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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 4[yIOs  
一、代词 1TS0X:TCn  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 AH#4wPxF  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 T f4tj!t-  
  主格、宾格、所有格 ht=P\E  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) )w h% |  
%zBCq"y  
(二) 反身代词 S0d~.ah30  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 lDc-W =X=  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) $P z`$~  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) Vw tZLP36  
h.eM RdlO  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  P 1XK*GZ  
    A                 B    r H8@69,B  
  a series of indicators that could help 8uNULob  
             C      6$U]9D  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. 1'.7_EQ4T  
    D 6%,C_7j  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 h `}}  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 *N'K/3 6;  
VhL{'w7f  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 dU)]:>Uz  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 M`YWn ;  
pM;vH]|  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies K6/@]y%Wr  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the W%<LTWOc  
     A   B      C          D x8Loyt_C  
  Pacific. C+[%7vF1  
">f erhN9  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 T>TWU:  
32DbNEk  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 L`f^y;Y.  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 4iA Z+l5&  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 |-sPLU&s%  
^;!0j9"* :  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined )?+$x[f!*  
                       A   W} WI; cI  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and H]Hv;fcC  
             B \(226^|j  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. 8n1'x;  
   C       D )u))n#P  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 CYOI.#m2  
5T sUQc  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important F, U*yj  
        A     =*p/F  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John (c0A.L)  
   B        C      zJe#m|Z  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  y#}cC+;   
      D t78k4?  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. {U&.D [{&  
3u%{dGa  
\fr-<5w79  
(四) Who和which的区别 U,nEbKJgk  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 C9p"?v X  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 nUkaz*4qU  
 XL7h}  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ~-wPP{!  
              A            B (O0Ur m  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. qI^ /"k*5  
   C                  D cwGbSW$t  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 'X shmZ0&  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 {BKl`1z  
LjV]0%j?r  
(五) that和which的区别 Nj(" |`9"  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 ;5@  t[r  
vTv]U5%:>%  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it !UFfsNiXZ  
              A        B ^e+a  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. .7n\d55a  
      C              D Wh&8pH:  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 28 3 H  
Q X%&~  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略  ngGO0  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, +i I&c s  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when [e1S^pI  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. ZY:[ekm%4Z  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which -j&Tc` j_  
Bn!$UUC  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly f-r] |k  
              A         B   F]9nB3:W  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. NH0qVQ@A  
         C      D hTwA%  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 `)QCn<  
,\v91Rp~?  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  A4ISNM7R[  
  affected the way people in the United States----. H OBP`lf  
   (A) living and working w4fW<ISg  
   (B) they live and work 5/O'R9A4  
   (C) live and work h`3eu;5)  
   (D) to live and to work #]'rz,E<  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 Ye.r%i &  
C{d7J'Avk  
二、介词 ?ByM[E$  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 'ky b\q  
pa{re,O"e  
(一) 介词搭配 SvR7e C  
L;od6<.*m  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those Dwl3 Cj  
    A         B   C      |^9BA-nA  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. y1/o^d+@  
                D R-P-i0 ~  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 :g.46dp4  
,<2DL p%%D  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. $2%f 8&  
A       B     C  D kEd@oC  
分析:B错改为be rich in r `eU~7  
-Qn=|2Mm?  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the C XHy.&Vt  
    A         B      C 5cWw7V<m  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. pZU9^Z?~6  
             D $Q*<96M  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 Ks\ NE=;5  
7G)H.L)$m"  
5 Qoew9rA  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 0 dh=fcb  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 {$ep7;'d  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. Iz[@^IUx=  
          A      B  C     D 4hw@yTUo  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 =f(cH152T  
3R&lqxhg  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has !a~`Bs$'jr  
                 A  B     q%5eVG  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on 2c/Ys4/H4]  
      C yAN=2fZm  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. ~n/ $  
      D {vo +gRYYv  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 0 u?{ \  
?h!i0Rsm  
2、介词by !pJeA)W;  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by S"wg2X<  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 4 QZ?}iz  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States Gy[O)PEEh  
    A         B       a" H WGY  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. 5E0eyW  
   C     D F,5r9^,_  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 Z`& 4SH=j  
oDcKtB+2  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils `HuCT6O  
   A                      H_?o-L?+  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 'q * Bdx  
     B    C       D z_ =Bt  
   supply moccasins and field rations. Ez{MU@Fk  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 "KJ%|pg_C  
>E,U>@+  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with @/&b;s73  
        A                %{;Qls%[t  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements [j4v]PE  
        B          C   8_K6 0eXz  
  that are often represented at symbols. i*eAdIi  
              D +PK6-c\r  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 yFhB>i  
三、谓语动词 ^2 ]LV6I  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 P IXL6  
①、主谓分割原则 7FO'{Qq  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, h O emt  
     A     /# <pVgN  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. N -w(e  
        B      C      D H.G!A6bd  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 [_xyl e  
htP|3B  
②、与后者一致原则 m+ itno  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, Y\2|x*KwvF  
not only…but also D=RU`?L  
YDmWN#  
IF*&%pB  
③、与前者一致原则 vw<K}z  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, `B8tmW#  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 B pLEPuu30  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and p4VSm a_(  
     A      B  C     ( #&|Dp^'  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 6aOp[-Le  
         D y33~HsOJ  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is 8Z85D  
dPjhq(8 zU  
④、就近原则 Hoz56y  
or, either…or, neither…nor, ^+?|Qfi  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are pJ, @Y>  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is `#IcxweA  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 `Iy4=nVb  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 pw'wWZE'  
/48 =UK  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are ! d9AG|  
        A      B        IPA*-I57  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. ;_<)JqUh  
    C              D l54|Q  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 #WE]`zd  
k4KHS<n0  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 KO]N%]:&~  
There are five apples that are red. 0o&}mKe  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 |;;!8VO3J  
1(`M~vFDK  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets L~FTr  
      A            sM\&. <B  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. ipKG !  
   B   C    D =g@9>3~{!  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 T<jfAE  
^>r^3C)_-  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 E;-qP)yU  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. Go+[uY^  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 ?9U:g(v  
Qd8b-hg  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 )bWrd $X  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: ~oi_r8 K  
a. there be 句型 IbdM9qo7  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 EZ% .M*?  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 B7 "Fp  
0U&d q#  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. V;[p438o  
   A     B      C    D    Kd{#r/HZ  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is [n:PNB  
X!0kK8v  
Fd !iQ  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific NV!4(_~  
             A     B    Lpm?# g uR  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 ;6<zjV7}  
     C         w#{l 4{X|  
  miles in width. dIK{MA  
     D  rdI]\UH  
分析:倒装句,are改为is |a(Q4 e/,  
rUFFF'm\*a  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and 9A*rE.B+W  
   A    B       C         IgA.%}II}  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film ;tN4HiN  
                    D T:#S86m  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. \L#QR  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 & >b+loF  
fIEw(k<*  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 {jG.=}/Dk  
fifty percent of + 名词 < %rh/r  
one percent of + 名词 kC|Tubs(  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: d q pgf@  
  one percent of my students + are /yt7#!tm+  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 3*2I$e!Jt  
,7I},sZj   
这里要强调两个结构 /.2u.G  
half of =fifty percent {0fz9"|U  
most of + 可数名词 + are wzxdVn 'S  
most of + 不可数名词+ is o]p#%B?mZ  
4n4j=x]@  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been `;}H%  
   A       B         C   @4&, #xo  
  found in central and eastern Canada. i9y3PP)  
           D $ {@q?iol  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 Y@ObwKcG  
Vbo5`+NAis  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized Gb?g,>C  
                 A   B  (>mi!:  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. U ~CdU  
              C     D #_{0Ndp2  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 quY "  
w)^\_uAlS  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 sK`< kbj  
①、主要考察时间状语 qj`,qm P  
CJm.K  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. T G_bje  
   A        B  C     D Q%I#{+OT  
|G)Y8 #D  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was MSK'2+1T@g  
M5F(<,n;  
{:,_A  
②、For和since的区别 |.Em_*V G  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 W"dU1]  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 #UBB lE#  
  I has been a teacher for three years. oPCrD.s  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. q Frt^+@  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 sw[oQ!f  
Ap% d<\,Z  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became A%h~Z a  
   A      B              r}ZLf  
  the primary responsibility of the president. s fyBw  
     C    D P@2tR5<R  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 P87ld._  
I ca3  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of  SOhSg]g  
             A  B  C   CdDH1[J  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. K?9WY ]Ot  
            D 'BqrJfv  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 ]}p2Tp;1  
;0;3BH A  
(~=Qufy  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  qo6 1O\qm  
   A       B        C     D ylkpYd  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live   YfTd  
Sc%a J1  
(三) 谓语的语态 }PtI0mZ1  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 ^a086n  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: l{nB.m2  
①、prove +]A+!8%Z  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 _2]e1_=  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; n "XdHW0  
%|# P&`  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming qRgK_/[]  
                      A   JCM)N8~i  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be yonJd  
    B                  C eA~J4 k_  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. g ^D)x[  
                  D J%:WLQo  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 t9-_a5>E\}  
db{NK wpj'  
;6DR .2}?>  
②、Locate,Situate $ 1ak I  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 N5:D8oWWXR  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 Q.j-C}a  
这两个词也可以用作被动 ] +}:VaeA  
  My school was located near the river. 2z.k)Qx!Z  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 F7k4C2r  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. G/x3wR  
   (A)locates ;s}-X_O<  
   (B)locating H=JP3ID>{  
   (C)to locate y}(_SU  
   (D)is located qg_>`Bv"a  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 rnzsfr-|(2  
t9KH|y  
③、表示需要概念的动词 m _t(rn~f6  
need, want, require等 x]yHBc  
y>)mSl@1y  
My watch needed repairing *X-~TC0 [  
My watch needed to be repaired. ,Ut!u)  
a}^!TC>%1i  
④、表示人的情感的动词 5n|MA  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 uAPLT~  
=$:4v`W0(  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 = y,yQO  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 aT`02X   
oHP >v_ X  
主动和被动技巧总结: _umO)]Si  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 T }8r;<P6  
'|dKg"Yl  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the 2WbZ>^:Nsk  
                 A      i?P]}JENM  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 2Wc;hJ.1  
                 B 5sf fDEU]A  
  power structures, and flood-control works along n WO~v{h3J  
                    C RY'\mt"W2  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. 1W6n[Xg  
                D 7W>}7  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 $[^ KCNB  
c_DB^M!h  
四、非谓语动词 j:vD9sdQ  
'Rar>oU  
(一) 分词 :,J86#S)  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 N#xM_Mpt  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 Zj /H3,7  
H 29 _ /  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then 0,i+  
   A ^PCL^]W  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. p%M(G#gOgP  
     B      C            D Zqe[2()  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning %y^ Kw  
Y;F,GxR}  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ",,qFM!  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in |H|eH~.yg&  
      A               B   a!6OE"?QQ  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. |GLn 9vw7S  
               C         D zj$Z%|@$  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living *IfIRR>3l(  
eC1c`@C:  
o@V/37!  
一些动词后面必须用doing 7$!Bq#  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 ~TmHnAz  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, Dqo:X`<bT  
 advocate, suggest }v|[h[cZ  
 delay, quit J,2v~Dq  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, fVe-esAw  
 avoid, escape(逃避) <k8rSx n{  
 spend+名词+doing; V:$ 1o  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing Y(;[L`"  
mjJlXA  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their B 0fo[Ev  
   A     B    C              D C3`.-/{D"  
  crops. U%6lYna{M#  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 T%b^|="@  
.St h  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, +.Ukzu~s  
               A        B R}YryzV5  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. +c2>j8e6  
        C          D &?6 ~v  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing  0>J4O:k  
)4O`%9=M&  
(二) 不定式 iONql7S @  
A. 动词不定式的省略 tg4&j$  
①、help后面可以省略to Fgq*3t  
  help do .jU0Hu{F4  
  help sb. to do AZP >\Dq  
ZjID<5#  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid zm.sX~j  
              A      B   xL#oP0d<e  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. v2<gkCK^  
         C     D lY,1 w  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 ;qQzF  
h(K4AiGE  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 =?x=CEW  
  make, Vi~+C@96  
  let, ^W*)3;5  
  have sb. do sth qWK7K%-$ E  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. l$ @lk?dc  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians `2+52q<FO  
        A               B U}TQXYAg  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. 7guxkN#  
   C     D %^A++Z$`  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know nr6U> KR^  
|]^! 4[!U  
③、感官动词 =i<(h gD  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe g*9>z)  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 s_Gp +-  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 3_:k12%p  
G (e?]{(  
*2hzReM  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 $80/ub:R  
(1)表示第一人 xEqrs6sR  
the first woman to do sth. 4Yk (ldR~  
M1\/ueOe  
(2)表示迫使的动词 ^h J ,1{o  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do C\K--  
tcZ~T  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis p5ihuV,   
     A                 B    %hh8\5l.:  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. GW#Wy=(_  
       C           D 2sH5<5G'  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 N\$6R-L  
:7zI!edu  
it@s(1EO#  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 ml2HA4X&$Y  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 c+c^F/  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 {,ljIhc,  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 ,# 6\:i  
  be apt to do =r2d{  
6fiJ' j@  
(4)表示目的的名词, |iI`p-L9  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 xUUp ?]9y  
固定的句式: W*2SlS7  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. mdd~B2"el  
the objective 目标 h kY E7  
aim B(5g&+{Lq~  
goal SF7Kb`>Y  
reason理由 m,b<b91  
function功能 >JhQ=j  
intension意图 C/JFg-r  
Wil +"[Ge  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing (~#9KA1A}  
                       A  7RZ7q@@fgh  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. 9bB~r[k  
           B          C     D sQkP@Y  
分析:the function to provide, A错 NNT9\JRv_  
l6~eb=u;9g  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure R *U>T$  
                  A       _Cxs"to  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds XxGm,A+>Ty  
     B  nsPM`dz/  
  that make up various components of a living cell. B?]^}r  
    C    D O;w';}At  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 C-M op,w  
pJmn;XbME  
(5) 其他同根名词 5o,82 Kti  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响  mVxS[Gq  
 attempt to do 企图 Vrnx# j-U  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 7-^d4P+|g  
 ambition, *+ 7#z;  
 be ambitious to do  pCq{F*;  
 effort $V[ob   
lHx$F ?  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation gw H6r3=y(  
  A                    B   j9Lc2'  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. /h_BF\VBs  
          C       D }{[F+|\>,e  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 UW\.!TV  
pvX\k X3}  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great (*|hlD~  
  A                   B   N(D_*% 96  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. GSk;~^l  
       C            D V< J~:b1V  
分析:efforts to register, C错 @6\8&(|  
Gv<K#@9T  
$Q62 7  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 5R qkAC  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 |W?x6]~.R  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. g4Tc (k#  
^)X^Pcx  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 Yk:\oM   
I am glad to see you. =E{1QA0  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. *vht</?J  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. m+CvU?)gJ  
|Kb-oM&^#  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 GQq2;%RrF  
It is difficult to decide. |06G)r&  
gV A$P  
&Jq?tnNd  
五、句子的结构 k{uc%6s  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 _Nlx)YR  
i,,UD  
(一) 主语的重复 9^XT,2Wwf  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 uS3J^=>@(a  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any !RAyUfS  
          A      B      }]kzj0m  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the *joM[ML` 6  
          C          D 4k}u`8 a  
  League of Nations. I@e{>}  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 C}%g(YRhb  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson y~jTI[kS  
5) nm6sf  
MYDAS-  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are c=h{^![$  
        A        B  o=7 -&F.  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. P'R!" #  
    C         D  5'Y @c  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 @ITJ}e4  
==~X8k|{E  
(二)谓语的重复 7jvf:#\LtL  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 ,aU_bve  
=;4cDmZh  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  ,)[u<&  
    A            B    .IE2d%]?  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. P?\IlziCB  
         C   D TW" TgOfd  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 c=0S]_  
RQ;pAO  
(三)谓语的缺少 qk<(iVUO  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body g ]e^;  
          A     B    IQAV`~_G  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. Tu"bbc  
         C               D Kc$j<MRtv  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 n6Je5fE  
?);6]"k:3  
(四)主句的重复 1RgtZp%  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ]%>7OH'  
q$L=G  
!<BJg3  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite ^lud2x$O^C  
      A         B        C   [#hpWNez(>  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. '#LbIv4  
     D |Ii[WfFA|J  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 33IJbg  
W}{RJWr  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow X67^@~l  
        A   B       gT8Q:8f:  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. #[Z ToE4  
      C    D 69/aP=  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 ]z3!hgTj  
PIOG| E  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided $ 1lI6 = ,  
   A                     B  kd55 y  
  names for towns, only George Washington 9BR/zQ2  
      C 0> {&8:  
  is remembered in the name of a state. m-T@Og  
          D }\ kLh(  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 3mef;!q  
六、比较级和最高级 |y%pJdPk=  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 :DWvH,{+&  
]]Bq te  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 ;|yd}q=p  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which n0)0"S|y1  
      A               yBKEw(1  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. +;#z"m]  
     B       C           D k65V5lb  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 Y["aw&;#O\  
=:fN  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 l7T@<V  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. FT'2 J  
     A      B     C  D W0-KFo.'  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 "%zb>`1s  
kz!CxI (  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere =`st1K  
     A       B     C   D \|@u)n_  
  is the grizzly bear. wn1` 9  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 npCiqO  
Z:(Zy  
[LF<aR5  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 pLdZB9oD]C  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 @LyCP4   
(_0r'{`  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with uD=FTx  
   A           B  _8 C:Md`  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. Dve+ #H6N  
   C                 D 0FAe5 BE7  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 w;p~|!  
>OxSrc@A  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 <* Bk.>f!  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as {t%Jc~p{  
VN/v]  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 Ze.\<^-t  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 3:g~@PB  
the taller boy N|-'Fu  
S x0QPX  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 *Dhy a g  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed hk.vBbhs  
          A            B Yw6^(g8  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is &_dM2lj{  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. &YOks.k  
    C          D %0Mvd;#[  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they /^\UB fE  
zDoh p 5,  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 CzfGb4  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, lL;SP&  
  A  B         C     S{ fFpe-  
  the Navajos form largest group. 6 k+4R<  
         D /v-:ca)7mI  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 0nsjihw  
yKB&][)&  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, :G[6c5j|V  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language  Vo`,|3^  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the $2/v8  
(T|q]29  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many ,)35V i;.  
            A      B         C sL!+&Id|  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. Kd!.sB/%  
            D =berCV  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 /Bs42uJ3  
uA;vW\fHr  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the Nv5)A=6#AA  
例如:my best friends x%RG>),U  
>_|$7m.?n[  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial bw8[L;~%_  
            A    B     C D^ )?*(  
  and banking center. ?rxq//S2  
        D ~A@HW!*Z@  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 zff<#yK1  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 &w%--!T  
i_f\dkol  
czg9tG8  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary *ry}T=  
                 A         vHXCT?FuG  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. qO{Yr$ V%  
    B   C     D +SNjU"x  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 Yfr4<;%  
D"M[}$P  
七、平行结构 A/!"+Yfw  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 ; <l#k7/  
2D2} *);eW  
}D[j6+E  
(一) 对等连接词 i:60|ngK  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 :nS$cC0x*  
单一式: and, or ,but v>/_U  
相关式: both…and, not … but, hQ (84u  
     either …or, neither…nor 6d(D >a  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as ^Lv )){t  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, ]j0/.pG  
没有so...as... N/78Ub  
between…and, C}qHvwFm  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also }<^QW't_Y  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, &%`WXe-`R  
cH6++r  
短语式: as well as M ML=J~1  
     rather than (而不是) H128T8?r[  
     other than (除…之外) Bo$dIn2_  
     instead of (代替) SuXeUiK.[  
zGNmc7  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 (H8JV1J  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  @'<=E AXe  
       A     B   E=V p%08(  
  but he is now living in Detroit. O(6j:XD  
       C   D 6qSsr]  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 1 obajN  
{&J~P&,k  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics Sm{> 8e}UE  
       A         B &->ngzg  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford  |nfMoUI  
  remained active in city and regional planning. E\ls- (,  
          C    D  FGzKx9I9  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 a`R_}nus*  
(二)平行的内容 VVDW=G  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 4xH/a1&p=  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of J;=T"C&  
             A         B   0*_E'0L8e  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, :a^/&LbLm  
         C            D 3YJ"[$w='(  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. '4SDAa2f  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 ~oJ"si  
QYi4A "$ `  
k?$I4&|5Nt  
第二、名词单复数的平行 Xdw pn+7s  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 T];dFv-GT  
Lx tgf2r  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, lB0`|UEb (  
  A     B          C   ~d].<Be  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. #wo *2 (  
                 D   h[&"KA  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 u88wSe<\X  
D$7#&2y  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, J/O{x  
                   A         B 1Qu@pb^  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. *yaS^k\  
      C          D _CfJKp)  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have </WeB3#6  
Fs].Fa  
第三、时态的平行 a&V;^ /  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated B6Eu."T  
                A     }f]Y^>-Ux  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops -(t7 >s  
                   B u8]FJQ*\6+  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. h%krA<G9  
          C    D T!8^R|!a6  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 Y}1c>5{bE  
Vv45w#w;  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- #<S*MGp!=  
  spread from its home in Central America and aL( hWE  
  now grows throughout the tropics. #3QPcoxa  
   (A) to be    (B) it   S0)JIrrHC  
   (C) the     (D) its lI 4tW=  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? 1^4:l!0D  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow })H d]a  
3o%vV*  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- pA6KiY&  
  commercially for their meat and eggs.  k~ ^4  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised R7kkth  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised y %Q. (  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 h 6Z:+  
s*ZE`/SM3  
第四、排列位置的平行 gvA}s/   
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. c]PTU2BB8  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode D o/R.Mgy*  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  9%"7~YCDas  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes wqb4w7%  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes l1)~WqhE}  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。  mb1mlsE  
+;?mg(:  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: SM2Lbf p!u  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 Io1j%T#ZT  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 5#,H&ui\  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 *an Ng<@  
jk9f{Iu  
八、词序的颠倒 {^WK#$]  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 ;xZ+1 zmL0  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 9D T<  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage &h-_|N  
              A    B        2:*15RH3  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. /4G1,T_,  
      C       D    H9mNnZ_k  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 ;W,* B.~  
x>yqEdR=o  
' ;tlV u  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 )9YDNVo*-  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only V<QpC5  
          A      B     rNP;53FtZl  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. |+Y-i4t  
    C         D v$y\X3)mB  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 ZISIW!  
7=P)`@  
$*C }iJsF  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 WLUgiW(0$  
C'JI%HnQ  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were Y& 6jFT_  
          A   B     C   Y25`vE(  
  in what is now the United States. +(+lbCW/  
    D #{6VdWZ  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 ~c EN=(Z~r  
F5*-HR  
所有的系动词分为三大类: vMzL+D2)  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, $DDO9  
    is, remain, keep, stay, `oxBIn*BD  
    lie, exit(表示位于) o,i_py  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 VzT*^PFBg  
    become, turn, grow, mS%4  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) ToHx!,tDS  
[vu;B4^"  
第三种,感官动词 qsj$u-xhX  
    seem(好像是) ^tTM 7  
    look(看起来好像是) \n}%RD-Ce  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste JAxzXAsAR  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 3Dr\ O_`u  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe `Am|9LOT  
    A               B     gbdzS6XW~  
   to cause numerous deaths. Bl>m`/\ 1i  
        C   D  T>'w]wi  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 N1Y uLG:  
CV[9i  
九、词性的混用 .nY}_&  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 _#~D{91 j:  
l9QI lTc7  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 dsX"S;`v  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; 5]G%MB/|$  
V'b4wO1RV  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high TTO8tT3[6}  
          A        B      \6AM?}v  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and LTf)`SN %'  
              C ea{zL  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. 8A0a/ 7Lj  
          D kP5I+ B  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) ;QVTb3Th  
#+<YFm\i  
zZd. U\"2  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 bRggt6$z  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 5ms]Wbh)  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds F^.]g@g.|  
         A       B      a?ete9Q+  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to %V1jM  
          C        Y{~`g(~9_A  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. sMLXn]m  
            D 7`7M4  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 %$Fe[#1  
leF!Uog  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, du0o4~-  
            A       WNeBthq6  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of HP7~Zn)c  
      B      C Cj}H'k<B  
   urban Black people in the United States. tYgHJ~1L*  
   D qHheF%[\5  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 \HrtPm`e  
@#^Y# rxb  
amExZ/  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 *qYw  
表示时间有两种可能, OVxg9  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 { 2Ew^Li  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, >\~Er@  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 XgXXBKf$  
_Wk*h}x  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence x|AND]^Q  
       A     B     _u;pD-  
  were made while the American Civil War. RO3q!+a$/  
   C    D v:Gy>&  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 1R yE8DdP  
W2v'2qAs  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the ^7i7yM}6(  
   A      B           C    Dk$<fMS,7c  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. *"Iz)Xzc`  
          D Z5F#r>>`  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 br TP}A  
4Z=`;  
4M]l~9;A  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 O&y`:#  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 <}'=@a  
9c*B%A8J  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social Bxw(pACf  
                   A     @^ti*`  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. f9},d1k  
     B   C    D NOkgG0Z  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 \o72VHG66  
  !\BM  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples h<>yzr3fN  
   A        B   C      #639N9a~  
  easily under the stress of compression. ;PMh>ZE`  
   D -])=\n!=  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 j`$$BVZ  
u^JsKG+,:  
)cP)HbOd=  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 zA.0S m  
[.Kp/,JY  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine q3h& V  
    A         B 4*E5@{D  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. N]| >\  
          C            D :{lP9%J-  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 `=,emP&(H&  
7:b.c  
Q@NFfJJ  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, z,^~H  
         A q-_!&kDK"  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. bJD$!*r\%!  
   B      C      D MpZ\ j  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ]PoWL;E'  
~gMt U  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 XM` H@s7  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; y5+%8#3  
two hundred diligent students
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