该错题常考要点 xS4?M<|L63
一、代词
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代词中主要讲解六个问题 O5MV&Zb(
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 O]Ey@7 &
主格、宾格、所有格 rB-R(2
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名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) JXjH}C
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(二) 反身代词 K5RgWP
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 9mW
He killed himself. (他自杀了) ykR
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He killed him. (他杀了他) VnqcpJ
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating T_qM@/f
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a series of indicators that could help p1[|5r5Day
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themselves to predict earthquakes. n2dOCntN>
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 &lID6{7 9Z
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 nXk9
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 xi=0kO
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 A>,kmU5
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies
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that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the A8QUfg@uK~
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Pacific. +vH#xc\'
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 |z8_]o+|r1
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 _+)n}Se
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: iaQfxQP1w%
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 WZjR^6
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined 9':Hh'
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the word“normalcy”to express social and xSO5?eR"u
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economic conditions they promised the nation. =*.S<Ko)
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 s'd\"WaQV
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important +6~zMKp
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John 6-\'
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Keats, published the year of her death. .
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. 5
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(四) Who和which的区别 +VJyGbOcC
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 [jxh$}?P
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 {lUaN0O:
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who z5D*UOy5M
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. yigq#h^
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 -i_XP]b&
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 4Me3{!HJ z
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(五) that和which的区别 I>6zX
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 W&[-QM8
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it ixoN#'y<"
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. DK'S4%;Sp
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 cK\?wZ| Y
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 mtw{7E
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, V@EyU/VJ
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when E}#&2n8Y
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. |@f\[v9`
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which ~E vGNnTL
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly K!2%8Ej,J
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. nyOmNvZf
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 +Z=y/wY
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has m}>Q#IVZ
affected the way people in the United States----. Pmd5P:n*,
(A) living and working _kBx2>qQ
(B) they live and work [8Z
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(C) live and work ^oClf(
(D) to live and to work ,s:viXk
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 8,e%=7h_e
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二、介词 58eO|c(
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 8]bLp
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(一) 介词搭配 Pa$"c?QUy
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those 7*He 8G[W
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. VssWtL
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 o,@(]e~
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. h
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分析:B错改为be rich in 3UUN@Tx
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the oa`7ClzD
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. 8xkLfN|N=
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 5du xW>D
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 qVjMflVoay
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 Y%>u.HzL
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. #7/39zTK
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 aM(x--UR=
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has w
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on xErb11
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. Wrh$`JC
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 NB+/S ;`
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2、介词by 4S[UJ%
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by Q|e-)FS)
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing %$i
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例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ./L)BLC i
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. d`=LZio
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 `#vbV/sM
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils J0oeCb
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to -Mz [S
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supply moccasins and field rations. , 2xv
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 YPf?
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with ic"8'Rwb
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements P.QF9%
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that are often represented at symbols. RZ;s_16GQ
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 G$%F`R[
三、谓语动词 rNTLP
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(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 mt`CQz"_
①、主谓分割原则 ,&qC
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例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, U+@U/s%8
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. nw0#gDI|
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 rp{|{>'`.q
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②、与后者一致原则 #/f~LTE
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, )1KyUQ\e
not only…but also >3Q|k{97
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③、与前者一致原则 1/2cb-V
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 9;?u%
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 $i5J}
例:The athlete, together with his coach and %&|
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. X["xC3 i
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is 6AGZ)gX
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④、就近原则 '=n?^EPE3
or, either…or, neither…nor, \`2'W1O
单数名词+or+复数名词+are MmR6V#@:
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is r~j
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所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 7MLLx#U
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 ?<TJ}("/
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are :aej.>I0
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 2Lf,~EV
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 dm4Q'u
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 xR/CP.dg
There are five apples that are red. ,,gMUpL7_8
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 b0{i +R
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets (Xh<F
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. zjQ746<&)i
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 p"ZvA^d\
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 |Vx[
The rich are not always happier than the poor. #'_#
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The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 $[>{s9E
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 z1mB Hz6
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: |nefg0`rk
a. there be 句型 Qr$'Q7
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 vB8$Qx\J
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 Qn*l,Z]US
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. }?s-$@$R
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is |]?f6^|4
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ~
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 s2O()u-
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miles in width. ET}Z>vU}
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分析:倒装句,are改为is RE>Q5#|c
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and <P h50s4
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film D6bYg `
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. h4`8C]
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 6>]_H(z7
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 Y_%:%J
fifty percent of + 名词 &>jz[3
one percent of + 名词 DTezG':
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: s5*4<VxQN.
one percent of my students + are M/o?D <'
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. f;'*((
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这里要强调两个结构 fI`Ez!w0
half of =fifty percent g{N}]_%Uh
most of + 可数名词 + are $Tbsre\MJ
most of + 不可数名词+ is S^%3Vf}
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been edL2ax
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found in central and eastern Canada. 9`f@"%h
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 fG0ZVV!
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized _mm(W=KiL
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. 9QU\J0c/
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 UBL{3s^"
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 b+~_/;Y9
①、主要考察时间状语 PMsb"=D
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. }# s{."
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was n3p@duC4
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②、For和since的区别 ^}P94( oz
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 5Y+YN1
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 J$6WU z:?
I has been a teacher for three years. a]p9[Nk
I has been a teacher since 1996. 6,5h4[eF*
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 a{xJ#_/6
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became Ue
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the primary responsibility of the president. '9!_:3[d\]
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 FO/cEu
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of <}lah%4F
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. S`vt\g$ dN
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 85!]N
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. I\TSVJk^Xi
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live }Hb0@
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(三) 谓语的语态 6hj[/O)E
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 +ZbNSN=
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: [z"E"_r~%Y
①、prove @&G}'6vF!
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 z00X
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尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; {XIpHr
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming L*4"D4V
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be R +@|#!
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 8?8V;
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 )PvnB=wy
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②、Locate,Situate y0Gblza
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 p@O Ip
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 mKu,7nMvF
这两个词也可以用作被动 |J4sQ!%K
My school was located near the river. Y!45Kio
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 `uMc.:5\
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. x2t&Wpvt
(A)locates E`.hM}h
(B)locating 7_PY%4T"
(C)to locate |pS]zD
(D)is located p*5_+u
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。
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③、表示需要概念的动词 ;_SSR8uHv
need, want, require等 ,9d]-CuP;
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My watch needed repairing IV!`~\@
My watch needed to be repaired. 9#7W+9
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④、表示人的情感的动词 ,x1OQ jtY
move, annoy, surprise, please等 (/<Nh7C1c
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 @*<0:Q|m
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 mST8+R@S
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主动和被动技巧总结: \~A qA!)6
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 Z" ;q w
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the .B<Bqr@?8
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, }R16WY_'
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power structures, and flood-control works along OS;
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. bKmwXDv'
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 9o5D3
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四、非谓语动词 f%.Ngf9
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(一) 分词 9x@|%4Zm"
现在分词和过去分词的区别 u*Xp%vNe
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 M{5AQzvs
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then B
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. .+ u
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning A/<u>cCW
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 *KvD$(ny
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in !-7n69:G
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. D;C';O
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living q_.fVn:!
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一些动词后面必须用doing )k,n}
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 NV4g5)D&L
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, D8Fi{?A#FV
advocate, suggest EB*sd S
delay, quit g&FTX>wX
forgive(原谅),tolerate, %)r ~GCd
avoid, escape(逃避) J |q(HpB
spend+名词+doing; tNTSy=
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing 3
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their Q>
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crops. |HK:\)L%
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 qG6s.TcG
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, -x//@8"
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to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. G>V6{g2Q
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分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing OT{"C"%5t
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(二) 不定式 Py)ZHML
A. 动词不定式的省略 B ?VTIq>
①、help后面可以省略to @gI1
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help do \]9)%3I
help sb. to do WUYI1Ij;
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid W'[V$*
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the habits that might shorten the lives. 1^\w7Rew2
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分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 c$g@3gL
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 [oLV,O|s|j
make, $GJT
let, '.mepxf< f
have sb. do sth XIW0Z C
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. kWzN {]v
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians >@YefNX6
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to know when to play various parts of a composition. -pu5O9
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分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know WgtLKRZ\
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③、感官动词 tb3VqFx
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe G7 %bY
see sb do sth. 强调过程 2B,O/3y
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 {K,In)4
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 ^jdU4
(1)表示第一人 ht3.e[%'b
the first woman to do sth. lPTx] =G
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(2)表示迫使的动词 }r,\0Wm
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do X\|!
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 5(1:^:LGK
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allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. J$dwy$n
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分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 T<AT&4
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 {zdMmpQF
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 K1B9t{T
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 k
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be lieable to do 易于…的 &p0e)o~Ux
be apt to do 8.E"[QktZ
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(4)表示目的的名词, >DqF>w.1
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 [6/QUD8
固定的句式: c8RJOc4X
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. y_]+;% w:
the objective 目标
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aim Jd2.j?P=
goal $o^Z$VmL
reason理由 \bA Yic
function功能 U)S=JT~h
intension意图 gL; Kie6Z
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing KWTV!Wxb=K
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large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. vdQoJWuB
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分析:the function to provide, A错 FhE{khc#
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure 5{Cz!ut;tE
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and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds hbjAxioA
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that make up various components of a living cell. |(7}0]BP0
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分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 K*6 "c.D
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(5) 其他同根名词 \-<BUG]=
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 V+d_1]
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attempt to do 企图 h}bfZL
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 pYO =pL^Q
ambition, jDzQw>TX
be ambitious to do T t;F-
effort gN&i&%*!
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation !Sq<_TO
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catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. >J"IN I
C D $KHm5*;nd
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 M .#}
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great mh
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efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. J0G@]H
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分析:efforts to register, C错 ZsGvv]P
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 X1o",,N^M
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 FaHOutP
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. bzN[*X|
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 0b&