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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 %0T/>:1[E  
一、代词  ,!_  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 NfcY30}:  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 OQ"%(w>Hb  
  主格、宾格、所有格 b3}928!D-@  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) <y5V],-U  
;;'b;,/  
(二) 反身代词 w#[Ul9=?6  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 HH+R47%*  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) $@d`Kz;  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) j-|YE?AA  
7?j$Lwt  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  P{mV  
    A                 B    WL-+;h@VQ  
  a series of indicators that could help U I|L;5  
             C      AfW63;kH  
  themselves to predict earthquakes.  !J!zi  
    D Y'"2s~_ Z  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 hKjvD.6]%  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 K v"e\ E  
&3v{~Xg)  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 2{c ;ELq  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 >|SB]'C|  
lGqwB,K$z4  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies {"8\~r&b  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the :/ns/~5xa:  
     A   B      C          D t+Mr1e  
  Pacific. =:`1!W0I  
(u85$_C  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 6,M>'s,N  
a*&P>Lwe7&  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 *2crhI*@>  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: {y<[1Pms  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 ]+)z}lr8 C  
;&e5.K+.Z  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined T3Kq1 Rh  
                       A   //KTEAYyy#  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and '[JrP<~^o  
             B 7;Km J}$  
   economic conditions they promised the nation.  1JgnuBX"  
   C       D <oV _EZ  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 : Ey  
l W'6rat  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important 7^Uv1ezDR  
        A     hU5[k/ q  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John `Q1T-H_  
   B        C      ^R1 nOo/  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  B:ddlxT $  
      D `y0ZFh1>X  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. &bh?jW  
e`4OlM]  
/YH Bhoat  
(四) Who和which的区别 .Xo, BEjE/  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 s \#kqw\x  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 (rt DT  
sq*R)cZ  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who \%&QIe;:k  
              A            B 4 u X<sJ*  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. `>rdn*B  
   C                  D }CaL:kY8  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 INW8Q`[F  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 Qz{:m  
en!cu_]t  
(五) that和which的区别 "<3PyW?zt  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 J\_tigd   
eN>=x40  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it BI;in;Ln  
              A        B itX<!  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. V5K`TC^  
      C              D PAH; +  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 |6`yE]3 -(  
azPFKg +  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 M<"&$qZ$R  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, j ?/T7a^  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when :uZcN  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. lj@c"Yrk  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which 65=i`!f  
m$*dPje  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly n:`> QY  
              A         B   (Pin9^`ALc  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. vov"60K  
         C      D 'RTz*CSZ  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 ^&h|HO-5  
wCkhE,#-_  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  kE UfQLbn  
  affected the way people in the United States----. {#zJx(2yG  
   (A) living and working jToA"udW/  
   (B) they live and work +<Uc42i7n  
   (C) live and work 'S)}mG_  
   (D) to live and to work B+*F?k[  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 ]EE}ax%#aq  
(JL{X`gs#  
二、介词 6S2D\Bt,_  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 y%cg  
55zimv&DV  
(一) 介词搭配 'X<R)E  
SE;Jl[PgcL  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those rts@1JY[  
    A         B   C      &xj?MgdNL  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. &`Z>zT}  
                D rKg5? .  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 Hb#8?{  
|jU/R  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. WDP$w( M  
A       B     C  D -Z-|49I/mN  
分析:B错改为be rich in f}Mc2PQ-  
}<[@)g.h.  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ';^VdR]fk  
    A         B      C TXv3@/>ZlG  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. ~Z=Q+'Hu0  
             D %S. _3`A  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 f2`[ skNj  
Ww{bh -nyq  
&j<B22t!  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 -S"YEH9  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 }:])1!a  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. "@ xI  
          A      B  C     D -v/1R1$e1  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 [ 1F.   
Kyq/'9`  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has DJ dW$S7  
                 A  B     3,8<5)ds*  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on j_H9l,V  
      C ^RAs t1q7  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean.  _/;vsQB  
      D zVKbM3(^  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 5/F1|N4  
z\Hg@J&#  
2、介词by r5M {*  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by +DmfqKKbd  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 5Tag-+  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ]$oo1ssZ1  
    A         B       Z@2^> eC  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. [3lAKI  
   C     D %CV@FdB  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 & Xm !i(i  
F$.h+v   
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils |(u6xPs;P  
   A                      1Bp?HyCR  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to JN)@bP  
     B    C       D bWWZGl 9  
   supply moccasins and field rations. tAF#kBa\y_  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 ]dIcW9a  
ywQ[>itMa  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with yhm6%  
        A                "`g5iUHqUl  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements xKl\:}Ytp  
        B          C   *ThP->&:(  
  that are often represented at symbols. *Tc lc u  
              D Cq8.^=}_  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 L7\V^f%yCm  
三、谓语动词 9U&~H*Hf  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 9`y@2/!Y  
①、主谓分割原则 Z<D8{&AjS  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, 9Xl[AVs:M  
     A     B 70 3{k  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. 8=! uQQ  
        B      C      D &?g!)O  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 mHe[ NkY6  
 )OHGg  
②、与后者一致原则 (vP<}  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ibH!bS{  
not only…but also 0:I[;Q t  
%>'Zy6C<j  
4SVIdSA  
③、与前者一致原则 \)$:  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 8+i=u"  <  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 &R5zt]4d&  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and f+!k:}K  
     A      B  C     `%A vn<  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. fn#qcZv?  
         D PctXh, =  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is n g%~mt  
\&_pI2X  
④、就近原则 2cEvsvw>  
or, either…or, neither…nor, GXaPfC0-y  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are !He_f-eZ  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is dBw7l}  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 ''dS {nQs  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 n:|a;/{I]9  
&@K6;T  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are !>\&*h-Cm#  
        A      B        )S ZzA'  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. !RP0W  
    C              D Mz6\T'rC  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 }.a{;{y  
Q6)?#7<jy  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 yg.o?eML  
There are five apples that are red. X J`*dgJ  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 $l2`@ia"  
0W0GSDx  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets Wv|CJN;4  
      A            3[j,d]\|  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. mPU}]1*p  
   B   C    D IsmZEVuC  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 3?K+wg s  
zMRa <G7  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 0C;Js\>3]  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. h/oun2C  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 t{g@z3  
fF(AvMsO  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 t{>#)5Pqv  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: )w~1VcnJEp  
a. there be 句型 X{ Fr  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 X1d{7H8A2  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 w[F})u]E  
O}%E SAB  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. +.&P$`;TZj  
   A     B      C    D    -.r"|\1X  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is D_?Tj  
1$1>cuu  
]?)uYot  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific @D=B5f@(o  
             A     B    2Y%7.YX"  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 W**[:n+  
     C         SOE-Kio=B  
  miles in width. %19~9Tw  
     D  ,}\LC;31,  
分析:倒装句,are改为is t{ yj`Vg  
'.<iV!ZdZ  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and *#E_KW1RV  
   A    B       C         4i.&geX A.  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film 6\u. [2lE^  
                    D p2Gd6v.t  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. mhv6. W@  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 EcX7wrl9x  
cu H5f}oc  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 %TR J  
fifty percent of + 名词 QVRQUd  
one percent of + 名词 :%33m'EV}  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: u$[&'D6  
  one percent of my students + are Ip`1Wv_  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. AA)pV-  
&>+5 8  
这里要强调两个结构 5FuV=Yuc  
half of =fifty percent v(R^LqE  
most of + 可数名词 + are `jR8RDD  
most of + 不可数名词+ is j:uq85 s  
GOGS"q  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been E+EcXf  
   A       B         C   !<=(/4o&P  
  found in central and eastern Canada. ?u&|'ASo  
           D S&-F(#CF^  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 5#x[rr{^*  
nu:l;+,VY  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized o\ce|Dzt  
                 A   B  9{ge U9&Z  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. ?D7zty+}^  
              C     D x4>"m(&%  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 +~Y oP>  
)(yaX  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 )Ghw!m  
①、主要考察时间状语 J E5qR2VA  
THX% z `  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. ZU0*iA  
   A        B  C     D As5l36  
I(kEvfxc"  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ,4XOe ,WQ  
a%a0/!U[  
zsd<0^ p\{  
②、For和since的区别 Wl=yxJu_(  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 vfj{j= G  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 B 5qy4MFWs  
  I has been a teacher for three years. 3?`TEw~'  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. @*L-lx  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 K?e16;   
K0o${%'@7  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became ki2 `gLK  
   A      B              uTz>I'f  
  the primary responsibility of the president. {,6J*v"o  
     C    D xL<c/B`-:  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 3}3b@:<  
a{}#t}  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of 'r_Fi5[q  
             A  B  C   ;o;ak.dTt  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. xe(7q1   
            D b KIL@AI  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 FL^t} vA  
{[/A?AV;F  
~ Al3Dv9x  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.   huyfo1(  
   A       B        C     D J{kS4v*J  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live i| ,}y`C#  
G;pmR^  
(三) 谓语的语态 rK}sQ4z=  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 l t]&o0>  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: ^5?|Dj  
①、prove p/7'r  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 e0ni  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; SD8>,  
Slv:CM M  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming ea`6J  
                      A   <}c7E3Uc  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be :f_oN3F p  
    B                  C aTvLQ@MQ  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. p0l.f`B  
                  D 7i02M~*uS  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 Qgf|obrEi6  
d1t_o2  
7(C)vtEO:  
②、Locate,Situate fk1d iB  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 =;) =,+V~q  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 EKN<KnU%  
这两个词也可以用作被动 u WdKG({][  
  My school was located near the river. kJNg>SN*@#  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 tux`-F  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. QG L~??  
   (A)locates 2\|sXC  
   (B)locating K$:btWSm  
   (C)to locate v6! `H  
   (D)is located I4UsDs*BD  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 g1y@z8Z{  
4R8Qn^  
③、表示需要概念的动词 IeA/<'U s  
need, want, require等 k{lXK\zN  
Pd `~#!  
My watch needed repairing 0lOan  
My watch needed to be repaired. Kg /,  
+~,q"6  
④、表示人的情感的动词 *g:Dg I 2  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 Y=<zR9f`  
2pSp(@N3  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 ]ERAt^$0  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 =0;njL(7;  
A%&lW9z7  
主动和被动技巧总结: 0Am\02R.C,  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 rF{,]U9`  
X_rv}  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the KMl3`+i  
                 A      !g|[A7<|  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, =t~]@?]1D  
                 B 5RY-.c4}  
  power structures, and flood-control works along r9D 68*H  
                    C W+s3rS2  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. (5hUoDr!  
                D GQjU="+  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 :r:x|[3.  
N!\ 1O,  
四、非谓语动词 *rV{(%\m  
 7(o:J  
(一) 分词 2J 3y 1  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 ^0I"  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 `:0A uw9h  
/7.//klN  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then {9Q**U`w  
   A ]2@lyG#<<  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. &=In  
     B      C            D 5pff}Ru`  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning <Y;w I#C  
7Fzr\&  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 \t=#MzjR  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in Zl cEeG  
      A               B   o Gt2n:  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. tq*6]q8c>  
               C         D >LVGNicQ  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living h=kC3ot\  
g-/ }*m l  
%T}*DC$&S  
一些动词后面必须用doing Juk'eH2^s  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 Ju"c!vu~  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, P_.AqEH  
 advocate, suggest )]zsAw`/  
 delay, quit ; 2gO(  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, p$Floubh]  
 avoid, escape(逃避) a3Xd~Qs  
 spend+名词+doing; ahN8IV=+Gm  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing A^\g]rmK  
AU8sU?=  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their '*G8;91u  
   A     B    C              D K}Q:L(SSr\  
  crops. ]na$n[T/I  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 gzDfx&.0  
S>s+ nqcP  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, (7"CYAe:;  
               A        B ~sNBklK  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. wZ_"@j<  
        C          D 5>VX]nE3!  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing ~,x4cOdR#  
c^z) [  
(二) 不定式 5eM{>qr}  
A. 动词不定式的省略 ]VS:5kOj`  
①、help后面可以省略to 64Tb,AL_  
  help do y-~_W 6\  
  help sb. to do bicbCC6kC  
Fx:4d$>;  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid Fv:x>qZr@  
              A      B   D/wJF[_  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. E *782>  
         C     D :G &: v  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 $h5QLN  
; FHnu|  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ;(Az   
  make, 3jHE,5m  
  let, {Ia$!q)  
  have sb. do sth 9ZuKED  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth.  6NSSuK3  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians f*VXg[&\\F  
        A               B VLoRS)   
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. $"MGu^0;1  
   C     D LZQG.  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know N:%Nq8I}:  
s|X_:3\x  
③、感官动词 Z/  L%?zH  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe OLoo#HW  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 :SY,;..3e  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 OjrZ6  
\[%_ :9eq  
sn]D7Ae  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 hf;S#.k  
(1)表示第一人 XJk~bgO*  
the first woman to do sth. z 0F55<i  
Bj\Us$cZ  
(2)表示迫使的动词 SL +\{V2  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do :z6?  
,uO_C( G/i  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis VFm)!'=I  
     A                 B    +>yspOEz  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. ]cMZ7V^  
       C           D wB+F/]]|N  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 I*/:rb  
C:f^&4 3  
LvU/,.$  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 @moaa}1  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 J?tnS6V  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 \x5>H:\Y  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 Bx.hFEL  
  be apt to do $>Ow<! c  
z]=Ks_7  
(4)表示目的的名词, q6x}\$mL  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 UQWv)  
固定的句式: 7nM<P4\  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. x}x)h3e  
the objective 目标 % 3fpIzm  
aim 0 t/mLw&  
goal T8x/&g''  
reason理由 9<"F3 F0|  
function功能 nFro#qx  
intension意图 {xP-p"?p  
i?)bF!J  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing f<R 3ND)  
                       A  kHQn' r6  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. ;#*.@Or@Ah  
           B          C     D '%YTM N@  
分析:the function to provide, A错 '8I=Tn  
rERtOgi  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure psS^  
                  A       "'>fTk_  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds UA#=K+2  
     B  jASK!3pY  
  that make up various components of a living cell. ol_&epG;ST  
    C    D 7'`nTF-@v  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 4&6cDig7*2  
3[~LmA  
(5) 其他同根名词 dp3TJZ+U  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 Q0Gfwl  
 attempt to do 企图 F-$NoEL  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 FE06,i\{  
 ambition, ~{6}SXp4U  
 be ambitious to do  T8j<\0WW  
 effort }E) t,T>  
BpF}H^V-  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ![Vrbe P  
  A                    B   CT|H1Ry2T  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. x+1-^XvK  
          C       D |J ^I8gx+  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 0s.4]Zg>5  
ldG$hk'  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great g G|4+' t  
  A                   B   I*(7(>zgyv  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. nYK!'x$  
       C            D 4 @9cO)m  
分析:efforts to register, C错 g#5t8w  
BkDq9>  
z}p*";)A  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 b+71`aD0  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 ulk yP  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. P{8<U8E  
S's I[?\x  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 a & 6-QVk  
I am glad to see you. qPCI@5n3T?  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. X-%91z:o58  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. XJ3aaMh"  
Z0Qh7xWve  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 _6 yrd.H  
It is difficult to decide. P;e@<O  
@OC*:?!4  
;7!u(XzN  
五、句子的结构 'Ub\8<HfJU  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 (DTkK5/%  
LeMo")dk\  
(一) 主语的重复 8;Df/ %  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 @ds.)sKA>  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any _[J>GfQd  
          A      B      wpm $?X  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the pKk{Q0Rt  
          C          D zMAlZ[DN  
  League of Nations. [JVU a2Sm  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 >zv}59M  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson y1Yrf,E m=  
|B@\Nf7  
PvS\  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are 6X GqZ!2  
        A        B  M{U7yE6*j*  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. u-~?ylh  
    C         D K]Q1VfeL=  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 %|By ?i  
#pp6 ycy  
(二)谓语的重复 `T$CUlt6  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 hjY)W;  
Pb@9<NXm'  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  GAcU8  MD  
    A            B    HVcd< :g0  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. wLH [rwPr  
         C   D O8WL ulo  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 o_ SR  
fk:oCPo  
(三)谓语的缺少 0%<x>O  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body {afR?3GK  
          A     B    HESORa;  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. 0=Z_5.T>  
         C               D [1gWc`#  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 l*C(FPw4  
O U3KB  
(四)主句的重复 Ok&u4'<  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 #97w6,P+  
^8r4tX  
:svRn9_8H  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite :TzHI    
      A         B        C   6P KH%  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. nWAx!0G  
     D Lg[_9 `\  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 ]OKs 65  
e$+?l~  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow L0H kmaH  
        A   B       &\, ZtaB  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. n/fMq,<8  
      C    D GCTf/V\#  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 FF"`F8-w>Z  
,!?&LdPt>  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided wZA(><\  
   A                     B  _pv<_ Sm  
  names for towns, only George Washington 45;{tS.z,B  
      C P]4C/UDS-~  
  is remembered in the name of a state. )wROPA\uA  
          D x;cjl6Acm  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 Jn_;  cN  
六、比较级和最高级 W:^\Oe5&a  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 O)qedy*&  
> T,^n {_v  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 n3t0Qc  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which )r#^{{6[v  
      A                S oY=  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. Vb `m3  
     B       C           D 8pfQAzl  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 h9,ui^#d$  
{[ j+ y  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 Xx~XW ^lsh  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. e{~s\G8g  
     A      B     C  D =8?gx$r2  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 j"aimjqd3  
h5-<2B|  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere D_%y&p?<Ls  
     A       B     C   D k{3:$, b  
  is the grizzly bear. ]e?cKC\"e  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 LY%`O#i.  
-t, .A/?  
Jb'M/iG  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 H1H+TTZr  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 &}P{w  
51Yq>'8  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with 5+<<:5_6l  
   A           B  8}FZ1h2 4  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. Farcd!}  
   C                 D #\kYGr-G)  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 J;pn5k~3  
d7+YCi?  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 DW ^E46k)A  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as !Jt Vp&?  
s)dN.'5/  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 u:r'&#jb~@  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 x j6-~<  
the taller boy $~xY6"_}!!  
/79_3;^  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 PT7L65  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed Iy\{)+}aS  
          A            B <S'5`-&  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is sM)n-Yy#9  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. m&xyw9a  
    C          D kYwk'\s  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they l$$N~FN  
.!T]sX_P  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 ,&S:(b[D  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, qF m=(J%  
  A  B         C     N>? R,XM V  
  the Navajos form largest group. 5a1)`2V2M  
         D u(B0X=B  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 6 <JiHVP7  
GQXN1R   
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, FCv3ZF?K  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language #gbJ$1s  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the qiQS:0|_  
)En*5-1  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many _w8iPL5:  
            A      B         C Nq |b$S[4  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. w8M,35b  
            D n gA&PU  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 GaMiu! |,  
"*O(3L.c-  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the |T:' G  
例如:my best friends >gqM|-uY  
7Pu.<b}  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial 4%/iu)nx  
            A    B     C IM:*uv  
  and banking center. ||TKo967]  
        D K@u\^6419  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 _Wn5* Pi%Z  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 NMYkEz(&R  
NLZTIZCK  
^W-03  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary ^i}*$ZC72  
                 A         ni$7)YcF  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. w@U`@})r.  
    B   C     D FFGG6r  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 VHhW_ya1g{  
%,Fx qw  
七、平行结构 ,<]X0;~oB  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 |/B2Bm  
(~t/8!7N  
ye Q6\yi  
(一) 对等连接词 ?rqU&my S  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 <=KtRE>$  
单一式: and, or ,but >P*wK9|(  
相关式: both…and, not … but, j_2-  
     either …or, neither…nor {%!.aQ ,  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as IN2FO/Y@  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, P)h e3  
没有so...as... 4?GW]'d  
between…and, Cf#[E~24  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also *,Bo $:(n  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, 5AV5`<r.  
AN ;SRl  
短语式: as well as *^cJn*QeL  
     rather than (而不是) 83io@*D  
     other than (除…之外) NEInro<  
     instead of (代替) l*;Isz:  
:sD/IM",},  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 wGfU@!m  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  "p<B|  
       A     B   'urn5[i  
  but he is now living in Detroit. =bt/2 nPV  
       C   D 'xO5Le(=M  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 o5(`7XV6D  
{%WQQs  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics !F3Y7R  
       A         B %W!C  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford n_}=G RR  
  remained active in city and regional planning. \-A=??@H  
          C    D  $GI2rzh  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 OV)J  
(二)平行的内容 2u0C ~s  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 6ybpPls  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of [UqJ3@>  
             A         B   Oy>u/g~  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, &p>VTD  
         C            D H=2sT+Sp  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. ;9w: %c1  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 f=0U&~  
bB01aiUw@l  
q'r(#,B<3  
第二、名词单复数的平行 JO\F-xO  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 KW^#DI6tr  
]Puu: IG  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, W( O)J$j  
  A     B          C   yb)!jLnH  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. ]w2nVC 3  
                 D   N_AAhD  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 0Q\6GCzN\  
FdT@}  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, |3tq.JU  
                   A         B RweK<Flo'S  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. .c#G0t<i[  
      C          D oA_T9uh[  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have 3ya _47D  
8t { -  
第三、时态的平行 :Taequ k  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated AQCU\E  
                A     8T3j/ D<r  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops lJe=z  
                   B K x7'm1  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. <+0TN]?  
          C    D /uXEh61$8  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 Tyc `U&  
$:v!*0/  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- |$Y0VC4a  
  spread from its home in Central America and z: x|;Ps!  
  now grows throughout the tropics. s@Q, wa(  
   (A) to be    (B) it   6g UcoDD  
   (C) the     (D) its s\7]"3:wD  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? {+n0t1  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow Vn4y^_H  
gO {XD.s  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- hj~nLgpN  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. c:%ll&Xtn  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised 8OYw72&  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised jHP6d =  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 +W{ELdup%q  
6xFvu7L_c;  
第四、排列位置的平行 :E$<!q  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. h5vvizruy  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode OPYl#3I  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  x *p>l !  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes Sqt '}  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes m^6& !`CD  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 ;rD M%S@  
8IX:XDEQ  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: ^e<"`e  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 sBsf{%I[{  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 ( !K?^si  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 YlF<S49loC  
HAkEJgV  
八、词序的颠倒 V l, V  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向  2s+ITPr  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 `7f><p/q  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage dKKh^D`~  
              A    B        Y? 1 3_~ K  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. ZSB_OS[N  
      C       D    \.@fAgv  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 R{GT? wl  
uQ}0hs  
:^G;`T`L  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 2l7Sbs7  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only hI&ugdf  
          A      B     M;14s*g  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. U c6]]Bbc  
    C         D 7tEK&+H`  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 {*X8!P7C  
)]\?Yy g]  
$O+e+Y  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 I3{koI  
d G}.T_l  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were "agc*o~!F  
          A   B     C   rh8.kW-K_  
  in what is now the United States. Ca&p;K9FR  
    D gwf *M3(  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 UL46%MFQ \  
r_5k$ u(  
所有的系动词分为三大类: dzK]F/L]  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, >N&C-6W  
    is, remain, keep, stay, oAMB}a;  
    lie, exit(表示位于) .7BB*!CP  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 %LL*V|  
    become, turn, grow, ;}=4z^^5  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) Kb<^Wdy4T  
0Hs\q!5Q  
第三种,感官动词 <])w@QOA#  
    seem(好像是) 2'R& K  
    look(看起来好像是) QO'=O }e  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste vYYLn9}5  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 #4WA2EW  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe l c<&f  
    A               B     Kg#5 @;  
   to cause numerous deaths. x J;DkPh  
        C   D  SqiLp!Y`  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 HuX{8nl a  
P]Hcg|&  
九、词性的混用 `OY_v=}  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 uq}>5  
{ .z6J)?J2  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 e[3 rz%'Q  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; 7qyv.{+  
4_`ss+gk  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high ;st$TVzkn  
          A        B      W^c> (d</  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and n3-2;xuNKE  
              C $X.X_  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. u 1?1x  
          D  TP6iSF  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) UTatcn  
P|"U  
MDfE(cn2q  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 \7 8w1Rkl  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 4= VAJ  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds RVxlN*  
         A       B      3^>D |  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to T)IH4UO  
          C        +4kBd<0Y  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. QR!8n  
            D {+V1>6  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 K-$gTV  
OzFA>FK0f;  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, \W<r`t4v  
            A       */B-%*#I.  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of Nz+Jf57t  
      B      C hWGCYkuW  
   urban Black people in the United States. kan?2x  
   D 90%alG 1>y  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 3|/<Pk  
qMAH~P0u  
*KP 60T  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 +tz^ &(  
表示时间有两种可能, lNSB "S  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 h"S+8Y:1{k  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, Re <G#*^  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 &lYZ=|6  
;;E "+.  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence Y-%S,91O  
       A     B     CqVh9M.ah  
  were made while the American Civil War. c43" o  
   C    D H4'xxsx  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 h<oQ9zW)  
"M*Pt  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the ^Bihm] Aq  
   A      B           C    G`NH ~C  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. /#?lG`'1  
          D (o,&P9  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 z< ~gv"  
t@-:e^ v  
3\ 6 UH  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 4*9y4"  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 G0Wzx)3]  
EJYfk?(B  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social -`6O(he  
                   A     -b-Pvw4  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. v2 [ l$  
     B   C    D ,D-VC{lj  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 4.bL>Y>c  
e!}R1  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples Qz;2RELz  
   A        B   C      v/f&rK*>  
  easily under the stress of compression. [#H$@g|CT  
   D xKz^J SF  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 6.|f iQs ]  
CqDMq!  
A(#hyb#  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 Owalt4}C  
4RsV\Y{FN  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine u2'xM0nQ  
    A         B ]SpUD  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. xmZ]mu,,$  
          C            D M")v ph^  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 <1]# E@  
:h1itn  
FLY#   
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, XXacWdh \  
         A &ZFsK c#  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. <pRb#G"  
   B      C      D lKEdpF<  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 gPY2Bnw;l  
[-_u{j  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 GWRKiTu9  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; NMmk ,  
two hundred diligent students
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