该错题常考要点 /Xc9}~t6
一、代词 3J8>r|u;1'
代词中主要讲解六个问题 irw5<l
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 EGFP$nvq
主格、宾格、所有格 |ggtb\W
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) 3GL?&(eU;
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(二) 反身代词 JSq3)o9?/
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 bF
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He killed himself. (他自杀了) G{|"WaKW
He killed him. (他杀了他) M4;M.zxJv
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating PGZe'r1E9
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a series of indicators that could help |
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themselves to predict earthquakes. 3z#>1HD$
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 :|&6x!
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 EHl~y=9
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 %PPy0RZ^
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 ,'<NyA><
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies -ciwIS9L
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the Uw5&.aqn.b
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Pacific. GVf[H2%H
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 .W9
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 <
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Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: )Fqtb;W
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Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 P3a]*> .,
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined JHg;2xm"<K
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the word“normalcy”to express social and p2O [r
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economic conditions they promised the nation. Mx3f T
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 az
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important }\A0g}
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John hy~KY6Ta
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Keats, published the year of her death. h-m0Ro?6
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. xi.QHKBZaH
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(四) Who和which的区别
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which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 5["n] i
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 #m'+1 s L
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who \x
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. wA87|YK8*
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 :yOJL [x
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 a
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(五) that和which的区别 `
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介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 ,nw5 M.D_
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it O-+!KXHd[
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. y8|}bd<Sr
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 49B6|!&I
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 w6l56CB`
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, `u8=~]rblj
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when Nw3IDy~T
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. 8WG_4e
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which j<vU[J+gx~
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly Nbm$ta
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. Olq`mlsK
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 ,,Vuvn
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has ]8XIw`:f
affected the way people in the United States----. X^.~f+d~
(A) living and working S)A;!}RK6
(B) they live and work {
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(C) live and work l,E4h-$
(D) to live and to work <V4"+5cJ8
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 #r80FVwiD
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二、介词 9h^TOZK)
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 a~`,zQ -@
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(一) 介词搭配 iSj.lW
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those o%73M!-
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. _."X# }W
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 ut9R]01:
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. F#\+.inO
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分析:B错改为be rich in x9H
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the Hbz,3{o5
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. )]m_ L$9
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 k.w}}78N2N
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 >R8eAR$N
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 ( 0Z3Ksfj1
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. lIL{*q(
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 ^Dhu8C(
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has t>>\U X
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on $8,/[V
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. n`)wD~mk
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 Ayi
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2、介词by GCEq3
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一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by XZ8;Ow=
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing A?sU[b6_
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ?*8HZ1m#
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. lhA<wV1-9G
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 Z"fnjH
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils :{v:sK
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to -f-2!1&<3h
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supply moccasins and field rations. /U%Xs}A)
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 z<F.0~)jb
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with 1=t\|Th-
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements ,{{uRs/
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that are often represented at symbols. THmX=K4=?
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 hsQrHs'k
三、谓语动词 $W8
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 nD+vMG1~w
①、主谓分割原则 M,Px.@tw.
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, 1lNg} !)[K
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. 9zkR)C
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 h<9h
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②、与后者一致原则 5CkM0G`
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, NDRk%_Eu(
not only…but also 'Z7oPq6
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③、与前者一致原则 w>X33Ff]8@
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, s&lZxnIjc
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 T"Wq:
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ;1cX|N=
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. +gOCl*L
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is 6kjBd3
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④、就近原则 ;P _`4w3
or, either…or, neither…nor, D;<Qm,[
单数名词+or+复数名词+are :f^O!^N
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is W?'!}g(~
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 xN}P0
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 qrNW\ME
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are x-Z`^O
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 788q<7E
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 S_6`.@B}
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 F)_Rs5V:(
There are five apples that are red. h.4;-&
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 ; ZL<7tLDb
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets ui7 0|
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 0tn5>Dsk
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 *xU^e`P
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 GMgsM6.R
The rich are not always happier than the poor. =[t( [DG
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 +5?hkQCX1^
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 d
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改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: ]v94U b
a. there be 句型 !&E>8h
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式
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b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 :XBeGNI*#
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. b
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is )5d&K8@
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific qdZn9i
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 nsw.\(#
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miles in width. ^"6xE nA]
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分析:倒装句,are改为is VC>K
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and 1#]tCi`
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film k[Uc_=
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. )]>=Uo
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 |4X:>
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 _a15R/S
fifty percent of + 名词 1vl~[
one percent of + 名词 6sQ"go$}
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: I|Z5*iXqCm
one percent of my students + are cQ3Dk<GZ
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. Ms^Y:,;Hi
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这里要强调两个结构 68 - I2@&
half of =fifty percent g[H7.
most of + 可数名词 + are aWe
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most of + 不可数名词+ is w:MfaN*
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been VEb}KFyP
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found in central and eastern Canada. v,+2CVdW
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 iCl,7$[*
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized bX5>qqB]
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. iSIj ?.
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 q|gG
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 #,!.e
①、主要考察时间状语 9{xP~
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. d;;]+%
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was I&R4.;LW
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②、For和since的区别 rJ9a@n,
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 <\2,7K{{+;
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 X^fMt]
I has been a teacher for three years. F/&Z1G.
I has been a teacher since 1996. G~u94r
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I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 3H@TvV/;f
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became [g
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the primary responsibility of the president. N;<<-`i
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 i&{8a3B
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of 8Z F Ps/HP
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. m0XK?;\V
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 s26:(J
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. K=+w,H#`C
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live WLv( K_3Y
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(三) 谓语的语态 !
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语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 u <D&RT
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: c*HS#C7'2
①、prove X.%Xi'H
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 KX[_eOL
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; YJ.'Yc
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming =36vsps=
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be c^Rz?2x
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. VKS:d!}3E
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 XDz![s
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②、Locate,Situate el;^cMY
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 >"5^]o2?~l
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 K>,Kbs=D6
这两个词也可以用作被动 Czid"Ih-
My school was located near the river. rcOpOoU|
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 f/eT4y
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. D2[uex
(A)locates B#B$w_z
(B)locating `a3q)}*Y
(C)to locate L!3{ASIN0
(D)is located va95/(
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 HC?yodp^
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③、表示需要概念的动词 V4l`Alr\L
need, want, require等 ryW1OV6?_0
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My watch needed repairing Kbg`ZO*
My watch needed to be repaired. jE&kN$.7j
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④、表示人的情感的动词 (X)$8y
move, annoy, surprise, please等
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 one^XYy1%
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 F$ZWQ9&5U0
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主动和被动技巧总结: N`8!h:yL
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 wTf0O@``6H
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the _>dqz(8#
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, vk5pnCM^3
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power structures, and flood-control works along %,
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. G qk"%irZ
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 AU^Wy|i5Q
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四、非谓语动词 ]1)@.b;QR
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(一) 分词 :`:<JA3,
现在分词和过去分词的区别 fOE:~3Q
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 M0=ZAsN
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then }td+F&l($V
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. yC+N18y?
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning {@Diig
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 e!tgWYN
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in j@GMZz<
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. R&ou4Y:DG
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living \RQ5$!O
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一些动词后面必须用doing }{K)5k@
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 x-tA{_:
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ik8e
advocate, suggest *k+QX
delay, quit
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forgive(原谅),tolerate, sv0kksj
avoid, escape(逃避) zN2sipJS8
spend+名词+doing; B2845~\.
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing Bj@&c>
a#uJzYB0
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their 5+ fS$Q
A B C D jDXmre?
crops. +S/8{2%?DG
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 Jt)<RMQ^R
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, zcxG%? Q
A B 0
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to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 2B!nLLCp+
C D C{2UPG4 x
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing )9<)mV*EB(
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(二) 不定式 IL>g-
A. 动词不定式的省略 koqH~>ZtD
①、help后面可以省略to 7s.sbP~
help do .S5&MNE
help sb. to do Q2fa]*Z5
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid hOwVm;:
A B ol:_2G2xQ
the habits that might shorten the lives. E3gQ`+wNg?
C D kXOlZC
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 ]I}'
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 5k\61(*s
make, 9JU
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let, sX**'cH
have sb. do sth IzL
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注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. 3F4I{L
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians H7\EvIM=
A B z{%G
to know when to play various parts of a composition. s+(8KYTs`
C D ^c!Hur6)
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know A!j&g(Z"Q
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③、感官动词 4~Z\tP|Q.
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe k|g~xmI;
see sb do sth. 强调过程 Uq[NOJC
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 r<~1:/F|
&PGU%"rN
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 EmH2 Dbw
(1)表示第一人 mT)iN`$Y@
the first woman to do sth. #^eviF8
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(2)表示迫使的动词 v'DL >Y
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do % +eZ U)N
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 'KXvn0
A B CRS/qso[Q'
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. -,p(PK
C D <G#JPt6
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 J;G+6C$:
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 7zy6`OP
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 jYuH
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be inclined to do倾向于做某事 3;#v$F8R
be lieable to do 易于…的 DmPp&
be apt to do ~u-mEdu3C
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(4)表示目的的名词, \~U8<z
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 R~;<}!Gtx
固定的句式:
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the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. )CEfG
the objective 目标 !SEg4z
aim ;aWH`^{i
goal X >C*(/a
reason理由 jj.i W@m
function功能 quVTqhg"
intension意图 kC0F@'D
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing K`768%q
A "\)j=MI8u+
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. F3i+t+Jt
B C D +A3@{2
分析:the function to provide, A错 'eZUNX
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure +r"{$'{^
A 6ix8P;;}#
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds w?Cqe
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B d.3-@^P
that make up various components of a living cell. 4(f[Z9 iZ]
C D bO8 g#rO
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 %!mJnc%
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(5) 其他同根名词 # 4L[8(+V
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 540-l Me
attempt to do 企图 a4Qr\"Qm
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 ?k
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ambition, 8vOKm)[%
be ambitious to do Ep>3%{V
effort w$MFCJ:p&
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation <Wn={1Ts"
A B M{<cqxY
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. w]J9Kv1)-
C D e)]9u$x
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 BT.;l I
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great hy3j8?66
A B ^V#9{)B
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. BU(:6
C D {EE/3e@
分析:efforts to register, C错 $O9Nprf
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 FR&4i" +
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴
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She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. 1BO$xq
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 eM
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I am glad to see you. {|nm0vg`A
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. 7N9~nEU
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. 91d@/z
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 cVya~ *
It is difficult to decide. G|MjKe4}
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五、句子的结构 K;moV| j
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 \i_y(;
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(一) 主语的重复 `2`Nu:r^
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 Au3>=x`
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any *qdf?'R
A B 64xq@_+
compromises concerning the establishment of the e[_W( v
C D $Lg%CY
League of Nations. 5dOA^P@`,M
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 m| 8%%E}d
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson EXn$ [K;
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7
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are w}n:_e
A B L$zI_
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lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. s!S,;H
C D $mFsf)1]]?
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 rx`G*k{X
]}
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(二)谓语的重复 #:Z"V8n'
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 w6tb vhcmU
63:0Vt>hZ^
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of 86d*
A B &We1i&w
one or more sentences related to the same idea. 5MY+O\
C D ?m-kpW8
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 %-"?
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(三)谓语的缺少 .UNh\R?r
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body {m5tgVi&
A B /_~b~3
{u
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. #sit8k`GR8
C D G3QB Rh{
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 B.fL
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(四)主句的重复 $eQ_!7Gom$
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 e
#l/jFJU
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite 'N,3]So
i
A B C
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they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. M64zVxsd
D n`f},.NM|
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 #I9|>XE1
bTC2Ya
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow G}i\UXFE
A B ;}IF'ANA
sweeps across the face of the Earth. SqY;2:
C D
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分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 r5[om$|*
f
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided U0u @[9!
A B F
aa:h#
names for towns, only George Washington d%9I*Qo0,
C Bt,qG1>$-
is remembered in the name of a state. ;3\Fb3d
D IgEg
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 l>"gO9j
六、比较级和最高级 `6j?2plZ
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 /@FB;`'
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 A4';((OXy
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which PGT!HdX#{
A D]y6*Ha
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. DWJ%r"aN
B C D /Re1QS
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 #CV(F$\1{
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 f;u;hQxs
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. B>X+eK
A B C D NL&g/4A[a
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 b{sE#m%r
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W
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere >4M_jC.
A B C D eV9:AN }K=
is the grizzly bear. '4
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分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 w#PaN83+
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 ]v_xEH}T
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 5jNBt>.0
8QC:ro
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with \
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A B |xKB><
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. Tg:NeAN7(
C D
jHz]
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 mz\m^g3
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 +Z;0"'K'e
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as t&r?O dc&m
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 !Aw.f!
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 ;( 2uQ#Y
the taller boy WLh_b)V|
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 i-ogeR?
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed hcf>J6ZLT
A B @~N#)L^
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is lJYv2EZ
abundant, and humidity is moderate. RgRcW5VxK
C D \Fj4Gy?MW
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they =G72`]#-
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③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 Sv>aZ
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, 4@W.{|2~
A B C _|Dt
6
the Navajos form largest group. ^|\?vA
D {M
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分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 qzmZ/z96
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陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, Ux<h`
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一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language T(}da**X
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the LpiLk| 2i
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many G^OSXf5
A B C w##Fpv<m
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. tvH)I px
D VuR BJ2D
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 |% kK?!e+-
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the ~iSW^mi
例如:my best friends IpP0|:}
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial
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A B C WT)")0)[
and banking center. JQCwI`%i
D -,tYfQ;:
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 Ij8tBT?jlL
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 ",+uvJT1O
5 6R,+sN
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例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary |{nI.>
A
R
pbl)
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. E6gEP0b
B C D ,+RO 5n
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 Ed-gYL^<
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七、平行结构 Gpu?z-)
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 5HN<*u%z
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(一) 对等连接词 AI
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一共有三类连接平行结构的词 Uk9g^\H<D
单一式: and, or ,but >N
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相关式: both…and, not … but, >C[1@-]G%7
either …or, neither…nor :c t+.#
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as {p
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such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, >B
没有so...as... r\d:fot
between…and, 'qJ-eQ7e
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also F21[r!3
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, `1@[uWl
&*aU2{,s,;
短语式: as well as H\mVK!](D
rather than (而不是) u2]g1XjeG
other than (除…之外) _vH!0@QFU
instead of (代替) [r8 d+
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 )uvFta<(
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, sjgR \`AU
A B g{hA,-3
but he is now living in Detroit. o$VH,2 QF
C D 5R `6zhf
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics ZHlin#"
A B \C#b@xLnX
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford y=xe<#L
remained active in city and regional planning. )]>
'7] i
C D BJxmW's/
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 V
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(二)平行的内容 zl
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第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 s4`*0_n
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of Q
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A B \w[ZY$/
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, )|R0_9CLV
C D 36WzFq#
or yearly periods of light and darkness. j_uY8c>3\q
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 SA
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第二、名词单复数的平行 40d9/$uzh
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 W<N QUf[=
h9w^7MbO
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, T{{AZV"pB
A B C bc=u1=~w
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. $CwTNm?
D +fCyR
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 ID).*@(I"
b,
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例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, l^y?L4hg)
A B ~v(M6dz~vk
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. ,-IF++q
C D M=
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分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have z0Z\d
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第三、时态的平行 nK%/tdq
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated [FV=@NI
A )"c]FI[}
with the imagist movement , but later develops g*r{!:,t
B B/9<b{6
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. W/ZahPPq
C D 60~>f)vu
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 Rr;LV<q+
,ORG"]_F
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- ND55`KT4
spread from its home in Central America and NtA|#"^
now grows throughout the tropics. WP@JrnxO\`
(A) to be (B) it mp+\!
(C) the (D) its ^2;(2s
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? ;LF)u2x=
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow jQ_|z@OV
WP%{{zR$
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- ^;CR0.4
commercially for their meat and eggs. z5yb$-j
(A) raised (B) and are raised QC\g%MVG
(C) raised as (D) are raised Ky'3z"
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 32bkouq
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第四、排列位置的平行 _L:i=.hxN
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. 9OQ0Yc!3
(A) Not only does rust corrode we H@S
(B) Not only rust corrodes -|k&L}\OB0
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes /:Z~"Q*r
(D) Rust not only corrodes kuTq8p2E
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 O'!r]0Q
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: aX[1H6&=7
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 P+;CE|J`X
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 F; MF:;mM
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 {#w A!>.
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八、词序的颠倒 [B"dH-r7
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 d Y:|Ef|v(
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 t> x-1vf%
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage ~<2 IIR$H
A B H4}%;m%
that can be given to any individual in the United States. L=
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C D Hyq@O8
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 I9[1U
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 M1/M}~
例:Certain types of computers work properly only rP^TN^bd|
A B M('s|>\l
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. lC'{QUC
C D ?Do^stq'4
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 [K c
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were ||-nmOy
A B C Usa+b
A
in what is now the United States. :]P~.PD5,
D mu6039qy
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。
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所有的系动词分为三大类: gM4P j[W
第一种:表示保持某种状态, "z
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is, remain, keep, stay, k:b/Gq`
lie, exit(表示位于) bA}AD`5
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 si_W:mLF{a
become, turn, grow,
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get (It is getting warmer and warmer) /b{o3, #.M
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第三种,感官动词 `NBbTQtgO
seem(好像是) KAd_zkUA
look(看起来好像是) '.?^uM
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste y|$R`P
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 bS>R5*Zp
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe 3Jk[/.h
A B aF!E x
to cause numerous deaths. l , ..5
C D {m[s<A(
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 Yc^%zxub
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九、词性的混用 MDJc[am
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 v:E;^$6Vn
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 nX|Q~
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做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; $B\ H
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high [)^mBVht
A B (89Ji'dc
mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and 'BY-OA#xJ
C K UKACUL
when they are in captivity they breed poorly. Y25^]ON*\^
D 8'A72*dhX
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) Oe51PEqn
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 ]dSK
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后面加宾语当然要用动名词 /.Fj.6U5
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds w&Y{1r F>
A B 7{e=="#*
and keeping the soil in the best condition to .Pe9_ZH$W
C )0k']g5
help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. j(eFoZz,
D (&[[46
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 pXu/(&?
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's,
(gwj)?:
A rv>^TR*,!
was concerned with the depicting the experience of Md,pD
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B C FY'ty@|_s
urban Black people in the United States. xyA-P& N
D !2tW$BP^
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 geM6G$V&
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####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 9zBMlc$X
表示时间有两种可能, :7g=b%;
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 P[ r];e
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, _Ov;4nt!
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 +nL+N
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence -nbMTY}
A B )IL
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were made while the American Civil War. l;A,0,i
C D e@#kRklV&
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 ORN6vX(1
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the _>m-AI4^
A B C j;1 -p>z
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. kc `V4b%
D n5-)/R[z
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 '8 Ztj
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 }n_p$g[Nj/
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 hU]HTX'R
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social WE6a'
A >LC<O.
work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations.
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B C D `:m!~
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 _@mRb^
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples ._w8J"E5
A B C [D-Q'"'A
easily under the stress of compression. T<3BT
D B
vo5-P6XY
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 \0l>q
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 -oeL{9;
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine &AVpLf:?
A B d)cOhZy
article that gives personal comments on current events. =deMd`=J
C D SK1!thQy
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 T _b^ Tc`
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, @`tXKP$so
A i
wz
which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. b|Q)[ y]
B C D ZyOv.,y
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 g %K>
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 oH0X<'
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; u2oKH{/z
two hundred diligent students