加入VIP 上传考博资料 您的流量 增加流量 考博报班 每日签到
   
主题 : 填空题常考结构
级别: 初级博友
显示用户信息 
楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 F 8sOc&L  
fiSX( 9  
一、主句单一原则 iS.gN&\z^  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 Bt$,=k  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 `<<9A\Y-f  
b|kL*{;  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. ]=xX_  
   (A) They occur where they are saQ ~v@  
   (B) Occuring where ls9Y?  
   (C) Where they occur oPbziB8  
   (D) Where do they occur '4~I %Z7L  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 Rh ]XJM  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 ' \>k7?@  
3bo [3 4  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center z/QYy)_j  
   (A) Fort Wayne t*Z5{   
   (B) Although Fort Wayne ObreDv^,  
   (C) For wayne is in s)-bOZi  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in l a 0:jO5  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 -*T0Cl.  
ta x:9j|~  
*(]ZdB_2  
二、谓语动词专一原则 4sH?8 5=j  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 \xC#Zs[<  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 u%"5<ll  
y )<+?@sP  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” q%vel.L]%  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with P (Y\l  
   social issues. 4N7|LxNNl_  
    (A) covers WI&}94w  
    (B) covers it >/%XP_q%`e  
    (C) which covers c_.Fe'E  
    (D) which it covers  Ja/  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 /Q:mUd  
WW^+X~Y  
I};*O6D`  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused %AWc`D  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on {L.uLr_?e  
   the paper. 1O,8=,K2a  
   (A) the impression is R)isWw4  
   (B) if the impression is Vu E$-)&)  
   (C) impressions a <F2]H=J  
   (D) the impression 0O]v|  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression .EH1;/  
三、平行结构 91q  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 {5d 5Y%&  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: i*!2n1c[  
A and B, N|Xm{@C  
A , B, and C SN\c 2^#  
~ ^   
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- 8B( v6(h  
   is known as accounting. MQ0r ln?  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary Qj(ppep\U"  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's =1,1}OucP  
     transactions j4]3}t0q  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are rcY &n^:  
     summarized S3E5^n\\  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an JAXD\StC  
     enterprise 0\@oqw]6hv  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 M:iH7K  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 WBm)Q#1:  
r`h".=oD  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed S'hUh'PZ  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and N>]J$[j  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 8?YeaMIBB  
   human patients. G'(rjH>q  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in CXyb8z4/+  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures 4i^WE;|s  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures NuD|%Ebs  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull $ &KkZ  
     fractures mdEl CC0  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 DrC"M*$!  
yTZ o4c "  
四、宾语从句结构 DX+zK'34  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 PwthYy  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: 5$cjCjY  
     state(陈述,表明)+that `.3@Ki~$#  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that ; D/6e6  
=+ >>l0=_v  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, *h3iAcM8  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite 83gWA>Odh  
   units called quanta or photons. ~ A=Gra  
    (A) energy that `8RKpZv&  
    (B) that it is energy *L$_80  
    (C) it is energy ubOXEkZ8N  
    (D) that energy BK6 X)1R  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 -GHd]7n  
K%x]:|,>M  
HK~SD:d  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth  HG?+b  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is q` IY;"~  
   placed on them. fi`\e W  
   (A) although its crust and mantle <p*k-mfr  
   (B) its crust and mantle to -eyF9++`  
   (C) that its crust and mantle s- PS]l@  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to L/C~l3  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 2bG3&G  
五、介词+ which结构 /o'lGvw  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 W.jXO"pN  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, *K;) ~@n  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 $6pLsX  
6WG g_x?3  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, R )Arr77  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 TPk?MeVy%W  
UgS`{&b36  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is $m2#oI 'D  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees aXJ/"k #Tl  
   for public office. xwof[BnEZ  
    (A) that O=RS</01!  
    (B)by which VYkh@j  
    (C)is that zHX\h [0f  
    (D)by those 6Uk+a=Ar  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 ~at@3j}W  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 C`g "Mk8  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 ^?+[yvq  
Si?s69  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players Nyy&'\`!  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called i`r`Fj}-S-  
   wickers. 4F#H$`:[  
   (A) when 9Sxr9FLW~  
   (B) which <Q9l'u]3$c  
   (C) is when ?`Yu~a{  
   (D) in which 3u/JcU-<  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 v-3VzAd=*&  
`K.C>68  
六、in that结构 xj>P5\mW#  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, nwKp8mfP  
  because of +名词, 1#,4P1"  
  consequently是副词 d/Q#Z  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 $kTm"I  
Za{O9Qc?D|  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals .h=n [`RB  
   ---- it is a liquid. ?pW1}: z  
   (A) whereas M=liG+d  
   (B) in that . f ja;aG  
   (C) because of ,XEIg  
   (D) consequently 9AVj/?kmU  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 Pl:4`oY3  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 w<`0D)mQ  
K`K v.4  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual 6v3l^~kc'  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. x*vD^1"'P  
   (A)they !~vK[G(R  
   (B)in they _gqqPny4$  
   (C)that they p *Q-o  
   (D)in that they *ai~!TR  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 MWv@]P_0p!  
A,_O=hA2I  
F9j@KC(yg  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 m~ ah!QM  
>g{&Qx`&  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ t <` As6}  
   great inspiration for her poems. v ^h:E  
   (A) that she drew 6U !P8q  
   (B) by drawing her vWoppt  
   (C) from which she drew * |,N/e  
   (D) drawn from which c},pu[nL  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 ts,r,{  
七、what结构 &'>m;W  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: (U&  
  what=the thing that .m]}Ba}J$  
&NBH'Rt  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend ar <8wq<4G  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. "HJ^>%ia  
   (A) it grows MG vz-E1e  
   (B) what grows *Mhirz% iD  
   (C) does it grow I.3~ctzu  
   (D) what does it grow 7zH2dqrj  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 g}0K@z3  
0]SWyC :  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle ?\8aT"o  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory 06]3+s{{  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. -0CBMoe  
   (A) there teS>t!d  
   (B) where @6G)(NGD  
   (C) that Nb$0pc1J<  
   (D) what zTcz+3x  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 &AJ bx  
,}IcQu'O  
/#Pm'i>B  
八、同位语结构 xZ {6!=4!  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 A.r7 ks  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) mj'~-$5T  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing Jai]z  
   and swallowing . s8,YQ5-  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste AF#: *<Ev  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly 29J|eBvxx  
   (C) the chief organ of taste )L9eLxI  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes hhPQ.{]>  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 z|3v~,  
GG>53} 7{  
h/tCve3Z  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 aaU4Jl?L  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) #-YbZ  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of A>gZl)c  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of YWn""8p;P  
   Dishonor. ` 1+*-g^r  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause 4|_xz; i  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson OT\D;Z"__I  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause 75;RAKGi  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. 7kV$O(4  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 PWS8Dpb  
S=P}Jpq?Y;  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as sP^:*B0  
   hosts to many insect pests. kKF=%J?X  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than k+{~#@  
     goldenrods )*}\fmOv{  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods 9QP=  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy e*'bY;8lo  
     plants #8t=vb3  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants hub]M  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 H 2I  
H9jlp.F  
qWK}  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 I`B ZZ-  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 l1zPL3"u_^  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to a`yCPnB(  
   Athens. W\B@0Iso  
   (A) the distance is Tg O]q4  
   (B) that the distance is ([$KXfAi]h  
   (C) is that the distance "8a V~]~Dj  
   (D) the distance ]z7pa^  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 ZWyf.VJ  
A* qR<cp[  
九、比较结构 (~\HizSl  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 -d!84_d9  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less )5`^@zx  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. l{rHXST|  
    (A) does qtVgjT2#H  
    (B) in De$Ic"Z9L  
    (C) it does in Xl$r720ZJr  
    (D) in it does O:V.;q2]U  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 4%v-)HGh  
4Vj]bm  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. kazgI>"Q8  
    (A) rays more than infrared q=cnY+p>  
    (B) rays are more infrared than A\/DAVnI  
    (C) more than infrared rays p*$=EomY  
    (D) more infrared rays than @(/$;I,  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 qoQ,3 &<  
yYJ +vs  
IL&R&8'  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 gv jy'Rm  
例3:The activities of the international marketing =v! 8i  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. >r:z`^p  
   (A) the domestic marketer has JDpW7OrDc  
   (B) the domestic marketer does }i;!p Ue$  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer 4GJx1 O0Ol  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer 's8LrO(=  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 '}Jq(ah(  
0a$hK9BH  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing &~)1mnv.  
   is greater than --. Q `h@-6N  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined A{hST~s  
   (B) mining and farming combination q={3fm  
   (C) that mining and farming combined /h!i Lun7I  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming h_t<Jl  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 pKL^ <'w0  
8{.:$T  
十、定语从句省略结构 `t #I e *  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 wdgC{W Gl  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture K@=_ &A!  
   and overpower. ")qO#b4  
   (A) can   A$'rT|>se  
   (B) they can aQfrDM<*XS  
   (C) which can 0V#eC  
   (D) and u/ 74E0$S  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 I^y,@EHR  
kKSn^q L*  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can x42m+5 /  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the !*|`-w oE  
   food they eat. sJ/?R:  
    (A) require n&uD=-  
    (B) requires k*xgF[T 8  
    (C) requiring 4#@zn 2l  
    (D)to require 2f@gR9T  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 HveOG$pT  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food  ^'c[HVJ  
\lpR+zaF  
 k@ZmI^  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 Y)4&PN~[  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of p2~MJ LK4  
    A "8Y4;lbN.q  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around qS|t7*  
   B          C      D K%A:W  
   the world. R nf$  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to M 7;P)da  
pTlNJ!U>  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive k:0HsN!F9  
          A  B      C r9uuVxBD  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. rOu7r4  
              D BK8)'9/  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more -HU5E>xG  
fWywegh  
十一、状语从句省略结构 gUB%6vG\I  
Metals expand when they are heated. Wo@0yF@  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: ;X ]+r$_  
0;j)rm t  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; Mg0[PbS  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, tTB,eR$  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 c3&;Y0SD  
E hROd  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of ,=tPh4>  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand *1fq:--  
   considerable impact. e:E:"elr]  
   (A) apparently 6;g"`l51  
   (B) are apparently |<l  sv  
   (C) apparently their ]4m;NId  
   (D) are they apparently |#);^z_  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 j>(O1z 7  
'a`cK;X9F  
6\7b E$K  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: B 3Y,| *  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; Wp" +\{@)  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) *UVo>;  
A{Jp>15AVg  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the q U (,q/l  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly ALVHKL2  
   white. ,Q8[Ur? G  
   (A) when, pure which ToWiXH)4  
   (B) when, which pure uOzol~TU)  
   (C) which, pure when /a}F ;^  
   (D) which, when pure 04`2MNfxG  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, (7l'e=J0  
N?Byp&rqI<  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine tI42]:z  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing WrB:)Q(8=  
   infrequently @]v}& j7  
   (A) Even .E H&GX  
   (B) It is dux.Z9X?  
   (C) Even though i2]7Bf)oV  
   (D) There is <'n'>@  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 b` a4SfbQS  
99<]~,t=5  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 -;NGS )RM  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 <v&L90+s\;  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; ''t\J^+&  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 \wMqVRPoQ  
_C`&(?}  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: O52B  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 S2y_5XJ<D  
  The starring troops have to surrender. p.wed% O.  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; b+=@;0p*6B  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 |ry![\  
olm0O  (9  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is n["G ry  
6 zyxGJ(  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often M Ewa^  
   called scapegoating. cn ~/P|B[  
   (A) Eliminate problems /penB[ 1i  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) ~,^pya  
   (C) Eliminating problems 1tZ7%0R\g]  
   (D) Problems are eliminated XE#a#  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 uSsP'qd  
4h*c{do  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them "]SA4Ud^  
   from damage due to weather. tDC?St1  
    (A) Painting t6q7 w  
    (B) Painted R$Rub/b6  
    (C) The paint Wq2 Bo*[*  
    (D) By painting >b7Yk)[%  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 <)$e*HrI  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 9]L4`.HM  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting -<6b[YA  
:R'={0Jg  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to Y=?Tm,z4  
   conserve water in the winter. o$p] p9  
   (A) when losing leaves  ^:^  
   (B) leaves are lost H73 r3BH  
   (C) that losing leaves swz)gh-*  
   (D) the leaves losing &c^tJ-s  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 F2 >W{-H+  
03n+kh  
十三、make结构 WCYVonbg"  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) <CcSChCg  
共有三种形式: !lL~#l:F  
   make it possible+to do .wO-2h{Q  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 &s{d r  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) N^{}Q vrr  
z%;_h-  
做题技巧: 1j]vJ4R_\  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it '};mBW4z  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it L=@8Z i!2<  
G|I}x/X"Q7  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and J'%W_?wZ  
   thus make--details that are otherwise y5j ;Daq  
   impossible to observe . *^iSP(dg  
   (A) it visible \bies1TBB^  
   (B) visibly \8)FVpS  
   (C) visible 7ju^B/ 7  
   (D) they are visible 3fUiYI|&7  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 ?r}2JHvN  
;D<;pW  
6n\){dkZ~  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large hT% >)71  
   amount of information on a single map. 09=w  
   (A) possible PB )vE  
   (B) it possible &"=O!t2  
   (C) it is possible ~"Su2{"8B  
   (D) that possible R*H-QH/H1  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 `*xSn+wL`_  
" eS-i@  
{5 3#Xd  
十四、the more …the more…结构 mln%Rd6u/  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: Y}h&dAr  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 TpYdIt9#>  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 6A4{6B  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 0S\HO<~k  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 (S_1C,  
uM[[skc  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the zpy&\#Vc  
   number of lines of magnetic force. KDr)'gl&  
   (A) of [4-u{Tu  
   (B) the S-79uo  
   (C) is the \*#E4`Y  
   (D) is of the LAGg(:3f3  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B , w,)n^  
U8eU[|-8O/  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the ||;a#FZ^  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  @9g!5dcT  
   (A) the stress it is greater D7C%Y^K]>E  
   (B) greater is the stress _:Ov-HIR  
   (C) greater stress is $oIGlKc:L  
   (D) the greater the stress Mvk#$:8e  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 G ' CYvV  
h=_h,?_  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 _m1WY7  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 ?Q6ZZQ~  
ScC!?rTW~7  
NTSKmCvQG  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , F :-6Htmj  
             A     B DO? bJ01  
   thus making it possible the gentle 8;P_KRaE  
       C            r<.*:]L  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. 7@i2Mz/eV  
         D D 3}e{J8  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 0'Qo eFKG  
i{ 2rQy+  
Uf-`g>  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more %suXp,j  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, 0N3S@l#,\A  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the _:l<4u !   
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” HUY1 nb=  
    (A) however )IZ~!N|-w  
    (B) thus 610 hw376B  
    (C) and g/m%A2M&aH  
    (D) moreover Gnmxp%&}P|  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 $kk!NAW  
`'<&<P  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the ^k}jPc6  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. 4U1"F 7'  
    (A) to save the seeds ;u: }rA)  
    (B) saving the seeds EYF]&+ 9  
    (C)which saves the seeds v:$Y |mh  
    (D) the seeds saved (1b%);L7  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B ceqYyVy  
.%EEly  
K%"cVqb2V  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 }nJG<rY  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. O~AOZ^a:2  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. JR j%d&^}  
` Z0#IeX=  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. S?_ ;$Cn  
   (A) the tallest Ng3MfbFG  
   (B) the tallest that is Q[k7taoy  
   (C) which is the tallest If_S_A c  
   (D) which the tallest is cEd!t6Z  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 *:}NS8hP  
vWwnC)5  
oA&V,r  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of !%?X% @9  
       A  B       C $Q|t^(  
   domestic animals. Osdw\NNH~M  
    D ]64 mSB  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 8 ]N+V:  
YGObTIGJvf  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 +M6qbIO  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: *Ki ],>_~  
  program, programmed, programmed N}>XBZy  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: Vet7a_  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 tw]RH(g+#  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be ^Q]*CU+C  
PQsqi;=)  
0=;jGh}|i  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona B8_ w3;x  
   features structures built of red sandstone by 0EYK3<k9!  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. })|+tZ  
   (A) That the k|,pj^  
   (B) In the vS:%(Y"!<  
   (C) Around the dvk? A$  
   (D) The AyKaazm]9  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 jBV2]..  
u7&r'rZ1_!  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called a4X J0Tm  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. 0 iW]#O/  
   (A) to be made O k_I}X  
   (B) making /J8AnA1  
   (C) made {>G\3|^D  
   (D) are made -3X#$k8  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 ;"&^ckP  
C8y 3T/G  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given @dcT8 YC  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of dZRz'd  
   human beings. d5]9FIj  
   (A) without Tn/T :7C  
   (B) lack tuK"}HepB  
   (C) minus -c%GlpZw  
   (D) not having cg<10KT  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 ji`N1e,l  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 `ItMn&P  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 kYz)h  
0[xu m  
,Vt7Kiu  
十八、逻辑主语结构 Rs{L  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 18Vtk"j  
4*l ShkL  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. E$34myOVf  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members e\k=T }  
    of the committee C!B2 .:ja  
   (B) the committee members discussed the ,2[laJ  
    problem FsY}mql  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee 85m[^WGyh  
    members the problem 9cWl/7;zXO  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by A<r@,*(g  
    the members of the committee 5Qo\0YH  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B $f*N  
&iR>:=ks N  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until O!lZ%j@%  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. Zb8Ty~.\P  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch _$NFeqLww  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn ?7@B$OlU  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch |J'@-*5?[8  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn >1,.4)k%K  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 {%9)l,  
'49&qO5B  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her uo_Y"QiKEH  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her \$/)o1SG  
   first article in print. d `>M-:dF  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane 36*"oD=@  
    Hawes had &&xBq?  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane 1LZ?!Lw  
    Hawe's first .|JJyjRA+  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first =GL}\I  
    teaching position lt|\$Iy(  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching VJDF/)X3$  
    position GRB/ N1=  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 A`T VV  
-GD_xk  
例4: Even at low levels, --. TUIj-HSe  
   (A) the nervous system has produced WM .JoQ  
     detrimental effects by lead --d<s  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the  01g=Cg  
    nervous system o%i^t4J$e  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the cTCo~Pk4  
    nervous system x9Fga_  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on n.ZLR=P4  
    the nervous system E0'+]"B  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 J 05@SG':  
Ve*NM|jg  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking N:GSfM@g  
            A   B     C XE* @*  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. GwQW I ]  
       D 'DO^($N  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 %@#+Xpa+  
@X4Ur+d  
C93BK)$}  
十九、复合宾语结构 NUbw]Y90~  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 ?YWfoH4mS  
We played soccer. I_6N Y,dF  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 T]-yTsto  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 s:3 altv  
5LdVcXf  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 Oo |*q+{  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, M #'br<]  
例:We appoint him monitor. <_$]!Z6UR  
  We elected him president. g NF8&T  
nw swy]e8/  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck JTK>[|c9oE  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not CF"$&+s9  
   consider them --because they are now primarily oJa6)+b(3  
   kept as pets. xFxl9oM."  
   (A) where sporting dogs ^ CVhV  
   (B) sporting dogs B ?A c  
   (C) when sporting dogs |$"2R3  
   (D) they are sportingdogs ie|I*;#  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 &7z79#1NS  
^,u0kMG5l  
二十、It结构 MJNY#v3  
一、强调句型 V ij P;  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 ^2f'I iE  
GslUN% UJr  
这个句型需要注意几点: T'\B17 :*  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; h/~:}Bof  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; /~3~Xc ~=p  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 =|>CB  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: .N2yn`  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. F*V<L   
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. '=MaO@ @  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. ,XT#V\qne  
^0"^Xk*  
二、形式主语 b3(pRg[Fp  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 tHNvb\MR$  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 *9:oTN  
[ZwZGAP  
`$og]Dn;  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than ?^Sk17G  
    A               B *r!f! eA:  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are ,w~0U  
                  C 9pPb]v,6  
   the main focus of social psychology. 89@\AjI  
           D .G[y^w)w}  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is Ol,;BZHc\  
8r '  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of M99#\0=/  
   educational films. KTn,}7vZ  
   (A) It is  ~;St,Fw<<  
   (B) There is  nb(4"|8}  
   (C) Though there is WqN=  D5  
   (D) Although it is hW*2Le!I  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 `abQlBb*  
9tZ)#@\  
EubR] ckB  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 wUzQ`h2  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, .d`+#1Ot(  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 Cpaeo0Oq  
*nNzhcuR  
in which+完整的句子 GZT}a MMSJ  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 m1_?xU  
`;fh<kv  
名词+of which+谓语动词 J*6I@_{/ U  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 Rs B o\#`  
Okk[}G)  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of q! W ~>c!  
   which are accented. lEi,duS)  
   (A) line consists of each 2>Kq)Ii  
   (B) consists of each line /rp4m&!  
   (C) each line consists b{)('C$  
   (D) it consists of each line vZ 4Z+;.  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 O;[PEV ~  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 1=#r$H  
x6HebIR+  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a ]6OrL TmP  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. N&NOh|YS  
   (A) traps   Td[w<m+p<P  
   (B) trap its  yP0P-8  
   (C) which traps yW Iieztp  
   (D) which it traps o0-e,F>u  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 A`(p6 H"s  
*p?b"{_a  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists p@i U}SUaE  
  have paid little attention to cultural ]wne2WXE  
   A             7~\Dzcfk"P  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of S !c/"~X+  
         B      C ,b>cy&ut  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. ?Z4& j'z<  
           D 3+A 0O%0*  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 iN<5[ztd  
3JW9G04.  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin #a#~YSnG  
   became interested in the art movement qjR;c& qR  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, @mP@~  
   both --her novels and short stories. ^e@c Ozt  
   (A) in which the influence WY 2b   
   (B) of which influenced |D]jdd@!a2  
   (C) to have influence A!^K:S:@  
   (D) its influence in fS#/-wugOB  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
评价一下你浏览此帖子的感受

精彩

感动

搞笑

开心

愤怒

无聊

灌水

  
级别: 初级博友
显示用户信息 
沙发  发表于: 2008-09-04   
描述
快速回复

验证问题:
2+6=? 正确答案:8
按"Ctrl+Enter"直接提交