该错题常考要点 H4i}gdR
一、代词 :kZ]Swi 5
代词中主要讲解六个问题 &oL"AJU
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 (>`_N%_
主格、宾格、所有格 UMcM&
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名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) %PW-E($o<
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(二) 反身代词 I0-1Hr
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 /N0mF< P
He killed himself. (他自杀了) f,YO
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He killed him. (他杀了他) ~B<\#oO
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating CKw-HgXG
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a series of indicators that could help ~|u;z,\
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themselves to predict earthquakes. fb
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 1I;q@g0
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 h]zok}$
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 h(WlJCln
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 Uahh|>s
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies c{'Z.mut
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the 51:5rN(_
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Pacific. 5?3 v;B6
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 ]n=z(2Z9lD
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 ErN[maix#
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: |A4B4/!
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 !19T=p/:$
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined Tw
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the word“normalcy”to express social and C,;?`3bH@
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economic conditions they promised the nation. %X\J%Fj
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 hW~% :v
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important eDo4>k"5
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John #WA7
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Keats, published the year of her death. q2k}bb +
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. @"cnPLh&
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(四) Who和which的区别 MPp:EH
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 ^`-Hg= d
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 0o6r3xc;
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who aorL ,l
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. WOYZ
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 _ru<1n[4~
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 U ;4;>
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(五) that和which的区别 F&/}x15
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 NFU=PS$
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it Y\H4.$V
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. >03JQe_#*L
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 or
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 %D^j7`Z
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why,
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Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when {*|$@%y!
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. la!rg#)-X
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which (7aE!r\Ab
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly 8j%lM/ v
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain.
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 > cJX'U9
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has 3412znM&
affected the way people in the United States----. p&\x*~6u
(A) living and working YI?y
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(B) they live and work ~Urj:l
(C) live and work $VJ=A<
(D) to live and to work Ie;}k;?-
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 i`:r2kU:*W
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二、介词 I-q@@!=
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 $}7WJz:
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(一) 介词搭配 .es= w=
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those =l3*{ ?G
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. {Z|.-~W
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 A]vQ1*pnk
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. [XQoag;!
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分析:B错改为be rich in GRj{*zs
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the zUxF"g-W
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. }qXi
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 c Ew/F0
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 9!FV.yp%F
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 5NeEDY2%#
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. AC(}cMM+
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 ^ tm,gh
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has $K8ZxH1z@
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on wEzLfZ Oz/
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. Mk[_yqoCO
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 CWI(Q`((>
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2、介词by UmQ 9_H 7
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by -_pI:K[
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 0R*
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States 8u;l<^<
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. <r3F*S=
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 -@L*i|A
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils D,1S-<
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to k9WihejS
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supply moccasins and field rations. /o![%&-l
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 ~++y4NB8Q
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with sRb)*p'
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements !lL21C6g+
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that are often represented at symbols. FrB}2
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 oC.:mI
三、谓语动词 <+" Jh_N#
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 LYkW2h`JQ
①、主谓分割原则 KDwjck"5;
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, ?7/n s>}
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. xv9SQ,n<
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 ^'*9,.ltd
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②、与后者一致原则 6|rqsk
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, %#yCp2
not only…but also X'IW&^kI
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③、与前者一致原则 FG38) /
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, QROe+:
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 RN]4 Is:
例:The athlete, together with his coach and |Xlc2?e
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. (`k0tC2
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ,[D,G
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④、就近原则 <:W]u T
or, either…or, neither…nor, S92'\2
单数名词+or+复数名词+are ;l[/<J
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 5^t68
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所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 _~d C>`K
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 #U{^L{1Gx
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are @`t)ly#N
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. :(c2YZ
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 3/H^YM
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 mR,p?[P
There are five apples that are red. L"rLalUw
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 L%ND?'@
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets KFor~A# D
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. mHE4Es0
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 f&bY=$iff
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 W1f]A#t<
The rich are not always happier than the poor. .J#xlOa-
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 sTU]ntoQqR
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 _|D8~\y
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: %?J\P@
a. there be 句型 k ~lj:7g~
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 fw ._
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 oOy@X =cw
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 2GLq#")P
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is HuBG?4Qd
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific EC&t+"=R
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 9Gfm?.O5
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miles in width. 5
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分析:倒装句,are改为is ZZA!Y9ia2
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film F#7Z
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. vC E$)z'"
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 LO[1xE9
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 QG?7L_I
fifty percent of + 名词 7s;<5xc
one percent of + 名词 #QXv[%k
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: .{`+bT^b<2
one percent of my students + are !CtY.L
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fifty percent of my time is spent on working. \=Af AO@
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这里要强调两个结构 @g9j+DcU
half of =fifty percent hE\,4c1
most of + 可数名词 + are I+D`\OSL
most of + 不可数名词+ is IJ!]1fXy+
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been BnvUPDT&
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found in central and eastern Canada. &YO5N4X~o
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 75K~ebRr
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized b;]'Bo0K
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. -4,qAnuMx
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 *`ehI_v :
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 ^wb -s
①、主要考察时间状语 <%J dQ82?
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. p!' "hx
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was j!mI9*hP
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②、For和since的区别 rMe`HM@
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 &BG^:4b
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 wa<@bub
I has been a teacher for three years. ]!YzbvoR
I has been a teacher since 1996. t1Hd-]28V
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 ]_d(YHYf
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became .Yha(5(
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the primary responsibility of the president. i`2Q;Az_P6
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 SwC,=S
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of CG=#rc]vz
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 5? c4aAn
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 VrF]X#\)
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. %*|XN*i XC
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live 'd(}bYr)
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(三) 谓语的语态 Hd;>k$B
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 _$cQAH0 E
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: Ij=hmTl{P
①、prove j{p0yuZ)<
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 = @3Qsd
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ~0/=5 dC
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming F!fxA#
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be cG"jrQ
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. *l7
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 r43dnwX
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②、Locate,Situate anl?4q3;9
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 7Kh+m@q.
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 ENqJ9%sk7
这两个词也可以用作被动 yP-.8[;
My school was located near the river. DbOWnXV"o
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 ky!'.3yoI
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. DVpqm6$Q
(A)locates %kVpW&
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(B)locating \f
(C)to locate 7&T1RB'>
(D)is located :k(aH Ua
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 wl9E
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③、表示需要概念的动词 DoImWNLo
need, want, require等 '<XG@L
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My watch needed repairing !FO||z(vb
My watch needed to be repaired.
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④、表示人的情感的动词 {)k}dr
move, annoy, surprise, please等 r!#a.
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 [qid4S~r,&
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 %2qvK}
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主动和被动技巧总结: JO1c9NyKr
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 PW.W.<CL
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the *a+~bX)18
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, ?b2%\p`"
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power structures, and flood-control works along #ljfcQm
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. +B*ygv:
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 [
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四、非谓语动词 })ss.
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(一) 分词 Az"3f
现在分词和过去分词的区别 [}d
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①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 qb
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then f@>27&'WV
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. k(hes3JV
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning %VSST?aUvX
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ILTd*f
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in N.B
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 0.|tKetHq
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living Wu:vO2aw8
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一些动词后面必须用doing .U9NQwd
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 [*8wv
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mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, wxr93$v
advocate, suggest mNm
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delay, quit Y( D d7`c
forgive(原谅),tolerate, b
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avoid, escape(逃避) (/Z~0hA[Q
spend+名词+doing; Og"
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have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing esbxx##\
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their e+4p__TmZ
A B C D C[? itk!
crops. Lm:O
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分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 hG&RGN_<6+
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, {Am\%v\
A B u =#LY$
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. <w.V !"!
C D Pw
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分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing 4
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(二) 不定式 SX/yY
A. 动词不定式的省略 m{(D*Vuqd
①、help后面可以省略to f+%J=Am
help do D\N-ye1LE
help sb. to do (3c,;koRR
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid &FkKnz4IZ
A B eey <:n/Z
the habits that might shorten the lives. 8y~
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C D .;iXe
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 ' OdZ[AN
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 u0w2v+
make, m*CIbkDsZ
let, G*\wu&7!
have sb. do sth A<y3Tc?Q
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. |>jlY
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例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians 8[(c'rl|)|
A B "MM7qV
to know when to play various parts of a composition. 6\OSIxJZ
F
C D (@uQ>dR:
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know |KplbU0iC
htMsS4^Kvd
③、感官动词 C.%iQx`
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe ZMg%/C
see sb do sth. 强调过程 *=~
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see sb doing sth 正在做某事 g]X4)e]
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 fG0rUi(8
(1)表示第一人 cV&(L]k>`
the first woman to do sth. :*1|ERGoay
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(2)表示迫使的动词 ^^3
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一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do IDdhBdQ
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis J@(*(oQb
A B VskyRxfdW3
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. e_\4(4x
C D L
a0H
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 rZ w&[ G
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 Z;7f
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be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 )nQpO"+M
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 DW
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be lieable to do 易于…的 2ai \("?
be apt to do 'ZTE"KT
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(4)表示目的的名词, 9 oc.`-e\?
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 fCO!M1 t
固定的句式: #x':qBv#
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. FyZw='D
the objective 目标 0qw,R4YK
aim A;Xn#t ,(K
goal 2[
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reason理由 {j ${i
function功能 H.|FEV@
intension意图 -'5:Cq
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing +\\,FO_
A q`"gT;3S
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. A4Q8^^byY
B C D $-jj%x\}
分析:the function to provide, A错
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure -P(q<T2MV'
A E`u=$~K
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds BqCBH!^x
B 6EGh8H f
that make up various components of a living cell. ~Pv4X2MO
C D ~bdADVH
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 [ -{L@
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(5) 其他同根名词 ;jo,&C
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 sn}U4=u
attempt to do 企图 N&-d8
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decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 z,X
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ambition, VkRvmKYl
be ambitious to do $s)G0/~W
effort uG${`4
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation Me`jh8(K\6
A B t(\d;ybyx
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. #T99p+O
C D "m3u}!`3
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 *h-_
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great cr27q6_
A B kC!7<%(
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. q\x*@KQgM
C D l$}h1&V7
分析:efforts to register, C错 R1!{,*Gy
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 "c\ZUx_i6
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 ullq}}
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. :y"Zc1_
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 >Yl?i&3n
I am glad to see you. u%Hegqn
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. XTG*
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yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. +w?RW^:Q=
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 u `1cXL['
It is difficult to decide. +#"CgZ]
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五、句子的结构 ^cz#PNB
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 s_N?Y)lS+(
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(一) 主语的重复 E
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名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 : P>Wd3m
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any :rnn`/L
A B :EJ+#
compromises concerning the establishment of the zqh.U@
C D _Jn-# du
League of Nations. Vahfz8~w/
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 f
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A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson %>_ZUu3M
c|
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are v@_b"w_TY
A B 7E*d>:
5I
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. J+r\EN^9
C D 6}ct{Q
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 ~mP#V
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(二)谓语的重复 n@<+D`[.V
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 0"]N9N;/
'B ocMjRA
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of 0l=g$G
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A B G9J+D?'hH
one or more sentences related to the same idea. r8x<-u4
C D H g(%gT
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 }wJ-*By{+
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(三)谓语的缺少 W9nmTz\8
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body D=uU:7m
A B (!`TO{ !6P
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. BM9J/24
C D ,$BbJQ5
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 ;LSdY}*%0
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(四)主句的重复 ,U':=8
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 j_i/h "
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite ?[{_*qh
A B C ], Xva`"
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. X.TsOoy
D uXD?s3Wv
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 7L68voC@U
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例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow hS(}<B{x!
A B B"sQ\gb%Q
sweeps across the face of the Earth. X@`kuWIUw
C D ]3UEju8$
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided 'Bul_D4B
A B <i}lP/U
names for towns, only George Washington 6%N.'wf
C #bk[Zj&
is remembered in the name of a state. Cbw@:+%
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D HHd;<% q
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 @nIoYT='
六、比较级和最高级 yffg_^fR
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 x""gZzJ$L
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 _G9vsi
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which NFDh!HUm
A zT
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involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. rK^Sn7 U
B C D 3 *0/<1f1!
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 fcDiYJC*
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 UvR F\x%
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. Id_?
A B C D W+F{!dW
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 ]I
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例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere m*'^*
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A B C D )83UF
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is the grizzly bear. }F v:g!
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 6I5,PB
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 uL.)+E
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 pb>TUKvT&
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with q\0CS>.
A B 701mf1
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concepts of time and space than stage directors can. huPAWlxT
C D >v
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分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 HUP~
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 nTG @=C#
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as Bf)}g4nYn
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 #pe
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①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 #o>~@.S#:0
the taller boy m'j]T/WF
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 N9SC
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例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed YI877T9>
A B u!]g^r
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is e1Ne{zg~
abundant, and humidity is moderate. FV 0x/)<z
C D '<$!?="
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 4G o$OQ`
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③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 iJ-z&=dOe
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, 5 R*
A B C 6I<^wS9j_
the Navajos form largest group. zUQn*Cio e
D
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分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 # $N)
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陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, &E/0jxM1
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language 0%W0vTvL
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the PLV-De
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many \>G :mMk/
A B C @
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countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. !GAU?J;<#2
D FD1Z}v!5IJ
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 ,B'n0AO/'
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the =>0
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例如:my best friends \F; S
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial YCBcyE}p
A B C e.>>
al
and banking center. G@(ukt`0}
D 4k]DktY}.
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 LP{@r ic
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 0]u=GD%
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例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary `at>X&Ce,
A
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formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. B s {n
B C D qy^sdqHl@
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 }~bx==SF6!
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七、平行结构 Eo@b)h
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 Gc0/*8u/
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(一) 对等连接词 IPxK$nI^
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 "l7))>lL
单一式: and, or ,but -6yFE- X/
相关式: both…and, not … but, rd0[(-
either …or, neither…nor JXNfE,_
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as G8hq;W4@]/
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, .KX LWH
没有so...as... ,2/y(JX}*!
between…and, 9i`sSi8
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also vN8Xq+
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, Hp1n*0%dZ&
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短语式: as well as \NTNB9>CO
rather than (而不是) !tckE\ h#N
other than (除…之外) A
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instead of (代替) Xx;4
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 ~L3]Wa.
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, `GQ'yv
A B )<8f3;qd
but he is now living in Detroit. Q ,6
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C D l We1Q#
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 yw{;Qm2\7
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics 0s+pcqOd^
A B &
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as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford MRZ/%OZ.
remained active in city and regional planning. [ta3sEPjs
C D A=a~ [vre
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 o;\c$|TNU
(二)平行的内容 cV+x.)a.
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 6*Y>Y&sea
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of LnY`f -H
A B Mq[|w2.
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, `*to(
)
C D YLO/J2['
or yearly periods of light and darkness. ~3F\7%Iqc
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 ZZJXd+Q}
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第二、名词单复数的平行 Il&}4#:
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 lAcXi$pF
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, hExw} c
A B C 2*<'=*zaQ
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. C"=^(HU
D !"e~HZmr
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 jj&4Sv#>
pPX ~pPIj2
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, Y3J;Kk#AH
A B =cN!h"C[
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. 5_}e?T&s
C D +#|):aF
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have BL&
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第三、时态的平行 G L> u3K
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated S
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A `Rc7*2I)l
with the imagist movement , but later develops I
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B uDZ$'a
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. +-
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C D S_B $-H|
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 i(k]}Di:
fzVU9BU
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- -q-/0d<l
spread from its home in Central America and P
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now grows throughout the tropics. 4p%=8G|
(A) to be (B) it :gNTQZR
(C) the (D) its 71h?t`N
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? E|aPkq]
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow h]#wwJF
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- Nm0kMq|h
commercially for their meat and eggs. bLfbzkNV\1
(A) raised (B) and are raised BK_x5mGu3
(C) raised as (D) are raised #h 4`f
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 +P&;cCV`S3
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第四、排列位置的平行 l&z)Q/>?pZ
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. U*Hw
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(A) Not only does rust corrode l1RpG"
(B) Not only rust corrodes t^=6czk
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes 95,{40;X7
(D) Rust not only corrodes 9Fl}"p[>L.
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 >?$+hZz<
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: WheJ 7~
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 Fn8
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2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 5"IbmD>D
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 LDJ=<c!
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八、词序的颠倒 rm
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词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 iB Ld*B|#K
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 n')#]g0[
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage p",HF%
A B rurC! -
that can be given to any individual in the United States. kq[*q-:"x
C D #L-3eW=f
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 Z#wmEc.}C
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 aDx{Q&
例:Certain types of computers work properly only &)Fp
A B $ 1 N_qu
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. llbj-9OZL
C D &~+lXNXF
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 {89F*
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 L;=<d
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were r
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in what is now the United States. odPq<'V|AY
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 uhUC m
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所有的系动词分为三大类: !Y3w]_x[:
第一种:表示保持某种状态, tL1"Dt>
is, remain, keep, stay, i,BE]w
lie, exit(表示位于) }"j7Qy)cs
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 95;q] =U
become, turn, grow, AD4KoT&
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) mT;1KE{J{
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第三种,感官动词 N<$U:!Z
seem(好像是) 6X5`npf
look(看起来好像是) DG&14c>g
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste m/sAYF"
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 R_oj
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例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe X62h7?'Pd
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to cause numerous deaths. ~HD:Y7
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 b(dIl)Y4
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九、词性的混用 j"*Z
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词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 Q+E%"`3V4l
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 ,2vPmff
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; L3P _
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high ;=1]h&S
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and PhF3'
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. a?K=
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) %>}6>nT#
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 {`BC$V
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 "TA r\;[
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds d9h"Q
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to g2.%x
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. S',
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分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 ?I&ha-."
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, #z 3tSnmp
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of ,A9pj k'
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urban Black people in the United States. ork/:y9*y
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 ]8KAat~J
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####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 @=q,,t$r
表示时间有两种可能, X~t] qT
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 q1a}o%
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, 6z@OGExmd#
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence
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were made while the American Civil War. jXq~ x"(
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 0:UK)t)3I
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the 9k =-8@G9
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history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. Gs%IZo_
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分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 R<
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 ?PORPv#
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 yyZH1A
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social %
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. 3nv7Uz
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分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 X1G[&
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples Jhu<^pjs
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easily under the stress of compression. 3n9$qr='
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 ;AKtbS;H
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 I!lz
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine WmLl.Vv=
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article that gives personal comments on current events. 2{c ;ELq
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分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 84tuN
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, K
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. ,S;?3?
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分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 7|PpAvMF
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 D
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nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; [,Ts;Hy6Q
two hundred diligent students