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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 lSKv*  
' JXN*YO  
一、主句单一原则 I=Lj_UF4  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 $txWVjR?\  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 TO8\4p*tE  
tF)k6*+  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. A*?/F:E  
   (A) They occur where they are lqwJ F &  
   (B) Occuring where UBpM8/U  
   (C) Where they occur knj,[7uh  
   (D) Where do they occur h3vm< R;  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 uc{Qhw!;:  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 `~s,W.Eu4  
A1&>L9nUx  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center gEe W1:AB  
   (A) Fort Wayne m0q`A5!)  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne ag*Hs<gi  
   (C) For wayne is in /R+]}Lt~%*  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in QI^8b\36  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 `qy6 qKl N  
Ny&Fjzl  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 E;+OD&|  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 kA9 X!)2w  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 g{f>j d  
M#gGD-  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” pDnFT2  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with YnL?t-$Gg  
   social issues. OrqJo!FEg{  
    (A) covers =xQfgj  
    (B) covers it P+cFp7nC  
    (C) which covers ff+9(P>*  
    (D) which it covers f4; 8?  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 }R] }@i~i  
W1,L>Az^Ts  
!-}*jm p<  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused :{='TMJ7  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on \:)o'-   
   the paper. j`&i4K:  
   (A) the impression is 'f<_SKd  
   (B) if the impression is Ac(Vw%  
   (C) impressions 4oEq,o_  
   (D) the impression h[)aRo  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression 0Y`tj  
三、平行结构 Y8xnvK*  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 QZq9$;>dW  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: [";5s&)q  
A and B, cNB$g )`  
A , B, and C FwzA_ n n  
.*ovIU8  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- !rqR]nd  
   is known as accounting.  lTd2~_  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary %H~gN9Vn#@  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's Y,"MQFr(o  
     transactions ) CTM  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are g>-[-z$E3  
     summarized xa*gQ%+F  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an ^<Tp-,J$EN  
     enterprise %4KJ&R (>[  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 3^UsyZS)  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 ,(=]6V  
lH>XIEj  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed Bx!` UdRn  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and #iDFGkK/  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 0 >MI*fnY"  
   human patients. L2$L.@  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in MW>28   
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures e>Y2q|S85  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures X&8,.=kt"  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull 291|KG  
     fractures nv{4 U}&P  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 5z>\'a1U  
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四、宾语从句结构 % "^XxVJ*  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ~{Bi{aK2  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: B '/ >Ax&  
     state(陈述,表明)+that 1hS~!r'qqv  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that <~+  
Lc?O K"[m  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, ybO,~TQ  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite l$9,  
   units called quanta or photons. :L0W"$  
    (A) energy that 8E[`H  
    (B) that it is energy V~Lq, oth  
    (C) it is energy _AbEQ\P{  
    (D) that energy NvZ?e  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 elgQcJ99  
>#|Yoc  
)&Bv\Tfjt  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth SqB|(~S  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is H/Q)z DP  
   placed on them. BB$>h-M/%#  
   (A) although its crust and mantle eov-"SJB  
   (B) its crust and mantle to Y cpO;md  
   (C) that its crust and mantle jRAL(r|  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to c"1d#8J  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 7d)' y  
五、介词+ which结构 B,,d~\  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 A o$z )<d'  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, G1 t p  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 LP /4e`  
q/79'>`|ai  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, RC%r7K f  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 l.l~K%P'h  
G|_aU8b|t  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is f4}6$>)  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees taaAwTtk?A  
   for public office. +9CUnRv  
    (A) that +to9].O7y  
    (B)by which TVwYFX  
    (C)is that V}+;b bUc-  
    (D)by those dC#\ut%l  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 3>v0W@C  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 B)8Hj).@B  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 . *xq =  
HYmXPpse  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players 7g+]  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called [)vwg`]   
   wickers. :exuTn  
   (A) when u6T?oK9j  
   (B) which olh3 R.M<  
   (C) is when 4{t$M}?N  
   (D) in which @A'1D@f#  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 @$Kq<P  
9Ib(x0_  
六、in that结构 ?I#hrv@  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, F@roQQu  
  because of +名词, ^|(4j_.(e  
  consequently是副词 "m;]6B."  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 G>>u#>0  
8w?\_P7QA  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals Vp"Ug,1  
   ---- it is a liquid. fO!O" D5  
   (A) whereas m@yVG|eP#  
   (B) in that _x1[$A,GuB  
   (C) because of L#q9_-(#  
   (D) consequently y$V)^-U>fw  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 m>dcb 6B+g  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 fYM6wYJ  
aW-o=l@;  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual q)xl$*g  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. m{dyVE  
   (A)they &dDI*v+  
   (B)in they gLMea:  
   (C)that they C;:L~)C@t  
   (D)in that they G,|]a#w&v.  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 |$?Ux,(6  
;Pqyu ?  
KSB_%OI1  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 6aZt4Lw2\  
p6y0W`U  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ pkN:D+g S  
   great inspiration for her poems. A~GtK\=;  
   (A) that she drew '}p gUh_  
   (B) by drawing her rjAkpAT  
   (C) from which she drew OV("mNh  
   (D) drawn from which j YIV^o 0  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 h?3,B0G  
七、what结构 t-7[Mk9@  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: {.3  
  what=the thing that 7?!Z+r  
&QOWW}  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend q]i(CaKh  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. _95}ifSVm  
   (A) it grows ZkB6bji  
   (B) what grows 3q|cZQK!1  
   (C) does it grow [cQ<dVaTX  
   (D) what does it grow x*R8^BA]pR  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 a?,[w'7FU  
}6CXJ+-UR  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle LE<u&9I\  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory 2l)9Lz=;L  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. Y1fy2\<'  
   (A) there };"+ O  
   (B) where Wm$`ae   
   (C) that =CKuiO.j  
   (D) what 77xq/c[)  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 KM/U?`6>:  
ljYpMv.>xG  
&SjHrOG?  
八、同位语结构 Q&Z4r9+Z  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 '_.q_Tf-^  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) =&q-[JW  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing n^iN o  
   and swallowing . .# 6n  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste lh\ICN\O  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly x)ddRq l  
   (C) the chief organ of taste ceFsGdS  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes h"%|\o+3  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 :!JpP R5  
*GbVMW[A>  
*xE"8pN/  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 9Fy\t{ks  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) +Lm3vj_ N  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of h4CTTe)  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of RzA2*]%a  
   Dishonor. < /;Q8;0  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause Zm%VG(l  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson =\~E n5  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause ?EI'^xg  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. p?+lAbe6H  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 g .64Id  
vkd[: CC  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as , CJAzGBS  
   hosts to many insect pests. ^FP} qW~;9  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than v5(q) h  
     goldenrods (k%GY< bP  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods i 8l./Yt/  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy &qJPwO  
     plants -O'{:s~  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants FH)t:!#  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 >(hSW~i~  
Dc08D4   
b,nn&B5@{  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 q`XW5VV{K  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 &!ED# gs  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to i.3cj1  
   Athens. 'eD J@4Xm  
   (A) the distance is *yJ[zXXjJ  
   (B) that the distance is /\ytr%7,'  
   (C) is that the distance )FRM_$t  
   (D) the distance |+>uA[6#  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 C)NC&fV  
!)N|J$FU  
九、比较结构 ?AEd(_a!q  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 nSS>\$  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less (ab{F5  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. 2K;#Evn'j  
    (A) does *l{yW"Su  
    (B) in Ht#@'x  
    (C) it does in \#CM <%  
    (D) in it does Y$g}XN*)E  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 -_NC%iN#C  
Y2C9(Zk U  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. Ur^j$B}  
    (A) rays more than infrared Wqra8u#  
    (B) rays are more infrared than Cp#)wxi6[y  
    (C) more than infrared rays {XgnZ`*  
    (D) more infrared rays than V  }>n  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 w 5*Z!  
?vgH"W~3>  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 f6!D L<  
例3:The activities of the international marketing B<7/,d'  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. Tr& }$kird  
   (A) the domestic marketer has JqCc;Cbd  
   (B) the domestic marketer does (vc|7DX M  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer 2Vk\L~K  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer g%xGOA  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 [Il~K  
T@ [!A);  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing 5l DFp9  
   is greater than --. 6_gnEve h  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined [u M-0t  
   (B) mining and farming combination K>2#UzW  
   (C) that mining and farming combined K-eY|n  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming l&$$w!n0w  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 ]XA4;7  
06*rW u9P3  
十、定语从句省略结构 tNIlzR-  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 N^w'Hw0  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture ]3Dl)[R  
   and overpower. Thr*^0$C  
   (A) can   S/[E 8T"  
   (B) they can RDM`9&V!jp  
   (C) which can <#+44>h  
   (D) and ($nrqAv4  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 =gh`JN6  
;8{cA_&  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can wsU V;S*X%  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the Zm ogM7B  
   food they eat. a4i:|   
    (A) require <plC_{Y:wu  
    (B) requires }MbH3ufC  
    (C) requiring {yA$V0`N{  
    (D)to require VOTv?Vf  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 ;Xvp6.:  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food 5kNzv~4B,;  
evA/+F ,&  
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 I zbU)ud  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of `#-P[q<v-  
    A !Q I\Fz?  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around '})0!g<Y  
   B          C      D ORXm&z)  
   the world. 3@Z#.FV~C[  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to JO<wK  
qn1255fB  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive [YrHA~=U  
          A  B      C UO*Ymj 1  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. :j')E`#   
              D |2\{z{?  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more RB* J =  
1i:|3PA~  
十一、状语从句省略结构 gBh;=vOD  
Metals expand when they are heated. 3p2P= T  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: ")O`mXg-  
;,i]w"*  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; o&AM2U/?  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, P`s  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 cLPkK3O\=  
>9RD_QG7  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of kn)t'_jC  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand 7\*FEjRM]  
   considerable impact. E0%~! b  
   (A) apparently Y6,Rj:8  
   (B) are apparently <E\$3Ym9  
   (C) apparently their Mu'8;9_6  
   (D) are they apparently dq[Mj5eC  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 2 I*;A5$N1  
lds- T  
U=h lu  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: ,g%&|FAP  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; meN2ZB?Y  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) ;<G=M2  
GA7}K:LP'k  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the o9 cM{ya/>  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly Y&/]O$<  
   white. /dv<qp  
   (A) when, pure which 5@^ dgq  
   (B) when, which pure uV 7BK+[O  
   (C) which, pure when 3O7!`Nm@  
   (D) which, when pure dt2$`X18  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, ^ bEc6`eE  
"M|zv  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine t |~YEQ  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing #v<QbA  
   infrequently keB&Bjd&  
   (A) Even a33TPoj  
   (B) It is tK&' <tZh  
   (C) Even though =0;^(/1Mc  
   (D) There is /4xki_}  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 Zh_|m#)  
XoA+MuDzpo  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 Qx[t /~  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 8T(e.I  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; }#X8@  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 [,TkFbDq"J  
<vXGi  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: F^hBtfz  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 hUYd0qEbEt  
  The starring troops have to surrender. 1x[)/@.'f  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; n5{Xj:}  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 Y+Fljr*  
3Kn_mL3V-  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is $^@)  
QcgfBsv96  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often up'Tit  
   called scapegoating. j\m_o% 4  
   (A) Eliminate problems t*?0D\b 2  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) yrR1[aT  
   (C) Eliminating problems h(5P(`M  
   (D) Problems are eliminated D:Zy  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 z`\F@pX%wC  
sVl-N&/  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them A,`8#-AX  
   from damage due to weather. 9 -rNw?7  
    (A) Painting L: z?Zt)|  
    (B) Painted +=:#wzK@  
    (C) The paint lv]hTH 4T  
    (D) By painting 3YZs+d.;ib  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 Q_t`.jus  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 P><o,s"v  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting [/X4"D-uOK  
L@gWzC~?Q  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to w08?DD]CDt  
   conserve water in the winter. 4 M(-xl?  
   (A) when losing leaves ;f"0~D2  
   (B) leaves are lost E>}4$q[r  
   (C) that losing leaves PnoPb k[<  
   (D) the leaves losing yfm^?G|sW  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 qB CK40   
YiPoYlD*n<  
十三、make结构 |gU(s  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) y>aZXa  
共有三种形式: Q*b]_0Rb  
   make it possible+to do <^lRUw  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 qu-/"w<3$  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) Q_Gi]M9  
,j$Vvz   
做题技巧: 67VT\f  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it fF V!)Zj  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it GO^_=EMR[  
sUU{fNC6|  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and g2T -TG'd  
   thus make--details that are otherwise .;*s`t  
   impossible to observe . R@`y>XGNJ  
   (A) it visible ZAXN6h  
   (B) visibly `^4vT3e  
   (C) visible $n^gmhp  
   (D) they are visible P [k$vD  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 PgRDKygE  
=%> oR  
[mPjP%{=@  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large hc'-Dh  
   amount of information on a single map. 6O}`i>/6M  
   (A) possible b/Xbs0q  
   (B) it possible ZE/o?4k*c1  
   (C) it is possible $O*O/ iG  
   (D) that possible W[^qa5W<FB  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 PxfY&;4n!  
xQ'2BAEa  
jvQ*t_L  
十四、the more …the more…结构 DHY@akhrK  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: <!pvqNApg  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 &zuG81F6  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 '_$uW&{NI  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 'gt-s547  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 XZ5 /=z  
59Gk3frk(  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the 5Fz.Y}  
   number of lines of magnetic force. (~J^3O]Fo  
   (A) of HWVtop/  
   (B) the -@Uqz781  
   (C) is the \~5C7^_  
   (D) is of the !Lh^oPT"I  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B +Lnsr\BA  
hnznp1[#@  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the c?%(Dp E  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  ]]"jw {W}A  
   (A) the stress it is greater >X51$wBL  
   (B) greater is the stress {N#KkYH{"  
   (C) greater stress is UYz0PSV=.  
   (D) the greater the stress Wy%s1iu  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 +z$pg  
+nT'I!//  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 CV{r5Sye  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 h/,${,}J  
`w.AQ?p@  
X 7 g3  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , raQ7.7  
             A     B mP(kcMT "  
   thus making it possible the gentle /QEiMrz@6  
       C            :F?x)"WoQ+  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. {vE(l'  
         D e hA;i.n  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 Nlj^D m  
F]I=+T   
Gx 72  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more Ea( ,aVlj  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, 1>Q'R  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the lW 81q2n  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” [Ym   
    (A) however P6Mhbmt9*  
    (B) thus O0PJ6:9P  
    (C) and 9Ok9bC'?8@  
    (D) moreover |D.O6?v@  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 _xLHrT!y  
=KT7nl  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the =\{\g7  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. X o{`]  
    (A) to save the seeds &J !aw  
    (B) saving the seeds [/_+ >M  
    (C)which saves the seeds Xe+,wW3YF  
    (D) the seeds saved b|5w]<?'  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B z* <y5  
?U7) XvQ  
-@&1`@):{  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 4eH.9t  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. aJqeD'\>  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. ggb |Ew  
ueG|*[  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. `)4a[thp  
   (A) the tallest M*pRv  
   (B) the tallest that is  O3NWXe<  
   (C) which is the tallest W2wpcc  
   (D) which the tallest is =wq;@'U  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 $A<ESfrs  
xeTgV&$@  
<1~^C  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of 3,aN8F1;C  
       A  B       C dv N<5~  
   domestic animals. 7k=fZ$+O  
    D v@EQ^C2.&  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 bb=uF1  
s.jO<{  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 gY9\o#)<  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: K6pR8z*?  
  program, programmed, programmed CV.+P-  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: ;8B.;%qkL  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 3 EYiQ`  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be keqcV23k  
rj  H`  
]7qiUdxt:  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona d34Y'r  
   features structures built of red sandstone by ;6DnId2Zh  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. [>w%CY<Fd  
   (A) That the h{]#ag5`  
   (B) In the uMFV% +I  
   (C) Around the {K7YTLWY  
   (D) The _ 6:ww/  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 p#H]\ P'  
d# T?Q_3b  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called WD?Jk9_F  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. 7U:=~7GH  
   (A) to be made ,d 7Z  
   (B) making  *W^=XbG  
   (C) made \f"?Tv-C '  
   (D) are made ,k*F`.[  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 w:Q|?30  
a c6*v49  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given 3X dn62[&  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of exphe+b  
   human beings. "T*I|  
   (A) without 0>Fqx{!heq  
   (B) lack rl| Q)A{  
   (C) minus t:9 ZCu ay  
   (D) not having J~dTVBx  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 WEVl9]b'e+  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 eU~?p|Np  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 X>/K/M  
GYqJ!,  
<bX 1,}?  
十八、逻辑主语结构 b"P&+c  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 -kc(u1!  
yiO31uQt  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. %Qd3BZ  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members ]Wy.R6  
    of the committee Ps7_-cH  
   (B) the committee members discussed the l4Y1(  
    problem j]HE>  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee TMY{OI8a  
    members the problem tGqQJT#mr7  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by b_mWu@$  
    the members of the committee r\bq[9dX>  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B c 85O_J  
4 4<v9uSK  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until @e={Wy+Vm(  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. x cnt?%%M  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch Pzptr%{  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn (L:`o jiU  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch #!Ze\fOC  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn X,&xhSzg?  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 {N Y]L==H  
F*X%N_n  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her ^^'[%ok  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her UXQb ={  
   first article in print. Jtpa@!M  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane &E`9>&~J  
    Hawes had tgK x4  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane !HvGlj@(|  
    Hawe's first (}6wAfGo  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first  .?70=8{  
    teaching position *|sxa#  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching 9ec0^T  
    position h1E PaL  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 sb`&bA;i  
mQFa/7FX  
例4: Even at low levels, --. G^ K*+  
   (A) the nervous system has produced Euqj xz  
     detrimental effects by lead zU=YNrn  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the oEN)Dw o  
    nervous system P_v0))n{  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the n#)PvV~  
    nervous system CGCQa0  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on S3b|wUf  
    the nervous system zUNH8=U  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 _s2m-jm7  
H\ {E%7^h-  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking <g] ou YHZ  
            A   B     C fFjL p l  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. : x>I- 3G  
       D f<'n5}{RO0  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 B:B8"ODV  
0Z@ARMCe|m  
w:ORmR .p  
十九、复合宾语结构 <j{0!J@:  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 lv=yz\  
We played soccer. c*Eok?O  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 )>-77\  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 tniPEmeS  
pQk=x T  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 cWgbd^J  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, HyZVr2  
例:We appoint him monitor. \Oi5=,  
  We elected him president. e} sc]MTM  
M(_^'3u  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck b*btkaVue  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not ) j{WeG7L  
   consider them --because they are now primarily %KbBH:z05  
   kept as pets. * i=?0M4S  
   (A) where sporting dogs 7 JxE |G  
   (B) sporting dogs WF+bN#YJ  
   (C) when sporting dogs VQ1?Db(_2  
   (D) they are sportingdogs zAKq7'_=  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 n@G:e-m{A  
FBR$,j ;Y  
二十、It结构 `f\5p+!<7R  
一、强调句型 )ZS:gD  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 :6 Hxxh  
N+Q(V*:3v  
这个句型需要注意几点: nU=f<]S=  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; I>< 99cwFI  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; x:f|3"\s  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 H B::0l<  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: W _PM!>8`  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. gp#b Q  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. U6/m_`nc  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. jw`&Np2Q  
'DL;c@}37  
二、形式主语 @&~OB/7B:  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 %4|n-`:  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 ~|aeKtCs(.  
`@u +u0  
Ev$-P X  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than >.!5M L\  
    A               B 42n@:5`{+  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are L]/\C{}k  
                  C Xa?6#  
   the main focus of social psychology. P-E'cb%ub  
           D )$gsU@H -  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is giPhW>  
g|GvJ)VX  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of 94qHY1rp  
   educational films. )CwMR'LV  
   (A) It is  *uI hxMX  
   (B) There is  3zA8pI w  
   (C) Though there is c]g<XVI  
   (D) Although it is < WHs  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 m>Z\ rqOK  
=}%#$  
FkJ>]k  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 5ykk11!p$  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, xnhDW7m  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 !q=Q~ea  
DiYJlD&  
in which+完整的句子 7fN&Q~.  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 L?D~~Jb  
cmr6,3_  
名词+of which+谓语动词 ) v[Knp'  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 02# b:  
LjH&f 4mY  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of [! dnm1   
   which are accented. ;@7 #w  
   (A) line consists of each lU50.7<08  
   (B) consists of each line zZ+LisSs&  
   (C) each line consists \HP,LH[P:  
   (D) it consists of each line 4|@FO}rK[l  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 .2{ C29g  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 X_tW#`  
m)[wZP*e  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a 6ImV5^l  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. ?/l}(t$H  
   (A) traps   <rwOI.W l$  
   (B) trap its  /P8eI3R  
   (C) which traps 4}_w4@(  
   (D) which it traps xU\:Vid+A  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 O'& \-j 1  
l~6SR  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists C#?d=x  
  have paid little attention to cultural 7dg 5HH  
   A             "w|k\1D  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of .IAHy)li"  
         B      C z5*O@_r+.b  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. jf)JPa_  
           D tSXjp  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 Y`O}]*{>8R  
5$"[gdt)T  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin l-h7ks Rs  
   became interested in the art movement TcKKI  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, rgZ rE;*;  
   both --her novels and short stories. ?L#SnnE  
   (A) in which the influence XOU-8;d  
   (B) of which influenced AO7qs:+  
   (C) to have influence k&"qdB(I  
   (D) its influence in xo_k"'f+  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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