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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 Q` H# fS~  
nIfN"  
一、主句单一原则 \r)%R5_CQ  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 l iw,O 6  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 B;VH`*+X  
A#<vG1  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. 5^\m`gS  
   (A) They occur where they are S[v Rw]*  
   (B) Occuring where ,{?wKXJ}L!  
   (C) Where they occur Q Q@9_[N  
   (D) Where do they occur  AlO,o[0  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 f2NA=%\  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 t)LU\!  
}/20%fP  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center &GuF\wJ{7  
   (A) Fort Wayne PC|'yAN:  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne ~L~]QN\3  
   (C) For wayne is in dgXg kB'  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in ,s0 9B  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 ^\MhT)x  
_74UdD{^o  
Vn'?3Eb<  
二、谓语动词专一原则 3!aEClRtq  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 T8U[xu.>  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 (v!mR+\x  
|) O):  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” @l{I[pp  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with EY~7oNfc`R  
   social issues. ?~,JY  
    (A) covers Tv\HAK<N  
    (B) covers it YZ< NP  
    (C) which covers ^#;RLSv   
    (D) which it covers %*jGim~s  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 U+} y %3l  
VG)= "g[%)  
=5ug \S  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused Y'' 6NGf  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on ENq"mwV|  
   the paper. 3p_b8K_bG  
   (A) the impression is dQ<(lzS~  
   (B) if the impression is ra]:$XJ5=a  
   (C) impressions .fE w k  
   (D) the impression aM$=|%9/  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression WNa3^K/W{  
三、平行结构 4{Udz!  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 zmb@*/fK  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: c|lU(Tf  
A and B, Vv7PCaq  
A , B, and C Vj B*{,  
| 3giZ{  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- >S'>!w  
   is known as accounting. %K zbO0  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary pds*2p)2  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's U Du~2%  
     transactions *H" aOT^{  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are M"(6&M=?  
     summarized JNBT^=x  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an U:n*<l-k}  
     enterprise 9"ugz^uKt  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 ^f|<R8`  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 RZh}:  
g$w6kz_[  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed e+@xs n3  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and DA=1KaJ.  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on _| <BF  
   human patients. s.:r;%a  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in fHfY}BQS  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures )gXTRkmw  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures eYEc^nC,c)  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull FT.@1/)  
     fractures G{o+R]Us  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 3cC }'j  
0S.?E.-&0  
四、宾语从句结构 /9_#U#vhY  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 O2v.  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: L~eAQR  
     state(陈述,表明)+that IN^_BKQt  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that A5XR3$5P  
K@r*;T  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, H06Bj(Y!  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite 3ATjsOL  
   units called quanta or photons. ow.6!tl0=h  
    (A) energy that =Od>;|]m  
    (B) that it is energy "l,UOv c  
    (C) it is energy QIV%6q+*R  
    (D) that energy %^.P~s6  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 Q%5F ]`VN  
@ yxt($G  
arh@`'Q  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth mU G %LM  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is 2p:r`THvS5  
   placed on them. _P 5P(^/  
   (A) although its crust and mantle .ECHxDp  
   (B) its crust and mantle to z $6JpG  
   (C) that its crust and mantle O9]\Q@M.  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to 97!5Q~I  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 nNn56&N]  
五、介词+ which结构 8/Rm!.8+~  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 zvf3b!}  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, 77We;a  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 Alz~-hqQ  
|E|6=%^  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, {XnPx? V  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 nl@E[yA9[  
6Rz[?-mkLO  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is _#'9kx|)  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees CC8k&u,  
   for public office. U e*$&VlT  
    (A) that K $-;;pUl  
    (B)by which lbkL yp2  
    (C)is that ,sDr9h/'C3  
    (D)by those l3J$md|f  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 -p8e  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 \ 4gXY$`@  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 zj20;5o>U&  
H;I~N*ltJ(  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players }gCHQ;U7`  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called T]71lRY5  
   wickers. y8?t-Pp]1  
   (A) when GZ3/S|SMP  
   (B) which ;[Tyt[  
   (C) is when detLjlE  
   (D) in which wj%wp[KA$  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 9#@Zz4Ww  
r~oSP^e'  
六、in that结构 'h}7YP, w  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, Gah lS*W   
  because of +名词, &=zU611,  
  consequently是副词 3w'W~  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 0w3b~RJ  
c]v +  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals PU+1=%'V  
   ---- it is a liquid. uaxB -PZ  
   (A) whereas F= i!d,S  
   (B) in that A&l7d0Z^j5  
   (C) because of bi,mM,N/  
   (D) consequently |<Bpv{]P  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 U**)H_S/~  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 b-nYxd  
@?/\c:cp  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual iQ{z6Qa  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. gj;@?o0  
   (A)they )E`+BH  
   (B)in they q?i Cc c  
   (C)that they STB- guia5  
   (D)in that they s3< F  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 : ;TYL[  
CB({Rn  
F[`vH  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 ee<H@LeG  
dXO=ZU/N  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ n?Zf/T  
   great inspiration for her poems. M5u_2;3  
   (A) that she drew raHVkE{<  
   (B) by drawing her "Q?_ EEn  
   (C) from which she drew uk6g s)qxC  
   (D) drawn from which 97]4 :Zv  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 )JX$/- RD-  
七、what结构 .qinR 6=  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: ^$}/|d(  
  what=the thing that ,-:a?#f>  
U2UyN9:6F  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend +,wWhhvlzv  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. raF] k0{  
   (A) it grows E [*0Bo]  
   (B) what grows 8~qlLa>jc  
   (C) does it grow 1b+h>.gWar  
   (D) what does it grow  feN!_ -  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 1=>2uYKR  
l# BZzJ?~  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle |G=FqAX H  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory ]7l{g9?ZtV  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. D@*|24y  
   (A) there My],6va^  
   (B) where F Nlx1U[  
   (C) that vuW-}fY;  
   (D) what `xGT_0&ck  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 cPSti  
' rvE  
:U8k|,~f  
八、同位语结构 YLE/w@*  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 {F/q{c~]  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) ]y}Zi /zh  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing ~\3l!zIq  
   and swallowing . 8,H~4Ce3  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste 1 Lc8fP$  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly vU7&'ca  
   (C) the chief organ of taste \UhGGg%  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes yj'Cy8  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 my]P_mE  
:Fc8S9  
51z/  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 fH; |Rm  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) ~RAzFLt6x  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of :ET x*c  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of 8cB=}XgYS  
   Dishonor. @\+%GDv  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause }=TqJy1  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson p?}& )Un  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause ` 4OMZMq  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. $4sA nu]  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 7bHE!#L`0  
ta@ ISRK  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as d4Ixuux<3  
   hosts to many insect pests. ]!q }|bP  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than 9GtLMpy  
     goldenrods )7tV*=?Ic8  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods Xad G\_?t`  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy hjw4Xzju  
     plants /nwxuy  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants P>>f{3e.  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 bOi};/f  
BDWim`DK"  
N|bPhssFw  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 "0!~g/X`rK  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 V|+ `L-  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to )Uc$t${en  
   Athens. pM1=U F  
   (A) the distance is d&O'r[S  
   (B) that the distance is B?$S~5  }  
   (C) is that the distance &8pCHGmV)  
   (D) the distance #FrwfJOV  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 H(  
iK$Vd+Lgc  
九、比较结构 :!r9 =N9  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 #|)JD@;Q  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less yg]suU<z]  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. nF|#@O`1  
    (A) does XLkL#&Ir  
    (B) in Ukk-(gjX  
    (C) it does in ;u4@iN}p  
    (D) in it does M Ak-=?t  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 MAm1w'ol"  
(mD-FR@#  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. r[C3u[  
    (A) rays more than infrared tJ(c<:zD  
    (B) rays are more infrared than r6gt9u:  
    (C) more than infrared rays l%-67(  
    (D) more infrared rays than $@+p~)r(l  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 ae9k[ =-  
@p9e:[  
T U"K#V&u  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 orcZ yYU  
例3:The activities of the international marketing g:~?U*f-  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. 3iwoMrp  
   (A) the domestic marketer has e')&ODQ H  
   (B) the domestic marketer does U5@TaGbx  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer 9TbS>o  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer {WM&  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 `JY>v io  
Se;?j-  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing zd6Qw-D7x  
   is greater than --. c'TiWZP~  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined _!$Up  
   (B) mining and farming combination :?&WKW  
   (C) that mining and farming combined @ ^XkU(m  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming ]P}K3tN%]  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 !S > |Qh  
1O'*X  
十、定语从句省略结构 J^F(]  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 ()3x%3   
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture \KnD"0KW   
   and overpower. ;I`,ZKY  
   (A) can   YjIED,eRv  
   (B) they can NZ%~n:/V#  
   (C) which can KHc/x8^9  
   (D) and s:m<(8WRw  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。  K+`-[v5\  
hklO:,`  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can dx?njR  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the ;SlS!6.W-  
   food they eat. $jm>tW&;  
    (A) require #iqhm,u7D  
    (B) requires "ZJ1`R=Mj  
    (C) requiring (fk, 80  
    (D)to require p$b= r+1f  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 1A/c/iC  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food sKB-7  
,TfI  
c[d'1=Qiy  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 jO3u]5}.6  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of 7p>-oR"  
    A +VpE-X=T  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around }^ Ua  
   B          C      D J:-TINeB  
   the world. B 1ZHV^  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to tm36Lw  
*/Ry6Yu  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive !wR{Y[Yu  
          A  B      C %_@5_S  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. 6q uWO2x  
              D T~~$=vP9  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more ^q N1~v=hS  
a^}P_hg}-  
十一、状语从句省略结构 uSQ>oi]  
Metals expand when they are heated. !9<RWNKV)Y  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: wyA(}iSq  
`=l{kBZT|  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; 6RT0\^X*:  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, I&NpN~AU  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 AoOG[to7  
 hy&Hl  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of wrb& ta  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand v7OV;e a$  
   considerable impact. 2:5gMt  
   (A) apparently [11-`v0  
   (B) are apparently E+c3KqM  
   (C) apparently their ;@Hi*d[  
   (D) are they apparently K#sb"x`  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 ?N?pe}  
f]A6Mx6  
`"b7y(M  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: j}.J$RtW1f  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; I \%Lb z  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) Tl7:}X<?  
hYv 6-5_  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the |QTqa~ ~B  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly -+_aL 4.  
   white. 4kF .  
   (A) when, pure which  H_=[~mJ  
   (B) when, which pure O*/-I pM  
   (C) which, pure when 3N*C]  
   (D) which, when pure L{,7(C=  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, _ N f[HP  
L?C~ qS2g  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine uvv-lAbjw  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing .:!x*v  
   infrequently m:Cx~  
   (A) Even "v(]"L  
   (B) It is \lIHC{V\  
   (C) Even though JU \J  
   (D) There is I%C:d#p  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 ?F!J@Xn5  
/~huTKA}  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 :p)9Heu  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 'wlP`7&Tn  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; &0Zk3D4  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 |8{iIvi/  
7#. PMyK9  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子:  !Ocg  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 rPvX8*) tV  
  The starring troops have to surrender. V*uu:  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; `2,_"9Z(  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 }(}vlL  
/M `y LI  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is ms<uYLp  
xm, yqM!0A  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often ! -nm7Q  
   called scapegoating. @$} \S  
   (A) Eliminate problems L>GYj6D9  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) yZaDNc9'  
   (C) Eliminating problems } U1shG[  
   (D) Problems are eliminated ([o:_5/8I  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 &`2*6 )qa  
|sM#g1D@  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them &scD)  
   from damage due to weather. {j*+:Gj0V  
    (A) Painting IFoN<<7/2$  
    (B) Painted I3b-uEHev  
    (C) The paint qZ1PC>  
    (D) By painting ED&KJnquWJ  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 _Fy:3,(  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 k rjd:*E  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting w*@Z-'(j  
S]@iS[|?  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to [T|1Qq7  
   conserve water in the winter. tvCTC ey  
   (A) when losing leaves `P*j~ZLlXN  
   (B) leaves are lost 1H@F>}DP  
   (C) that losing leaves CMUphS-KE  
   (D) the leaves losing Py< vN!  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 6 VDF@V$E  
s#49pDN  
十三、make结构 G&Sg .<hn  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) u{G6xuPWf  
共有三种形式: +O6@)?pI  
   make it possible+to do cn{l %6K  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 "$9ZkADO  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) ZH :X 4!  
=2'^ : 4Z  
做题技巧: VlvDodV  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it f}3bYF  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it rR;Om1 -,  
Hq8.O/Y"=  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and ST.W{:X   
   thus make--details that are otherwise H& +s&F{%  
   impossible to observe . @^@-A\7[KO  
   (A) it visible #kEdf0  
   (B) visibly ~46ed3eGzi  
   (C) visible `dhK$jYD  
   (D) they are visible G<DUy^$i  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 9G9lSj5>  
LA5rr}<K  
eS|p3jk;  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large @hv] [(<  
   amount of information on a single map. Qfi5fp=f  
   (A) possible 0fNBy^(K  
   (B) it possible 6(=:j"w0  
   (C) it is possible WM g^W(  
   (D) that possible @ ri. r1  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 ^C{a'  
f#jAjzmYL  
s zg1.&  
十四、the more …the more…结构 t30V_`eQ  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: -rfO"D>  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 rX[R`,`>Z[  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 1/HZY0em  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 5+r#]^eQY-  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 zc"eSy< w$  
4^5s\ f B  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the \BDNF< _  
   number of lines of magnetic force. d?>sy\{2  
   (A) of 8b/yT4f  
   (B) the q$K~BgFzpZ  
   (C) is the -3Ffk:  
   (D) is of the %K%z<R8  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B T-MLW=Vu  
-4;u|0_  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the g8C+j6uR0  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  ``={FaV~m  
   (A) the stress it is greater )}R0'QGd  
   (B) greater is the stress 4 ClW*l  
   (C) greater stress is QwiC2}/  
   (D) the greater the stress q+z,{K  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 OG.`\G|  
qdOS=7]W  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 czj[U|eB}=  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 2c}kiqi{  
r6A7 }v  
kAqk~.  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , =I?p(MqW  
             A     B Qr/?tMALc  
   thus making it possible the gentle dsh}-'>  
       C            6Cibc .vt  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall.  9TeDLp  
         D 7|2:;5:U  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 9J<KR #M  
.AKx8=f  
<4Ak$ E %"  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more @x)z" )>  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, ?&?y-&.5-  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the 4kx#=MLt  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” <Wl! Qog'  
    (A) however HzW ZQ6o  
    (B) thus &fW;;>  
    (C) and &We'omq  
    (D) moreover P afmHXx  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 -2f0CAh~  
%F03cI,  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the iK)w3S}k1y  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. _wm"v19  
    (A) to save the seeds @mW0EJ8bb  
    (B) saving the seeds 1,4kw~tA  
    (C)which saves the seeds }Za[<t BWS  
    (D) the seeds saved o8bV z2E  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B K2NnA  
n`CmbM@@  
a "8/y4Y  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 ~bg FU  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. cD7q;|+  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. lxV> rmD  
:  wb\N'b  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. @aI`ru+a  
   (A) the tallest Yr"G)i~"Y  
   (B) the tallest that is }(ot IqE  
   (C) which is the tallest J1g `0XH  
   (D) which the tallest is c}$?k@=  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 p-M QI }  
n&k1'KL&  
ASPfzW2  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of lZ'NL bK  
       A  B       C R /iB  
   domestic animals. ^?w6  
    D !=Cd1 $<  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 -&%#R_RV  
0t'WM=W<!8  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 C {gYrz)  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: D CFYpkR%  
  program, programmed, programmed e &#qj^  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: @<r  ;>G  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 +Z#lf  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be tBp dKJn##  
5o'V}  
z'XFwk  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona  NDm3kMa  
   features structures built of red sandstone by >Y!5c 2~`;  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. -}4<P}.5T  
   (A) That the Sc`W'q^X  
   (B) In the 5$`ihO?  
   (C) Around the ok  iI:  
   (D) The h,LwC9  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 Yx>=(B  
m?`U;R[  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called &J,MJ{w6"  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. ]KBzuz%  
   (A) to be made ~kj1L@gy   
   (B) making t6W$t  
   (C) made ^/h,C^/;  
   (D) are made 4en[!*  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 rd vq(\A  
F]:@?}8R  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given {=pRU_-^  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of oj/,vO:QT  
   human beings. <DxUqCE  
   (A) without .v?Ir)  
   (B) lack s,!+wHv_8  
   (C) minus RP?UKOc  
   (D) not having p(-f$Q(  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 :OT~xU==H  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 qq9fZZb  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 # xx{}g]%  
n&DRh.@  
?fr -5&,  
十八、逻辑主语结构 V<A_c^unO  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 ;4tmnC>OnA  
3\j{*f$J  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. >|1.Z'r/  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members U{6i5;F#H  
    of the committee 1iyd{r7|  
   (B) the committee members discussed the WP{!|d&  
    problem zX *+J"x  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee qw={gZ  
    members the problem ZU\TA|  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by %<8@NbF  
    the members of the committee  QbA+\  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B vF,\{sgW  
unn2MP'  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until  lt%bGjk  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. WPLM*]6  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch ?+EN.P[;3  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn G4DuqN~2m  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch QJ1_LJ4)a  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn wa/ :JE  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 9nIBs{`/Ac  
-OY[x|0  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her V-rzn171Q)  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her R?bF b|5t  
   first article in print. =pHWqGOD  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane ^3`CP4DT  
    Hawes had GR&T Z   
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane GMD>Ih.k:9  
    Hawe's first F=}-ngx8&  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first @mM])V  
    teaching position |%6zhkoufM  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching CH h]v.V  
    position L_$M9G|5n  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 D#lx&J.s  
?FC6NEu}8  
例4: Even at low levels, --. 5|zISK%zHS  
   (A) the nervous system has produced {-X8MisI  
     detrimental effects by lead QC+oSb!!?  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the 'W0?XaEk-  
    nervous system ?R2`RvQ  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the S(;3gQ77  
    nervous system xv! QO  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on # f~,8<K  
    the nervous system (bP\_F5D  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 h#p1wK;N  
!Pmv  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking |Tz/9t  
            A   B     C :hB 8hTw]p  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. 23a&m04Rk  
       D "WKE% f  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 cpV:y  
%dXfC!  
^FLuhLS\*  
十九、复合宾语结构 <L+D  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 sePOW#|  
We played soccer. 5p&&EA/  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 f#xqu +)Z  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 wzAp`Zs2Dm  
h#bpog  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 C._I\:G^  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, @vf{_g<  
例:We appoint him monitor. yc,Qz.+g  
  We elected him president. E&k{ubcT  
r\+AeCyb"p  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck ;FYiXK%  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not gM|X":j  
   consider them --because they are now primarily YW"?Fy  
   kept as pets. C ORNN8=k  
   (A) where sporting dogs Jrlc% ,pZ  
   (B) sporting dogs uC G^,BQ  
   (C) when sporting dogs ,*.C''  
   (D) they are sportingdogs <wTkPErUG  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 DSix(bs9  
`xbk)oW#  
二十、It结构 w&;\}IS  
一、强调句型 ?7:"D e  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 nZQZ!Vfj  
^sH1YE}0  
这个句型需要注意几点: &eY$(o-Hw  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子;  ]\P  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; >'^l>FPc  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 y)U8\  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: -tx)7KV-  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. DC*|tHl  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. n*D)RiW  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. oTOe(5N8a  
^f!d8 V  
二、形式主语 -<&"geJA  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 Ltcr]T(Ic  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 (B]Vw+/  
%8 cFzyE*  
21 cB_"  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than WP^%[?S2  
    A               B y9\s[}c_  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are ;?inf`t  
                  C 0; V{yh  
   the main focus of social psychology. 9FK:lFGD  
           D &$hfAG]"  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is XNu2G19jb  
F$F5N1<  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of : Np&G4IM>  
   educational films. "cJ5Fd:*  
   (A) It is  `p1`Sxz?  
   (B) There is  =#%e'\)a  
   (C) Though there is 'U}i<^,c  
   (D) Although it is 3)0*hq&83  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 AW> P\>{RE  
gWgK  
BzWmV .5  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 RSmxwx^  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, "{{xH*ij'  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 !2&h=;i~V  
fXL>L   
in which+完整的句子 NJl|/(]v  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 fngZ0k!  
{8I93]  
名词+of which+谓语动词 8CEy#%7]}  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 toIljca  
k, v.U8  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of 8KoP aq   
   which are accented. iv;;GW{2  
   (A) line consists of each u%*;gu"2  
   (B) consists of each line ;#xhlR* ~  
   (C) each line consists n}MG  
   (D) it consists of each line T ,?^J-h^  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 G0*$&G0nb  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 F1Z20)8K  
hZzsZQ`  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a 8:M~m]Z+|  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. {I2jLc  
   (A) traps   PiH#9X B  
   (B) trap its  QCtG #/  
   (C) which traps , H[o.r=  
   (D) which it traps ruE.0VI @  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 s@ 3!G+ -}  
mfx 'Yw*{  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists DTr0u}m  
  have paid little attention to cultural Z3#3xG5pl  
   A             ZGp8$Y>r  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of `,7BU??+u  
         B      C zR`]8E]  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. vO&1F@  
           D >)VrbPRuA  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 @P@t/  
; #j/F]xG  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin ex29rL3  
   became interested in the art movement b1s1;8 Q  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, ]7br*t^zv  
   both --her novels and short stories. "dkvk7zCP  
   (A) in which the influence I=lA7}  
   (B) of which influenced q&P"  
   (C) to have influence r\em-%:  
   (D) its influence in NVOY,g=3X  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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