填空题常考结构
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一、主句单一原则 5p"*nkF
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 j
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做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 "B)DX*-\?
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. |(y6O5Y.
(A) They occur where they are M(oW;^B
(B) Occuring where 9
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(C) Where they occur X(Ef=:
(D) Where do they occur Hk
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分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 etGquW.
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 LnR3C:NO k
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center I0)iC[s8;
(A) Fort Wayne AO^F6Y/
(B) Although Fort Wayne X3a:*1N
(C) For wayne is in !K`;fp!
(D) Fort Wayne, in FcfN]!
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 /[{?zS{
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二、谓语动词专一原则 Rs<,kMRGVL
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 P=u )Q _
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 #gsAw
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” ;&:UxmTf
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with QKHm OVh]
social issues. lzm9ClkfH
(A) covers I`5MAvP
(B) covers it >E)UmO{S
(C) which covers '@pav>UPD
(D) which it covers 8U\ +b?}
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 ;{HxY98Q
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused s'/.eaV_
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on NPf,9c;
the paper. %J+$p\c
(A) the impression is 4
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(B) if the impression is P#EqeO
(C) impressions G%'h'AV"
(D) the impression &,KxtlR![
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression Uhg[#TUK
三、平行结构 '*)!&4f
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 V(w[`^I>~
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: kW-5H;>
A and B, ODEy2).
A , B, and C aD3$z;E
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- YW/<. 0rI
is known as accounting. ^g~-$ t<!
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary y`(z_5ClT
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's ?*4]LuK
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transactions K-vso4@BJ
(C) transactions of an enterprise are kMI\GQW
summarized qqkZbsN
(D) summarizing the transactions of an 59EAqz[:
enterprise <(^-o4Cl
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 nLQ X?:
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 6qHo$#iT
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed 071wo7
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and ?G8 D6
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on yGN<.IP75
human patients. _L:
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(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in ~xHr/:
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures *nH ?o* #
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures Hq%`DWus\
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull jMw;`yh
fractures sAnH\AFm
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 <'gCI Ia2
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四、宾语从句结构 !(o)*S
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 YJ:CqTy
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: >iG`
state(陈述,表明)+that mFo6f\DHr`
indicate(指明,表明)+that 8
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, 9V
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is given off and absorbed in tiny definite Q2Q`g`* O:
units called quanta or photons. :jUd?(
(A) energy that kvo741RO6
(B) that it is energy "+)ey>_
(C) it is energy YjsaTdZ!&
(D) that energy ^:DlrI$
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 t(ZiQ<A
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth qWP1i7]=/
indicate--yield when unusual weight is Oz n7C?\*
placed on them. 8LkC/
(A) although its crust and mantle U2SxRFs >
(B) its crust and mantle to 6o{anHBB
(C) that its crust and mantle E=7"};
(D) for its crust and mantle to ^]Gt<_
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 Q_@
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五、介词+ which结构 W'6*$Ron
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 ?+dI/jB4X
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, )"f>cYF
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, ,ZH)[P)5P
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 I.\u2B/?
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is SX*os$
a method ---- voters select the nominees N*@bJ*0
for public office. )Hw;{5p@
(A) that ~L 4"t_-
(B)by which m6g+ B >
(C)is that _}Z*%sT
(D)by those q9!5J2P
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 GJ?rqmbL
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 5#:tL&q
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 W+1V&a}E
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players >5]Xl*{H)
hit wooden balls through wire arches called 4W^0K|fq
wickers. s{A-K5S
(A) when V1j&>-]]9*
(B) which \Z57U NI
(C) is when ^3*gf}
(D) in which (<1DPpy95O
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 A6#ob
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六、in that结构 62Jn8DwAT
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, -6)ywq^{z
because of +名词, .W?POJT
consequently是副词 >} ay
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而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 +Cau/sPXL
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals 7N'F]x
---- it is a liquid. ?k"KZxpT
(A) whereas xaSkn
(B) in that 8t6h^
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(C) because of FRfMtxvU
(D) consequently b^A&K@[W#,
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 P,wFib^1
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 85s{;3
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual s/
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-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. l~f +h?cF
(A)they SSI&WZ2a
(B)in they pX*mX]
(C)that they )bcMKZ
(D)in that they
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分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 %%-kUe
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 )6AOP-M.9
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ fA+M/}=
great inspiration for her poems. Q'\jm=k
(A) that she drew WMI/Y9N
(B) by drawing her (@&|
(C) from which she drew i.fDH57
(D) drawn from which - '8|D!>v2
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 ob*2V!"
七、what结构 Kfj*#)SZ
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: !p9BH6$`
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend w=f8UtY9@A
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. )s^XVs.-
(A) it grows s5z@`M5'm
(B) what grows HX
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(C) does it grow ;M JM~\L0
(D) what does it grow S)[2\Z{**T
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 (d!vm\-PH
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle gr-%9=Uq
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory ''WX
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. 0\gE^=o[
(A) there oiR`\uY
(B) where #u2PAZ@qd
(C) that dYO87n
(D) what 82w<q(
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 6!gGWn5>}
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八、同位语结构 %ZZ}TUI W
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 @D7cv"
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) u(lq9; ;Th
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing &MKv_
and swallowing . =lffr?#&B
(A) is the chief organ of taste D1Fc7!TV
(B) tasting the organ chiefly ]9x30UXLwD
(C) the chief organ of taste ).vdKNzw
(D) the organ chiefly tastes ,Wdyg8&.
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 g|T' oK
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 c(eu[vj:
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) CBF>157B
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of z24-hC
Native Americans in her novel, Century of sB"]R%`_
Dishonor. 1o$<pZZ
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause jbg@ CA*=C
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson $U6)km4
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause +-{HT+W
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. 7sFjO/a*
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 =6%0pu]0
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as g,q&A$Wi
hosts to many insect pests. UV:_5"-
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than (yZ^Y'0
goldenrods {j(,Q qB;f
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods B,A/
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(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy MbJV)*Q
plants S3n$
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants }5%!:=
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 {Ji[d.cY
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 z:acrQwJ?1
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 7o;}"Y1
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to {Ynr(J.
Athens. j:fL_1m
(A) the distance is g Ts5xDvJ
(B) that the distance is Ldig/:
(C) is that the distance ./[t'dgC
(D) the distance 2"2b\b}my
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 zfvl<"Rv
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九、比较结构 !$fBo3!B_8
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 p6>3
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例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less !d^5mati)T
snow than --eastern Nebraska. 0Y[mh@(
(A) does #N7@p}P
(B) in )5p0fw
(C) it does in s% I)+|
(D) in it does A5/Q:8b
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 #W*5=Cf
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. XlR.Y~
(A) rays more than infrared f%d7?<rw
(B) rays are more infrared than qm8[ ^jO&
(C) more than infrared rays `WX @1
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(D) more infrared rays than s [@II]
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 B`9'COw
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 <`n
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例3:The activities of the international marketing <mi*AY
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. z-ra]
(A) the domestic marketer has SfEgmp-m
(B) the domestic marketer does Z;-=x
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(C) those of the domestic marketer 6XKiVP;h%
(D) that which has the domestic marketer Jvgx+{Xu
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 R:fERj<s
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing Hj2E -RwG
is greater than --. T2Ms/1FH/@
(A) that of its mining and farming combined MV'q_{J
(B) mining and farming combination f#FAi3
(C) that mining and farming combined $oDc
(D) of its combination mining and farming )7f;FWI
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 :
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十、定语从句省略结构 $3psSQQo
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 z10J8Ms'
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture 1wAD_PI|BH
and overpower. Qqm'Yom%T
(A) can Ymt.>
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(B) they can 6&