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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 -)?~5 Z   
FI~)ZhE)]  
一、主句单一原则 @yB!?x  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 DnaG$a<  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 x-U^U.i@  
5gV8=Ml"V  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. q!<`ci,uS  
   (A) They occur where they are }x-~>$:"  
   (B) Occuring where ;oULtQ  
   (C) Where they occur X?Omk, '  
   (D) Where do they occur ,+*8 @>c  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 d+ih]?  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 G+'MTC_  
A@_F ;4X  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center Ajq;\- :  
   (A) Fort Wayne pLBp[GQ  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne dlK#V)  
   (C) For wayne is in [gzw<b: `  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in nUhD41GJ  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 >H5BY9]I  
n4k. tq  
xv 7^  
二、谓语动词专一原则 %nOBsln  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 ~@BV  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 p4Vw`i+DnH  
Lvv`_  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” k%:]PQjYT  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with ^lRXc.c z  
   social issues. z=>]E 1'RL  
    (A) covers IDE@{Dy  
    (B) covers it -&))$h3o\  
    (C) which covers vT%rg r  
    (D) which it covers 3'u%[bx E  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 =#T6,[5  
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9S&6u1  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused ;n7k_K#0z!  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on ?)4|WN|c_  
   the paper. AZl|; y  
   (A) the impression is c4L5"_#`x-  
   (B) if the impression is &}:Hp9n  
   (C) impressions X_Y$-I$qd  
   (D) the impression 8-juzL}  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression NqhRJa63  
三、平行结构 c 0!bn b  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。  >?U (w<  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: @U5 +1Hjc  
A and B, nN@8vivP%  
A , B, and C wGnjuIR  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- f} } Bb8  
   is known as accounting. 'OBA nE<.  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary Om>6<3n  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's N ?V5gi  
     transactions m>zUwGYEu  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are Q(V c/  
     summarized w4(DR?[nC  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an (zJ TBI'  
     enterprise nV:.-JR  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 Uy_`=JZ  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 C/!2q$  
<0R?#^XBZB  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed mjBX a  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and /Pg66H#RUf  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on C@]Z&H;  
   human patients. N^mY/`2  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in zUwz[^d<C  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures + ` Em&  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures rf)\: 75  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull qr<5z. %  
     fractures 7|,5;  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 )JuD !  
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四、宾语从句结构 3b#KrN'  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 5zfaqt`  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: sFCoRH|"c  
     state(陈述,表明)+that x]y~KbdeB  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that !y4o^Su[  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, 42# rhgW  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite )W*S6}A  
   units called quanta or photons. n!3_%K0!r&  
    (A) energy that bh uA,}  
    (B) that it is energy }ZvL% 4jT  
    (C) it is energy XL} oYL]}&  
    (D) that energy #\t?`\L3  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 5;dnxhf  
sbkWJy  
/o8h1L=  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth x\x>_1oP  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is q| gG {9  
   placed on them. :[\}Hn=  
   (A) although its crust and mantle DFR.F:O%  
   (B) its crust and mantle to |*OS;FD5  
   (C) that its crust and mantle ;'R{b$B;|  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to C4Bh #C  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 _j <46^  
五、介词+ which结构 `4w0 *;k;  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 I^\YD9~=x  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, m:Z=: -x  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 Wd&!##3$Q  
d bE $T  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, GaM#a[p  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 j"J2&Y2  
}MXZ  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is ",`fGu )  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees 4J-)+C/edx  
   for public office. ,j9}VnW)  
    (A) that e l7P  
    (B)by which &[qL l  
    (C)is that [S-NGip  
    (D)by those hp Lo  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 }c%QF  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 (Dq3e9fX  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 D|`[ [  
OHM.xw*?.  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players J3y5R1?EP  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called .5KRi6  
   wickers. vr=iG xD  
   (A) when ~\:+y  
   (B) which >vt#,8VAN  
   (C) is when @&mv4zz&W  
   (D) in which 6&$z!60  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 @M:j~  
zrD$loaW.'  
六、in that结构 IEjKI"  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, ?fCLiK  
  because of +名词, :$dGcX}  
  consequently是副词 j?[fpN$  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 E;| q  
.kBi" p&  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals ZTM zL%i  
   ---- it is a liquid.  Yg<o 9x$  
   (A) whereas .e"De-u  
   (B) in that eIg ' !8h?  
   (C) because of (s,Nq~O  
   (D) consequently !ck=\3pr  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 ;BejFcb  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 ofj7$se  
fw|r{#d  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual D8paIp  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. e7>)Z  
   (A)they -r/#20Y  
   (B)in they +2|X 7wA  
   (C)that they U I_|VU>J  
   (D)in that they  &5O  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 #W~5M ?+  
t A\N$  
f&7SivS#  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 T,`'qZ>  
aVO5zR./)  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ !b7]n-1zs  
   great inspiration for her poems. ~ AS2$  
   (A) that she drew %0Ulh6g;Dt  
   (B) by drawing her j/ #kO?  
   (C) from which she drew &z 1A-O v  
   (D) drawn from which G>YJ3p7  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 V%<<Udu<  
七、what结构 ^ Gq2"rDM  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: y@nWa\i G  
  what=the thing that |Rhx&/  
`[jQn;  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend mE}``  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. (W5E\hjJ  
   (A) it grows h<Yn0(.  
   (B) what grows _B 8e 1an  
   (C) does it grow PxfeU2^{0  
   (D) what does it grow S/G,A,"c  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 i74^J+xk  
Bag2sk  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle j<szQ%tJlI  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory h:z;b;  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. SR*%-JbA  
   (A) there b v\V>s  
   (B) where eG"iJ%I  
   (C) that -102W{V/T  
   (D) what ~XsS00TL`G  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 #_2V@F+,  
F}H!vh[  
C: kl/9M@  
八、同位语结构  ,H1J$=X'  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 fX[,yc;  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) Gxi;h=J2)>  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing :54|Z5h|  
   and swallowing . 7KRc^ *pZs  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste iJ?8)}  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly 3[SN[faS  
   (C) the chief organ of taste l]sO[`X  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes )P|%=laE8  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 k{c~  
uqTOEHH7  
_q6+]  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 *9j9=N?  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) }K<;ygcWE@  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of ?aOR ^ K  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of g+ 2SB5 2D  
   Dishonor.  o<Y|N   
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause 7c %@2  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson w2+RX-6Ie  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause ^ / f*5k  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. lz{>c.Ll[  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 _JR4 PKtx  
7Mo O2  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as D cus-,u~  
   hosts to many insect pests. CvbY2_>Nh  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than *\S>dhJ4  
     goldenrods (/k,q  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods 5Qy,P kje  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy A8Jbl^7E+  
     plants ,x{5,K.yWq  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants @C z1rKU^l  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 PU -~7h+$  
<}4|R_xY#  
R`1$z8$  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 c$e~O-OVD?  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 <7 PtC,74  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to HnY: gu  
   Athens. jWU)y)$  
   (A) the distance is @kqy!5)K  
   (B) that the distance is %+pXzw`B  
   (C) is that the distance k?S-peyRO  
   (D) the distance R0/~) P  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 OmoY] 8N}  
[,1j(s`N5  
九、比较结构 Pc4sReo'  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 [fW:%!Y'  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less bjvi`jyL3k  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. ")sq?1?X  
    (A) does i, )kI  
    (B) in #vDe/o+=  
    (C) it does in l7x%G@1#~W  
    (D) in it does CV& SNA  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 !MGQ+bD6  
\}<nXn!  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. yXEC@#?|  
    (A) rays more than infrared ] xH `  
    (B) rays are more infrared than FD`V39##  
    (C) more than infrared rays 2^:5aABQ  
    (D) more infrared rays than ml3]CcKn  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 rsc8lSjH  
YHAy+S  
: 0%V:B  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 \?GMtM ,  
例3:The activities of the international marketing YL{LdM-xM  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. 4{J%`H`Q!  
   (A) the domestic marketer has + 1cK (Si  
   (B) the domestic marketer does lJKU^?4S8  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer G,$jU9 f  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer ikofJl]9  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 G_X'd  
gMgbqGF)  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing ~s88JLw%&u  
   is greater than --. tt`b+NOH>  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined jLZ~9FXF2  
   (B) mining and farming combination ,c7 8O8|  
   (C) that mining and farming combined j[c|np4k\  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming @y}1%{,%  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 A3h[VnuG,  
\E0Uj>9+[  
十、定语从句省略结构 f4:g D*YT  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略  G#K=n  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture QZzi4[-as  
   and overpower. U*,5t81  
   (A) can   NPKRX Li%  
   (B) they can Dmn6{jy P  
   (C) which can L%N|8P[  
   (D) and -4"E]f  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 p"Fj6T2  
347p2sK>  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can Rl-Sr  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the llI` "a  
   food they eat. s8eFEi  
    (A) require aQw?r  
    (B) requires =3l%ZL/  
    (C) requiring vMDV%E S1t  
    (D)to require pT.iQ J|  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 T/uj5pMG  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food jj.iW@m  
9>\s81^  
 : xB<Rq  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 &+d>xy\^/  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of $_% a=0  
    A  WOG=Uy$  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around ytK h[Uo  
   B          C      D z45ImItH  
   the world. uI!rJc>TX  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to YrL:!\p.  
{-09,Q4[&  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive 6ix8P;;}#  
          A  B      C w?Cqe N  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. d.3-@^P  
              D :4;ZO~eq!  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more Zchs/C 9{  
m?V4r #t  
十一、状语从句省略结构 ~q5"'  
Metals expand when they are heated. Ux2(Oph  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: L Me{5H  
D4$;jz,,  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; 4#1[i|:M  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, Az8>^|@  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 aqSHo2]DX9  
3&^4%S{/  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of U R>zL3  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand iC10|0%{  
   considerable impact. ^2rNty,nH  
   (A) apparently .DiH)  
   (B) are apparently nlOM4fJ(  
   (C) apparently their SV0E7qX  
   (D) are they apparently rXPq'k'h#-  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 B2w\  
X`JWYb4  
~za=yZo7(  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: ;[V_w/-u  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; u.u bw(vv  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) uLX5khQ  
=NMT H[  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the >77N5 >]e  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly ?f<JwF<  
   white. = _X#JP79  
   (A) when, pure which ^m8T$^z>  
   (B) when, which pure Y /$`vgqs  
   (C) which, pure when ^}7iouE C  
   (D) which, when pure &'4{/Gz  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, HI)MBrj;r  
-e0C Bp  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine x(pq!+~K  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing &~gqEl6RF  
   infrequently HxCq6Y_m<  
   (A) Even "h?;)Ye  
   (B) It is 3 r4QB  
   (C) Even though )NAC9:8!  
   (D) There is xEdC Gwgp#  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 Rj6:.KEJ  
l,AK  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 AE0d0Y~9  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 WvSh i=  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; C$Pe<C#  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 rw_T&>!  
6Q S[mWU  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: *: )hoHp&  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 R-nC+)^  
  The starring troops have to surrender. NCbl|v=  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; ZK,}3b{  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 $jMU| {  
KY'"Mg^!  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is Ch-56   
^,S \-Uy9  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often "j|}-a  
   called scapegoating. K|*Cka{  
   (A) Eliminate problems [P#^nyOh(  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) LL3RC6;e  
   (C) Eliminating problems T3 xr Ua&  
   (D) Problems are eliminated N,v4SIC@  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 ,])@?TJb@  
~/?JRL=  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them #6{"c r6l  
   from damage due to weather. ,Yhy7w  
    (A) Painting etF?,^)h=g  
    (B) Painted ,Ie~zZE&  
    (C) The paint f M 8kS  
    (D) By painting S!J.$Y<Ko  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 %8iA0t+  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 u:H@]z(x  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting lh`inAt)"  
1xK'T_ [  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to 8 OC5L1  
   conserve water in the winter. rN? L8  
   (A) when losing leaves  01I5,Dm  
   (B) leaves are lost ;cZ9C 1  
   (C) that losing leaves AEkgm^t.{  
   (D) the leaves losing Z4'"*  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 $I_ 04k#t  
A`u04Lm7  
十三、make结构 #V-qS/ q"  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) #m 3WZ3t$  
共有三种形式: Y%qhgzz?/  
   make it possible+to do OB3AZH$  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 q ,d]i/T  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) R@>R@V>c  
#Q6wv/"Ub  
做题技巧: 'xZxX3  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it _5M!ec  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it {d(PH7R  
tZ>>aiI3  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and mL+}Ka  
   thus make--details that are otherwise U._ U!U  
   impossible to observe . k_V1x0sZ  
   (A) it visible 'DsfKR^ s  
   (B) visibly w;H  
   (C) visible cv:nlq)  
   (D) they are visible ^'QcP5Fv  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 EN.yU!N.4  
HAo8]?J  
avO+1<`4B  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large 4)2*|w  
   amount of information on a single map. nIph[Vs-Z  
   (A) possible 9ciL<'H\  
   (B) it possible |BH, H  
   (C) it is possible E\m?0]W|  
   (D) that possible JPQ02&e  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 >;xEzc!W3*  
Cy6[p  
m_r Re\  
十四、the more …the more…结构 oK5(,8 (4  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: 'Iyk`=R  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 Qg 6m  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 0 SKt8pL`  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 qWE"vI22M  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 k})9(Sy~  
?U-p jjM  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the Kyl(  
   number of lines of magnetic force. bMSF-lQ  
   (A) of ) ]~HjA;  
   (B) the Q ;k_q3  
   (C) is the 8#Z$}?W  
   (D) is of the #UWQ (+F  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B IwH ,g^0\  
9(X *[X#  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the -;~_]t^a  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  9h0|^ttF  
   (A) the stress it is greater q0c)pxD%`  
   (B) greater is the stress in+`zfUJ9  
   (C) greater stress is _v $mGZpGY  
   (D) the greater the stress 'M'LJ.,"/  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 "V:UQ<a\  
q?0goL  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 &Y#9~$V=  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 }Ql;%7  
)7`~U"r  
5rcno.~QO  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , %vThbP#mR|  
             A     B \Fe5<G'v  
   thus making it possible the gentle ?PQiVL  
       C            ,}|V'y  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. 'V>+G>U  
         D 4OIN@n*4  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 eo,]b1C2n  
Rd!.8K[  
%FRkvqV*  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more w'e enIX^^  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, (J;?eeP  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the 2>r.[  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” nbRg<@  
    (A) however .5z|g@ 6  
    (B) thus 97 g-*K  
    (C) and Umd!j,  
    (D) moreover PDsLJ|:yL  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 "LWp/  
4NzHzn  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the 0CR;t`M@  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. zJy{Ry[Sb  
    (A) to save the seeds 2u:j6ic  
    (B) saving the seeds zhe5i;M  
    (C)which saves the seeds `sXx,sV?B  
    (D) the seeds saved :Ry 24X  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B GwV FD%  
Gwy cSb1  
SrtmpQ  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 5zGj,y>u  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. _7<U[63  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. ww2 Qa-K  
? `KOW  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. mI0r,Z*+M  
   (A) the tallest Hn~1x'$  
   (B) the tallest that is O /&%`&2  
   (C) which is the tallest dNobvK  
   (D) which the tallest is m0 "\3@kB  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 z,)sS<t(  
ss<'g@R  
>N J$ac  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of >C[1@-]G%7  
       A  B       C ar|[D7Xrq\  
   domestic animals. {p 0'Lc<3n  
    D 895 7$g  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 r\d:fot  
5m42Bqy"  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 F21[r!3  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: `1@[uWl  
  program, programmed, programmed &*aU2{,s,;  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: H\mVK!](D  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 u2]g1XjeG  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be a`*WpP\+  
S$52KOo  
)y W_O:  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona PEEY;x  
   features structures built of red sandstone by ssITe., ny  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. #\BI-z t  
   (A) That the dY<#a,e S  
   (B) In the L0b] ^_ tI  
   (C) Around the B5HdC%8/}  
   (D) The ~q(C j"7  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 [E (M(w':  
JK"uj%  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called gsWlTI  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. ]wpYxos  
   (A) to be made [KI`e  
   (B) making ?{,)XFck  
   (C) made o!r4 frP  
   (D) are made "Vp: z V<S  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 irb.F>(x  
50bP&dj&  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given ;To+,`?E;q  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of C%?D E@k  
   human beings. GnrW {o  
   (A) without ZX6=D>)u  
   (B) lack O\F^@;] F6  
   (C) minus A;j$rGx  
   (D) not having IA 9v1:>  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 zHc4e   
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 gc:p@<  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 oy2d A  
_B7?C:8Q-  
hPi :31-0  
十八、逻辑主语结构 *o\Y~U-so  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 (VI* c!N  
^_S-s\DW  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. }Oh'YX#[  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members Ysc|kxLb  
    of the committee M|E 2&ht  
   (B) the committee members discussed the ;/^]|  
    problem dYew 7  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee S}p&\w H  
    members the problem K-Dk2(x  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by < J<;?%]  
    the members of the committee k1Mxsd  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B ~)m t&   
cM<hG:4%wX  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until bR8 HGH28  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. v!{'23`87  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch ;aK !eD$  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn ~SR(K{nf#.  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch ^I0GZG  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn 6(q`Oj  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 Xm^ h5jAr  
xlPcg7  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her w{zJE]7  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her 6aF'^6+a  
   first article in print. 6|9g4@Hy  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane AR+\uD=\I-  
    Hawes had K@j^gF/0B  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane F3Ak'h{Ay  
    Hawe's first C@UJOB  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first T?]kF-   
    teaching position &t*8oNwSs  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching x(3 I?#kE  
    position vA "`0  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 B )1<`nJA  
8W1K3[Jj<  
例4: Even at low levels, --. L`HH);Ozw  
   (A) the nervous system has produced B~_,>WG  
     detrimental effects by lead ` r'0"V  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the uku}Mr"p  
    nervous system kuTq8p2E  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the O'!r]0Q  
    nervous system }4\!7]FVYX  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on b5n]Gp  
    the nervous system P+;CE|J`X  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 lZS_n9Sc  
{#w A !>.  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking A'~%_}  
            A   B     C 6HEqm>Yau  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. _[$T29:8\]  
       D EZ%w=  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 T]Tdx.B  
E,<\T6/%q  
QX/X {h6  
十九、复合宾语结构 $KwI}>E4  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 f.aB?\"f6  
We played soccer. ( K6~Tj  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 o [bE  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 gnQo1q{ 4  
(xZr ]v ]U  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 0kNe?Xi  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, `2x H7a-  
例:We appoint him monitor. BR& Aq  
  We elected him president. nabBU4;h  
.N~PHyXZR  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck DU5:+" u3  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not [%j?.N  
   consider them --because they are now primarily 8)^B32  
   kept as pets. Q00R<hu@F  
   (A) where sporting dogs \H Wcd|  
   (B) sporting dogs B :.@Qi^  
   (C) when sporting dogs sU) TXL'_!  
   (D) they are sportingdogs KQG-2oW  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补  \#4m@  
nNt*} k  
二十、It结构 "z rA``  
一、强调句型 #O2wyG)oU  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 v,/[&ASz  
2 \^G['9  
这个句型需要注意几点: 96(R'^kNX  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; 2O eshkE  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; ?Bo?JMV  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 \7pipde  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: O0^?f/&k  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. ;Vg^!]LL#  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year.  n;wwMMBM  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. taweGc%~  
Pm4e8b  
二、形式主语 N_ UQ  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 PU W[e%  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 8z Y)J#  
#~L!pKM  
}91*4@B7  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than KU-'+k2s;p  
    A               B >c<pDNt?  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are *h$&0w y  
                  C #ZJMlJ:q`"  
   the main focus of social psychology. 5F2_ xH$5  
           D YutQ]zYA.  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is |( G2 K'Ab  
owvS/"@  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of \R(R9cry  
   educational films. l _+6=u  
   (A) It is  k;k}qq`d  
   (B) There is  K/txD20 O|  
   (C) Though there is 7Y1GUIRa3  
   (D) Although it is >{C\H.N  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 OR:[J5M)  
_T5) n=|  
`9Yn0B.  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 !nd*W"_gQ/  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, "X04mQn15  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 r3qf[?3`6  
hN3u@P^  
in which+完整的句子 Pao%pA.<  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 PFM' & ;V  
x&Cp> +i  
名词+of which+谓语动词  z [C3  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 >xqM5#m`E$  
9M a0^_  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of wJeG(h  
   which are accented. @%hCAm  
   (A) line consists of each 2 rN ,D(  
   (B) consists of each line /6K Il  
   (C) each line consists 3GH(wSv9\  
   (D) it consists of each line RO&H5m r%@  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 UG;Y^?Ppe5  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 jZpa0grA  
qQ0C?  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a  g&Vcg`  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. X^@ I].  
   (A) traps   amWD-0V  
   (B) trap its  I.'b'-^  
   (C) which traps {Qv>q$Q  
   (D) which it traps EH*o"N`!r  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 Dg HaOAdU  
(`BSVxJH  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists 1oc J+  
  have paid little attention to cultural zYY$D.  
   A             o>Er_r  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of 5O/i3m26  
         B      C .w?(NZ2~  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. O81X ;JdP3  
           D *?ITns W<  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 ?, r~=  
A3N]8?D  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin 'XrRhF (  
   became interested in the art movement i_R e*  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, epHJ@W@#  
   both --her novels and short stories. !$;a[Te  
   (A) in which the influence 4+$b~ u  
   (B) of which influenced F>je4S;  
   (C) to have influence V r(J+1@  
   (D) its influence in WEg6Kz  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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