填空题常考结构 lS Kv*
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一、主句单一原则 I=Lj_UF4
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 $txWVjR?\
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 TO8\4p*tE
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form.
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(A) They occur where they are lqwJ
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(B) Occuring where UBpM8 /U
(C) Where they occur knj,[7uh
(D) Where do they occur h3vm<R;
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 uc{Qhw!;:
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 `~s,W.Eu4
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center gEe W1:AB
(A) Fort Wayne m0q`A5!)
(B) Although Fort Wayne ag*Hs<gi
(C) For wayne is in /R+]}Lt~%*
(D) Fort Wayne, in QI^8b\36
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 `qy6qKl
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二、谓语动词专一原则 E;+OD&|
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 kA9 X!)2w
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 g{f>jd
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” pDnFT2
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with YnL?t-$Gg
social issues. OrqJo!FEg{
(A) covers =xQfgj
(B) covers it P+c Fp7nC
(C) which covers ff+9(P>*
(D) which it covers f4 ;
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分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 }R] }@i~i
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused :{= 'TMJ7
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on \:)o'-
the paper. j`&i4K:
(A) the impression is 'f<_SKd
(B) if the impression is Ac(Vw%
(C) impressions 4oEq,o_
(D) the impression h[)aRo
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression 0Y`tj
三、平行结构 Y8xnvK*
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 QZq9$;>dW
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: [";5s&)q
A and B, cNB$g )`
A , B, and C FwzA_
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- !rqR]nd
is known as accounting.
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(A) an enterprise's transactions summary %H~gN9Vn#@
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's Y,"MQFr(o
transactions )CTM
(C) transactions of an enterprise are g>-[-z$E3
summarized xa*gQ%+F
(D) summarizing the transactions of an ^<Tp-,J$EN
enterprise %4KJ&R
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分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 3^UsyZS)
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 ,(=]6V
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed Bx!` UdRn
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and #iDFGkK/
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 0
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human patients. L2$L.@
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in MW>28
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures e>Y2q|S85
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures X&8,.=kt"
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull 291|KG
fractures nv{4
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分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 5z>\'a1U
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四、宾语从句结构 %"^XxVJ*
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ~{Bi{aK2
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: B'/ >Ax&
state(陈述,表明)+that 1hS~!r'qqv
indicate(指明,表明)+that <~+
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, ybO,~TQ
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite l$ 9,
units called quanta or photons. :L0W"$
(A) energy that 8E[`H
(B) that it is energy V~Lq,oth
(C) it is energy _AbEQ\P{
(D) that energy NvZ?e
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 elgQcJ99
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth SqB|(~S
indicate--yield when unusual weight is H/Q)z
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placed on them. BB$>h-M/%#
(A) although its crust and mantle eov-"SJB
(B) its crust and mantle to Y cpO;md
(C) that its crust and mantle jRAL(r|
(D) for its crust and mantle to c"1d#8J
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 7d)' y
五、介词+ which结构 B,,d~\
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 Ao$z)<d'
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, G1t
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因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 LP /4e`
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, RC%r7K f
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 l.l~K%P'h
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is f4}6$>)
a method ---- voters select the nominees taaAwTtk?A
for public office. +9CUnRv
(A) that +to9].O7y
(B)by which TVwYFX
(C)is that V}+;bbUc-
(D)by those dC#\ut%l
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 3>v0W@C
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 B)8Hj).@B
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 .
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players 7g+ ]
hit wooden balls through wire arches called [)vwg`]
wickers. :exuTn
(A) when u6T?oK9j
(B) which olh3 R.M<
(C) is when 4{t$M} ?N
(D) in which @A'1D@f#
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 @$K q<P
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六、in that结构 ?I#hrv@
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, F@roQQu
because of +名词, ^|(4j_.(e
consequently是副词 "m;]6B."
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 G>>u#>0
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals Vp"Ug,1
---- it is a liquid. fO!O"D5
(A) whereas m@yVG|eP#
(B) in that _x1[$A,GuB
(C) because of L#q9_-(#
(D) consequently y$V)^-U>fw
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 m>dcb
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根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 fYM6wYJ
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual q)xl$*g
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. m{dyVE
(A)they &dDI*v+
(B)in they gLMea:
(C)that they C;:L~)C@t
(D)in that they G,|]a#w&v.
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 |$?Ux,(6
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 6aZt4Lw2\
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ pkN:D+gS
great inspiration for her poems. A~GtK\=;
(A) that she drew '}p
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(B) by drawing her rjAkpAT
(C) from which she drew OV("mNh
(D) drawn from which j YIV^o 0
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 h?3,B0G
七、what结构 t-7[Mk9@
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: { .3
what=the thing that 7?!Z+r
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend
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largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. _95}ifSVm
(A) it grows ZkB6bji
(B) what grows 3q|cZQK!1
(C) does it grow [cQ<dVaTX
(D) what does it grow x*R8^BA]pR
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 a?,[w'7FU
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle LE<u&9I\
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory 2l)9Lz=;L
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. Y1fy2\<'
(A) there
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(B) where Wm$`ae
(C) that =CKuiO.j
(D) what 7 7xq/c[)
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 KM/U?`6>:
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八、同位语结构 Q&Z4r9+Z
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 '_.q_Tf-^
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) =& q-[JW
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing n^iN
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and swallowing . .# 6n
(A) is the chief organ of taste lh\ICN\O
(B) tasting the organ chiefly x)ddRq
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(C) the chief organ of taste ceFsGdS
(D) the organ chiefly tastes h"%|\o+3
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 :!JpP
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 9Fy\t{ks
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) +Lm3vj_N
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of h4CTTe)
Native Americans in her novel, Century of RzA2*]%a
Dishonor. < /;Q8;0
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause Zm%VG(l
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson =\~E n5
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause ?EI'^xg
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. p?+lAbe6H
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 g.64Id
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as ,CJAzGBS
hosts to many insect pests. ^FP}
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(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than v5(q)h
goldenrods (k%GY<
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(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods i 8l./Yt/
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy &qJPwO
plants -O'{:s~
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants FH)t:!#
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 >(hSW~i~
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 q`XW5VV{K
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 &!ED# gs
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to i.3cj1
Athens. 'eDJ@4Xm
(A) the distance is *yJ[zXXjJ
(B) that the distance is /\ytr%7 ,'
(C) is that the distance )FRM_$t
(D) the distance |+>uA[6#
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 C)NC&fV
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九、比较结构 ?AEd(_a!q
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 nSS>\$
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less (ab{F5
snow than --eastern Nebraska. 2K;#Evn'j
(A) does *l{yW"Su
(B) in Ht#@'x
(C) it does in \#CM
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(D) in it does Y$g}XN*)E
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 -_NC%iN#C
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. Ur^j$B}
(A) rays more than infrared Wqra8u#
(B) rays are more infrared than Cp#)wxi6[y
(C) more than infrared rays {XgnZ`*
(D) more infrared rays than V }>n
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 w
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 f6!D
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例3:The activities of the international marketing B<7/,d'
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. Tr& }$kird
(A) the domestic marketer has JqCc;Cbd
(B) the domestic marketer does (vc|7DX M
(C) those of the domestic marketer 2Vk\L~K
(D) that which has the domestic marketer g%xGOA
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 [I l~K
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing 5l DFp9
is greater than --. 6_gnEve
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(A) that of its mining and farming combined [u
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(B) mining and farming combination K>2 #UzW
(C) that mining and farming combined K-eY|n
(D) of its combination mining and farming l&$$w!n0w
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 ]XA4;7
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十、定语从句省略结构 tNIlzR-
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 N^w'Hw0
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture ]3Dl)[R
and overpower. Thr*^0$C
(A) can S/ [E8T"
(B) they can RDM`9&V!jp
(C) which can <#+44>h
(D) and ($nrqAv4
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 =gh`JN6
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can wsU V;S*X%
get all the calcium their bodies----from the Zm
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food they eat. a4i:|
(A) require <plC_{Y:wu
(B) requires } MbH3ufC
(C) requiring {yA$V0`N{
(D)to require VOTv?Vf
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 ;Xvp6.:
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food 5kNzv~4B,;
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 I zbU)ud
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of `#-P[q<v-
A !Q
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bees must fly a distance equals to twice around '})0!g<Y
B C D ORXm&z)
the world. 3@Z#.FV~C[
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to JO<wK
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive [YrHA~=U
A B C UO*Ymj
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than the Sun dies and exploded. :j')E`#
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分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more RB* J
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十一、状语从句省略结构 gBh;=vOD
Metals expand when they are heated. 3p2P=
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Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: ")O`mXg-
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; o&AM2U/?
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, P`s
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 cLPkK3O\=
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of kn)t'_jC
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand 7\*FEjRM]
considerable impact. E0%~!b
(A) apparently Y6,Rj:8
(B) are apparently <E\$3Ym9
(C) apparently their Mu'8;9_6
(D) are they apparently dq[Mj5eC
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 2
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式:
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though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; meN2ZB?Y
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) ;<G=M2
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例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the o9
cM{ya/>
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly Y&/]O$<
white. /dv<qp
(A) when, pure which 5@^ dgq
(B) when, which pure uV 7BK+[O
(C) which, pure when 3O7!`Nm@
(D) which, when pure dt2$`X18
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, ^bEc6`eE
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例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine t|~YEQ
is highly efficient and needs servicing #v<QbA
infrequently keB&Bjd&
(A) Even a33TPoj
(B) It is tK&'<tZh
(C) Even though =0;^(/1Mc
(D) There is /4xki_}
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 Zh_|m#)
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十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 Qx [t/~
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 8T(e.I
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; }#X8@
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 [,TkFbDq"J
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那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: F^hBtfz
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 hUYd0qEbEt
The starring troops have to surrender. 1x[)/@.'f
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; n5{Xj:}
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 Y +Fljr*
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在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is $^@ )
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例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often up'Tit
called scapegoating. j\m_o% 4
(A) Eliminate problems t*?0D\b
2
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) yrR1[aT
(C) Eliminating problems h(5P(` M
(D) Problems are eliminated D:Zy
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 z`\F@pX%wC
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例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them A,`8#-AX
from damage due to weather. 9-rNw?7
(A) Painting L:z?Zt)|
(B) Painted +=:#wzK@
(C) The paint lv]hTH 4T
(D) By painting 3YZs+d.;ib
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 Q_t`.jus
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 P><o,s"v
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting [/X4"D-uOK
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例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to w08?DD]CDt
conserve water in the winter. 4 M(-xl?
(A) when losing leaves ;f"0~D2
(B) leaves are lost E>}4$q[r
(C) that losing leaves PnoPbk[<
(D) the leaves losing yfm^?G|sW
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 qB
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十三、make结构 |gU(s
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) y>aZXa
共有三种形式: Q*b]_0Rb
make it possible+to do <^lRUw
make it possible+that引导的从句 qu-/"w<3$
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) Q_Gi]M9
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做题技巧: 67VT\f
如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it fF V!)Zj
如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it GO^_=EMR[
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例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and g2T -TG'd
thus make--details that are otherwise .;*s`t
impossible to observe . R@`y>X GNJ
(A) it visible ZAXN6h
(B) visibly `^4vT3e
(C) visible $n^gmhp
(D) they are visible P[k$vD
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 PgRDKygE
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例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large hc'-Dh
amount of information on a single map. 6O}`i>/6M
(A) possible b/Xbs0q
(B) it possible ZE/o?4k*c1
(C) it is possible $O*O/iG
(D) that possible W[^qa5W<FB
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 PxfY&;4n!
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十四、the more …the more…结构 DHY@akhrK
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: <!pvqNApg
1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 &zuG81F6
2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 '_$uW&{NI
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 'gt-s547
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 XZ5 /=z
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例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the 5Fz.Y}
number of lines of magnetic force. (~J^3O]Fo
(A) of HWVtop/
(B) the -@Uqz781
(C) is the \~5C7^_
(D) is of the !Lh^oPT"I
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B +Lnsr\BA
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例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the c?%(Dp E
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body. ]]"jw
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(A) the stress it is greater >X51$wBL
(B) greater is the stress {N#KkYH{"
(C) greater stress is UYz0PSV=.
(D) the greater the stress Wy%s1iu
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 +z$pg
+nT'I!//
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 CV{r5Sye
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 h/,${,}J
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7
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例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , raQ7.7
A B mP(kcMT"
thus making it possible the gentle /QEiMrz@6
C :F?x)"WoQ+
renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. {vE(l'
D ehA;i.n
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 Nlj^Dm
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例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more Ea(,aVlj
than sixty-five million items of scientific, 1>Q'R
historical, or artistic interest, --winning the lW 81q2n
popular title, “attic of the nation.”
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(A) however P6Mhbmt9*
(B) thus O0PJ6:9P
(C) and 9Ok9bC'?8@
(D) moreover |D.O6?v@
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 _xLHrT!y
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例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the =\{\g7
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. Xo {`]
(A) to save the seeds &J
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(B) saving the seeds [/_+
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(C)which saves the seeds Xe+,wW3YF
(D) the seeds saved b|5w]<?'
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B z* <y5
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十六、形容词最高级省略结构 4eH.9t
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. aJqeD'\>
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. ggb|Ew
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例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. `)4a[thp
(A) the tallest M*pRv
(B) the tallest that is O3NWXe<
(C) which is the tallest W2wpcc
(D) which the tallest is =wq;@' U
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 $A<ESfrs
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例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of 3,aN8F1;C
A B C dv
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domestic animals. 7k=fZ$+O
D v@EQ^C2.&
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 bb=uF1
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十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 gY9\o#)<
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: K6pR8z*?
program, programmed, programmed CV.+P-
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: ;8B.;%qkL
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动
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第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be keqcV23k
rj H`
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例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona d34Y'r
features structures built of red sandstone by ;6DnId2Zh
ancestors of the Hopi people. [>w%CY<Fd
(A) That the h{]#ag5`
(B) In the uMFV%+I
(C) Around the {K7YTLWY
(D) The _ 6:ww/
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 p#H]\P'
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例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called WD?Jk9_F
lymphocytes and plasma cells. 7U:=~7GH
(A) to be made ,d
7Z
(B) making *W^=XbG
(C) made \f"?Tv-C
'
(D) are made ,k*F`.[
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 w:Q|?30
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例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given 3X
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task ------the flexibility and adaptability of ex phe+b
human beings. "T*I|
(A) without 0>Fqx{!heq
(B) lack rl|
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(C) minus t:9
ZCu ay
(D) not having J~dTVBx
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 WEVl9]b'e+
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 eU~?p|Np
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 X>/K/M
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十八、逻辑主语结构 b"P&+c
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 -kc(u1!
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例1:Having been served lunch, --. %Qd3BZ
(A) the problem was discussed by the members ]Wy.R6
of the committee Ps 7_-cH
(B) the committee members discussed the l4Y1(
problem j ]HE>
(C) it was discussed by the committee TMY{OI8 a
members the problem tGqQJT#mr7
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by
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the members of the committee r\bq[9dX>
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B c85O_J
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例2:--was not incorporated as a city until @e={Wy+Vm(
almost two centuries later, in 1834. xcnt?%%M
(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch Pzptr%{
(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn (L:`ojiU
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch #!Ze\fOC
(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn X,&xhSzg?
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 {NY]L==H
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例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her ^^'[%ok
home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her UXQb={
first article in print. Jtpa@!M
(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane &E`9>&~J
Hawes had tgK x 4
(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane !HvGlj@(|
Hawe's first (}6wAfGo
(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first .?70=8{
teaching position *|sxa#
(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching 9ec0^T
position h1E
PaL
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 sb`&bA;i
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例4: Even at low levels, --. G^ K*+
(A) the nervous system has produced Euqj
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detrimental effects by lead zU=YNrn
(B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the oEN)Dw
o
nervous system P_v0))n{
(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the n#)PvV~
nervous system CG CQa0
(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on S3b|wUf
the nervous system zUNH8=U
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 _s2m-jm7
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例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking <g]
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A B C fFjL
pl
areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. :
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D f<'n5}{RO0
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 B:B8"ODV
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十九、复合宾语结构 <j{0!J@:
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 lv=yz\
We played soccer. c*Eok?O
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 )>-77\
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 tniPEmeS
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下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 cWgbd^J
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, HyZVr2
例:We appoint him monitor. \Oi5=,
We elected him president. e} sc]MTM
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例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck b*btkaVue
hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not )j{WeG7L
consider them --because they are now primarily %KbBH:z05
kept as pets. *i=?0M4S
(A) where sporting dogs 7JxE|G
(B) sporting dogs WF+bN#YJ
(C) when sporting dogs VQ1?Db(_2
(D) they are sportingdogs zAKq7'_=
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 n@G:e-m{A
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二十、It结构 `f\5p+!<7R
一、强调句型 )ZS:gD
It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 :6 Hxxh
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这个句型需要注意几点: nU=f<]S=
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; I><99cwFI
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; x:f|3"\s
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略
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如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: W _PM!>8`
原句: Ann bought these books last year. gp#b
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强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. U6/m_`nc
强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. jw`&Np2Q
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二、形式主语 @&~OB/7B:
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 %4|n-`:
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 ~|aeKtCs(.
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例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than >.!5M L\
A B 42n@:5`{+
the events that occur in their lives , that are L]/\C{}k
C Xa? 6#
the main focus of social psychology. P-E'cb%ub
D )$gsU@H -
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is giPhW>
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例2: --an increasing international exchange of 94qHY1rp
educational films. )CwMR'LV
(A) It is *uI hxMX
(B) There is 3zA8pI w
(C) Though there is c]g<XVI
(D) Although it is <
WHs
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 m>Z\
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二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 5ykk11!p$
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, xnhDW7m
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 !q=Q~ea
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in which+完整的句子 7fN&Q~.
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 L?D~~Jb
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名词+of which+谓语动词 ) v[Knp'
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 02# b:
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例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of [!dnm1
which are accented. ;@7#w
(A) line consists of each lU50.7<08
(B) consists of each line zZ+LisS s&
(C) each line consists \HP,LH[P:
(D) it consists of each line 4|@FO}rK[l
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 .2{
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five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 X_tW#`
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例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a 6ImV5^l
sticky substance on them ------ insects. ?/l}(t$H
(A) traps <rwOI.W
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(B) trap its /P8eI3R
(C) which traps 4}_w4@(
(D) which it traps xU\:Vid+A
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 O'& \-j 1
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例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists C#?d=x
have paid little attention to cultural 7dg
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A "w|k\1D
interpretations given to silence, or to the types of .IAHy)li"
B C z5*O@_r+.b
social contexts in which tends to occur. jf)JPa_
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分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 Y`O}]*{>8R
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例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin l-h7ks
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became interested in the art movement TcKKI
known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, rgZrE;*;
both --her novels and short stories. ?L#SnnE
(A) in which the influence XOU-8;d
(B) of which influenced AO 7qs:+
(C) to have influence k&"qdB(I
(D) its influence in xo_k"'f+
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。