该错题常考要点 us.#|~i<h
一、代词 {&5lZ<nu8A
代词中主要讲解六个问题 #Oka7.yz
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 ACRuDY
主格、宾格、所有格 ucN'
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名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) I~
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(二) 反身代词 Oe5rRQ$O
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 K43%9=sM
He killed himself. (他自杀了) yqN`R\d
He killed him. (他杀了他) ZHTi4JY
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating =gVMt
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a series of indicators that could help \U:OQ.e
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themselves to predict earthquakes. M<-Q8a~
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 .W{CJh
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 DzVCEhf
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 ;\K]~
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 )Cy>'l*Og7
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies ;@Zuet
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the a2P)@R
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Pacific. }m+Q(2
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 }u8(7
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 7Fj8Mp|
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: (\ab%M
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 (.UU40:t
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined d5^^h<'
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the word“normalcy”to express social and yksnsHs}d
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economic conditions they promised the nation. V1'otQH2l
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 }||u{[
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important M
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John ht>%O7
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Keats, published the year of her death.
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. Rq|6d
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(四) Who和which的区别 a,Pw2Gcid
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 JuSS(dJw
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 t+a.,$U
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who <\O+
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. SE\?8cs]-
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 "AUSgVE+h
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 di/QJrw
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(五) that和which的区别 ;j%I1k%A
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 >Oa
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it }`gOfj)?i
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. 36{GZDGQ
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 zx%WV@O9
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 vu0Ue
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, 'yPKQ/y$x
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when 3q'AgiW
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. KFbB}oId
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which l^	d
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly K\2{SjL:B
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. GS>[A b+
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 cuN ]}=D
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has ]
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affected the way people in the United States----. ~snj92K
(A) living and working M,fL(b;2
(B) they live and work rk8pL
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(C) live and work n- 2X?<_Z
(D) to live and to work w&?XsO@0W
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 N_T5sZ\
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二、介词 V#oz~GMB
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 -i8KJzPL f
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(一) 介词搭配 b11I$b
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those geR
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. :C_/K(Rkl
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 {c*$i^T
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. mEJ7e#
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分析:B错改为be rich in A1p~K*[[
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the 9Q1%+zjjMq
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. -4x! #|]
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 o:#jvi84F
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 {O>Td9
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 {Z/iYHv~#c
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. $}(Z]z}O ;
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 sR/Yv
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has X.#*+k3s0
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on vT#R>0@mi
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. rCa]T@=
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 DTC
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2、介词by )$p36dWl
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by Mcc%&j
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing ^JxVs
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例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States w(bvs&`{uC
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. U`)
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 r } Wdj
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils t
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to \0lQ1FrY
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supply moccasins and field rations. LntRLB'
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 ,r3`u2)
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with UHV"<9tk
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements -^_^ByJe
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that are often represented at symbols. xTG5VBv
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 UH&1QV
三、谓语动词 <bJ|WS|
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 OtAAzc!dQ
①、主谓分割原则 bOYM-\
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例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, v\(6uej^
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. owa&HW/_
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 !mVq+_7]
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②、与后者一致原则 wU/fGg*M2
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, xqDz*V/mD
not only…but also =yRv*C
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③、与前者一致原则 pL*aU=FjQ
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 1JOoICjB
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 Ag{)?5/d_
例:The athlete, together with his coach and vwAhNw2-
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. wrJ"(:VZ
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is M`9|8f,!a
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④、就近原则 A[
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or, either…or, neither…nor, [T3%Xt'4
单数名词+or+复数名词+are =RM]/O9
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is [1Qg *
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 %n,_^voE
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 %5n'+- XVj
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are yYTO
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. zG%'Cw)8
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 HqyAo]{GN
There are five apples that are red. SC3_S.
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 4~;M\h
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets MlbcJo3
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 5Z:qU{[
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 *.T?#H
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 Jm 0.\[J
The rich are not always happier than the poor. (Y^tky$9
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 ;Z`R
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 bu08`P9
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: =)w#?DGpj
a. there be 句型 =NNxe"Kd;U
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 .t&G^i'n
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 G9GLRdP
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. xZ>j Q_}
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is h b8L[ 4
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific L9F71bs59
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 [%~yY&
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miles in width. )%lPKp4]
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分析:倒装句,are改为is sc6NON#
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and $ \o)-3
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film o/n4M]G
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. !+QfQghAT
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 M.:JT31>1
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 ,H^!G\
fifty percent of + 名词 $J&c1
one percent of + 名词 .0~uM!3y
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: L'
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one percent of my students + are
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fifty percent of my time is spent on working. TY'61xWi
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这里要强调两个结构 4"\cA:9a
half of =fifty percent W8;!rFW
most of + 可数名词 + are jIVD i~Ld
most of + 不可数名词+ is =Vazxt@[
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been ]^>:)q
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found in central and eastern Canada. GNq
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 Ym!e}`A\F
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized )5gj0#|CG@
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. o)^W
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 wJCw6&D,/
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 6Io}3}3
①、主要考察时间状语 ahy6a,)K~
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. y_=y%
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was !2l2;?jM
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②、For和since的区别 [H>u'fy:C
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 UU MB"3e
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 R_KD Y
I has been a teacher for three years. Z?!AJY
I has been a teacher since 1996. VN!nef
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 Ui`{U
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became X3kFJ{
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the primary responsibility of the president. 5)lcgvp
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 dX@ic,?
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of $S|+U}]C
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. $sda'L5^p
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 R P<M
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. zdrP56rzZ
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live w
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(三) 谓语的语态 DX>LB$dy?
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 {\`ttc>
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: *pa hZiO
①、prove I!*P' {lh
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 ;P)oKx
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; 18rV Acj
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming SQ4^sk_!
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be 8fP2qj0
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. xn2 nh@;
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 M^
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②、Locate,Situate gPk,nB
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 yl~;!
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 FJtmRPP[r
这两个词也可以用作被动 lu"0\}7X
My school was located near the river. LP#wE~K"b
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 m)p|NdTZc8
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. EO)JMV?6
(A)locates q1:dcxR[
(B)locating 5`p9Xo>)yW
(C)to locate j_so s%-
(D)is located T4.wz
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分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 gW~T{+f
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③、表示需要概念的动词 )]C]K B
need, want, require等 PEvY3F}_rh
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My watch needed repairing I+kAy;2
My watch needed to be repaired. 1}\p:`
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④、表示人的情感的动词 #b;?:.m\=
move, annoy, surprise, please等 *zPqXtw!j
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 D^@@ P
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。
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主动和被动技巧总结: rlKR
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如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 0V<kp
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the 6m?<"y8]
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, qa^cJ1@
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power structures, and flood-control works along tR>zB
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. W Csf_1
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 Kb+SssF
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四、非谓语动词 4ekwmw(ox
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(一) 分词 kfnh1|D=aY
现在分词和过去分词的区别 '/xynk%)xw
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 W2X`%Tx0
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then wIi(\]Q
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system.
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning .Qrpz^wdt
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 8D)1ZUx7`
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in j?u1\<m
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. [j/|)cj
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living }Ecv6&G
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一些动词后面必须用doing GY?u+|Q
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 ?rOj?
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mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, Zo2+{a
advocate, suggest *~P| ? D'
delay, quit >/\T
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forgive(原谅),tolerate, NTq_"`JjZ
avoid, escape(逃避) M <J
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spend+名词+doing; h^rG5Q
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing ]CNPy$>*
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their _5S0A0
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crops. <k8WnA ~Fl
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 ~/A2:}Cp=
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, ! xM=7Q
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to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. <m \Y$Wv
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分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing rNhS\1-
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(二) 不定式 8Kl&_-l{b
A. 动词不定式的省略 >y8>OJ?A7-
①、help后面可以省略to G?v<-=I
help do -cU bIbW
help sb. to do V?yQm4
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid JcYY*p
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the habits that might shorten the lives. W2-l_{
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分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 OU` !c[O
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 mI<s f?.
make, ';\norx;
let, whe%o
have sb. do sth oMYFfnoAa
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. 9ec
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例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians |g \_xl
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to know when to play various parts of a composition. ^& *
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分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know H(Wiy@cJn
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③、感官动词 ?`Mk$Y%my
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe Ok)f5")N %
see sb do sth. 强调过程 /T {R\
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 @g`|ob]9
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 _IEbRVpb
(1)表示第一人 6b2h\+AP
the first woman to do sth. HLthVc w
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(2)表示迫使的动词 3rZPVR$))
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do /EQ^-4yr
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis &xUCXj2-z
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allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. 7)O+s/.P)
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分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 sAA;d
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 ettBque
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 XgUSJ*
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 %RwWyzm#\
be lieable to do 易于…的 F 3q<j$y
be apt to do v^t oe
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(4)表示目的的名词, .2rpQa/h
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 .!2
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固定的句式: l.;^w
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. L`Ys`7
the objective 目标 e8_EB/)_Z
aim HpeU'0u0VK
goal 8{icY|:MTN
reason理由 KL(sVj^e
function功能 pfl^GgP#
intension意图 RMs8aZCa
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing <?;KF2A({
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large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. *cXi*7|=
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分析:the function to provide, A错 Sy*p6DP
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure
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and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds Hy'EbQ
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that make up various components of a living cell. va#].4_
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分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 zqXDD; w3
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(5) 其他同根名词 t="nmjQs
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 -Vmp6XY3q
attempt to do 企图 VYH
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decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 #z*,-EV|
ambition, anKflt3
be ambitious to do ;<F^&/a|yQ
effort urL@SeV+$
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation eG dFupfz
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catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. +
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分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 ^>fr+3a"P
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great w H`GzB"
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efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. {yxLL-5c
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分析:efforts to register, C错 jS#YqVuN
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 F*4G@)
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 iqWkhJphv
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. PFbkkQKsT
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 vhU#<59a1
I am glad to see you. X9&>.?r
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. ,K.Wni#m
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. :vFY
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 \`*]}48Z
It is difficult to decide. PoRP]Q*n
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五、句子的结构 3_J({
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 h,MaF<~
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(一) 主语的重复 WvcPOt8Bp>
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 }e>OmfxDBt
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any K[q-[q#yc
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compromises concerning the establishment of the H_u%e*W
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League of Nations. J2!)%mF$
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 &