该错题常考要点 _[<R<&jG
一、代词 &BY%<h0c
代词中主要讲解六个问题 o8-BTq8
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 wc*5s7_
主格、宾格、所有格 mSp-
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) wZJpSkcEx
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(二) 反身代词 2?u>A3^R
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 J;W(}"cFq
He killed himself. (他自杀了) ig4wwd@|
He killed him. (他杀了他) "w9LQ=mW
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating {>H#/I8si
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a series of indicators that could help b'Pq[ )
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themselves to predict earthquakes. e^&QT
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 dIQ7u
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 "u~l+aW0
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 a/;u:"
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 $/90('D
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies f{xR
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that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the fu?5gzT+b
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Pacific. X&o!xV -+
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 .F:qJ6E
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 #DApdD9M
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: lTJ1]7)
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 T
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined m(>_C~r
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the word“normalcy”to express social and oEbgyT gB
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economic conditions they promised the nation. +5H9mk
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 $gT+Ue|7
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important j89|hG)2
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John kF.!U/C
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Keats, published the year of her death. :' ?%%P
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. >C y
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(四) Who和which的区别 _=E))Kp{z
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 r/1:!Vu(
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 A`<#}~A
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who S>}jsP:V
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. VTk6.5!8
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 8^M5k%P
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 3Yf%M66t
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(五) that和which的区别 j)ZvlRi,
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 \eF5* {9
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it )V~Fl$A
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. -
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 p 7IJ3YY
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 =o\:@I[
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, kwNXKn/
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when c:I1XC
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. 7iu?Q
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which ;e;lPM{+
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly {:m5<6?x)
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. x&sT )=#
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 k$:QpTg[
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has 8yz A
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affected the way people in the United States----. &:=
(A) living and working ONJW*!(
(B) they live and work SdC505m0*
(C) live and work 8=gr F
(D) to live and to work C&D]!ZvF
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 d=WC1"
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二、介词 +5Ir=]=T9
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 Uy^Hh4|
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(一) 介词搭配 d hiLv_/
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those p9R`hgx
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. Dn$zwksSs
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 @
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. N;A1e@bP
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分析:B错改为be rich in FU!U{qDI
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ]=9%fA
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. Bp^>R`,
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 ,qiS;2
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 %P_\7YBC>
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 dge58A)Q
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. tt|U,o
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 wVE"nN#
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has j])iyn~-Ke
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on 1Od:I}@
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. &o4L;A#&
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 lBQ|=
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2、介词by 0)ST_2Ci
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by 2d.I3z:[
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing G#dpSNV3|
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States bL0+v@(r
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. zztW7MG2lQ
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 'c &Bmd40
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils `=-}S+
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to <NJ7mR}
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supply moccasins and field rations. 3ZZJYf=
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 D^&!
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with b7>;UX
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements (nE$};c<b2
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that are often represented at symbols. O-y"]Wrv
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 T|{BT!
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三、谓语动词 d!gm4hQhl
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 )>[(HxvfJU
①、主谓分割原则 8\a)}k~4
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, C*gSx3OG
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. be764do
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 C#r`oZS1
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②、与后者一致原则 Ha/\&Z(
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, C$%QVcf
not only…but also jkdNisq37
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③、与前者一致原则 ?"C]h s
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, &U,f~KJ
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 q%y_<Fw#E
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 5Px.G*
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. yNT2kB'
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is #k"[TCQ>
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④、就近原则 .o-j
or, either…or, neither…nor, >3kR~:;
单数名词+or+复数名词+are q#778
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is o|}%pc3
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 R utW{wh
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 p/5!a~1'xN
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are (o:CxhV
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. A8RT3OiXA
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 5ya3mN
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 \|pAn
There are five apples that are red. <F3sQAe
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 ?% X9XH/!
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets O1ha'@qID
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. < t (Pw
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 _%
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 yUSB{DLpla
The rich are not always happier than the poor. cMWO_$
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 )ra66E
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 cGc|n3(
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: _tReZ(Vw
a. there be 句型 -h@0 1
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 <ut DZ#k
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 &o/4hnHYt
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. c9uT`h
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ]jb4Z
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific [/Z'OV"tU
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 dn\F!
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miles in width. klJ[ {p
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分析:倒装句,are改为is ewrWSffe
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and %p2x^air
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film kr(<Y|
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. H@MFj>~
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 '95E;RV&
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 Wjr
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fifty percent of + 名词 RF5q5<0
one percent of + 名词 E,LYS"%_
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: U>_IYT
one percent of my students + are C5+`<
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 6"i{P
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这里要强调两个结构 #<wpSs
half of =fifty percent (~Uel1~@
most of + 可数名词 + are Pc(n@'m~
most of + 不可数名词+ is }xb_s
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 30?LsYXL62
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found in central and eastern Canada. $>r>0S#+\&
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 q#9
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized +YkW[a\4
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. DD!MGf/
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 Fm<jg}>MAd
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 ~=:2~$gsn
①、主要考察时间状语 7uPZuXHxcu
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. R:'Ou:Mh
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was b
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②、For和since的区别 *jk3 \KaoV
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 5Sr4-F+@%
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 B*\$
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I has been a teacher for three years. Kv(z4 z
I has been a teacher since 1996. `79[+0hL'
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 !fY7"E{%%
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became 9\HR60V
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the primary responsibility of the president. -? s&pKi
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 x^G'rF"nT
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of .XXW
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. E<tK4?i"
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 >ys[I0bo
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. S}(8f!9<
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live a5@z:i
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(三) 谓语的语态 >I}9LyZt
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 ]mQw,S)/"
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: =<c#owe:m
①、prove )KE[!ofD
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 {`(>O"_[Q
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ^Dg<Ki
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming w]u@G-e
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be qH>`}/,P
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. !z 53OT!
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 6KHN&P
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②、Locate,Situate E<E3&;qD
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 YO+{,$
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 0nJE/JZ
这两个词也可以用作被动 lDc-W =X=
My school was located near the river. G(iJi
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 Vw tZLP36
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 2S"Nf8>zp
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(B)locating m2~