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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 3L;&MG=  
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一、主句单一原则 n^rzl6dy  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 '>UQsAvm  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 Tc;j)_C)  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. ['@R]Si"!  
   (A) They occur where they are t8S,C4  
   (B) Occuring where (%|L23  
   (C) Where they occur ]q @W(\I  
   (D) Where do they occur W$u/tRF  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 fvw&y+|y!  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 k0-,qM#p;X  
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center [214b=  
   (A) Fort Wayne yyu f  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne ?L6ACi`9  
   (C) For wayne is in A*+Kl hT  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in Dq~D4|  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 iCZ1ARi  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 /N\[ C"8  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 e(sV4Z~  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 aG/L'we R  
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” X4:SH> U!  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with h**mAa0fo  
   social issues. =;@?bTmqD  
    (A) covers @;H1s4OZ  
    (B) covers it 'Gds?o8  
    (C) which covers *[[TDduh&  
    (D) which it covers <MoKTP-<  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 5$p7y:  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused \hT=U*dMR  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on [X|KXlNfm  
   the paper. W-ll2b  
   (A) the impression is q2KWSh5  
   (B) if the impression is - Ado-'aaS  
   (C) impressions ~g[<A?0=y  
   (D) the impression gXI8$W>  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression 5W=jQ3 C  
三、平行结构 #'jd.'>  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 &DgJu.  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: dF/HKBJ  
A and B, lGAKHCs  
A , B, and C |ydOi&  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- B&oP0 jS  
   is known as accounting. >m; *Zk`  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary p+>vX X  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's ZhpbbS  
     transactions V K)%Us-  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are nm597WeZp  
     summarized ?H2{R:  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an ;jgJI~3l  
     enterprise +`)4jx)r/  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 \h}a?T6  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 pNzSy"Y$  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed uNn]hl|x  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and C_JDQByfL  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on T@ecWRro  
   human patients. Px<*n '~}  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in 5@xl/  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures }L1 -2  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures 7sci&!.2`  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull tb@&!a$`?  
     fractures &X nbZ&_  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 L,B#%t  
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四、宾语从句结构 C =z7Gk=  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 9(PQ7}  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: DfNX@gbo  
     state(陈述,表明)+that # ~SQujgB  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that -8]M ,,?  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, 7Q>*]  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite y~cDWD <h  
   units called quanta or photons. uNV\_'9>Y  
    (A) energy that > %~%O`+  
    (B) that it is energy ;be2sTo  
    (C) it is energy FD&"k=p+X  
    (D) that energy b@yGa%Gz@  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 <3;Sq~^  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth k8}*b&+{vz  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is XkWO -L  
   placed on them. YmS}*>oz  
   (A) although its crust and mantle _IA@X. )?  
   (B) its crust and mantle to Wq+6`o  
   (C) that its crust and mantle 5 ,0fL  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to z]NzLz9VfL  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 J~6-}z   
五、介词+ which结构 @c<*l+Qc  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 yX}riXe  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, HbRDa  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 kAF[K,G G  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, a)+;<GZ~  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 y^o*wz:D*  
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is cax]l O  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees H5f>Q0jq  
   for public office. Hoaf3 `n  
    (A) that ~bp^Q| wM  
    (B)by which 0]C~CvO  
    (C)is that *(%]|z}]m  
    (D)by those )Q_^f'4  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 t;7 tuq   
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 JmJ8s hq  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 V^a] @GK:  
]-Z="YPY  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players !2)$lM1@J  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called :27GqY,3sK  
   wickers. '!)|;qe  
   (A) when S\"/=|\  
   (B) which 1 m)WM,L  
   (C) is when %!5[3b'h  
   (D) in which IXp(Aeb  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 dqU bJc]  
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六、in that结构 tta\.ic  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, c$.h]&~dN  
  because of +名词, zJnF#G  
  consequently是副词 vf=b5s(7Q  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 A %iZ_h^  
Nwu,:}T  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals C]ev"Am_)  
   ---- it is a liquid. =2[5 g!qX  
   (A) whereas FOB9J.w4  
   (B) in that <!ewb=[_$  
   (C) because of  jpc bW  
   (D) consequently |{ E\ 2U  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 /%w9F  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 oxN~(H)/ #  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual %:bTOw[4r  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. 86bl'FdKS  
   (A)they =D<{uovQB  
   (B)in they l+e L:C!  
   (C)that they VqzcTr]_  
   (D)in that they 2b|$z"97jj  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 t{\,vI  
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 `~zY!sK  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ m K!73<p_  
   great inspiration for her poems. (DzV3/+p^  
   (A) that she drew +}IOTw" O`  
   (B) by drawing her 1 J3h_z6/  
   (C) from which she drew >Ux5UD  
   (D) drawn from which cR 0+`&  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 < I}O_:%  
七、what结构 x.Sq2rw]V  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: NXQdyg,  
  what=the thing that 2rS|V|d  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend yqdh LX|Mk  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. 7O3\  
   (A) it grows -p|@Enn  
   (B) what grows ifA{E}fRZP  
   (C) does it grow ~HbZRDcJc  
   (D) what does it grow *ujn+0)[  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 *KF-q?PBb  
XWQp-H.  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle N O|&nqq,>  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory lNtZd?=>  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. }nrl2yp:%  
   (A) there VH&6Tm1  
   (B) where 6 /T_+K.k  
   (C) that :G#>):  
   (D) what tlo"tl_]  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 Q_<CG[,6D1  
8+ 5-7)  
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八、同位语结构 u_.`I8qa  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 D]nVhOg|  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) ADoxma@  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing \hSOJ,{)U  
   and swallowing . g%1FTl  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste KD]8n]c  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly +'qzk>B  
   (C) the chief organ of taste mZ9+.lm  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes Rg! [ic !  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 E]PHO\f-m}  
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 = E'\  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) X5kIM\  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of 3DRXao  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of 7<&CN0&  
   Dishonor. Yrp WGK520  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause 6AgevyVG  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson Qn> 0s  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause {4"!~W  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. l%h0x*?$  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 SEm3T4dfzf  
xcO Si>  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as L1#z'<IO  
   hosts to many insect pests. |}paa  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than mjUln8Jc  
     goldenrods -~Kw~RX<(  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods !K;\{/8  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy lb3:#?  
     plants Q:$<`K4)  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants [pf78  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 der'<Q.U:k  
iTi]D2jC  
]c,ttS _  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 9u";%5 4  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 *9((X,v@/  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to 26|2r  
   Athens. w=>~pYASH  
   (A) the distance is HIP6L,$  
   (B) that the distance is GEU:xn  
   (C) is that the distance iD=VNf  
   (D) the distance rnWU[U8%  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 `HXP*Bp#  
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九、比较结构 NBzyP)2 )  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 ;=piJ%k  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less ,@"Z!?e  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. %KL"f  
    (A) does =)}m4,LA  
    (B) in ],vUW#6$N  
    (C) it does in >}{'{ Z &  
    (D) in it does e _\]Q-  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 ~_v?M%5i  
d5$2*h{^v  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. ^zn j J\  
    (A) rays more than infrared $ c4Q6w  
    (B) rays are more infrared than Z}_{@|  
    (C) more than infrared rays O 8#}2  
    (D) more infrared rays than 6kH47Yc?  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 v#u]cmI  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 g`~c|bx  
例3:The activities of the international marketing n]I_ LlbY  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. @a,X{ 0  
   (A) the domestic marketer has ])paU8u  
   (B) the domestic marketer does OoOKr  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer IE*GF27n  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer v w$VR PW  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 QW :-q(s  
}Y\Ayl  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing fhqc[@Y[  
   is greater than --. s>`$]6wPa  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined Ys,}L.  
   (B) mining and farming combination >QRpRHtb  
   (C) that mining and farming combined {`fhcEC  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming 8XtZF,Du  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 e|Iylv[3  
hKv3;jcd  
十、定语从句省略结构 ^G'8!!ys  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 ~6!{\un   
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture P6w!r>?6N  
   and overpower. QUd`({/@:  
   (A) can   @F)51$Ld  
   (B) they can g[fCvWm#d  
   (C) which can v,w/g|  
   (D) and ZY-UQ4_|u  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 [FLRrTcE  
J$6tCFD  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can \/,54c2  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the zOA{S~>  
   food they eat. TS+itU62  
    (A) require Z 4NNrA#  
    (B) requires n%PHHu  
    (C) requiring qPsf`nI7  
    (D)to require >0kn&pe7#T  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 nxH=Ut7{  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food `*nVLtT Y  
82#7TX4  
6QVdnXoG/  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 UD1R _bL}  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of F VBuCi?W  
    A z zL@3/<j  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around yHL2 !  
   B          C      D 9`kxyh</  
   the world. ; V)pXLE  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to n'a=@/  
Ft)7Wx" S  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive V+My]9ki  
          A  B      C EJ7}h?a]U_  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. {xb8H  
              D \k\ {S2SU  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more A?[06R5E#  
5.!iVyN  
十一、状语从句省略结构 "w}}q>P+sA  
Metals expand when they are heated. >jxo,xz  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: 'J(rIH3U  
?v8.3EE1\o  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; l1* qDzb  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, Ax &Z=  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 1FC'DH!  
JL0>-kg  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of !DgN@P.o  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand +>BLox6  
   considerable impact. K,f*}1$qM  
   (A) apparently TC7&I qT  
   (B) are apparently B->3/dp2c'  
   (C) apparently their ^Pqj*k+F  
   (D) are they apparently ]o}g~Xn  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 xZ'-G6O "~  
wuRB[KLe  
O  |45r   
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: (`C#Tq  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; 5P=3.Mk  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) !h\.w9o[  
6&jW.G8/  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the 7.V'T=@x3)  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly }J=>nL'B  
   white. 7 YS'Tf  
   (A) when, pure which 04;E^,V  
   (B) when, which pure Y#aL]LxZE  
   (C) which, pure when i_/A,5TF  
   (D) which, when pure S5o\joc  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, 1Q[I$=-F  
^qB a~  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine XPJsnu  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing dJvT2s.t[  
   infrequently o2AfMSt.  
   (A) Even nZtMF%j'  
   (B) It is E;`@S  
   (C) Even though bCa%$  
   (D) There is uU$YN-  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 ?nf!s J'm  
}Gvu!a#R  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 r`dQ<U,  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 >O;V[H2[  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; -eE r|Gs)  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 K*!qt(D&  
Ji#eA[  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: Q9G\T:^ury  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 R$|"eb5  
  The starring troops have to surrender. rp&XzMwC4  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; }Fq~!D Ee  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 634OH*6  
5e Lm  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is V|3^H^\5P  
Tr@|QNu  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often -I0J-~#  
   called scapegoating. dZWO6k9[H  
   (A) Eliminate problems 4'~zuUs  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) fxQ4kiI  
   (C) Eliminating problems I/B*iW^  
   (D) Problems are eliminated #3knKBH  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 xNd p]u  
I7 = 4%)A  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them /lS5B6NU  
   from damage due to weather. }?)U`zF)7}  
    (A) Painting 9;7|MPbR  
    (B) Painted A\w"!tNM|  
    (C) The paint |)65y  
    (D) By painting 207FD  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 ?={S"qK(q  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 ^M)+2@6  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting 2,6~;R  
3;JF 5e\?x  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to %M,^)lRP  
   conserve water in the winter. M?_7*o]!  
   (A) when losing leaves ]++,7Z\AU  
   (B) leaves are lost dczq,evp  
   (C) that losing leaves Ye|(5f  
   (D) the leaves losing tR\cS )  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 =o:1Rc7J  
xOx=Z\ c  
十三、make结构 0|DyYu  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) ;efF] ")  
共有三种形式: H]}mg='kI  
   make it possible+to do T/PmT:Qg `  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 y>X(GF^  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) *P/DDRq(2  
>K<cc#Aa  
做题技巧: 29^(weT" ]  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it Kk,u{EA  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it u+O"c  
vq+4so )/S  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and o!lKP>  
   thus make--details that are otherwise 6!HYx  
   impossible to observe . UIkO_/}  
   (A) it visible <KJ|U0/jGd  
   (B) visibly  au]W*;x  
   (C) visible IE3GZk+a~  
   (D) they are visible l cM  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 1*e7NJ/.,  
O6,2M[a  
JAM]neKiX  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large +,g!xv4Q  
   amount of information on a single map. H& $M/`  
   (A) possible +4p=a [  
   (B) it possible M~h.M PI  
   (C) it is possible 9f/l"  
   (D) that possible ^oYRB EIJH  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 YhzDw8f  
x:Q $1&3N  
zf]e"e  
十四、the more …the more…结构 4 aE{}jp1  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: /;T tMQt  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 &grvlK  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 lWH#/5`h  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 '(SivD  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 b@Dt]6_ UL  
/MMnW$)  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the ;>/yY]F7  
   number of lines of magnetic force. sIbPMu`&U  
   (A) of ~W={"n?=  
   (B) the 7SN61)[m  
   (C) is the 7< =p*  
   (D) is of the ji\&?%(B  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B WJ)4rQ$o  
 ;q5|If  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the jse!EtB:  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  /fLm )vN  
   (A) the stress it is greater ? HNuffk  
   (B) greater is the stress !G6h~`[  
   (C) greater stress is yyk@f%  
   (D) the greater the stress \YFM5l;IU  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 xX9snSGz  
X 5X D1[  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 e2K9CE.O  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 y"ss<`Cn  
]T&d_~l   
: bi(mX7t  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , yGSZ;BDW:K  
             A     B s[dIWYs#  
   thus making it possible the gentle G<$8g-O;D  
       C            {]Cn@.TPD  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. Wv9L }@J  
         D }N).$  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 NQ;$V:s)  
l(-"rE  
5W&L cBB  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more g oyQ',+  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, _d!o,=}  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the O 9o]4;  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” #d*gWwnx"  
    (A) however T9!NuKfur  
    (B) thus ;Zj(**#H  
    (C) and arRU`6?  
    (D) moreover dLF* 'JjY  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 {&^PDa|nD  
I"x~ 7  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the | 5:2 ?S2R  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. DpQWh+WRy  
    (A) to save the seeds ^,t@HN;gA  
    (B) saving the seeds : i r3u  
    (C)which saves the seeds *RVCz|0%w  
    (D) the seeds saved GvgTbCxnN  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B Iz j-,a  
/':64#'  
TXXG0 G  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 B:0oT  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. ]];pWlo!  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. *| W*Mu  
 qsXkm4  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. |r,})o>  
   (A) the tallest w0Ex}  
   (B) the tallest that is _u u&?<h  
   (C) which is the tallest )?{!7/H F@  
   (D) which the tallest is 2#3`[+ g<n  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 2p#d  
a#%*H  
VS ;y  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of OHj>ufwVq  
       A  B       C *i#N50k*j'  
   domestic animals. TbT/ 5W3  
    D -3~S{)  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 [g<gu~  
';8 ,RT e  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 L;?F^RK{U  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: rr\9HA  
  program, programmed, programmed fp\mBei  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: =54D#,[B  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 $IX(a4'  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be 2)\MxvfOh  
((#BU=0iK  
qLb~^'<iD  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona )4s7,R  
   features structures built of red sandstone by s5+;8u9K  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. ^W%F?#ELN2  
   (A) That the yHC[8 l8%  
   (B) In the x7^VU5w#  
   (C) Around the t\ z@k9  
   (D) The .o]I^3tf c  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 cr ]b #z  
cT@| $A  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called ||TZ[l  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. LJb=9tp~  
   (A) to be made }Rh%bf7,  
   (B) making &s}sA+w  
   (C) made i%<NKE;v7m  
   (D) are made O`%F{&;29  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 <8? F\x@  
Qnt }:M+  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given aJjUy%  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of B<-("P(q  
   human beings. \<xo`2b  
   (A) without us1$  
   (B) lack J@<f*  
   (C) minus cmU0=js.  
   (D) not having qc)+T_m  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 g$"x,:2x{  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 xZ%3e sp  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 Kf(Px%G6K  
G,P k3>I'  
>d"\  
十八、逻辑主语结构 =N\$$3m?  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 Q7F4OS5b  
c2 :,  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. RL]$"  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members qRcg|']R  
    of the committee j"TEp$x  
   (B) the committee members discussed the lFIaC }  
    problem lB/ ^  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee |9 $C%@8  
    members the problem aL;zN%Tw  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by CK4#ZOiaa  
    the members of the committee R8!~>$#C6)  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B Zm++5b`W/[  
vmOye/?k  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until )>Z @')Uk:  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. yHs9J1S f  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch x#5[i;-c  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn  ('BB9#\t  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch )w&|VvM )L  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn |d6/gSiF  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 Y Kp@ n8A  
Pjvb}q=  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her 'aD"v>  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her .ty2! .  
   first article in print. &\6(iL  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane P$AHw;n[R  
    Hawes had 7OXRR)]V  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane D(TfW   
    Hawe's first |rhB@k  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first SnvT !ca  
    teaching position [- e$4^+9  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching UaQW<6 +  
    position f1o^:}5x  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 _x!/40^G  
KiC,O7&<  
例4: Even at low levels, --. {ynI]Wj`L  
   (A) the nervous system has produced PIQd=%?'  
     detrimental effects by lead #q&N d2y  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the iQCs 8hIR  
    nervous system a~-k} G5  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the q="ymx~  
    nervous system W7~OU(}[`  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on yB;K|M Xy?  
    the nervous system C'sA0O@O  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 O=!EqaExW  
D42!#  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking |oR{c%z05  
            A   B     C '^2bC  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. \C1`F [d_  
       D '0qKb*  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 +~lPf.  
>-`-D=!V  
o1 &Oug  
十九、复合宾语结构 %IUTi6P l  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。  ~}K$z  
We played soccer. #CB`7 }jq  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 3.?oG5 P#  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 ~c>]kL(,  
{8~xFYc:  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 N#X(gEV  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, S%Z2J)H"  
例:We appoint him monitor. P;p20+  
  We elected him president. uup>WW  
glNXamo  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck yd`f<Hr<m  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not a0B,[i  
   consider them --because they are now primarily m'L8z fX  
   kept as pets. <\5E{/7Tl  
   (A) where sporting dogs Hl*/s  
   (B) sporting dogs roWg~U(S  
   (C) when sporting dogs aK'%E3!~=x  
   (D) they are sportingdogs .!h`(>+@  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 .h>tef  
c_.4~>qw  
二十、It结构 *Zk$P.]  
一、强调句型 EN@Pr `R  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 ~HyqHx y  
bl`vT3  
这个句型需要注意几点: tCP;IU$  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; +Zo&c}  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; Uz; pNW Mk  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 OLgW .j:Ag  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: %DF-;M"8  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. |a[Id  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. 'hH3d"a^=  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. [(4s\c  
*u`[2xmuYf  
二、形式主语 QGQ}I  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 k_%"#  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 sas:5iB5  
)M(-EDL>Qk  
pz@wbu=($4  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than |oI]  
    A               B 8<Yqpb  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are f-/zR%s{  
                  C g4 G?hv`R  
   the main focus of social psychology. f)/5%W7n}  
           D { E+o+2L  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is \gjY h2>  
UL   
例2: --an increasing international exchange of h1'j1uI  
   educational films. lYt|C^  
   (A) It is  Ps!~miN|>  
   (B) There is  kX)Xo`^Ys  
   (C) Though there is TUV&9wKXo  
   (D) Although it is u= u#6%  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 Z_qOQ%l  
5D#Mhgun  
Ckc4U. t|  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 HMymoh$Q  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, ClvqI"Rd  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 ?i8a)!U  
IyfhVk?  
in which+完整的句子 <$]=Vaq  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 AQH\ ;L  
nA#FGfZ{Ge  
名词+of which+谓语动词 O4mSr{HCp  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 mrgieb%  
^mA^7jB  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of +hJ@w-u,G  
   which are accented. M@=eWZ<  
   (A) line consists of each Xj^Hy"HC^~  
   (B) consists of each line fi6i{(K  
   (C) each line consists y@'m D*z  
   (D) it consists of each line YFF\m{#  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 6/Pw'4H9$  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 2!u4nxZ.  
xKl!{A9$w  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a #BK3CD(&  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. SGuLL+|W#8  
   (A) traps   k{?Pgf27  
   (B) trap its  p%8v+9+h2  
   (C) which traps ># {,(8\  
   (D) which it traps e B$ S d  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 am$-1+iX  
_wC4n }J  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists  yO7xAb  
  have paid little attention to cultural / p_mFA]@  
   A             J (%J g  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of Fjc4[ C  
         B      C 4!%TY4 bJ  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. $<y10DfO  
           D Dd(#   
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 |m^qA](M  
LV^V`m0#  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin h;^H*Y&`  
   became interested in the art movement ugZ-*e7  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, zjzW;bo( d  
   both --her novels and short stories. Ux<2!vh  
   (A) in which the influence @+9x8*~S'  
   (B) of which influenced tP?pN]Q$,  
   (C) to have influence Mn- f  
   (D) its influence in k,~I>qg  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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