填空题常考结构 -)?~5
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一、主句单一原则 @yB!? x
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 DnaG$a<
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 x-U^U.i@
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. q!<`ci,uS
(A) They occur where they are }x-~>$:"
(B) Occuring where ;oULtQ
(C) Where they occur X?Omk, '
(D) Where do they occur ,+*8@>c
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 d+ih]?
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 G+'MTC_
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center Ajq;\-:
(A) Fort Wayne pLBp[GQ
(B) Although Fort Wayne
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(C) For wayne is in [gzw<b:
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(D) Fort Wayne, in nUhD41GJ
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 >H5BY9]I
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二、谓语动词专一原则 %nOBs ln
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 ~@BV
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 p4Vw`i+DnH
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” k%:]PQjYT
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with ^lRXc.c z
social issues. z=>]E1'RL
(A) covers IDE@{Dy
(B) covers it -&))$h3o\
(C) which covers vT%rg r
(D) which it covers 3'u%[bx
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分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 =#T6,[5
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused ;n7k_K#0z!
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on ?)4|WN|c_
the paper. AZl|;
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(A) the impression is c4L5"_#`x-
(B) if the impression is &}:Hp9n
(C) impressions X_Y$-I$qd
(D) the impression 8-juzL}
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression NqhRJa63
三、平行结构 c0!bn b
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 >?U(w<
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: @U5+1Hjc
A and B, nN@8vivP%
A , B, and C wGnjuIR
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- f} }Bb8
is known as accounting. 'OBAnE<.
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary Om>6<3n
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's N ?V5gi
transactions m>zUwGYEu
(C) transactions of an enterprise are Q(Vc/
summarized w4(DR?[nC
(D) summarizing the transactions of an (zJ
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enterprise nV:.-JR
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 Uy_`=JZ
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 C/!2q$
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed mjBX
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ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and /Pg66H#RUf
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on C@]Z&H;
human patients. N^mY/`2
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in zUwz[^d<C
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures +` Em&
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures rf)\:
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(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull qr<5z. %
fractures 7|,5;
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 )JuD !
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四、宾语从句结构 3b#KrN'
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 5zfaqt`
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: sFCoRH|"c
state(陈述,表明)+that x]y~KbdeB
indicate(指明,表明)+that !y4o^Su[
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, 42#
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is given off and absorbed in tiny definite )W*S6}A
units called quanta or photons. n!3_%K0!r&
(A) energy that bhuA,}
(B) that it is energy }ZvL%
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(C) it is energy XL} oYL]}&
(D) that energy #\t?`\L3
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 5;dnxhf
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth x\x>_1oP
indicate--yield when unusual weight is q|gG
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placed on them. :[\}Hn=
(A) although its crust and mantle DFR.F:O%
(B) its crust and mantle to |*OS;FD5
(C) that its crust and mantle ;'R{b$B;|
(D) for its crust and mantle to
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分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 _j<46^
五、介词+ which结构 `4 w0*;k;
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 I^\YD9~=x
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, m:Z=: -x
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 Wd&!##3$Q
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, GaM#a[p
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 j"J2&Y2
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is ",`fGu )
a method ---- voters select the nominees 4J-)+C/edx
for public office. ,j9}VnW)
(A) that el7P
(B)by which &[qLl
(C)is that [S-NGip
(D)by those hpLo
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 }c%QF
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 (Dq3e9fX
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 D|`[ [
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players J3y5R1?EP
hit wooden balls through wire arches called .5KRi6
wickers. vr=iG
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(A) when ~\:+y
(B) which >vt#,8VAN
(C) is when @&mv4zz&W
(D) in which 6&$z!60
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 @M:j~
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六、in that结构 IEjKI"
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, ?f CLiK
because of +名词, :$dGcX}
consequently是副词 j?[fpN$
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 E;| q
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals ZTMzL%i
---- it is a liquid.
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(A) whereas .e"De-u
(B) in that eIg '
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(C) because of (s,Nq~O
(D) consequently !ck=\3pr
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 ;BejFcb
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 ofj7$se
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual D8paIp
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. e7>)Z
(A)they -r/# 20Y
(B)in they +2|X 7wA
(C)that they U
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(D)in that they
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分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 #W~5M ?+
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 T,`'qZ>
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ !b7]n-1zs
great inspiration for her poems. ~AS2$
(A) that she drew %0Ulh6g;Dt
(B) by drawing her j/#kO?
(C) from which she drew &z
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(D) drawn from which G>YJ3p7
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 V%<<Udu<
七、what结构 ^ Gq2"rDM
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: y@nWa\iG
what=the thing that |Rhx&/
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend mE}``
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. (W5E\hjJ
(A) it grows h<Yn0(.
(B) what grows _B8e1an
(C) does it grow PxfeU2^{0
(D) what does it grow S/G,A,"c
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 i74^J +xk
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle j<szQ%tJlI
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory h:z;b;
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. SR*%-JbA
(A) there bv\V>s
(B) where eG"iJ%I
(C) that -102W{V/T
(D) what ~XsS00TL`G
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 #_2V@F+,
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八、同位语结构 ,H1J$=X'
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 fX[,yc;
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) Gxi;h=J2)>
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing :54|Z5h|
and swallowing . 7KRc^ *pZs
(A) is the chief organ of taste iJ?8)}
(B) tasting the organ chiefly 3 [SN[faS
(C) the chief organ of taste l]sO[`X
(D) the organ chiefly tastes )P|%=laE8
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 k{c~
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 *9j9=N?
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) }K<;ygcWE@
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of ?aOR ^ K
Native Americans in her novel, Century of g+ 2SB5 2D
Dishonor. o<Y|N
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause 7c
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(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson w2+RX-6Ie
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause ^ /
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(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. lz{>c.Ll[
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 _JR4
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as Dcus-,u~
hosts to many insect pests. CvbY2_>Nh
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than *\S>dhJ4
goldenrods (/ k, q
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods 5Qy,Pkje
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy A8Jbl^7E+
plants ,x{5,K.yWq
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants @Cz1rKU^l
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 PU-~7h+$
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 c$e~O-OVD?
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 <7PtC,74
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to HnY: gu
Athens. jWU)y)$
(A) the distance is @kqy!5)K
(B) that the distance is %+pXzw`B
(C) is that the distance k?S-peyRO
(D) the distance R0/~)
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分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 OmoY] 8N}
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九、比较结构 Pc4sReo'
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 [fW:%!Y'
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less bjvi`jyL3k
snow than --eastern Nebraska. ")sq?1?X
(A) does i,)kI
(B) in #vDe/o+=
(C) it does in l7x%G@1#~W
(D) in it does CV&
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分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 !MGQ+bD6
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. yXEC@#?|
(A) rays more than infrared ] xH `
(B) rays are more infrared than FD`V39##
(C) more than infrared rays 2^:5aABQ
(D) more infrared rays than ml3]CcKn
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 rsc8lSjH
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 \?GMtM
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例3:The activities of the international marketing YL{LdM-xM
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. 4{J%`H`Q!
(A) the domestic marketer has +1cK (Si
(B) the domestic marketer does lJK U^?4S8
(C) those of the domestic marketer G,$jU9 f
(D) that which has the domestic marketer ikofJl]9
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 G_X'd
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing ~s88JLw%&u
is greater than --. tt`b+NOH>
(A) that of its mining and farming combined jLZ~9FXF2
(B) mining and farming combination ,c7 8O8|
(C) that mining and farming combined j[c|np4k\
(D) of its combination mining and farming @y}1%{,%
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 A3h[VnuG,
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十、定语从句省略结构 f4:gD*YT
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 G#K=n
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture QZzi4[-as
and overpower. U*,5t81
(A) can NPKRX Li%
(B) they can Dmn6{jyP
(C) which can L%N|8P[
(D) and -4"E]f
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 p"Fj6T2
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can
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get all the calcium their bodies----from the llI`
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food they eat. s8eFEi
(A) require aQw?r
(B) requires =3l%ZL/
(C) requiring vMDV%E S1t
(D)to require pT.iQ J|
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 T/uj5pMG
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food jj.i W@m
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 &+d>xy\^/
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of $_% a=0
A
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bees must fly a distance equals to twice around ytKh[Uo
B C D z45ImItH
the world. uI!rJc>TX
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to YrL:!\p.
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive 6ix8P;;}#
A B C w?Cqe
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than the Sun dies and exploded. d.3-@^P
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分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more Zchs/C 9{
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十一、状语从句省略结构 ~q5" '
Metals expand when they are heated. Ux2(Oph
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: L
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; 4#1[i|:M
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, Az8>^|@
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 aqSHo2]DX9
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of UR>zL3
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand iC10|0%{
considerable impact. ^2rNty,nH
(A) apparently .DiH)
(B) are apparently nlOM4fJ(
(C) apparently their SV0E7qX
(D) are they apparently rXPq'k'h#-
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 B2w\
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: ;[V_w/-u
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; u.u
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这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) uLX5khQ
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例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the >77N5>]e
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly ?f<JwF<
white. =
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(A) when, pure which ^m8T$^z>
(B) when, which pure Y /$`vgqs
(C) which, pure when ^}7iouE C
(D) which, when pure &'4{/Gz
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, HI)MBrj;r
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例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine x(pq!+~K
is highly efficient and needs servicing &~gqEl6RF
infrequently HxCq6Y_m<
(A) Even "h?;)Ye
(B) It is 3
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(C) Even though )NAC9:8!
(D) There is xEdC
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分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 Rj6:.KEJ
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十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 AE0d0Y~9
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 WvSh i=
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; C$Pe<C#
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 rw_T&>!
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那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: *:
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