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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 K)h<#F  
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一、主句单一原则 D>`{f4Y  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 ^{NN-  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 nppSrj?  
&?gcnMg$,J  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. ")NQwT}  
   (A) They occur where they are YYvX@f  
   (B) Occuring where +.$:ZzH#  
   (C) Where they occur DYe w6B-  
   (D) Where do they occur F'_z$,X6  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 DvA#zX[  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 kjSzu qB  
QEmktc1 7  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center 5F :\U  
   (A) Fort Wayne [y<s]C6E  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne $A(3-n5=  
   (C) For wayne is in dE (d'*+a  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in f_:>36{1^!  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 ubsx NCqD  
u4[JDB7tH  
bnE&-N*  
二、谓语动词专一原则 QKoJxjR=^  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 rPHM_fW(O@  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 [c99m:*+  
V{rQ@7SE  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” |J ^I8gx+  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with 0s.4]Zg>5  
   social issues. ldG$hk'  
    (A) covers g G|4+' t  
    (B) covers it Qb:.WMj[q+  
    (C) which covers Rr\fw'  
    (D) which it covers dBW4%Zh  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 G2J4N2hu  
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vNU[K%U  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused Ft>,  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on y<y9'tx  
   the paper. j9= )^?  
   (A) the impression is iyMoLZ5  
   (B) if the impression is y$L&N0z  
   (C) impressions w1= f\  
   (D) the impression "%=K_WJ?  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression Vb~;"WABo  
三、平行结构 b28C (  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 [wUJ ~~2#  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: {d,^tG}  
A and B, rrZ'Dz  
A , B, and C x ~@%+ d  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- _Tma1 ~Gq  
   is known as accounting. bj 0-72V  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary :?7^STc  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's /6p7 k  
     transactions 4[K6ZDBU  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are Dn;$4Dak(  
     summarized |JCn=v@  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an "J3n_3+  
     enterprise UC"_#!3  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 g U v`G  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 .BZ 3>]F3<  
qg8T}y>  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed ZRoOdo94  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and .^uYr^( |[  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 2aW"t.[j  
   human patients. 8x <; AL|`  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in </7?puVR  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures [moz{Y  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures LgoUD*MbQ  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull :8Jn?E (36  
     fractures 0D48L5kH#'  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 _cXLQ)-  
/'>#1J|TlK  
四、宾语从句结构 dK?vg@|'  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。  Q ,)}t  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: (]p,Z <f  
     state(陈述,表明)+that ]abox%U=%  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that [|\BuUT'  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, rz3!0P!"K  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite 3 ~^}R  
   units called quanta or photons. K~Hp%.  
    (A) energy that m>@ *- *8k  
    (B) that it is energy a).bk!G  
    (C) it is energy o  w<.Dh  
    (D) that energy F;^GhiQVS  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 ?-IjaDC}  
geRD2`3;  
l~V^   
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth AHre#$`97  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is S+EC!;@Xg  
   placed on them. wx|eO[14  
   (A) although its crust and mantle %XieKL  
   (B) its crust and mantle to s'/ g:aJ  
   (C) that its crust and mantle OJ:iQ  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to lC ^NhQi  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 OK}+:Y  
五、介词+ which结构 HXTZ `'Rv  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 h)qapC5z,  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, UlN+  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 E|jbbCZy2  
?=;dNS@i@  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, v<z%\`y  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 6R+m;'  
Nn],sEs  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is vq~btc.p{&  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees k%?fy  
   for public office. =*aun&  
    (A) that >d&_e[j  
    (B)by which x7=5 ;gf/X  
    (C)is that p}j$p'D.RI  
    (D)by those 0# D4;v  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 u[_~ !y  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 4%TY` II  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 <B*}W2\  
1YmB2h[Z  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players 'G!w0y F  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called AKVll  
   wickers. h^h!OQKQ  
   (A) when ?\ C7.of  
   (B) which ON{&-  
   (C) is when jjgjeY  
   (D) in which 6e6~82t8/  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 Z?H#=|U  
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六、in that结构 G'/36M@  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, Z_oBZ s  
  because of +名词, RzG<&a3B3s  
  consequently是副词 ,4hQ#x  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 m"P"iK/Av(  
sEj?,1jk  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals `2S G{5o;  
   ---- it is a liquid. 75j`3wzu  
   (A) whereas __\Tv>Y  
   (B) in that \vVGfG?6  
   (C) because of \K+LKa)  
   (D) consequently z\Vu`Y z  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 Z!Njfq5  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 n22k<@y  
<(rf+Ou>I  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual -,NiSh}A  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. ">QNiR!  
   (A)they yk1syN_  
   (B)in they K4]c   
   (C)that they lg_X|yhL  
   (D)in that they 5I ,5da  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 e;:~@cB,c  
DN )Ehd.  
#wH<W5gSZ  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 5a1)`2V2M  
>'3J. FY  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ RX.n7Tb  
   great inspiration for her poems. UT w f!  
   (A) that she drew MsMNP[-l  
   (B) by drawing her 2x-67_BHY=  
   (C) from which she drew b&s"/Y89  
   (D) drawn from which Sns`/4S?6Z  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 ydOJ^Yty  
七、what结构 #Aox$[|@  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: f8um.Xnp6  
  what=the thing that xh[De}@  
b]s.h8+v;  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend MY1 1 5%  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. fI@4 v\  
   (A) it grows  {f;]  
   (B) what grows .JIn(  
   (C) does it grow q~9Y&>D  
   (D) what does it grow O(BAw  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 q1QrtJFPG  
{VqcZhqy/l  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle \Ub=Wm\  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory Qzbelt@Wx  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. N<V,5  
   (A) there 8w &A89  
   (B) where T\\Q!pY  
   (C) that <t[WHDO`  
   (D) what A%S6&!I:(  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 u`Kjs}F'  
%,Fx qw  
,<]X0;~oB  
八、同位语结构 N- E)b  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 C]{:>= K  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) xB=~3  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing h\GlyH~  
   and swallowing . V6%J9+DK  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste L$*sv .  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly 67zCil  
   (C) the chief organ of taste *3_@#Uu7  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes "_Wv,CYmNr  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 nRKh|B)  
fv?vO2nj  
`em}vdY  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 C^>txui8  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号)  #P8R  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of Q)}_S@v|%  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of VFLxxFJ  
   Dishonor. E;7vGGf]  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause tY=sl_  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson g~EJja;  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause Y0`=h"g  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. EMy Med_  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 |fYr*8rH  
$6~ J#;  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as 5(F @KeH>  
   hosts to many insect pests. 8sm8L\-  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than ;[ UGEi  
     goldenrods }[a  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods  "5\<.  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy L8"0o 0-  
     plants h`X>b/V  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants ?2D1gjr  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 C(( 7  
W-9?|ei  
_&0_@  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 %au2kG,  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 .GG6wL<$?  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to {Vy2uow0  
   Athens. 7s#,.(s  
   (A) the distance is 6$#p}nE  
   (B) that the distance is PGTi-o}  
   (C) is that the distance eJWcrVpn  
   (D) the distance \^7D% a=;C  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 9b KK  
2)O-EAn  
九、比较结构 &P J&XTR  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 -rC_8.u :  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less {.vU;  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. }u"iA^'Ot  
    (A) does (of=hzT^?  
    (B) in 6y;R1z b  
    (C) it does in $LxfdSa  
    (D) in it does GEJEhwO;H  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 =u M2l  
x'Uv;mGo  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. %bs6Uy5g)a  
    (A) rays more than infrared 1: cD\  
    (B) rays are more infrared than /, G-1E  
    (C) more than infrared rays |7 .WP;1  
    (D) more infrared rays than >Q159qZ  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 _0Mt*]L }  
0(+3 w\_!  
Aqi9@BH  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 ;xp^F K P  
例3:The activities of the international marketing :C%cnU;N  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. R?,Oh*  
   (A) the domestic marketer has eVDO]5?  
   (B) the domestic marketer does FQc8j:'  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer [QC|Kd^#  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer Wnp\yx`  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 irg% n  
<{ Z$!]i1  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing Oy> V/  
   is greater than --. ;>#YOxPl  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined KW1 7CJ@  
   (B) mining and farming combination #q[k"x=c  
   (C) that mining and farming combined *U[Nn5#?  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming v61'fQ1Qg!  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 3_AVJv ;N  
hB]\vA7  
十、定语从句省略结构 .{pc5 eUf  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 6k|^Cs6~z  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture D7| =ev  
   and overpower. GIo7- 6kvm  
   (A) can   y":Y$v,P  
   (B) they can y@\R$`0J  
   (C) which can #n9:8BKf  
   (D) and "`QI2{!l  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 U$-;^=;  
G;^},%<  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can YlF<S49loC  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the HAkEJgV  
   food they eat. W.B;Dy,Y  
    (A) require  2s+ITPr  
    (B) requires k7R8Q~4  
    (C) requiring Rh=,]Y  
    (D)to require I U Mt^z  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 `|{6U"n  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food s>pOfXIx  
IvW%n(a8^  
f3g #(1  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 R a> k #pQ  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of |^uU&O;.  
    A /b44;U`v5-  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around 2+Y 8b::  
   B          C      D pl-2O $  
   the world. 5tSR2gG#K,  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to *%{  
a\UhOPFF  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive ,wI$O8"!j  
          A  B      C u-31$z<<5}  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. =nq9)4o  
              D iva?3 .t  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more H1FD|Q3  
ZPM,ZGlu:  
十一、状语从句省略结构 500qg({2]  
Metals expand when they are heated. 3Zr'Mn  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: Z5oX "Yx  
l7.W2mg  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; \z/_vzz4  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, bZ/4O*B  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 .g|D  
C< :F<[H  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of #ny&bJj  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand K*ZH<@o4  
   considerable impact. /(aKhUjhb  
   (A) apparently :HJ@/ s!J  
   (B) are apparently WFOO6 kM z  
   (C) apparently their vYYLn9}5  
   (D) are they apparently #4WA2EW  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 Ik92=' Z  
*ybwl Lg  
80/6-_g(  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: OT & mNE4  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; vd4}b>  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) Ly0U')D:  
[M^ur%H  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the a"!D @a  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly gFsnL*L0  
   white. &DqeO8?Q  
   (A) when, pure which { .z6J)?J2  
   (B) when, which pure e[3 rz%'Q  
   (C) which, pure when ~(TS>ck@  
   (D) which, when pure YWf w%p?n"  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, ]"Do%<  
"TWNit  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine c8o $WyO  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing J,8Wo6  
   infrequently . Q#X'j  
   (A) Even LnN6{z{M  
   (B) It is ODG OWw0  
   (C) Even though EZm6WvlxSI  
   (D) There is 0n <t/74  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 =h~\nTN  
-O o7]8  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 2?]NQE9lA  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 Ksp!xFk  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; ,gR9~k,  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 `-l, `7e'  
kf3yJP/  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: H3=U|wr|  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 z0;+.E!  
  The starring troops have to surrender. uvo2W !  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; $-dz1}  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 `+~@VZ3m  
*$ZLu jy7  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is 83*"58  
*o8DfZ  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often *QzoBpO<  
   called scapegoating. fJ[(zjk  
   (A) Eliminate problems jgLCs)=5hV  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) 90%alG 1>y  
   (C) Eliminating problems 3|/<Pk  
   (D) Problems are eliminated N?d4Pu1m  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 anj*a<C<  
e[t+pnRh  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them \JBJ$lBL  
   from damage due to weather. ,:!X]F#d$  
    (A) Painting neGCMKtzlJ  
    (B) Painted }.<%46_Z-  
    (C) The paint D.2HM  
    (D) By painting @g*=xwve=~  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 YadY?o./  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 7Zl- |  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting _ i )Z8#  
pIh%5Z U  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to [@@Ovv  
   conserve water in the winter. 0:^L>MO  
   (A) when losing leaves N 3)OH6w"  
   (B) leaves are lost iP1u u  
   (C) that losing leaves ]p(jL7  
   (D) the leaves losing +>N/q(l  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 @b=b>V[d6  
%gB 0\C  
十三、make结构 a_5`9BL  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) tk5B b`a  
共有三种形式: FAAqdK0  
   make it possible+to do I(r^q"  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 T!o 4k  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) /ey[cm2#[s  
_p vL b  
做题技巧: xq',pzN  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it ,,r%Y&:`6  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it )2mi6[qs0l  
*B(na+  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and IEV3(qzt  
   thus make--details that are otherwise H".~@,-}  
   impossible to observe . w/s{{X<bF  
   (A) it visible V|vU17Cgy  
   (B) visibly %&9tn0B  
   (C) visible :g/HN9  
   (D) they are visible krm& .J  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 ulsr)Ik  
a  1bu  
VA_\Z  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large d|5u<f5  
   amount of information on a single map. =vBxwa^  
   (A) possible |{HtY  
   (B) it possible C\UD0r'p?  
   (C) it is possible 0mL#8\'"  
   (D) that possible uYiM~^ 0  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 z7F~;IB*u  
I'G$:GX  
;5-Sn(G  
十四、the more …the more…结构 nm 66U4.@  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: ~^=QBwDW8N  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 t)XNS!6#]?  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 `p9h$d  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 +Ck<tx3h&  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 2 5h.u>6@{  
SZH,I&8  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the #sy)-xM  
   number of lines of magnetic force. HgE^#qD?  
   (A) of WcAX/<Y>  
   (B) the 21M@z(q*  
   (C) is the Ix ! O&_6s  
   (D) is of the em<(wJ-Y  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B 'x lK_Z  
?%(8RQ  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the bl(rCbj(w  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  W1M<6T.{7  
   (A) the stress it is greater zS18Kl  
   (B) greater is the stress Y<%$;fx$Sx  
   (C) greater stress is ^aN;M\  
   (D) the greater the stress w_q{C>- cR  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 4a00-y='  
a,x-akZWf  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 w4<1*u@${  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 qk{2%,u$@{  
qd(C%Wk  
R2yiExw<  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , X zgJ@  
             A     B A?<R9A  
   thus making it possible the gentle ;*5$xs&=_Z  
       C            !#` .Mv Z  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. o( Yfnnuy  
         D vmm#UjwF3  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 r) ;U zd  
#S)+eH  
.(^KA{  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more A^nB!veh  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, G?)NDRM  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the _>+!&_h  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” N]udZhkn  
    (A) however 1`J-|eH=Q  
    (B) thus `w';}sQA7  
    (C) and 0F> ils  
    (D) moreover ej,j1iB  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 o|O730"2F  
d"o5uo  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the >?>@&A/  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing.  B C*62m  
    (A) to save the seeds CC&opC  
    (B) saving the seeds djJD'JL  
    (C)which saves the seeds V,:^@ 7d  
    (D) the seeds saved $2uk;&"?A=  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B /iURP-rl  
36"-cGNr{  
,yc_r= _  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 xe?!UCUb@  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. @9#l3  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. <8;SSdoKi  
:Y wb  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds.  >}<1  
   (A) the tallest =D-u".{  
   (B) the tallest that is -wr#.8rzTT  
   (C) which is the tallest wr);+.T9R  
   (D) which the tallest is oVlh4"y#Lf  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 x -;tV=E}  
EP eKg{w  
I;xSd.-  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of Yzr)UJl*I  
       A  B       C )LC"rSNx%  
   domestic animals. |k.%e4  
    D tKS'#y!R  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 B^;"<2b*  
&|9K~#LVS  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 KBC?SxJSJc  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: +H{TV#+r  
  program, programmed, programmed m&MAA^I  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: Q DVk7ks  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 ]`eP"U{  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be 0RZ[]:(  
VW`SqUl  
-UB XWl  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona G!T_X*^q2U  
   features structures built of red sandstone by aS! If>  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. ]9 $iUA%Ef  
   (A) That the +)xjw9b  
   (B) In the d/Sw.=vq  
   (C) Around the ;\g0* b(  
   (D) The jd`h)4  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 EVlj#~mV  
E1j3c :2  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called X5pb9zRq  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. p'`?CJq8  
   (A) to be made lqTc6@:D  
   (B) making )+Y"4?z~  
   (C) made ZsNZ3;d@u(  
   (D) are made OO2uE ;( 3  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 O9P+S|hcY  
L} "b p  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given {/j gB"9  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of P;`Awp?  
   human beings. -UM|u_  
   (A) without k Nvb>v  
   (B) lack %VGW]!QR  
   (C) minus Lf)JO|o  
   (D) not having -2[#1S*  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 ~N%+ZXh&E  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 !1Hs;K  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 m lxtey6H3  
tI@aRF=p]2  
q_6fr$-Qh  
十八、逻辑主语结构 ^mg:<_p  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 1c{m rsB  
2-DG6\QX|  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. sv!zY= 6  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members c`/VYgcTqB  
    of the committee q9dplEe5  
   (B) the committee members discussed the lu00@~rx/  
    problem Qd~z<U l  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee ]ag{sU@#  
    members the problem RcO"k3J  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by F3qCtx *N  
    the members of the committee S]ayH$w\Q  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B cxQAp  
h (q,T$7 W  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until 0zA;%oP  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. ImG8v[Q E  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch  4pl\qf  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn  =   
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch "{r8'qn  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn ?_FL 'G  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 Q 8Hl7__^  
_}Qtx/Cg  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her "b~C/-W I  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her ">.tPn  
   first article in print. dVYY:1PS  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane -yB}(69  
    Hawes had 4~3 n =T*  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane 1&! i:F#  
    Hawe's first J/jkb3  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first bS;_xDXd  
    teaching position 'KIT^k0"Ih  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching bJetqF6 n  
    position Nd]F 33|X  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 'x{oAtCP9  
s BB[u'h!  
例4: Even at low levels, --.  u&#>)h  
   (A) the nervous system has produced >STthPO  
     detrimental effects by lead :Bmn<2[Y;  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the 8 7(t<3V&  
    nervous system g%l ,a3"  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the 6w7;  
    nervous system o *J*} y  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on 'KA$^  
    the nervous system y 62f{ks_/  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 w[ v {)  
S[exnZ*Y  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking C u8mNB{H  
            A   B     C xcr2|  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. 0TmEa59P  
       D ;.uYWP|9  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 KE3`5Y!  
gLX<> |)*  
VkFh(Br<{  
十九、复合宾语结构 ot<d FvD  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 ,gVVYH?qR  
We played soccer. >8_y-74  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 @v%Kwe1Q  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语  9! jPZn  
j**[[  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 ,!l_  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, \:4*h  
例:We appoint him monitor. 'h jEd.  
  We elected him president. i]r(VKX  
eL SzGbKf  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck $(9QnH1KY  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not *)Qv;'U=rn  
   consider them --because they are now primarily @3?>[R  
   kept as pets. @GN2v,WA?  
   (A) where sporting dogs !"F;wg$  
   (B) sporting dogs ~(V\.h q  
   (C) when sporting dogs *SNdU^!  
   (D) they are sportingdogs i=EOk}R  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 E%`J =C}  
Q~(Gll;  
二十、It结构 wmr?ANk  
一、强调句型 zTg\\z;  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 oN1D&*  
XR+ SjCA  
这个句型需要注意几点: `*8}q!.  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; )aIcA  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; Rml'{S  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 MLWHO$C~T  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: }emUpju<C  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. Nj>6TD81u  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. << >+z5D+  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. KOy{?  
q| D5 A|)  
二、形式主语 c|?(>  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 $f =`fPo  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 rwq   
]M5~p^ RB  
WN'AQ~qA  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than *I]]Ogpq=  
    A               B O*:87:I d  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are ztO)~uL  
                  C \L*%?~  
   the main focus of social psychology. uuY^Q;^I*  
           D V+`kB3GV  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is DN2 ]Y'  
ly%^\jW  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of =7Ud-5c  
   educational films. |*{*tW C1  
   (A) It is  Xw4Eti._D  
   (B) There is  Nh!`"B2B  
   (C) Though there is WzzA:X  
   (D) Although it is R{@saa5I(>  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 E22o-nI?1  
Bq8#'K2i,  
:4{ `c.S  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 ,l>w9?0Z  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, zb0NqIN:  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 ud/!@WG  
M1Q&)am  
in which+完整的句子 \tgY2 :  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 @D9O<x  
31G:[;g  
名词+of which+谓语动词 [(n5-#1S  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 \Tz|COG5h\  
ei= 4u'  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of (pELd(*Ga  
   which are accented. gT8(LDJ  
   (A) line consists of each k4s V6f  
   (B) consists of each line  P@O_MT  
   (C) each line consists t!\aDkxo %  
   (D) it consists of each line ':4ny]F  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 E]#;K-j  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 NCk-[I?R  
b()8l'x_|K  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a | lLe^FM  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. = o(}=T>:"  
   (A) traps   EeYL~ORdi  
   (B) trap its  l4RqQ+[KA;  
   (C) which traps F>.y>h  
   (D) which it traps n~0wq(8M  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 o*$KiD  
1XN%&VR>^D  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists OXLB{|hH80  
  have paid little attention to cultural cEHpa%_5  
   A             u/W{JPlL  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of E zcch1  
         B      C }zA|M 9%E  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. -(57C*#ap  
           D kg Bkwp  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 (B` NnL$  
(B\Kb4m  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin zDYJe_m ~  
   became interested in the art movement *`OXgkQ  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, 0^{Tq0Ri[  
   both --her novels and short stories. xpa+R^D5G  
   (A) in which the influence 1N),k5I  
   (B) of which influenced v 0r:qku  
   (C) to have influence J*g<]P&p0  
   (D) its influence in GGHMpQ   
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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