填空题常考结构 <+-n
lK4
83SK<V6
一、主句单一原则 Ul9^"o
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 l>b'b e9
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 ;nP(S`'
i9XpP(mf
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. <j>;5!4!}
(A) They occur where they are WV.hQX9P
(B) Occuring where ^@O7d1&y
(C) Where they occur =>`zk^
(D) Where do they occur uJ
-$i
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 p|2GPrA]aL
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 t#|R"Q#
xZ P
SUEG
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center 4n6AK`E
(A) Fort Wayne ~Yi4?B<
(B) Although Fort Wayne Q|h$D~
(C) For wayne is in anbw\yh8
(D) Fort Wayne, in IRx%L?
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 ub-e! {
BLt58LYGX
[YULvWAJ
二、谓语动词专一原则 `x/i1^/_@
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 $M,<=.oT
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 'LPyh ;!f
heou\;GI"
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” mI,lW|/l,
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with .Ji9j[[#D
social issues.
EA>.SSs!
(A) covers G`O*AQ}[
(B) covers it \]f+
{d-&
(C) which covers gR# k'
(D) which it covers oio{@#DX`
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 Dh2Cj-|
~
A(E}2iP9=
m8{8r>6*
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused 0}NDi|o
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on Y,0Z&6 <
the paper. lL:!d.{
(A) the impression is C_Q3^mLx
(B) if the impression is 2sIt~ Gn
(C) impressions -V6caVlg
(D) the impression W%>T{}4
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression AE~a=e\x
三、平行结构 P1rjF:x[*
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 v(yJGEf0
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: n46!H0mJ
A and B, <L4$f(2
A , B, and C rN|=cn
bKsjbYuo
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- Vu.=,G
is known as accounting. |E?r+]
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary N`efLOMl]
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's Pp!4Ak4TT9
transactions q{9 \hEeb
(C) transactions of an enterprise are [G$ #jUt/O
summarized ;G8H'gM07
(D) summarizing the transactions of an o+=wQ$"tP
enterprise P05`DX}r,
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 _"Bj`5S
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 *t| !xO
3E;@.jD
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed H@@ 4n%MK
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and 9F[3B`w
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 7OmT^jV2
human patients. _x(hlHFk
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in .
5a>!B.I
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures nC,QvV
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures /jJD
{
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull @ U=y}vi8
fractures ![K\)7 iKo
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 td7(444]
P
_fCb
四、宾语从句结构 FhUi{`
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 N2s"$Ttq
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: wJ2cAX;"
state(陈述,表明)+that 6vbKKn`ST
indicate(指明,表明)+that G(wK(P0j
`ZEFH7P
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, r2\%/9uO
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite d)-ZL*o
units called quanta or photons.
=5Db^
(A) energy that z9IW&f~~P
(B) that it is energy 95#]6*#[4!
(C) it is energy ho{%7\
(D) that energy Cydo~/
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。
n(Nu
=JE<oVP8
(LTu=1
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth wp1O*)/q
indicate--yield when unusual weight is QDY uJ&!h
placed on them. fpQFNV
(A) although its crust and mantle kum@cA
(B) its crust and mantle to g
D)M7`4
(C) that its crust and mantle gWU#NRRc
(D) for its crust and mantle to TW&s c9
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 ,X_3#!y
五、介词+ which结构 @Un/,-ck
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 0cB]:*W
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, *c4OhMU(
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。
Y_n/r
D>
:a&M]+!
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, hd'QMr[;
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 -<x%
PtuRXx
例1:In the United States, a primary election is -n"f>c_{>
a method ---- voters select the nominees Nk-xnTZ"
for public office. *sp")h#Z
(A) that g5 *E\T%8
(B)by which ^3sv2wh^|8
(C)is that , Zie2I?q
(D)by those qh>An;:u
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 W<&/5s
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 do^=Oq07$
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 Oq<3&*
uu]C;wl
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players MbYgGE,LA
hit wooden balls through wire arches called 5);"()g32
wickers. a
{7*um
(A) when ~-sgk"$
(B) which 4Kj8i
(C) is when =zAFsRoD_B
(D) in which ecl6>PS$'
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 p\~ a=
}duqX R
六、in that结构 8}[<3K%*g
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, ok ,O/|E}?
because of +名词, (@T{ [\
consequently是副词 O
'#FVZ.g
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 s!gVY!0
;gHcDnH)
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals dcemF
---- it is a liquid. 1F0];{a
(A) whereas ,?K5/3ss
(B) in that _,F\%}
(C) because of yhK9rcJq6}
(D) consequently ]EN&EA"<
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 0ZL>-
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 mOjjw_3gq
OI/]Y7D[Oq
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual ~P!=fU)
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. ='Oxy
(A)they C_[
d
(B)in they 3M^`6W[;
(C)that they H`3w=T+I
(D)in that they Ak`?,*LM
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 (Ze\<Y#cv
7|J&fc5BP
rw@N=`4P
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 sSiZG
RHu,t5,
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ Br$/hn=
great inspiration for her poems. Xn!=/<TIVz
(A) that she drew ]/R>nT
(B) by drawing her HW6Cz>WxOW
(C) from which she drew 0eCjK.
(D) drawn from which h^K>(x
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 O1]XoUH<
七、what结构 !C.{nOfyv
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: )gR3S%Ju
what=the thing that =Y3 d~~
!wrAD"l*@
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend KA`)dMWL
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. P}PMRAek
(A) it grows q 7+ |U%!9
(B) what grows J2`OJsMwWe
(C) does it grow SYOU&*
(D) what does it grow HOPsp
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 C|ou7g4'p
G~4|]^`g
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle )T^aJ-Uf
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory -1!s8G
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. pq5bK0NQ
(A) there l)0yv2[h
(B) where
]<O-
(C) that w?c~be$
(D) what U09@pne8
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 -| t|w:&
tbi(e49S
m9m~ 2
八、同位语结构 iwEHEi%
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 *WXqN!:
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) Jbz>j\
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing n%P,"V
and swallowing . E{|n\|
(A) is the chief organ of taste s!BZrVM%I`
(B) tasting the organ chiefly j(=zc6m
(C) the chief organ of taste 2HvzMo-4
(D) the organ chiefly tastes :!g zx n
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 %^8>=
p/uOCQ|1l
u&Dd9kMz
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 T]J#>LBd
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号)
gIXc-=Ut
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of l{x?i00tAS
Native Americans in her novel, Century of \8X8NCM
Dishonor. gbRdng7(}
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause ./;*LD
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson a'|Dm7'4t
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause \it<]BN
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. Y_Lsmq2!
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 ;R?9|:7
cM'5m
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as D+
**o
hosts to many insect pests. DV~1gr,\
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than yo0?QRT
goldenrods CSooJ1Ep~'
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods Wh>Y_ k
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy 6Gs,-Kb:
plants oYN# T=Xi
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants xX.Ox
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 |"Oazll
g)iSC?H
3,B[%!3d
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 wB(
igPi
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 P5P<-T{-c
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to yx }Z:t
Athens. =;$&:Zjy/%
(A) the distance is 2h6F j&
(B) that the distance is ;SVF
"Uo
(C) is that the distance ,O(XNA(C
(D) the distance $P@P}%2
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 MU&5&)m
ix&hsNzD
九、比较结构 _bks*.9}3b
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 Rb~Kyy$
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less ]3QQ"HLcp
snow than --eastern Nebraska. gi@+27;
(A) does r% '2a+}D
(B) in 6]gs{zG
(C) it does in J= |[G'
(D) in it does c/2OR#$t
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 :({lXGc}4?
%e1vq
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. v @N8v
(A) rays more than infrared !P92e1
(B) rays are more infrared than 6y5arP*6e
(C) more than infrared rays rjR
(D) more infrared rays than esu6iU@
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。
_Wb-&6{
$uLzC]
8w*fg6,=
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 In;z\"NN4
例3:The activities of the international marketing $0W0+A$
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. ?<LG(WY
(A) the domestic marketer has *<