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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 _[<R<&jG  
一、代词 &BY%<h0c  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 o8-BTq8  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 wc* 5s7_  
  主格、宾格、所有格 mS p -  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) wZJpSkcEx  
GbFLu` Iu  
(二) 反身代词 2?u>A3^R  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 J;W(}"cFq  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) ig4wwd@|  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) "w9LQ=mW  
Nwr.mtvh  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  {>H#/I8si  
    A                 B    %6+J]U  
  a series of indicators that could help b'Pq [ )  
             C      1P#bR`I >  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. e^&QT  
    D 8/,m8UOY  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 dIQ7u  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 "u~l+aW0  
gcqcY  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 a/;u:"  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 $/90('D  
a% |[m,FvP  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies f{xR s-u]  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the fu?5gzT+b  
     A   B      C          D ,Xs%Cg_Ig  
  Pacific. X&o!xV -+  
X|K"p(N  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 .F:qJ6E  
1@q~(1-o  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 #DApdD9M  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: lTJ1]7)  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 T =35?   
:*gYzk8  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined m(>_C~r GN  
                       A   Rn~FCj,-  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and oEbgyT gB  
             B Zq=t&$*  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. + 5H9mk  
   C       D 8:;_MBt  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 $gT+Ue|7  
EbSH)aR  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important j89|hG)2  
        A     x- kCNy  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John kF.!U/C  
   B        C      TWYz\Hmw  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  :'?%%P  
      D *6^|i}  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. >C y  
# eqt{  
;ZX P*M9  
(四) Who和which的区别 _=E))Kp{z  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 r/1:!Vu(  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 A`<#}~A  
(RG\U[  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who S>}jsP:V  
              A            B au7%K5  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. VTk6.5!8  
   C                  D <HM\ZDo@P  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 8^M5k%P  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 3 Yf%M66t  
y[[f?rxz>  
(五) that和which的区别 j)ZvlRi,  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 \eF5* {9  
kB1]_v/  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it )V~Fl$A  
              A        B `GOxFDB.  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. - {<` Z  
      C              D  A]R7H1  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 p 7IJ3YY  
(1JZuR<?c  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 =o\ :@I[  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, kwNXKn/   
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when c:I1XC  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. 7iu?Q  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which ;e;lPM{+  
hj64ES#x  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly {:m5<6?x)  
              A         B   G~_5E]8  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. x&sT )=#  
         C      D Fn$/ K  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 k$:QpTg[  
WS9n.opl}  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  8yz A W&q  
  affected the way people in the United States----. &:=   
   (A) living and working ONJW*!(  
   (B) they live and work SdC505m0*  
   (C) live and work 8=gr F  
   (D) to live and to work C&D]!Zv F  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 d=WC1"  
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二、介词 +5Ir=]=T9  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 U y^Hh4|  
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(一) 介词搭配 d hiLv_/  
a<tUpI$  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those p9R`hgx  
    A         B   C      i_g="^  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. Dn$zwksSs  
                D R*.XbkW~  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 @ :Q] ;rc  
Z] $yuM  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. N;A1e@bP  
A       B     C  D ;1S{xd*^N  
分析:B错改为be rich in FU!U{qDI  
W()FKP\??!  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ]=9%fA  
    A         B      C 598 xV|TON  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. Bp^>R`,  
             D 5yp~PhHf  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 ,qiS;2 (  
9^0 'VRG  
0VoC|,$U  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 %P_\7YBC>  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 dge58A)Q  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. tt|U,o  
          A      B  C     D WSDNTfpI  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 wVE"nN#  
cWF vYF  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has j])iyn~-Ke  
                 A  B     cJ]`/YJ  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on 1Od: I}@  
      C kGc)Un?'{U  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. &o4L;A#&  
      D 5`x9+XvoN  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 lBQ|=  
t T-]Vj.  
2、介词by 0)ST_2Ci  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by 2d.I3z:[  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing G#dpSNV3|  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States bL0+v@(r  
    A         B       WK;p[u?~xi  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. zztW7MG2lQ  
   C     D v Z]gb$  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 'c &Bmd40  
=PZs'K  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils `=-}S+  
   A                      6_XX[.%  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to <NJ7mR}  
     B    C       D ^f`#8G7(  
   supply moccasins and field rations. 3ZZJYf=  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 D ^ &!  
"{V,(w8Dt  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with b7>;UX  
        A                ~{5%~8h.0r  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements (nE$};c<b2  
        B          C    )bK<t  
  that are often represented at symbols. O-y"]Wrv  
              D ^k)f oD  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 T|{BT! W1E  
三、谓语动词 d!gm4hQhl  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 )>[(HxvfJU  
①、主谓分割原则 8\a)}k~4  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, C*gSx3OG  
     A     N{q'wep  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. be764do  
        B      C      D u!@P,,NY  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 C#r`oZS1  
=x^I 5Pn  
②、与后者一致原则 Ha/\&Z(  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, C$%QVcf  
not only…but also jkdNisq37  
96PVn  
FSBCk  
③、与前者一致原则 ?"C]h s  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, &U,f~KJ  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 q%y_<Fw#E  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 5Px.G*  
     A      B  C     43)9iDmJ8<  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. yNT2kB'  
         D [n}c}%  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is #k"[TCQ>  
\W\6m0-x  
④、就近原则 .o-j  
or, either…or, neither…nor, >3kR~:;  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are q#778  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is o|}%pc3  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 R utW{wh  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 p/5!a~1'xN  
lt$7 97  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are (o:Cxh V  
        A      B        $%E9^F  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. A8RT3OiXA  
    C              D zo5.}mr+  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 5ya3mN E  
~^euaOFU 6  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 \|pAn  
There are five apples that are red. <F3sQAe  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 ?% X9XH/!  
~ghz%${`  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets O1ha'@qID  
      A            I>3]4mI*a  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. <  t (Pw  
   B   C    D ?xo,)``  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 _% 2Umy|  
tZYI{ m{  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 yUSB{DLpla  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. cMWO_$  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 )ra66E  
3.0c/v5Go  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 cGc|n3(  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: _tReZ(Vw  
a. there be 句型 -h@0 1  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 <ut DZ#k  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 &o/4hnHYt  
9i<-\w^$  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. c9 uT`h  
   A     B      C    D    jDX<iX%e  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ]jb4Z  
U+"=  
MH.,s@  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific [/Z'OV"tU  
             A     B    =]QH78\3  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 dn\F!  
     C         lZM3Q58?\  
  miles in width. klJ[ {p  
     D  7F(F.ut  
分析:倒装句,are改为is ewrWSffe  
K) `:v|d  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and %p2x^air  
   A    B       C         !e'0jf-~  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film kr(<Y|  
                    D +%Y c4  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. H@MFj>~  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 '95E;RV&  
LBkcs4+  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 Wjr M d#^  
fifty percent of + 名词 RF5q5<0  
one percent of + 名词 E,LYS"%_  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: U>_IYT  
  one percent of my students + are  C5+`<  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 6"i{P  
)J+{oB[>b  
这里要强调两个结构 #<wpSs  
half of =fifty percent (~Uel1~@  
most of + 可数名词 + are Pc(n@'m~  
most of + 不可数名词+ is }xb_s  
g. ?*F#2  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 30?LsYXL62  
   A       B         C   ojx'g8yO  
  found in central and eastern Canada. $>r>0S#+\&  
           D 'B3Wz a.  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 q#9 9iiG1  
i Y*o;z,~  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized +YkW[a\4  
                 A   B  F# 1 Kk#t  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. DD!MGf/  
              C     D ZU |6jI}  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 Fm<jg}>MAd  
Vvm=MBgN  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 ~=:2~$gsn  
①、主要考察时间状语 7uPZuXHxcu  
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. R:'Ou:Mh  
   A        B  C     D vi]r  
0R HS]cN  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was b , juF2  
DX}B0B  
jR{-  
②、For和since的区别 *jk3 \KaoV  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 5Sr4-F+@%  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 B*\$ /bk,  
  I has been a teacher for three years. Kv(z4z  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. `79[+0hL'  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 !fY7"E{%%  
*7ZGq(O  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became 9\HR60V  
   A      B              j'K38@M:MN  
  the primary responsibility of the president. -?s&pKi  
     C    D 2 {bhA5L  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 x^G'rF"nT  
~ 9GOk;{~&  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of .XXW |{  
             A  B  C   { ;s;.  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. E<tK4?i"  
            D {~SaRB2<'  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 >ys[I0bo  
7BR8/4gcPu  
 Tc6:UF  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  S}(8f!9<  
   A       B        C     D  v,=v  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live a5@z:i  
T.REq4<  
(三) 谓语的语态 >I}9LyZt  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 ]mQw,S)/"  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: =<c#owe:m  
①、prove )KE [!ofD  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 {`(>O"_[Q  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ^Dg <Ki  
mMSh2B  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming w]u@G-e  
                      A   ZrO!L_/  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be qH> `}/,P  
    B                  C BecP T  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. !z 53OT!  
                  D j'?7D0>  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 6KHN&P  
.pPm~2]z  
>(r{7Qg  
②、Locate,Situate E<E3&;qD  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 YO+{,$  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 0nJE/JZ  
这两个词也可以用作被动 lDc-W =X=  
  My school was located near the river. G(iJi  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 Vw tZLP36  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 2S"Nf8>zp  
   (A)locates @I`C#~  
   (B)locating m2~&#c\  
   (C)to locate 1x)ZB~L  
   (D)is located gF?[rqz{  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 "_|oWn  
uo\ . 7[1  
③、表示需要概念的动词 [XVEBA4GI  
need, want, require等 8:= n*  
7c|bc6?  
My watch needed repairing dCyqvg6u  
My watch needed to be repaired. #:jb*d?  
pM;vH]|  
④、表示人的情感的动词 K6/@]y%Wr  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 Vj<:GRNQ,d  
b -ll  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 6!x&LoM  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 Snp|!e  
aj8A8ma*}  
主动和被动技巧总结: q<y#pL=k"*  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 ~5Pb&+<$  
o#) {1<0vg  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the Z4<L$i;/jN  
                 A      *B`Zq)   
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, j',W 64  
                 B *eI)Z=8  
  power structures, and flood-control works along ]Chj T}  
                    C theZ]5_C  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. 'z76 Sa  
                D KT]Pw\y5  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 ^` un'5Vk  
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四、非谓语动词 zvABU+{jD  
HhO".GA  
(一) 分词 5F`;yh+e  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 c/c $D;T  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 dJ$"l|$$  
93t9^9  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then G\|,5HED  
   A DNGvpKY@  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. V_plq6z  
     B      C            D 06j qQ-_`h  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning [+O"<Ua  
'SQG>F Uy  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 t_mIOm)S%  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ySI~{YVM  
      A               B   ~-wPP{!  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. (O0Ur m  
               C         D qI^ /"k*5  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living cwGbSW$t  
'X shmZ0&  
?%H ):r  
一些动词后面必须用doing /x3/Ubmz~x  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 bH"hX  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, lJ@][;  
 advocate, suggest Web|\CH  
 delay, quit >E*$ E  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, ?yh}/T\qp  
 avoid, escape(逃避) =y=cW1TG  
 spend+名词+doing; #r3l[ bKK  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing kI%%i>Y}  
5xii(\lC  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their ?McQr1  
   A     B    C              D t(="h6i  
  crops. 86z]<p (  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 !0N7^Z"gtz  
z $MV%F  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, NKQOUw:qn  
               A        B L<fvKmo(fw  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. JMTvSXr  
        C          D Un6/e/6,  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing 5O`dO9g}$  
;[a|9TPR  
(二) 不定式 ^Idle*+  
A. 动词不定式的省略 / Wf^hA  
①、help后面可以省略to 'g9"Qv?0{`  
  help do IJ/sX_k  
  help sb. to do }W ^: cp  
O iFS}p  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid hUm'8)OJ  
              A      B   \w'*z&`W9  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. 5/O'R9A4  
         C     D h`3eu;5)  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 #]'rz,E<  
D0BI5q  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 %8~3M75$  
  make, :\=CRaA  
  let, O-4 C+?V  
  have sb. do sth "kc/J*u-3  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. -J^(eog[6  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians kkK kf '  
        A               B ?:Bv iF);/  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. }Nb8}(6  
   C     D n!qV>k9Y  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know 4WB-Ec  
G-T0f  
③、感官动词 5xOvY  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe yOvm`9  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 Sv;_HZ  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 Ig5L$bAM~  
P/`I.p;  
vaon{2/I  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 <?D\+khlq  
(1)表示第一人 1 tR_8lC  
the first woman to do sth. !|<=ZF2  
Xer bUkZ  
(2)表示迫使的动词 i>_u _)-  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do sZLT<6_B  
WF\)fc#;_o  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis KeNL0_ Pw  
     A                 B    ^3hn0DVQ  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. HD N9.5 S  
       C           D t&9A ]<n%,  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 jVH|uX"M5Y  
. <tq6 1  
!cGDy/ |  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 2On_'^O  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 P4Th_B7  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 G7=p Bf  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 `EtS!zD~b  
  be apt to do O 1oxZj <  
 {Ha8]y  
(4)表示目的的名词, dik9 >*"|o  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 lH ZU iB  
固定的句式: nhN);R~o"1  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. DD44"w_9  
the objective 目标 phE &7*!Q  
aim 2r%lA\,h$  
goal ejA%%5q  
reason理由 GHQ;hN:  
function功能 ]qB:PtX  
intension意图 45&8weXO:'  
?GTU=gp Q  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing QKE9R-K TE  
                       A  Y4IGDY*  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. ip~$X 2  
           B          C     D S60IPya  
分析:the function to provide, A错  m A7m  
s`Cy a`  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure f+.T^es  
                  A       `m.eM  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds hAj1{pA,  
     B  1.q_f<U  
  that make up various components of a living cell. )wVIb)`R>Y  
    C    D $W;b{H=F  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 *1@:'rJ  
eh R{X7J  
(5) 其他同根名词 .qob_dRA  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 #Dfo#]k(  
 attempt to do 企图 oR p:B &  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 hO[3Z ^X  
 ambition, +%\oO/4Fs  
 be ambitious to do  S-+M;@'Rl  
 effort ftBq^tC  
h.K(P+h  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ~Ki`Ze"x  
  A                    B   6b~2 8  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. $j)hNWI  
          C       D XN,,cU  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 A"Q@W<.  
` P@- %T  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great buk=p-oi  
  A                   B   x|eeRf|  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. }%n 5nLU`  
       C            D VhEMk\  
分析:efforts to register, C错 (Y(E%  
dV8iwI  
bXM/2Z?6  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 4 c'4*`I  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 Kud'p Z{P  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. VF0dE  
8n4V cu  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 EP7AP4  
I am glad to see you. ELa ja87  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. /&ygiH{^  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. y,+[$u7h  
&~5=K  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 G%TL/Z40  
It is difficult to decide. n"aCt%v  
+~2rW8  
iz}sM>^  
五、句子的结构 ;)!"Ty|  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 (&&87(  
 [~Hg}-c  
(一) 主语的重复 fAj2LAK  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 zXc}W*ymj  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any  YRB%:D@u  
          A      B      e-D4'lu  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the w!q&  
          C          D [^PCm Z6n  
  League of Nations. 7S2C/f  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 zJ& b|L  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson M/jb}*xDR  
fU*C/ d3  
O25m k X  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are Z^ tGu7x  
        A        B  S6 }QFx  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. Z6=~1'<X  
    C         D C*wdtEGq  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 Mz|L-62  
NoW!xLI  
(二)谓语的重复 S=R 3"~p  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 >riq98Us/  
*PB/iVH%6  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  yU`: IMz  
    A            B    [n:PNB  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. X!0kK8v  
         C   D Fd !iQ  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 NV!4(_~  
Wu{&;$  
(三)谓语的缺少 T]2U fi.  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body 2YIF=YWO},  
          A     B    6D*chvNA;  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. ^('cbl  
         C               D ^-L{/'[8M  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 #uWE2*')  
!"(u_dFw  
(四)主句的重复 g5T kD ~w"  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 2 zl~>3S  
-h9#G{2W[  
z_)`g`($  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite 5&|5 a} 8  
      A         B        C   ,Qo}J@e (  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. A5+5J_)*  
     D S2}Z&X(  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 4@~a<P#  
4f jC  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow G:hU{S7  
        A   B       ,]U[W  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. W2n*bNI  
      C    D NE[y|/  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 :s-EG;.  
#jgqkMOd,j  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided rV U:VL`2  
   A                     B  FRS28D  
  names for towns, only George Washington wVQdUtmk  
      C $Br>KJ%'g  
  is remembered in the name of a state. !(yT7#?hP  
          D RCCv>o  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 ,P!D-MN$V  
六、比较级和最高级 3~:0?Zuq  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个  /+N|X  
ennR@pg  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 h$|3 dz N  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which )]tvwEo  
      A               iT[o KD0)  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. S$\.4*_H\  
     B       C           D W?=$V>)  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 A1=_nt)5  
]79~:m[C  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 * *.:)  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. jp% +n  
     A      B     C  D  >6IXuq  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 ?Q;kZmQl  
TZ:34\u   
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere !e&rVoA  
     A       B     C   D ,%[LwmET  
  is the grizzly bear. TR~|c|B  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 wKGo gf[(%  
>dyhox2*"  
G l_\Vy  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 "havi,m  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 Y~:}l9Qs  
3mk=ZWwv  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with 8^8>qSD1  
   A           B  ~:T3|  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. ^p$1D  
   C                 D Mm "Wk  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 ]/LWrQD  
vc )9Re$  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 mm_^gQ,`  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as  dhZ Zb  
nDyvX1]  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 >~h>#{&  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 3b+7^0frY#  
the taller boy RV( w%g  
f9vcf# 2  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 _t$lcOT  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed N )'8o}E  
          A            B *4-r`k|@>/  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is `@4 2jG}*  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. l?})_1v,R  
    C          D L& I` #  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they W"W@WG9X0  
axWM|Bw<+  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 #D/$6ah~m  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, B1x'5S;Bq  
  A  B         C     Pbc`LN /s|  
  the Navajos form largest group. iSOD&J_  
         D PZKbnu  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 -;l`h RW  
imo'(j7  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, DfAiL(  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language -X`~;=m>U  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the yfPCGCOW?  
\B*k_W/r@  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many w;lx:j!Vp$  
            A      B         C " 7l jc  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. j09mI$2y67  
            D wlm3~B\64  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 @).WIs  
9`ri J4zl  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the N2[, aU  
例如:my best friends )v*v   
$-C6pZN(X  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial @qg0u#k5  
            A    B     C I>N-95  
  and banking center. H j>L>6>  
        D Jm{As*W>  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 uf{SxEa  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 5pNvzw  
0hH Iz4(  
<[ g$N4  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary Wh#_9);  
                 A         w3>Y7vxiz`  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. Sa?~t3*H  
    B   C     D '^P*F9  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 9m<X-B&P  
M]8eW  
七、平行结构 )w }*PL  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 pAPQi|CN  
\K4CbZ,.  
ve64-D  
(一) 对等连接词 7|{%CckN  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 mCEKEX  
单一式: and, or ,but .@x"JI> ;  
相关式: both…and, not … but, Y(Z(dV!Po  
     either …or, neither…nor B?/12+sR  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as i?P]}JENM  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, 2Wc;hJ.1  
没有so...as... z9uEOX&2\  
between…and, n WO~v{h3J  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also RY'\mt"W2  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, j*3sjOoC  
sDh6 Uk  
短语式: as well as J&] XLr.j  
     rather than (而不是) a#^4xy:  
     other than (除…之外) Qbe{/  
     instead of (代替) se*pkgWbz  
:67d>wb  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 |L~gNC  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  w4&v( m  
       A     B   A=2nj  
  but he is now living in Detroit. 9iN!hy[  
       C   D ;R- z3C  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 []] LyWk  
, K"2tb  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics d+$[EDix  
       A         B }M"'K2_Z  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford kY |=a  
  remained active in city and regional planning. g275{2G9  
          C    D    !AD,  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 U:\ oGa84A  
(二)平行的内容 HpgN$$\@  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 =<tJAoVV  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of t)kr/Z*p\  
             A         B   #$ raUNr  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, CEJG=*3  
         C            D E4fvYV_ra  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. \=: g$_l  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 zYl+BM-j,6  
l9Cy30O6  
(fjXp75  
第二、名词单复数的平行 [}g5Z=l  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 5<'Jd3N{&  
L bK1CGyA  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, 5D@Q1   
  A     B          C   &I">{J<  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. U";Rp& \3;  
                 D   o~z.7q  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 q\b9e&2Y  
jI pcMN<  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ?Pf ,5=*B  
                   A         B G`<1>%" F  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. X=7vUb,\gB  
      C          D Y-9j2.{  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have 91'^--N  
NomK(%8m$  
第三、时态的平行 ]$X=~>w  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated U%6lYna{M#  
                A     2yg'?tpj  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops Y+PxV*"a  
                   B yOm6HA``hT  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. ~wV98u-N  
          C    D ]-]@=qYu  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 VY26 Cf"  
gnK!"! nL  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- T</gWW  
  spread from its home in Central America and y")>" 8H  
  now grows throughout the tropics. X%qR6mMfT7  
   (A) to be    (B) it   %bETr"Xom  
   (C) the     (D) its $e,!fB;B  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? sm <kb@g  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow gI$`d?[0{  
Q9 ",  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- .Zm }  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. c_=zd6 b$S  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised .=<pU k 3G  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised u01^ABn  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 N>iCb:_ T;  
*m/u 3.\  
第四、排列位置的平行 _Xe< JJvq  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. 5.;$9 ~d  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode ;0{*V5A  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  CawVC*b3  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes 8hV:bz"  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes "lAS <dq  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 kKO]q#9sO  
?Cl"j cQ*  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: ` &DiM@Sm  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 ~|]\. ^B  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 x=+H@YO\  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 bsDUFX H]  
nQMN2jM  
八、词序的颠倒 ywBo9|%T  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 breVTY7 S  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 I<f M8t.Y>  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage KLB?GN?Pb  
              A    B        -': tpJk  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. 8=VX` X  
      C       D    [Y+ bW#'  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 H%V[% T4=  
7?@v}%w  
A 2 )%+  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 3 Q;l*xu  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only T9yW# .  
          A      B     G3n7x?4m  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. C5?M/xj  
    C         D s:{%1 /  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 DO; 2)ZQ%  
~I74'  
jHzb,&  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 9 R1]2U$|  
X88Zd M'  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were I Cs1=  
          A   B     C   V2X(f6v  
  in what is now the United States. J %t1T]y~  
    D jXQ_7  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 3& $E  
TgLlmU*qMU  
所有的系动词分为三大类: kp|reKM/  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, k-/$8C  
    is, remain, keep, stay, pOXEM1"2A  
    lie, exit(表示位于) {lA@I*_lj  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 ObUQB+  
    become, turn, grow, D3OV.G]`  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) idq= US  
_rv_-n]"o  
第三种,感官动词 bPEAG=l"-  
    seem(好像是) ,>Q,0bVhH0  
    look(看起来好像是) RXDk8)^  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste ,~!lNyL  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 _1 a2Z\  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe x8^Dhpr6  
    A               B     0 IZV4{  
   to cause numerous deaths. !Kis,e  
        C   D  C^a~)r.h  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 d@<XR~);  
R *U>T$  
九、词性的混用 l[x wH 9'  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 86i =N _  
-(jcsqDk  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 G8SJ<\?  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; GZ1>]HB>r^  
yC -4wn*  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high b% F|V G  
          A        B      !@Ox%vK  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and B\Uj  
              C @M1U)JoQ  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. 5b&'gd^d  
          D \Tc$P#  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) ;RR)C@n1  
k,?k37%T]  
milU,!7J  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 6wGf47  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 Y!5-WX H  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds Z'\_YbB  
         A       B      P^ a$?  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to ^P[-HA|  
          C        ZY83, :<  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. 3+)i23[4=\  
            D v8LKv`I's  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 +;vfn>^!b  
k'm!|  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, 6%)dsTAB  
            A       =ahD'*R^A  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of X@ TQD  
      B      C 2 Y%$6NX  
   urban Black people in the United States. NbSwn}e_  
   D Up8#Nz T  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 */6PkNq  
:Vv=p*~  
9'}m797I'  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 PQ1\b-I  
表示时间有两种可能, `/"TYR%  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 #*5A]"k  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, Z x3m$.8  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 8USF;k  
p VLfZ?78  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 9"&HxyOfX  
       A     B     B+,Z 3*  
  were made while the American Civil War. [9X1;bO#f  
   C    D e)O6k7U$  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 \  3ha  
YYN= `ST  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the {~VgXkjsC  
   A      B           C    +tl&Jjdm  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. BJ1txdxvS  
          D AS~O*(po  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 flnoK%wi  
!'MZeiLP  
>$k_tC'"  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 7\<#z|  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 0fwo8NgX  
}3ty2D#/:  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social u<:R Sg  
                   A     %3|0_  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. /(5 SJ(a  
     B   C    D Kb#py 6  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 R=xT\i{4h  
==~X8k|{E  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples 7jvf:#\LtL  
   A        B   C      ">j}!n 8J  
  easily under the stress of compression. 9Y3_.qa(.  
   D A7C+-N  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 =LC:1zn4  
lo5,E(7~h  
KQ9~\No]  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 P|Dw +lQj  
|L 11?{ K  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine eF823cH2x_  
    A         B xrs?"]M[  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. V>>"nf, YO  
          C            D |@`F !bnLr  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 KmG*`Es  
qcSlqWDk  
G~5EAeG  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, 0Ihp`QGU:  
         A JR] /\(  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. fkbHfBp[(A  
   B      C      D pnl7a$z  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ">_<L.,I  
I]+xerVd  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 <&^P1x<x  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; va 7I_J   
two hundred diligent students
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