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分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 <h -)zI
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples M@[W"f
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easily under the stress of compression. UarLxPQ
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 Z9vMz3
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 m)A:w.o
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine ;EBKzB
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article that gives personal comments on current events. u+8"W[ZULq
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分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 Ta\F~$M
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, d*8*9CpO:
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. NtM>`5{?
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分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 jL-2
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 ,sitO y}ks
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; +,,(8=5g
two hundred diligent students