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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 =ngu*#?c4  
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一、主句单一原则 5p"*n kF  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 j >0S3P,  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 "B)DX*-\?  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. |(y6O5Y.  
   (A) They occur where they are M(oW;^B  
   (B) Occuring where 9 HP)@66  
   (C) Where they occur X(E f=:  
   (D) Where do they occur Hk 3HzN 3  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 etGquW.  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 LnR3C:NO k  
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center I0)iC[s8;  
   (A) Fort Wayne AO^F6Y/  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne X3 a:*1N  
   (C) For wayne is in !K`;fp!  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in  FcfN]!  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 /[{?zS{  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 Rs<,kMRGVL  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 P=u)Q _  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 #gsAw na3  
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” ;&:UxmTf  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with QKHmOVh]  
   social issues. lzm9ClkfH  
    (A) covers I`5MAvP  
    (B) covers it >E)UmO{S  
    (C) which covers '@pav>UPD  
    (D) which it covers 8U\ +b?}  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 ;{HxY98Q  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused s'/.ea V_  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on  NPf,9c;  
   the paper. %J+$p\c  
   (A) the impression is 4 5ct*w  
   (B) if the impression is P#Eqe O  
   (C) impressions G%'h'AV"  
   (D) the impression &,KxtlR![  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression Uhg[#TUK  
三、平行结构 '*)!&4f  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 V(w[`^I>~  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: k W-5H;>  
A and B, ODEy2).  
A , B, and C aD 3$z;E  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- YW/<. 0rI  
   is known as accounting. ^g~-$t<!  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary y`(z_5ClT  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's ?*4]LuK 6  
     transactions K-vso4@BJ  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are kMI\GQW  
     summarized qqkZbsN  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an 59EAqz[:  
     enterprise <(^-o4Cl  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 nLQ X? :  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 6qH o$#iT  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed 071w o7  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and ?G8 D6  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on yGN<.IP75  
   human patients. _L: /2  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in ~xHr/:  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures *nH?o* #  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures Hq%`DWus\  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull jMw;`yh  
     fractures sAnH\AFm  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 <'gCIIa2  
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四、宾语从句结构 !(o)*S  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 YJ:CqTy  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: >iG`  
     state(陈述,表明)+that mFo6f\DHr`  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that 8 `^I. tD  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, 9V P|a-  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite Q2Q`g`*O:  
   units called quanta or photons. :jUd?(  
    (A) energy that kvo741RO6  
    (B) that it is energy "+)ey> _  
    (C) it is energy YjsaTdZ!&  
    (D) that energy ^:DlrI$  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 t(ZiQ<A  
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C BO8^M<K  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth q WP1i7]=/  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is Ozn7C?\*  
   placed on them. 8LkC/  
   (A) although its crust and mantle U2SxRFs >  
   (B) its crust and mantle to 6o{anHBB  
   (C) that its crust and mantle E=7" };  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to ^]Gt<_  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 Q_@ Z.{  
五、介词+ which结构 W'6*$Ron  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 ?+dI/jB4X  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, )"f>cYF  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 W_kJb  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, ,ZH)[P)5P  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 I.\u2B/?  
kQ4%J, 7e4  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is SX*os$  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees N*@bJ*0  
   for public office. )Hw;{5p@  
    (A) that ~L4"t_-  
    (B)by which m6g+ B>  
    (C)is that _}Z*%sT  
    (D)by those q9!5J2P  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 GJ?rqmbL  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 5#:tL&q  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 W+1V&a}E  
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players >5]Xl*{H)  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called 4W^0K|fq  
   wickers. s{A-K5S  
   (A) when V1j&>-]]9*  
   (B) which \Z57UNI  
   (C) is when ^3*gf}  
   (D) in which (<1DPpy95O  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 A6#ob  
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六、in that结构 62Jn8DwAT  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, -6)ywq^{z  
  because of +名词, .W?POJT  
  consequently是副词 >} ay kz*g  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 +Cau/sPXL  
TcRnjsY$  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals 7N'F]x  
   ---- it is a liquid. ?k"KZxpT  
   (A) whereas xaS kn  
   (B) in that 8t6h^ uQ  
   (C) because of FRfMtxvU  
   (D) consequently b^A&K@[W#,  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 P,wFib^1  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 8 5s{;3  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual s/ A]&! `  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. l~f +h?cF  
   (A)they SSI&WZ2a  
   (B)in they pX*mX]  
   (C)that they )bcMKZ   
   (D)in that they $_)f|\s  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 %%-kUe  
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 )6AOP-M.9  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ fA+M/}=  
   great inspiration for her poems. Q'\jm=k  
   (A) that she drew WMI/Y 9N  
   (B) by drawing her (@&|  
   (C) from which she drew i.fDH57  
   (D) drawn from which -'8|D!>v2  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 ob*2V! "  
七、what结构 Kfj*#) SZ  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: !p9BH6$`  
  what=the thing that 7IIM8/BI  
-D V;{8U4  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend w=f8UtY9@A  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. )s^XVs.-  
   (A) it grows s5z@`M5'm  
   (B) what grows HX <;=m  
   (C) does it grow ;M JM~\L0  
   (D) what does it grow S)[2\Z{**T  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 (d!vm\-PH  
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle gr-%9=Uq  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory ''WX  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. 0\ gE^=o[  
   (A) there oiR` \uY  
   (B) where #u2PAZ@qd  
   (C) that dY O87n  
   (D) what 82w< q(  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 6!gGWn5>}  
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八、同位语结构 %ZZ}TUI W  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 @D7cv"   
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) u(lq9; ;Th  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing &MKv _  
   and swallowing . =lffr?#&B  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste D1Fc7! TV  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly ]9x30UXLwD  
   (C) the chief organ of taste ).vdKNzw  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes ,Wdyg8&.  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 g|T' oK  
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 c(eu[vj:  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) CBF>157B  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of z24-h C  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of sB"]R%`_  
   Dishonor. 1o$<pZZ  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause jbg@CA*=C  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson $U6)km4  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause +-{H T+W  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. 7sFjO/a*  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 =6%0pu]0  
8d>OtDLa  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as g,q&A$Wi  
   hosts to many insect pests. UV:_5"-  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than (yZ^Y'0  
     goldenrods {j(,Q qB;f  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods B,A/ -B\  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy MbJV)*Q  
     plants S3n$  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants }5% !: =  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 {Ji[d.cY  
[g%oo3`A  
` bg{\ .q  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 z:acrQwJ?1  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 7o ;}"Y1  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to {Ynr(J.  
   Athens. j:fL_1m  
   (A) the distance is gTs5xDvJ  
   (B) that the distance is Ldig/:  
   (C) is that the distance ./[t'dgC  
   (D) the distance 2"2b\b}my  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 zfv l<"Rv  
rH & ^SNc  
九、比较结构 !$fBo3!B_8  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 p6>3 p  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less !d^5mati)T  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. 0Y[mh@(  
    (A) does #N7@p }P  
    (B) in )5p0fw  
    (C) it does in s%I) +|  
    (D) in it does A5 /Q:8b  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 #W* 5=Cf  
z$S)|6Q  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. XlR.Y~  
    (A) rays more than infrared f%d7?<rw  
    (B) rays are more infrared than qm8[ ^jO&  
    (C) more than infrared rays `WX @1 ]m  
    (D) more infrared rays than s [@II]  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 B`9'COw  
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/+iU1m'(  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 <`n  T+c  
例3:The activities of the international marketing <mi*AY  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. z-ra]  
   (A) the domestic marketer has SfEgmp-m  
   (B) the domestic marketer does Z;-=x p  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer 6XKiVP;h%  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer Jvgx+{Xu  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 R:fERj<s  
#px74EeI\  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing Hj2E-RwG  
   is greater than --. T2Ms/1FH/@  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined  MV'q_{J  
   (B) mining and farming combination f#FAi3  
   (C) that mining and farming combined $oDc   
   (D) of its combination mining and farming )7f;FWI  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 : M=0o<  
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十、定语从句省略结构 $3psSQQo  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 z10J8Ms'  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture 1wAD_PI|BH  
   and overpower. Qqm'Yom%T  
   (A) can   Ymt.> 8L  
   (B) they can 6&xpS9  
   (C) which can pL 2P .  
   (D) and J[ ;g \  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 8vR Q_  
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can W 2yNwB+{  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the `X)y5*##wq  
   food they eat. tx`gXtO$  
    (A) require inQ1 $   
    (B) requires wB'GV1|jL  
    (C) requiring )IBvm1  
    (D)to require \*yH33B9  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 U-+o6XX  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food AcHr X=O  
[Z]%jABR  
z\7 -v<ZS  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 Dm{9;Abs%  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of u0;k_6N  
    A S/,)X  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around xTnFJ$RK2  
   B          C      D ZX0#I W  
   the world. .D3k(zZ  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to DMdVE P"m  
utzf7?nIS  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive A'6-E{  
          A  B      C KOhK#t>H@0  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. PRal>s&f  
              D slnvrel  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more h~p Q  
)ko[_OJj  
十一、状语从句省略结构 =JaxT90x  
Metals expand when they are heated. \RS0mb  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: GLp~SeF#  
S'(IG m4  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; Z'~/=a)7  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, qm/#kP lM  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 :z-?L0C=0  
:sX4hZK =G  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of HDi_|{2^  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand B7.<A#y2  
   considerable impact. 8b"vXNB.f  
   (A) apparently e}NB ,o  
   (B) are apparently d(YAH@  
   (C) apparently their U!jRF  
   (D) are they apparently t>vr3)W  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 ,(B/R8ZF~  
 p ~pl|  
q{}U5(,{0  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: W 'PW;.,  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; m 0]1(\%  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) T"e"?JSRJ  
4D[(X=FSU  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the 19bqz )  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly &hE k m  
   white. ~H4Tr[8a  
   (A) when, pure which -sx=1+\nf  
   (B) when, which pure XzW\p8D^u  
   (C) which, pure when $\aJ.N6rb  
   (D) which, when pure x|*m ok  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, 3 jghV?I{T  
#iT3 aou  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine :n OCs  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing ^3C%&  
   infrequently w x,gth*p  
   (A) Even i'`>YX  
   (B) It is qhmA)AWG>  
   (C) Even though (r-PkfXvIf  
   (D) There is L, 3%}_  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 ?:7.3{|Aq  
in>?kbaG+  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 #Wt1Ph_;  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 ,[u.5vC  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; 8Ib5  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 T9AFL;1  
qSQsY:]j0  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: 3JZ9 G79H  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 G C@U['  
  The starring troops have to surrender. |Gt]V`4  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; 4x$Ts %]  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 AE4>pzBe  
9U!#Y%*T  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is  KRh?{  
ZRYHsl{F+  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often #+;0=6+SM  
   called scapegoating. ?Q: KW  
   (A) Eliminate problems 'In qa;TQz  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) p"q4R2_/jh  
   (C) Eliminating problems xcN >L  
   (D) Problems are eliminated bdr !|WZ  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 -;U3$[T,J7  
d<v)ovQJ]  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them _"sFLe{  
   from damage due to weather. 2_;3B4GDF  
    (A) Painting G 4 C 7  
    (B) Painted )-d &XN7  
    (C) The paint 0V?:5r<  
    (D) By painting /yL:_6c-  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 +X7+:QQ }  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 YGr^uTQb  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting oF#]<Z\  
/(skIvE|  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to ]0)=0pc]E  
   conserve water in the winter. V7i1BR8G  
   (A) when losing leaves Y7 `i~K;  
   (B) leaves are lost U/bQ(,3}  
   (C) that losing leaves *27*&&=)H  
   (D) the leaves losing _J`q\N K  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 4).>b3OhX  
 e{33%5  
十三、make结构 jaI mO  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) ok7yFm1\  
共有三种形式: Mlr}v^"G  
   make it possible+to do . ;q 4<_  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 VwV`tKit  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) SmYY){AQ/  
-wjvD8fL  
做题技巧: \;Ywr3  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it h_Cac@F0  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it *k#M;e  
;n,@[v  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and ^#VyIF3q  
   thus make--details that are otherwise '9MtIcNb  
   impossible to observe . 9(( QSX  
   (A) it visible Ll !J!{  
   (B) visibly Z'~yUo=  
   (C) visible =@d IM  
   (D) they are visible d8? }69:h  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 duKR;5:  
eSgCS*}0$z  
wcT0XXh  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large 9j[%Y?  
   amount of information on a single map. {{?[b^  
   (A) possible Jyx6{O j  
   (B) it possible "s]c79t  
   (C) it is possible DM*mOT  
   (D) that possible 1YA_`_@w  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 P!{ O<P  
/ W}Za&]  
1X4v:rI  
十四、the more …the more…结构 %/:{x()G  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: dE+xU(\, w  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 szC~?]<YY  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 h,q%MZ==^s  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 `":ch9rK  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 "$ ? f&*  
Nkt(1?:-'  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the cPxA R]'U  
   number of lines of magnetic force. ldo7}<s  
   (A) of xV'\2n=1T  
   (B) the ?L$ Dk5-W  
   (C) is the nBGF a  
   (D) is of the ?Ovl(4VG  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B }!\ZJoa  
0 +0+%#?  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the /a\6&Eb  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  I)AV  
   (A) the stress it is greater yVm~5Y&Z  
   (B) greater is the stress 1O1/P,u+  
   (C) greater stress is ]&1Kz 2/  
   (D) the greater the stress r>S?,qr  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 1e*+k$-{  
NaS gK  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 "w0>  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 1@C0c%  
FFl[[(`%D  
+qe!KPk2  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , Lc6Wj'G G  
             A     B etj8M y6=  
   thus making it possible the gentle " jzU`  
       C            @gQ{*dN  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. PD12gUU?  
         D KFdTw{GlJ7  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 0b9K/a%sQv  
]'=]=o~4  
9D:p~_"g  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more [k.|iCD  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, s_ -G`xT>{  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the tT 87TmNsA  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” CN@bJo2  
    (A) however {,tEe'H7  
    (B) thus n1 `D:XrE  
    (C) and tgH@|Kg  
    (D) moreover s@K)RhTY  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 :}0y[qc3  
"tB"C6b  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the  XeDiiI  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. \];0S4SBy  
    (A) to save the seeds "5u*C#T2$  
    (B) saving the seeds [!p>Id  
    (C)which saves the seeds = ;#?CAa:  
    (D) the seeds saved +uKh]RP  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B s~$ZTzV  
5mUHk]W  
`P<}MeJ\l  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 0gw0  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. T1jAY^^I  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. `z%f@/:fG  
2{Nv&ZX?  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. Ac}+U q  
   (A) the tallest Nw[TP G5  
   (B) the tallest that is A ><  
   (C) which is the tallest UXwnE@`F  
   (D) which the tallest is }Tf~)x  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 os0fwv  
 P_6oMR  
d\dh"/_$  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of O4J <u-E$  
       A  B       C +U{8Mj  
   domestic animals. "/[xak!g  
    D >Lj0B%^EvM  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 QG {KEj2V  
9`  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 a(RTb<  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: TtTp ,If  
  program, programmed, programmed x9Um4!/t  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: {7swE(N  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 \6A Yx[|  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be pFb }5Q  
vOIK6-   
mU@pRjq=  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona T40&a(hXQ  
   features structures built of red sandstone by ,9;RP/"7  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. HZ% 2WM  
   (A) That the K|[p4*6  
   (B) In the <% #Dwo}  
   (C) Around the iQs^2z#Bd  
   (D) The I)7STzlMj.  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 b)ytm=7ha  
2tPW1"M.n  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called /bm2v;  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. h[eC i  
   (A) to be made (j<FS>##  
   (B) making s'$5]9$S  
   (C) made 0 PdeK'7  
   (D) are made  vVvx g0  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 YkWv*l  
 ;IV  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given Nk JOD3>U  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of au=A+  
   human beings. ~l {*XM  
   (A) without Q[PVkZ  
   (B) lack 9j94]w2v  
   (C) minus -d -vzri  
   (D) not having .4CCR[Het  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 Fh8 8DDJ  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 Tumv0=q4wd  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 ) |t;nK,  
8Cx6Me>,=  
|.#G G7F^S  
十八、逻辑主语结构 nu(;yIRP  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 M iK -W  
% _.kd"  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. rtSG- _[i  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members EjA3hHJ  
    of the committee kJ'rtz4QO  
   (B) the committee members discussed the kuq&8f~!  
    problem nmo<t]  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee @> |3d  
    members the problem 1G'D '    
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by :kMF.9U:  
    the members of the committee 5FJ(x:k?z  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B 11^.oa+`  
Qx")D?u  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until |LLDaA-=0  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. \<aR^Sj.  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch O7"16~ a  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn RVN;j4uMg  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch $2E&~ W %  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn un F=";9H  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 v]GQb  
f6,?Yex8B  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her F~$ay@g  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her Et! 6i7`]  
   first article in print. `N}aV Ns  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane ~@\sN+VS  
    Hawes had GU|(m~,`  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane I=pFGU  
    Hawe's first `%/w0,0  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first vlqL  
    teaching position oCxy(q'y  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching n_{az{~  
    position `$9sYv 2R  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 l4> c  
Ys0N+  
例4: Even at low levels, --. 3UX6Y]E3  
   (A) the nervous system has produced +O)Y7k{?C5  
     detrimental effects by lead /PKu",Azj  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the n%6ba77  
    nervous system aH_0EBRc  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the 9$L 2 a  
    nervous system UP7?9\  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on  20]p<  
    the nervous system NRT@"3,1YP  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 7]_zWx,r  
)x<BeD  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking ^fQa whub  
            A   B     C <1#hX(Q  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. @ qS Z=  
       D z%1& t4$  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 U s.k,  
26;Gt8  
]=p^32  
十九、复合宾语结构 vY7 @1_"  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 \&l@rMD3s  
We played soccer. <Uc  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 qLPuKIF  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 z+{xW7  
TPs ]n7]:  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 phQ{<wzwp  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, Q/q>mN"#1  
例:We appoint him monitor. G+2 ,x0(  
  We elected him president. r@}8TE*|P  
gLRDd~H  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck M!D6i5k,   
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not da i+"  
   consider them --because they are now primarily @j"6f|d  
   kept as pets. NwxDxIIH/)  
   (A) where sporting dogs a`[9<AM1#  
   (B) sporting dogs $wn0oIuW  
   (C) when sporting dogs nEPTTp+B  
   (D) they are sportingdogs )TEm1\  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 4U16'd  
. :>e"D  
二十、It结构 Rt:^'Qi$!  
一、强调句型 gX7R-&[UD  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 <s7cCpUFP  
 Bnk '  
这个句型需要注意几点: C,A/29R,s  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; Ni%@bU $  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; 7xQ:[P!G+  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 }'faf{W  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: :`E p#[Wvo  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. nMZ)x-  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. B^]PKjLNZ  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. Dx`-h#  
Fi;H   
二、形式主语 'n ^,lXWB  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 `R>z{-@=  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 "wuO[c&%/  
GmaNi  
kY!zBk  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than F>3 o0ke}  
    A               B RGs7Hc  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are |q 8N$m  
                  C 1DhC,)+D}q  
   the main focus of social psychology. _ilitwRN3  
           D /PeT4hW}  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is `}KxzD  
Q$:Q6 /5.  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of HKJBR)T  
   educational films. ,ofE*Wt  
   (A) It is  F]PsS(  
   (B) There is  iB"ji4[z  
   (C) Though there is l EzN   
   (D) Although it is 7U_ob"`JV  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 `=P_ed%&'  
H$C*&p  
+(92}~RK  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 aEvbGo  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, & ]] l0B  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 %" 7UYLX  
_<FUS'"  
in which+完整的句子 N+B!AK0.  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 qar{*>LCG  
gqy>;A:kO  
名词+of which+谓语动词 k|?[EWIi^  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 2m:K %Em6u  
xxvt<J  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of U364'O8_  
   which are accented. 8 |=C/k  
   (A) line consists of each ; Z7!BU  
   (B) consists of each line )Bn }|6`  
   (C) each line consists aH?Ygzw  
   (D) it consists of each line X+N5iT  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 .=J- !{z  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 5 ~?6]=hl  
3kC|y[.&  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a >_ZEQC  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. Od~uYOL/B  
   (A) traps   03v+eT  
   (B) trap its  U@y)x+:  
   (C) which traps M' z.d  
   (D) which it traps 7WS$fUBi  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 h>D;QY  
;!S5P(  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists -o%? ]S  
  have paid little attention to cultural 5uQ+'*xN%  
   A             InbB2l4G  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of gR# k'   
         B      C g{6jN  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. ~9FL]qo  
           D 06^/zr  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 [?I<$f"  
d-1D:Hs?  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin 8bdO-LJ9  
   became interested in the art movement _|I8+(~)  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, ~M^[  
   both --her novels and short stories. EQ~<NzRp=  
   (A) in which the influence }Mt)57rU  
   (B) of which influenced %Hd[,duwO  
   (C) to have influence o{#aF=` {  
   (D) its influence in 8b'@_s!_  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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