填空题常考结构 Q`
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一、主句单一原则 \r)%R5_CQ
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 l iw,O 6
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 B;VH `*+X
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. 5^\m`gS
(A) They occur where they are S[vRw]*
(B) Occuring where ,{?wKXJ}L!
(C) Where they occur QQ@9_[N
(D) Where do they occur AlO,o[0
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 f2NA=%\
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 t) LU\!
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center &GuF\wJ{7
(A) Fort Wayne PC|'yAN:
(B) Although Fort Wayne ~L~]QN\3
(C) For wayne is in dgXg kB'
(D) Fort Wayne, in ,s0
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分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 ^\MhT)x
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二、谓语动词专一原则 3!aEClRtq
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 T8U[xu.>
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 (v!mR+\x
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” @l{I[pp
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with EY~7oNfc`R
social issues. ? ~,JY
(A) covers Tv\HAK<N
(B) covers it
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(C) which covers ^#;RLSv
(D) which it covers %*jGim~s
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 U+} y
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused Y''
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by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on ENq"mwV|
the paper. 3p_b8K_bG
(A) the impression is dQ<(lzS~
(B) if the impression is ra]:$XJ5=a
(C) impressions .fE
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(D) the impression aM$=|%9/
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression WNa3^K/W{
三、平行结构
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技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 zmb@*/fK
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: c|lU(Tf
A and B, Vv7PCaq
A , B, and C Vj
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- >S'>!w
is known as accounting. %K zbO0
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary pds*2p)2
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's U
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transactions *H"aOT^{
(C) transactions of an enterprise are M"(6&M=?
summarized JNBT^=x
(D) summarizing the transactions of an U:n*<l-k}
enterprise 9"ugz^uKt
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 ^f|<R8 `
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 RZh}:
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed e+@xsn3
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and DA=1KaJ .
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on _|
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human patients. s.:r;%a
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in fHfY}BQS
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures )gXTRkmw
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures eYEc^nC,c)
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull FT.@1/ )
fractures G{o+R]Us
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 3cC }'j
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四、宾语从句结构 /9_#U#vhY
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 O2 v.
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: L~eAQR
state(陈述,表明)+that IN^_BKQt
indicate(指明,表明)+that A5XR3$5P
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, H06Bj(Y!
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite 3ATjsOL
units called quanta or photons. ow.6!tl0=h
(A) energy that =Od>;|]m
(B) that it is energy "l,UOv c
(C) it is energy QIV%6q+*R
(D) that energy %^.P~s6
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 Q%5F ]`VN
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth mU G
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indicate--yield when unusual weight is 2p:r`THvS5
placed on them. _P5P(^/
(A) although its crust and mantle .ECHx Dp
(B) its crust and mantle to z $6JpG
(C) that its crust and mantle O9]\Q@M.
(D) for its crust and mantle to 97!5Q~I
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 nNn56&N]
五、介词+ which结构 8/Rm!.8+~
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 zvf3b!}
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, 77We;a
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 Alz~-hqQ
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, {XnPx?V
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 nl@E[yA9[
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is _ #'9kx|)
a method ---- voters select the nominees CC8k&u,
for public office. U e*$&VlT
(A) that K$-;;pUl
(B)by which lbkLyp2
(C)is that ,sDr9h/'C3
(D)by those l3J$md|f
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 -p8e
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 \ 4gXY$`@
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 zj20;5o>U&
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players }gCHQ;U7`
hit wooden balls through wire arches called T]71lRY5
wickers. y8?t-Pp]1
(A) when GZ3/S|SMP
(B) which ;[Tyt[
(C) is when detL jlE
(D) in which wj%wp[KA$
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 9#@Zz4Ww
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六、in that结构 'h}7YP, w
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, Gah lS*W
because of +名词,
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consequently是副词 3w'W~
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 0w3b~RJ
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals PU+1=%'V
---- it is a liquid. uaxB -PZ
(A) whereas F=i!d,S
(B) in that A&l7d0Z^j5
(C) because of bi,mM,N/
(D) consequently |<Bpv{]P
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 U**)H_S/~
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 b-nY xd
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual iQ{z6Qa
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. gj;@?o0
(A)they )E`+BH
(B)in they q?iCc c
(C)that they STB-
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(D)in that they s3< F
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 :;TYL[
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 ee<H@LeG
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ n?Z f/T
great inspiration for her poems. M5u_2;3
(A) that she drew raHVkE{<
(B) by drawing her "Q?_ EE n
(C) from which she drew uk6g s)qxC
(D) drawn from which 97]4
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分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 )JX$/-
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七、what结构 .q inR6=
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: ^$}/|d(
what=the thing that ,-:a?#f>
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend +,wWhhvlzv
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. raF]
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(A) it grows E[*0Bo]
(B) what grows 8~qlLa>jc
(C) does it grow 1b+h>.gWar
(D) what does it grow feN!_-
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 1=>2uYKR
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle |G=FqAXH
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory ]7l{g9?ZtV
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. D@*|2 4y
(A) there My],6va^
(B) where FNlx1U[
(C) that vuW-}fY;
(D) what `xGT_0&ck
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 cPSti
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八、同位语结构 YLE/w @*
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 {F/q{c~]
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) ]y}Zi
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例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing ~\3l!zIq
and swallowing . 8,H~4Ce3
(A) is the chief organ of taste 1
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(B) tasting the organ chiefly vU7&'ca
(C) the chief organ of taste \UhGGg%
(D) the organ chiefly tastes yj'Cy8
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 my]P_mE
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 fH; |Rm
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) ~RAzFLt6x
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of :ET x*c
Native Americans in her novel, Century of 8cB=}XgYS
Dishonor. @\+%GDv
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause }=TqJy1
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson p?}&
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(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause ` 4OMZMq
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. $4sAnu]
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 7bHE!#L`0
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as d4Ixuux<3
hosts to many insect pests. ]!q
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(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than 9GtLMpy
goldenrods )7tV*=?Ic8
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods XadG\_?t`
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy hjw4Xzju
plants /nwxuy
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants P>>f{3e.
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 bOi};/f
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 "0!~g/X`rK
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 V|+ `L-
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to )Uc$t${en
Athens. pM1=UF
(A) the distance is d&O'r[S
(B) that the distance is B?$S~5
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(C) is that the distance &8pCHGmV)
(D) the distance #FrwfJOV
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 H(
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九、比较结构 :!r9 =N9
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 #|)JD@;Q
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less yg]suU<z]
snow than --eastern Nebraska. nF|#@O`1
(A) does XLkL#&Ir
(B) in Ukk-(gjX
(C) it does in ;u4@iN}p
(D) in it does M Ak-=?t
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 MAm1w'ol"
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. r[C3u[
(A) rays more than infrared tJ(c<:zD
(B) rays are more infrared than r6gt9u:
(C) more than infrared rays l%-67(
(D) more infrared rays than $@+p~ )r(l
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 ae9k[
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 orcZyYU
例3:The activities of the international marketing g:~?U*f-
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. 3iwoMrp
(A) the domestic marketer has e')&ODQ H
(B) the domestic marketer does U5@TaGbx
(C) those of the domestic marketer 9TbS>o
(D) that which has the domestic marketer {WM&
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 `JY>v io
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing zd6Qw-D7x
is greater than --. c'TiWZP~
(A) that of its mining and farming combined _!$Up
(B) mining and farming combination :?&WKW
(C) that mining and farming combined @^XkU(m
(D) of its combination mining and farming ]P}K3tN%]
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 !S >|Qh
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十、定语从句省略结构 J^F(]
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 ()3x%3
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture \KnD"0KW
and overpower. ;I`,ZKY
(A) can YjIED,eRv
(B) they can NZ%~n:/V#
(C) which can KHc/x8^9
(D) and s:m<(8WRw
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 K+`-[v5\
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can dx?njR
get all the calcium their bodies----from the ;SlS!6.W-
food they eat. $jm>tW&;
(A) require #iqhm,u7D
(B) requires "ZJ1`R=Mj
(C) requiring (fk, 80
(D)to require p$b=r+1f
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 1A/c/iC
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food sKB-7
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 jO3u]5}.6
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of 7p>-oR"
A +VpE-X=T
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around }^Ua
B C D J:-TINeB
the world. B 1ZHV^
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to tm36Lw
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive !wR{Y[Yu
A B C %_@5_S
than the Sun dies and exploded. 6quWO2x
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分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more ^qN1~v=hS
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十一、状语从句省略结构 uSQ>oi]
Metals expand when they are heated. !9<RWNKV)Y
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: wyA(}iSq
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; 6RT0\^X*:
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, I&NpN~AU
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 AoOG[to7
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of wrb& ta
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand v7OV;ea$
considerable impact.
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(A) apparently [11-`v0
(B) are apparently E+c3KqM
(C) apparently their ;@Hi*d[
(D) are they apparently K#sb"x`
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 ?N?pe}
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: j}.J$RtW1f
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; I\%Lb
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这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) Tl7:}X<?
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例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the |QTqa~
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minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly -+_aL
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white. 4kF .
(A) when, pure which
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(B) when, which pure O*/-I
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(C) which, pure when 3N*C]
(D) which, when pure L{,7(C=
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, _N f[HP
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例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine uvv-lAbjw
is highly efficient and needs servicing .:!x*v
infrequently m:Cx~
(A) Even "v(]"L
(B) It is \lIHC{V\
(C) Even though JU \J
(D) There is I%C:d#p
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 ?F!J@Xn5
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十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 :p)9Heu
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 'wlP` 7&Tn
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; &0Zk3D4
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 |8{iIvi/
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那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: !Ocg
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 rPvX8*)tV
The starring troops have to surrender. V*uu:
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; `2,_"9Z(
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 }(}vlL
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在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is ms<u YLp
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例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often !-nm7Q
called scapegoating. @$}\S
(A) Eliminate problems L>GYj6D9
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) yZaDNc9'
(C) Eliminating problems }U1shG[
(D) Problems are eliminated ([o:_5/8I
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 &`2*6
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例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them &scD)
from damage due to weather. {j*+:Gj0V
(A) Painting IFoN<<7/2$
(B) Painted I3b-uEHev
(C) The paint qZ1PC>
(D) By painting ED&KJnquWJ
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 _Fy:3,(
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 k
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painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting w*@Z-'(j
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例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to [T|1 Qq7
conserve water in the winter. tvCTC ey
(A) when losing leaves `P*j~ZLlXN
(B) leaves are lost 1H@F>}DP
(C) that losing leaves CMUphS-KE
(D) the leaves losing Py<
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分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 6
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十三、make结构 G&Sg.<hn
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) u{G6xuPWf
共有三种形式: +O6@)?pI
make it possible+to do cn{l
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make it possible+that引导的从句 "$9ZkADO
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) ZH:X4!
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做题技巧: VlvDodV
如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it f}3bYF
如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it
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例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and ST.W{:X
thus make--details that are otherwise H&+s&