该错题常考要点 }L|XZL_Jo#
一、代词 u/L\e.4
代词中主要讲解六个问题 '>r"+X^W
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 `Yc>I!iN
主格、宾格、所有格 O.+X,CQG*
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) 3UQ~U 8
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(二) 反身代词 '}
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当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 $9O%,U@
He killed himself. (他自杀了) Tta+qjr
He killed him. (他杀了他) &(HI
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating 1]Gp\P}
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a series of indicators that could help 4
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themselves to predict earthquakes. ~b.e9FhdA
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 j#)K
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Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 @^kt[$X;
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 -|~tZuf
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 9N]V F'
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies |*WE@L5
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the $'>h7].
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Pacific.
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 2{o
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 Ho; bgva
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: <ny)yK
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined .;xt{kK
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the word“normalcy”to express social and RIO4`,
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economic conditions they promised the nation. y`OL^D4
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 Tn7(A^h'
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important BL^8gtdn
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John \Y{^Q7!>:8
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Keats, published the year of her death. +=/FKzT<
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. 3bi,9 >%
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(四) Who和which的区别 :sY pZX1
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 u#l@:p
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 oe8sixZ[
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who RnX:T)+o
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. sr&hQ
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 g
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人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 vThK@P!s
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(五) that和which的区别 $#k 8xb
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 GYX/G>-r
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it VoOh$&"M
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. )NoNgU\7!
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 KZ"&c~[
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 F.s*^}L[
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, ^4W
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Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when zJH#J=O
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. {W[OjPC~F
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which zT\nj&7
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly m0I)_R#X[
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. % Rv;e
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 A)2eo<ij4
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has N-0kB vo
affected the way people in the United States----. 78=a^gRB
(A) living and working BwLggo
(B) they live and work r%c raf
(C) live and work FN$sST
(D) to live and to work Bb,l.w
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 N(6Q`zs
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二、介词 d@$]/=%
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 I@$cw3
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(一) 介词搭配 >@Nn_d
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those gB3Tz(!
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. E*sQ|" g
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 ?tA<:.<vtY
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. )YtdU(^J$
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分析:B错改为be rich in {:63% j
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the g'%^-S ]
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. "PK`Ca@`v
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 j><8V Qx
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 A.v'ws+VDP
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 aANzL
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. ~
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 h{Zd, 9H
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 8rNRQOXOa
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on %n!7'XF'[
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. yQ/E0>Uj!
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 )_H>d<di
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2、介词by I&s!} $cD
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by px~ :'U
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing .271at#-
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States =*\(Y(0
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. gc"A Tc
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 Frd` u.I
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils *vS)aRK
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 3$#=*Zp
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supply moccasins and field rations. ])v
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分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 U3rpmml
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with U+7!Vpq
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements I;rh(FMV
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that are often represented at symbols. f)9{D[InM^
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 .J fV4!=o
三、谓语动词 "IMq +
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 /vrjg)fer
①、主谓分割原则 9{Xh wi)z
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, %5-
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. .~Y%
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 S<=|i
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②、与后者一致原则 ZB5u\NpcW
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, C#@>osC
not only…but also GkYD:o=qx
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③、与前者一致原则 kO'_g1f<[
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, ly)L%hG
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 6fcn(&Qk
例:The athlete, together with his coach and +E8}5pDt
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. t}A n:
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is 0$e]?]X6
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④、就近原则 Yh9fIRR
or, either…or, neither…nor, & GM&,
单数名词+or+复数名词+are GFmVR2z_+
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 97~*Z|#<+
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 b{i7FRR>o4
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 &]euL:C
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are 3t^r;b
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals.
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 .-W_m7&}
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 KXy|Si8w
There are five apples that are red. SpG^kI #
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 wtL_c
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets |K%nVcR=
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. zXH CP.Rmg
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 ]c \gUU
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 @
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The rich are not always happier than the poor. XNU[\I
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 `Al5(0Q
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 )D:I@`*
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: b]NSCu*)s
a. there be 句型 54 Baz
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 45hjN6
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 Ba\l`$%X
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. /Wh}
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ^fLePsmd
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific D! 1oYr
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 6BihZ|H04
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miles in width. g3%Xh0007{
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分析:倒装句,are改为is O;9'0-F ?
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and F#X&Tb{
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film iK$)Iy0
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. yVvO!
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 92F(Sl
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 ~a:0Q{>a
fifty percent of + 名词 u%<Je
one percent of + 名词 5Xu2MY=
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: G};os+FxF
one percent of my students + are Z5re Fok
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. wfQ6J0
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这里要强调两个结构 LfEeFF=#n
half of =fifty percent &13qlc6
most of + 可数名词 + are <(dHh9$~
most of + 不可数名词+ is (+d7cln
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been Bb2;zOGdA
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found in central and eastern Canada. Eg&xIyR