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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 <+-n lK4  
83SK<V6  
一、主句单一原则 Ul9^"o  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 l>b'b e9  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 ;nP(S`'  
i9XpP(mf  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. <j>;5!4!}  
   (A) They occur where they are WV.hQX9P  
   (B) Occuring where ^@O 7d1&y  
   (C) Where they occur =>`z k^  
   (D) Where do they occur uJ -$i   
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 p|2GPrA]aL  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 t#|R"Q#  
xZ P SUEG  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center 4n6AK`E  
   (A) Fort Wayne ~Yi4?B<  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne Q|h$D~  
   (C) For wayne is in anbw\yh8  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in IRx% L?  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 ub-e!{  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 `x/i1^/_@  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 $M,<=.oT  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 'LPyh ;!f  
heou\;GI"  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” mI,lW|/l,  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with .Ji9j[[#D  
   social issues. EA>.SSs!  
    (A) covers G`O*AQ}[  
    (B) covers it \]f+ {d- &  
    (C) which covers gR# k'   
    (D) which it covers oio{@#DX`  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 Dh2Cj-| ~  
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m8{8r>6*  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused 0}NDi|o  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on Y,0Z&6 <  
   the paper. lL:!d.{  
   (A) the impression is C_Q3^mLx  
   (B) if the impression is 2sIt~ Gn  
   (C) impressions -V6caVlg  
   (D) the impression W%>T{}4  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression AE~a=e\x  
三、平行结构 P1rjF:x[*  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 v(yJGEf0  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: n46!H0mJ  
A and B, <L4$f(2  
A , B, and C rN|=cn  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- Vu.=,G  
   is known as accounting. |E?r+]  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary N`efLOMl]  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's Pp!4Ak4TT9  
     transactions q{9 \hEeb  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are [G$#jUt/O  
     summarized ;G8H' gM07  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an o+=wQ$"tP  
     enterprise P05`DX}r,  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 _"Bj`5S  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 *t| !xO  
3E;@.jD  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed H@@ 4n%MK  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and 9F[3B`w  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 7OmT^jV2  
   human patients. _x(hlHFk  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in . 5a>!B.I  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures nC,QvV  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures /jJD {  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull @U=y}vi8  
     fractures ![K\)7iKo  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 td7(444]  
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四、宾语从句结构 F hUi{`  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 N2s"$Ttq  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: wJ2cAX;"  
     state(陈述,表明)+that 6vbKKn`ST  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that G(wK(P0j  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, r2\%/9uO  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite d)-ZL*o  
   units called quanta or photons. =5Db^  
    (A) energy that z9IW&f~~P  
    (B) that it is energy 95#]6*#[4!  
    (C) it is energy ho{%7\  
    (D) that energy Cydo~/  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 n(Nu  
=JE<oVP8  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth wp1O*)/q  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is QDYuJ&!h  
   placed on them. fpQFNV  
   (A) although its crust and mantle ku m@cA  
   (B) its crust and mantle to g D)M7`4  
   (C) that its crust and mantle gWU#NRRc  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to TW& s c9  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 ,X_3#!y  
五、介词+ which结构 @Un/,-ck  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 0cB]:*W  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, *c4OhMU(  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 Y_n/r D>  
:a&M]+!  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, hd'QMr[;  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 -<x%  
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is -n"f>c_{>  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees Nk -xnTZ"  
   for public office. *sp")h#Z  
    (A) that g5 *E\T%8  
    (B)by which ^3sv2wh^|8  
    (C)is that ,Zie2I?q  
    (D)by those qh>An;:u  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 W<&/5s  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 do^=Oq07$  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 Oq<3&*  
uu]C;wl  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players MbYgGE,LA  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called 5);"()g32  
   wickers. a {7*um  
   (A) when ~-sgk"$  
   (B) which 4Kj 8 i  
   (C) is when =zAFsRoD_B  
   (D) in which ecl6>PS$'  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 p\~ a=  
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六、in that结构 8}[<3K%*g  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, ok,O/|E}?  
  because of +名词, (@T{ [\  
  consequently是副词 O '#FVZ.g  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 s!gVY!0  
;gHcDnH)  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals dc emF  
   ---- it is a liquid. 1F0];{a  
   (A) whereas ,?K5/3ss  
   (B) in that _,F\%}  
   (C) because of yhK9rcJq6}  
   (D) consequently ]EN&EA"<  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 0ZL>-  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 mOjjw_3gq  
OI/]Y7D[Oq  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual ~P!=fU)  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. ='Oxy  
   (A)they C_[ d  
   (B)in they 3M^`6W[;  
   (C)that they H`3w=T+I  
   (D)in that they Ak`?,*L M  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 (Ze\<Y#cv  
7|J&fc5BP  
rw@N=`4P  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 sSiZG  
RHu,t5,  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ Br$/hn=  
   great inspiration for her poems. Xn!=/<TIVz  
   (A) that she drew ]/R>nT  
   (B) by drawing her HW6Cz>WxOW  
   (C) from which she drew 0eCjK.   
   (D) drawn from which h^ K>(x  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 O1]XoUH<  
七、what结构 !C.{nOfyv  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: )gR3S%Ju  
  what=the thing that =Y3d~~  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend KA`)dMWL  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. P}PMRAek  
   (A) it grows q 7+|U%!9  
   (B) what grows J2`OJsMwWe  
   (C) does it grow SYOU &*  
   (D) what does it grow HOPsp  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 C|ou7g4'p  
G~4|]^`g  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle )T^aJ-Uf  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory -1!s8G  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. pq5bK0N Q  
   (A) there l)0yv2[h  
   (B) where ]<O -  
   (C) that w?c~be$  
   (D) what U09@pne8  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 -| t|w:&  
tbi(e49S  
m9m~2   
八、同位语结构 iw EHEi%  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 *WXqN!:  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) Jb z>j\  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing n %P,"V  
   and swallowing . E{|n\|  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste s!BZrVM%I`  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly j(=zc6m  
   (C) the chief organ of taste 2HvzMo-4  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes :!gzx n  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 %^8>=  
p/uOCQ|1l  
u&Dd9kMz  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 T]J#>LBd  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) gIXc-=Ut  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of l{x?i00tAS  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of \ 8X8N CM  
   Dishonor. gbRdng7(}  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause ./;*L D  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson a'|Dm7'4t  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause \it<]BN  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. Y_Lsmq2!  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 ;R?9|:7  
cM'5m  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as D+  **o  
   hosts to many insect pests. DV~1gr,\  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than yo0?QRT  
     goldenrods CSooJ1Ep~'  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods Wh> Y_ k  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy 6Gs,-Kb:  
     plants oYN# T=Xi  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants xX.Ox  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 |"Oazll  
g)iSC?H  
3,B[%!3d  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 wB( igPi  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 P5P<-T{-c  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to yx}Z:t  
   Athens. =;$&:Zjy/%  
   (A) the distance is 2h6F j&  
   (B) that the distance is ;SVF "Uo  
   (C) is that the distance ,O(XNA(C  
   (D) the distance $P@P}%2  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 MU&5&)m  
ix&hsNzD  
九、比较结构 _bks*.9}3b  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 Rb~Kyy$  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less ]3QQ"HLcp  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. gi@+2 7;  
    (A) does r%'2a+}D  
    (B) in 6]gs{zG  
    (C) it does in J= |[G'  
    (D) in it does c/2OR#$t  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 :({lXGc}4?  
% e1vq  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. v @N8v  
    (A) rays more than infrared !P92e1  
    (B) rays are more infrared than 6y5arP*6e  
    (C) more than infrared rays rjR  
    (D) more infrared rays than esu6iU@  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 _Wb-&6{  
$uLzC]  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 In;z\"NN4  
例3:The activities of the international marketing $0W0+A$  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. ?<LG(WY  
   (A) the domestic marketer has *<A;jP  
   (B) the domestic marketer does i ~FCt4  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer y=j[v},4  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer O@=mN*<gg0  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 I] "$h]T  
c,~44Z  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing < NAR'{f  
   is greater than --. n[WeN NU  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined q9!#S  
   (B) mining and farming combination h1gb&?w5P  
   (C) that mining and farming combined }mGD`5[`  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming 'q^Gg;c>+  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 y^Jv?`jw  
w:LCm `d  
十、定语从句省略结构 *h%G4M  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 JS:lysu  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture ).S<{zm7  
   and overpower. zn x_p /V  
   (A) can   %Uk/P  
   (B) they can Ww@;9US 3  
   (C) which can prs<ZxbQb  
   (D) and ,+BgY4OY  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 \xZBu"  
2"'8x?.V  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can y~=hM   
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the #dt2'V- ,  
   food they eat. oMe]dK  
    (A) require O*v+<|0!l  
    (B) requires 4w6K|v<X  
    (C) requiring l1qwT0*6>  
    (D)to require 1Qu,]i`  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 TjK5UML  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food j1C.#-P[  
FxX3Pq8h  
E <SE Fn  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 Z+W&C@Uw  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of K-C,+ eI  
    A e:D"_B  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around 2vN(z %p  
   B          C      D {kH^OZ^(e  
   the world. ;j>d"i36&  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to walRqlo@  
Kn$1W=B1.  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive I<K/d  
          A  B      C &:#8ol(n5b  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. }C"*ACjF   
              D /j/%wT2m  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more yN<fmi};c  
,HkhKbQ  
十一、状语从句省略结构 }cej5/*  
Metals expand when they are heated. Q]5^Eiq8  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: `A _8nW)  
@dCPa7:>&  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; GR[>mkW!M  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, *Yu\YjLPG  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 z12But\<  
Qr%Jm{_o  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of :+Q"MIU  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand 6Hbf9,vI  
   considerable impact. G+ X [R^RD  
   (A) apparently RL Zf{Q>  
   (B) are apparently &:CjUaP@  
   (C) apparently their 6_5d  
   (D) are they apparently G6 8Nv:  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 MR_b q_)  
1H4Zgh U  
W _,;eyo  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: }t 51U0b%  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; < VaMUm<2  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) ff}a <w  
3[=`uO0\7  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the u[i7:V%  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly 4iv ]N 4  
   white. uB <F.!3  
   (A) when, pure which 0)oN[  
   (B) when, which pure 3Q$'qZw p  
   (C) which, pure when y2#>c*  
   (D) which, when pure zzfn0g  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, R@<_Hb;Aeb  
%7]XW2u  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine WR a+zii,  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing e*P=2*]M  
   infrequently P YF.#@":&  
   (A) Even >I d!I  
   (B) It is r9] rN  
   (C) Even though 3@yTzaq6  
   (D) There is J`r,_)J"2  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 ;wbUk5Tf/  
("?&p3];b  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 kG$E tE#  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 >:jM}*dnL  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; ,!I?)hwOC  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 MyH[vE^b  
l`b1%0y  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: 7$ =Y\ P  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 ;P;"F21^>  
  The starring troops have to surrender. ou'~{-_xd  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; SE^j=1  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 pcy<2UV  
SOp=~z  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is C,A!tj7@  
E dn[cH7  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often p^1zIC>F  
   called scapegoating. #wenX$UTh3  
   (A) Eliminate problems 'qL5$zG  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) r{\BbUnf)  
   (C) Eliminating problems #bT8QbJ(  
   (D) Problems are eliminated >Mvka;T]  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 (j' {~FB  
Wy<[(Pd   
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them {O^TurbTFA  
   from damage due to weather. I^~=,D  
    (A) Painting A4G,}r *n  
    (B) Painted Y1{B c<tC  
    (C) The paint "S5S|dBc  
    (D) By painting  fb\DiKsW  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 "8N"Udu  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 Q%ruQ#  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting #s"851e  
5|ic3  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to Dv&>*0B  
   conserve water in the winter. }N3V5cab  
   (A) when losing leaves A\K,_&x1Z  
   (B) leaves are lost `Da+75 f6v  
   (C) that losing leaves 6*IpAIh  
   (D) the leaves losing g \Wj+el}  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 |h}B{D  
9)+@0fG)  
十三、make结构 mN;+TN'?{  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) _\.{6""  
共有三种形式: 79ckLd9  
   make it possible+to do UVz/n68\k7  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 '-vE%U@<  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) fXO_g  
<l$P&jSF3  
做题技巧: $r\"6e  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it G"T\=cQz  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it q-nER<  
-DP*q3  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and =O!|IAe#  
   thus make--details that are otherwise BOvF)4`  
   impossible to observe . g5+7p@'fV  
   (A) it visible Fj1NN  
   (B) visibly FJeiY#us  
   (C) visible h[kU<mU"T  
   (D) they are visible yto[8;)_  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 =su]w2,Iy  
^s&W>hTX:  
5\bJR0I@  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large &]F3#^!^  
   amount of information on a single map. ,\YAnKn6_  
   (A) possible " .4,."  
   (B) it possible O^Q ,-=tA\  
   (C) it is possible N\NyXh$  
   (D) that possible 7I9aG.;  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 vDFGd-S  
xb:&(6\F  
x|i_P|Z  
十四、the more …the more…结构 :g6n,p_#  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: ~g6 3qs  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 o*5U:'=5}  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 SJ?c I!=x  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 CrC =A=e  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 c9wfsapJ  
o`n$b(VZ  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the `d\r;cE%lm  
   number of lines of magnetic force. ! | #83  
   (A) of Ts.wh >`  
   (B) the =LkR!R=  
   (C) is the k D5!}+y  
   (D) is of the :9|\Z|S(I  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B 9QQyl\  
gw36Ec<M  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the H c^W%t~  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  Lfog {Vzs  
   (A) the stress it is greater 83%)/_&  
   (B) greater is the stress vi.w8 >CE  
   (C) greater stress is >J9oH=S6  
   (D) the greater the stress H@bf'guA|B  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 MN ^Aw9U  
6;'dUG vH  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 UT0){%2@  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 21hv%CF\9  
)R`xR,H  
I$q]. B  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , R^?/' dr  
             A     B hj'(*ND7z  
   thus making it possible the gentle *(C(tPhC  
       C            X+UJzR90  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. <-D/O$q  
         D OC-gA}FZ-}  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 q$I:`&  
RuII!}*  
UMAgA!s  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more FEV Ep  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, X}+>!%W!}  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the S$QG.K:<!  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” M#(+c_(r  
    (A) however SkmT`*v@  
    (B) thus DI+fwXeg  
    (C) and uj :%#u  
    (D) moreover 'Lu__NfN  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 ZYC<Wb)I  
`@nl  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the >0"+4<72  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. EK4d_L]I  
    (A) to save the seeds V4_=<W  
    (B) saving the seeds zux{S; :?  
    (C)which saves the seeds %}%Qc6.H  
    (D) the seeds saved yU9DSY\m{  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B gHo?[pS%y  
Y'8?.a]'  
r,h%[JKM  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 97 }OL`y  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. 0N $v"uX@  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. \SB c;  
!qWH`[:  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. CL UW!F  
   (A) the tallest K~R`%r_  
   (B) the tallest that is )v.=jup[  
   (C) which is the tallest `Tv[DIVW  
   (D) which the tallest is 9po3m]|zy  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 #T'{ n1AI  
0"f\@8r(  
% ~H=sjg  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of T7hcnF$  
       A  B       C 1=d6NX)B  
   domestic animals. Yp^rR }N  
    D ]QlwR'&j/n  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 4\8+9b\9"  
T?ZRiR)@  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 1SCR.@ k<  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: f'EuY17w  
  program, programmed, programmed YUtC.TR1  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: wsI`fO^A8  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 L.*M&Ry  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be TJ6*t!'*X  
P-yjN  
Y 5- F@(  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona z[L8$7L  
   features structures built of red sandstone by d928~y W  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. ^/I 7|u]  
   (A) That the N4F.Y"R$(  
   (B) In the :L F?  
   (C) Around the n|Q@UPb/=  
   (D) The e>+i>/Fn{h  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 D#cyOrzy  
4xjPiHd<  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called iT3BF"ZqBO  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. tdBm (CsN  
   (A) to be made [%y';`( x  
   (B) making xpV|\2C  
   (C) made s~ a"4~f  
   (D) are made Dp,L/1GQ8  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 xHv ZV<#  
*+Ek0M  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given md)c0Bg8~  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of !;q&NHco  
   human beings. at#ja_ hd  
   (A) without ry`Ho8N  
   (B) lack o4G?nvK-  
   (C) minus T*Y~\~Jhu  
   (D) not having Q{sH3Y#l  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 SoW9p^HJ  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 EH+"~-v)ae  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 XRM_x:+]  
!"?#6-,Xn  
SD"FErJ  
十八、逻辑主语结构 (9''MlGd%  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 K -nF lPm\  
jwc)Lj}  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. [%"|G9  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members !,wIQy_e4  
    of the committee h]IxXP?h[  
   (B) the committee members discussed the q(  
    problem 1{)5<!9!l  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee yZ0-wI  
    members the problem MK%9:wZ  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by pNG:0  
    the members of the committee C)um9}  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B *>Ns_su7W  
|kyX 3~  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until Z^bQ^zk-  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. 5bRJS70M  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch :(/~:^!  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn #{\J Nb+w%  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch [>jbhV'  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn x>**;#7)  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 =:xW>@bh|  
 L O}@dL  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her 9g9HlB&Ze  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her Y xr>"KH6a  
   first article in print. ax"+0L {  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane Y@;CF  
    Hawes had AFq~QXmr)  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane vNyf64)  
    Hawe's first /j #n  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first ]&o$b]  
    teaching position xsIY7Ss U  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching bBiE  
    position R|6Cv3:  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 "Bh}}!13  
sfpZc7  
例4: Even at low levels, --. 0CZ :Bo[3  
   (A) the nervous system has produced R4[N:~Z$|  
     detrimental effects by lead S(k3 `;K  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the ^P[e1?SZG  
    nervous system ~Q Oe##  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the $[Sc0dz J  
    nervous system *l"T$H   
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on  e2AX0(  
    the nervous system JYMiLph<  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 pI1-cV,`  
9)h"-H;5:  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking +vw\y  
            A   B     C Z&G+bdA>,  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. Yz'K]M_Dq  
       D 8Q.T g.  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 $By< $  
/}((l%UE.  
^6jV_QM#  
十九、复合宾语结构 IDad9 Bx  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 M=8.Bp|Ye  
We played soccer. C1V|0h u  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 ML}J\7R  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 \Q {m9fE  
I )~GZ  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 P:hBt\5B  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, DMAIM|h  
例:We appoint him monitor. 1Rt33\1J0  
  We elected him president. 48J@C vU  
'<gI8W</  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck *zaQx+L  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not :W"~ {~#?  
   consider them --because they are now primarily `A,-@`p  
   kept as pets. t DO=P c  
   (A) where sporting dogs =R^%(Py  
   (B) sporting dogs 0$(WlP |  
   (C) when sporting dogs SDC4L <!  
   (D) they are sportingdogs _H9 MwJ  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 > ;jZa  
`b?R#:G  
二十、It结构 OP;v bZ  
一、强调句型 q'+)t7!  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 \0A3]l  
E}%B;"b/Tj  
这个句型需要注意几点: G5{T5#  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; R%Hi+#/dr-  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; [m- >5H  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 I"xo*}  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: "H2EL}3/]  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. !d'GE`w T  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. f<GhkDPm>?  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. y$;/Vm_'  
_qU4Fadgm  
二、形式主语 G3C~x.(f  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 ( B!uy`  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 O8^A5,2@3>  
 ;i4Q|  
x;w6na  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than B)$| vK=  
    A               B !H#bJTXB  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are lVd^ ^T*fh  
                  C 57aXQ8u{  
   the main focus of social psychology. ~W*FCG# E  
           D "7U4'Y:E  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is [<7@{ ;r  
3s5z UT;  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of eP.wOl  
   educational films. 1Vsz4P"O $  
   (A) It is  16w|O |^<  
   (B) There is  ~3^ 8>d/  
   (C) Though there is Mo y <@+  
   (D) Although it is r`=+L-!  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 dW)B1iUo!  
F7A=GF'  
w2 ;eh]k  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 ,%6P0 #-  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, H  >j  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 tankR9(o  
VdPtPq1  
in which+完整的句子 t\ ?ik6  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 VX].3=T8  
4Fa~Aog  
名词+of which+谓语动词 Hek *R?M|  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 y.anl  
!4]T XH0f  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of 1G"z<v B  
   which are accented. -mAUo;O  
   (A) line consists of each ,f<?;z   
   (B) consists of each line DD7h^-x  
   (C) each line consists ;t'5},(FP  
   (D) it consists of each line *Tas`WA  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 u0 P|0\  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 3%l*N&gsg:  
V E#Wb7  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a #eQJEajv5  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. VkvB<3  
   (A) traps   ,eOB(?Ku  
   (B) trap its  %+f>2U4I  
   (C) which traps Z&#('Z  
   (D) which it traps rw: c  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 mIurA?&7!  
~KHVY)@P  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists ?: N @!jeJ  
  have paid little attention to cultural jB`,u|FG  
   A             D'7SAFOM  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of }0eF~>Df  
         B      C cFaaLUZk  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. lU @]@_<  
           D ? K ;dp  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 4^TG>j?M  
6""G,"B  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin Inn@2$m~  
   became interested in the art movement 18~>ZR  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, TFH\K{DM  
   both --her novels and short stories. ^c<ucv6.  
   (A) in which the influence ]4~lYuI4  
   (B) of which influenced 'd.EC#  
   (C) to have influence ,u!*2cWN  
   (D) its influence in 1KMLG=  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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