填空题常考结构 F 8sOc&L
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一、主句单一原则 iS.gN&\z^
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 Bt$,=k
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 `<<9A\Y-f
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. ]=xX_
(A) They occur where they are saQ
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(B) Occuring where ls9Y?
(C) Where they occur oPbziB8
(D) Where do they occur '4~I%Z7L
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 Rh
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C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 '
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center z/QYy)_j
(A) Fort Wayne t*Z5{
(B) Although Fort Wayne ObreDv^,
(C) For wayne is in
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(D) Fort Wayne, in l
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分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 -*T0Cl.
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二、谓语动词专一原则
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任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 \xC#Zs[<
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 u%"5<ll
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” q%vel.L]%
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with P (Y\l
social issues. 4N7|LxNNl_
(A) covers WI&}94w
(B) covers it >/%XP_q%`e
(C) which covers c_.Fe'E
(D) which it covers
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分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused %AWc`D
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on {L.uLr_?e
the paper. 1O,8=,K2a
(A) the impression is R)isWw4
(B) if the impression is Vu E$-)&)
(C) impressions a <F2]H=J
(D) the impression 0O]v|
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression .EH1;/
三、平行结构 91q
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 {5d 5Y%&
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: i*!2n1c[
A and B, N|Xm{@C
A , B, and C SN\c2^#
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- 8B(
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is known as accounting. MQ0rln?
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary Qj(ppep\U"
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's =1,1}OucP
transactions j4]3}t0q
(C) transactions of an enterprise are rcY &n^:
summarized S3E5^n\\
(D) summarizing the transactions of an JAXD\StC
enterprise 0\@oqw]6hv
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 M:iH7K
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 WBm)Q#1:
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed S'hUh'PZ
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and N>]J$[j
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 8?YeaMIBB
human patients. G'(rjH>q
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in CXyb8z4/+
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures 4i^WE;|s
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures NuD|%Ebs
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull $&KkZ
fractures mdEl
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分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 DrC"M*$!
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四、宾语从句结构 DX+zK'34
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 Pw thYy
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: 5$cjCjY
state(陈述,表明)+that `.3@Ki~$#
indicate(指明,表明)+that ; D/6e6
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, *h3iAcM8
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite 83gWA>Odh
units called quanta or photons. ~ A=Gra
(A) energy that `8RKpZv&
(B) that it is energy *L$_80
(C) it is energy ubOXEkZ8N
(D) that energy BK6
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分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 -GHd]7n
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth HG?+b
indicate--yield when unusual weight is q`IY;"~
placed on them.
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(A) although its crust and mantle <p*k-mfr
(B) its crust and mantle to -eyF9++`
(C) that its crust and mantle s-PS]l@
(D) for its crust and mantle to L/C~l3
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 2bG3&G
五、介词+ which结构 /o 'lGvw
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 W.jXO"pN
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, *K;)~@n
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 $6pLsX
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, R)Arr77
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 TPk?MeVy%W
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is $m2#oI'D
a method ---- voters select the nominees aXJ/"k #Tl
for public office. xwof[BnEZ
(A) that O=RS</01!
(B)by which VYkh@j
(C)is that zHX\h[0f
(D)by those 6Uk+a=Ar
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 ~at@3j}W
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 C`g
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B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 ^?+[yvq
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players Nyy&'\`!
hit wooden balls through wire arches called i`r`Fj}-S-
wickers. 4F#H$`:[
(A) when 9Sxr9FLW~
(B) which <Q9l'u]3$c
(C) is when ?`Yu~a{
(D) in which 3u/JcU-<
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 v-3VzAd=*&
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六、in that结构 xj>P5\mW#
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, nwKp8mfP
because of +名词, 1 #,4P1"
consequently是副词 d/Q#Z
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 $kTm"I
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals .h=n [`RB
---- it is a liquid. ?pW1}:z
(A) whereas M=liG+d
(B) in that . fja;aG
(C) because of
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(D) consequently 9AVj/?kmU
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 Pl:4`oY3
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 w<`0D)mQ
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual 6v3l^~kc'
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. x*vD^1"'P
(A)they !~vK[G(R
(B)in they _gqqPny4$
(C)that they p
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(D)in that they *ai~!TR
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 MWv@]P_0p!
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 m~
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ t<` As6}
great inspiration for her poems. v
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(A) that she drew 6U ! P8q
(B) by drawing her vWoppt
(C) from which she drew * |,N/e
(D) drawn from which c},pu[nL
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。
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七、what结构 &'>m;W
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: (U&
what=the thing that .m]}Ba}J$
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend ar
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largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. "HJ^>%ia
(A) it grows MG vz-E1e
(B) what grows *Mhirz%iD
(C) does it grow I.3~ctzu
(D) what does it grow 7zH2dqrj
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 g}0K@z3
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle ?\8aT"o
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory 06]3+s{{
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. -0CBMoe
(A) there teS>t!d
(B) where @6G)(NGD
(C) that Nb$0pc1J<
(D) what zTcz+3x
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 &AJ bx
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八、同位语结构 xZ {6!=4!
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 A.r7 ks
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) mj'~-$5T
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing Jai]z
and swallowing . s8,YQ5-
(A) is the chief organ of taste AF#:*<Ev
(B) tasting the organ chiefly 29J|eBvxx
(C) the chief organ of taste )L9eLxI
(D) the organ chiefly tastes hhPQ.{]>
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 z|3v~,
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 aaU4Jl?L
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) #-YbZ
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of A>gZl)c
Native Americans in her novel, Century of YWn""8p;P
Dishonor. `
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(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause 4|_xz;i
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson OT\D;Z"__I
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause 75;RAKGi
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. 7kV$O(4
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 P WS8Dpb
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as sP^:*B0
hosts to many insect pests. kKF=%J?X
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than k+{~#@
goldenrods )*}\fmOv{
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods 9QP=
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy e*'bY;8lo
plants #8t=vb3
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants hub]M
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 H 2I
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 I`B ZZ-
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 l1zPL3"u_^
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to a`yCPnB(
Athens. W\B@0Is o
(A) the distance is Tg
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(B) that the distance is ([$KXfAi]h
(C) is that the distance "8a
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(D) the distance ]z7pa^
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 ZWyf.VJ
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九、比较结构 (~\HizSl
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 -d!84_d9
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less ) 5`^@zx
snow than --eastern Nebraska. l{r HXST|
(A) does qtVgjT2#H
(B) in De$Ic"Z9L
(C) it does in Xl$r720ZJr
(D) in it does O:V.;q2]U
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 4%v-)HGh
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. kazgI>"Q8
(A) rays more than infrared q=cnY+p>
(B) rays are more infrared than A\/DAVnI
(C) more than infrared rays p*$=EomY
(D) more infrared rays than @(/$;I,
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 qoQ,3
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 gvjy'Rm
例3:The activities of the international marketing =v !8i
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. >r:z`^p
(A) the domestic marketer has JDpW7OrDc
(B) the domestic marketer does }i;!p
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(C) those of the domestic marketer 4GJx1
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(D) that which has the domestic marketer 's8LrO(=
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 '}Jq(ah(
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing &~)1mnv.
is greater than --. Q`h@-6N
(A) that of its mining and farming combined A{hST~s
(B) mining and farming combination q={3fm
(C) that mining and farming combined /h!i
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(D) of its combination mining and farming h_t<Jl
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 pKL^<'w0
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十、定语从句省略结构 `t#Ie*
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 wdgC{WGl
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture K@=_
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and overpower. ")qO#b4
(A) can A$'rT|>se
(B) they can aQfrDM<*XS
(C) which can 0V#eC
(D) and u/74E0$S
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 I^y,@EHR
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can x42m+5
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get all the calcium their bodies----from the !*|`-w
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food they eat. sJ/?R:
(A) require n&uD=-
(B) requires k*xgF[T
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(C) requiring 4#@zn 2l
(D)to require 2f@gR9T
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 HveOG$pT
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 Y)4&PN~[
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of p2~MJ
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A "8Y4;lbN.q
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around qS|t7*
B C D K%A:W
the world. R nf$
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to M
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive k:0HsN!F9
A B C r9uuVxBD
than the Sun dies and exploded. rOu7r 4
D BK8)'9/
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more -HU5E>xG
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十一、状语从句省略结构 gUB%6v G\I
Metals expand when they are heated. Wo@0yF@
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: ;X
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; Mg0[PbS
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, tTB,eR$
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 c3&;Y0SD
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of ,=tPh4>
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand *1fq :--
considerable impact. e:E:"elr]
(A) apparently 6;g"`l51
(B) are apparently |<l
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(C) apparently their ]4m;NI d
(D) are they apparently |#);^z_
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 j>(O1z7
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: B 3Y,|
*
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; Wp"+\{@)
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) *UVo>;
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例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the q
U
(,q/l
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly ALVHKL2
white. ,Q8[Ur?G
(A) when, pure which ToWiXH)4
(B) when, which pure uOzol~TU)
(C) which, pure when /a}F;^
(D) which, when pure 04`2MNfxG
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, (7l'e=J0
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例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine tI42]:z
is highly efficient and needs servicing W rB:)Q(8=
infrequently @]v}&j7
(A) Even .E H&GX
(B) It is dux.Z9X?
(C) Even though i2]7Bf)oV
(D) There is <'n'>@
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 b`
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十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 -;NGS
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这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 <v&L90+s\;
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; ''t\J^+&
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 \wMqVRPoQ
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那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: O52B
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。
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The starring troops have to surrender. p.wed%O.
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; b+=@;0p*6B
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 |ry![\
olm0O (9
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is n["G
ry
6zyxGJ(
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often M Ewa^
called scapegoating. cn~/P|B[
(A) Eliminate problems /penB[1i
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) ~,^pya
(C) Eliminating problems 1tZ7%0R\g]
(D) Problems are eliminated XE#a#
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 uSsP'qd
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例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them "]SA4Ud^
from damage due to weather. tDC?St1
(A) Painting t6q7w
(B) Painted
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(C) The paint Wq2Bo*[*
(D) By painting >b7Yk)[%
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 <)$e*HrI
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 9] L4`.HM
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting -<6b[YA
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例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to Y=?Tm,z4
conserve water in the winter.
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(A) when losing leaves ^:^
(B) leaves are lost H73 r3BH
(C) that losing leaves swz)gh-*
(D) the leaves losing
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分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 F2
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十三、make结构 WCYVon bg"
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) <CcSChCg
共有三种形式: !lL~#l:F
make it possible+to do .wO-2h{Q
make it possible+that引导的从句 &s{d r
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) N^{}Q
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做题技巧: 1j]vJ4R_\
如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it '};mBW4z
如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it L=@8Zi!2<
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例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and J'%W_?wZ
thus make--details that are otherwise y5j ;Daq
impossible to observe . *^iSP(dg
(A) it visible \bies1TBB^
(B) visibly \8)FVpS
(C) visible 7ju^B/7
(D) they are visible 3fUiYI|&7
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 ? r}2JHvN
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例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large hT%
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amount of information on a single map. 09=w
(A) possible PB
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(B) it possible &"=O!t2
(C) it is possible ~"Su2{"8B
(D) that possible R*H-QH/H1
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 `*xSn+wL`_
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十四、the more …the more…结构 mln%Rd6u/
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: Y}h&dAr
1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 TpYdIt9#>
2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 6A4{6B
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 0S\HO<~k
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 (S_1C,
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例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the zpy&\#Vc
number of lines of magnetic force. KDr)'gl&
(A) of [4-u{Tu
(B) the S-79uo
(C) is the \*#E4`Y
(D) is of the LAGg(:3f3
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B ,
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例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the ||;a#FZ^
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body. @9g!5dcT
(A) the stress it is greater D7C%Y^K]>E
(B) greater is the stress _:Ov-HIR
(C) greater stress is $oIGlKc:L
(D) the greater the stress Mvk#$:8e
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 G '
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h=_h,?_
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 _m1WY7
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 ?Q6ZZQ~
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例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , F:-6Htmj
A B DO?
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thus making it possible the gentle 8;P_KRaE
C r<.*:]L
renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. 7@i2Mz/eV
D D 3}e{J8
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 0'Qo eFKG
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例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more %suXp,j
than sixty-five million items of scientific, 0N3S@l#,\A
historical, or artistic interest, --winning the _:l<4u!
popular title, “attic of the nation.” HUY1
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(A) however )IZ~!N|-w
(B) thus 610
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(C) and g/m%A2M&aH
(D) moreover Gnmxp%&}P|
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 $kk!NAW
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例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the ^k}jPc6
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. 4U1"F 7'
(A) to save the seeds ;u: }rA)
(B) saving the seeds EYF]&+ 9
(C)which saves the seeds v:$Y
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(D) the seeds saved (1b%);L7
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B ceqYyVy
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十六、形容词最高级省略结构 }n JG<rY
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. O~AOZ^a:2
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. JRj%d&^}
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例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. S?_ ;$Cn
(A) the tallest Ng3 MfbFG
(B) the tallest that is Q[k7taoy
(C) which is the tallest If_S_A c
(D) which the tallest is cEd!t6Z
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 *:}NS8hP
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例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of !%?X% @9
A B C $Q|t^(
domestic animals. Osdw\NNH~M
D ]64
mSB
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 8]N+V:
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十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 +M6qbIO
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: *Ki ],>_~
program, programmed, programmed N}>XBZy
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: Vet7a_
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 tw]RH(g+#
第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be ^Q]*CU+C
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例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona B8_w3;x
features structures built of red sandstone by 0EYK3<k9!
ancestors of the Hopi people. })|+tZ
(A) That the k|,pj^
(B) In the vS:%(Y"!<
(C) Around the dvk?A$
(D) The AyKaazm]9
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 jBV2]..
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例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called a4X J0Tm
lymphocytes and plasma cells. 0iW]#O/
(A) to be made O k_I}X
(B) making /J8AnA1
(C) made {>G\3|^D
(D) are made -3X#$k8
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 ;"&^ckP
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例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given @dcT8 YC
task ------the flexibility and adaptability of dZRz'd
human beings. d5]9FIj
(A) without Tn/T:7C
(B) lack tuK"}HepB
(C) minus -c%GlpZw
(D) not having cg<10KT
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 ji`N1e,l
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 `ItMn&P
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 kYz)h
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十八、逻辑主语结构 Rs{L
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 18Vtk"j
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例1:Having been served lunch, --. E$34myOVf
(A) the problem was discussed by the members e\ k=T
}
of the committee C!B2.:ja
(B) the committee members discussed the ,2[laJ
problem FsY}mql
(C) it was discussed by the committee 85m[^WGyh
members the problem 9cWl/7;zXO
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by
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the members of the committee 5Qo\0YH
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B $f*N
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例2:--was not incorporated as a city until O!lZ%j@%
almost two centuries later, in 1834. Zb8Ty~.\P
(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch _$NFeqLww
(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn ?7@B$OlU
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch |J'@-*5?[8
(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn >1,.4)k%K
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 {%9)l,
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例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her uo_Y"QiKEH
home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her \$/)o1SG
first article in print. d `>M-:dF
(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane 36*"oD=@
Hawes had &&xBq?
(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane 1LZ?!Lw
Hawe's first .|JJyjRA+
(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first =GL}\I
teaching position lt|\$Iy(
(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching VJDF/)X3$
position GRB/
N1=
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 A`TVV
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例4: Even at low levels, --. TUIj-HSe
(A) the nervous system has produced WM
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detrimental effects by lead --d<s
(B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the
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nervous system o%i^t4J$e
(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the cTCo~Pk4
nervous system x9Fga _
(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on n .ZLR=P4
the nervous system E0'+]"B
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 J 05@SG':
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例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking N:GS fM@g
A B C XE*
@*
areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. GwQW
I]
D 'DO^ ($N
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 %@#+Xpa+
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十九、复合宾语结构 NUbw]Y90~
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 ?YWfoH4mS
We played soccer. I_6N
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We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 T]-yTsto
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 s:3 altv
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下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 Oo|*q+{
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, M #'br<]
例:We appoint him monitor. <_$]!Z6UR
We elected him president. g
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例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck JTK>[|c9oE
hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not CF"$&+ s9
consider them --because they are now primarily oJa6)+b(3
kept as pets. xFxl9oM."
(A) where sporting dogs ^ CVhV
(B) sporting dogs B
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(C) when sporting dogs |$"2R3
(D) they are sportingdogs ie|I*;#
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 &7z79#1NS
^,u0kMG5l
二十、It结构 MJNY#v3
一、强调句型 Vij P;
It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 ^2f'I iE
GslUN% UJr
这个句型需要注意几点: T'\B17
:*
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; h/~:}Bof
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; /~3~Xc~=p
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 =|>CB
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: .N2yn`
原句: Ann bought these books last year. F*V<L
强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. ' =MaO@ @
强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. ,XT#V\qne
^0"^Xk*
二、形式主语 b3(pRg[Fp
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 tHNvb\MR$
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 *9:oTN
[ZwZGAP
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例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than ?^Sk17G
A B *r!f! eA:
the events that occur in their lives , that are ,w~0U
C 9pPb]v,6
the main focus of social psychology. 89@\AjI
D .G[y^w)w}
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is Ol ,;BZHc\
8r
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例2: --an increasing international exchange of M99#\0=/
educational films. KTn,}7vZ
(A) It is ~;St,Fw<<
(B) There is nb(4"|8}
(C) Though there is WqN=D5
(D) Although it is hW*2Le!I
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 `abQlBb*
9 tZ)#@\
EubR]ckB
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 wUzQ`h2
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, .d`+#1Ot(
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 Cpaeo0Oq
*nNzhcuR
in which+完整的句子 GZT}a
MMSJ
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 m1_?xU
`;fh<kv
名词+of which+谓语动词 J*6I@_{/U
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 RsBo\#`
Okk[}G)
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of q!W~>c!
which are accented. lEi,duS)
(A) line consists of each 2>Kq)Ii
(B) consists of each line /rp4m&