该错题常考要点 sKy3('5;
一、代词 #B!|sXC
代词中主要讲解六个问题 Hs:0j$
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 sLKk1A
主格、宾格、所有格 1Clid\T,o
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) Ux,?\Vd
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(二) 反身代词 bO i-QD
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 ! k[JP+;
He killed himself. (他自杀了) /!#A'#Z
He killed him. (他杀了他) M zFFWk
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating hW!2C6
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a series of indicators that could help ~6
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themselves to predict earthquakes. u`.3\Geh
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 i]#"@xQ
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 upLjkQ)_
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 !|W.YbS
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 W
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies ~_hA{$
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the c1q;
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Pacific. ^AShy`o^X
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 Y_}_)nE@m
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 )QWhzY
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: .EPv4[2%F8
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 =it @U/
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined Yi]
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the word“normalcy”to express social and ySB0"bl
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economic conditions they promised the nation. v
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 1l/t|M^I
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important W"*2,R[}%
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John j74hWz+p4
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Keats, published the year of her death. 98)C
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. ByuBZ!m
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(四) Who和which的区别 NjT*5 .
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 g~b$WV%
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 6-uLK'E
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who \@
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. \{]y(GT
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 WR`NISSp
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 y 3o3 G
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(五) that和which的区别 *Ow2,{Nn
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 hd i0YL
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it "oNl!<ep
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. V2`Ud[
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 rm9>
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 2_)UHTw
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Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, Osm))Ua(
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when nD XEm6|e
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. f+hHc8g
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which $-Ex
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly :>;F4gGVG
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. JffaT_"\
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 hL6;n*S=
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has :o{,F7(P
affected the way people in the United States----. z8awND
(A) living and working M @-:iP
(B) they live and work d[p2?]
(C) live and work 1u7D:h>#
(D) to live and to work 65qqs|&w;[
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 >FwK_Zd'
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二、介词 I
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介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 kl.; E{PL
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(一) 介词搭配 ` qs}L
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those -'d:~:1f
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. r5S/lp+Y+N
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 ~>u|7M$(
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. oC>J{z
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分析:B错改为be rich in d7vPZ_j^z
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the F6[F~^9D
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. Mg`!tFe3
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 mYgfGPF`
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 <N= k&\
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 (V6bX]<
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. G9Uc
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 /"g
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has V)<>W_g
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on cWkg.ri-x
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. hI86WP9*
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 Qt+D ,X
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2、介词by :.*Q@X}-I
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by c6xr[tc%
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing Og7yT{h_
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States /(BS<A
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. g9pKoi|\E
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 {zcG%b WJ
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils ]2@(^x'=
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 2X2Ax~d@
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supply moccasins and field rations. *LB-V%{|'
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 arm_SyL0
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with ^&YtZjV
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements ;I*t5{
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that are often represented at symbols. LG,? ,%_s
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 `C>h]H(
三、谓语动词 bDvGFSAH
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 .@&FJYkLYi
①、主谓分割原则 */K[B(G
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, VjWJx^ZL#
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. fh =R
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 J8~hIy6]
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②、与后者一致原则 1^$hbRq
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, <o()14
not only…but also \xS X'/G
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③、与前者一致原则 A/=cGE
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, KN_n :`cH{
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 <T7@,_T
例:The athlete, together with his coach and {($m LfC4
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. waC i9
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is mL1ZSX
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④、就近原则 9Y2u/|!.3
or, either…or, neither…nor, $!G|+OuTR
单数名词+or+复数名词+are $]?pAqU\
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 7V=deYt_p
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 #p=+RTZ<
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 * g+v*q X
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are LGy62 y$
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. MV<)qa T
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 nS$4[!0
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 )+G0m,n
There are five apples that are red. bg3kGt0
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 n"iaE
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets i]zh8|">
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. BB,-HhYT0
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 5-a^Frmg#"
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 !
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The rich are not always happier than the poor. +CEt:KQ
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 3Qv9=q|[b
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 :'H}b*VWx
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: UHl1>(U
a. there be 句型 AnsJ3C
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 ;rh=63g
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 <+ <o
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. }/ xdHt
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ='/#G0W
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 78mJ3
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 HBa6Y&)<
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miles in width. uvD*]zX
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分析:倒装句,are改为is \y/0)NL\
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and JZNvuP D
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film R<>
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. SQ`ec95',
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 TP/bPZY
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 H`U>ZJ.
fifty percent of + 名词 E+aE5wmr
one percent of + 名词 y=WCR*N
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: NEMC
one percent of my students + are ]FO)U
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. A `=.F
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这里要强调两个结构 R 9Yk9v
half of =fifty percent &
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most of + 可数名词 + are "CWqPcr
most of + 不可数名词+ is T;JA.=I
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been ,G(bwE9~
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found in central and eastern Canada. 8U&93$
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 u'EzYJ7
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. qw%wyj7
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 Z vO,1B
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 )OcG$H NK
①、主要考察时间状语 dy*CDRU4
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. H
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was {]\!vG6
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②、For和since的区别 SLG3u;Ab
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 HJu;4O($
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 oUwu:&<Orm
I has been a teacher for three years. _n+./B
I has been a teacher since 1996. KzC`*U[
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 P7GF"/
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became #E(
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the primary responsibility of the president. Wg+fT{[f|
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 c|'hs
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of W|FP j^*t
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. kEQ${F{
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 |h,aV(Q
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. WlnI`!)d
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live DaW_-:@s
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(三) 谓语的语态 IdlW[h3`[
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 @GYM4T
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: j
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①、prove PT|W{RlNl
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 [;D4,@A
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; > @ulvHL
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming 7 3k3(rZ
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be '(kySf[
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. X.,1SYG[
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 w*ig[{
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②、Locate,Situate :<s)QD
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 x~}RL-Y2o
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 ;h3uMUCml
这两个词也可以用作被动
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My school was located near the river. ,k/*f+t
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 #zXkg[J6d
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. Warz"n]iC
(A)locates 8@!/%"Kt2
(B)locating z@$7T:H>
(C)to locate
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(D)is located lC.Yu$O5
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 S
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③、表示需要概念的动词
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need, want, require等 G7`7e@{
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My watch needed repairing (eN\s98)/
My watch needed to be repaired. \Btv76*,
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④、表示人的情感的动词 [X=-x=S,
move, annoy, surprise, please等 j"/i+r{"E
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 6.2_UN^<
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 Zo22se0)
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主动和被动技巧总结: J(h=@cw
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 d> `9!
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the H
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, _UYt
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power structures, and flood-control works along 7Xm pq&g
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. ^/2n[orl5
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 ^~0\d;l
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四、非谓语动词 <jQ?l%\
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(一) 分词 $[6:KV
现在分词和过去分词的区别
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①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 wZ,9~P7
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then /,f*IdB
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning D:U:( pg
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 Bl2y~fCA
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in :t8(w>oW
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. a=&
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living # nwEF QA
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一些动词后面必须用doing r]sv50Fy
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 L"&j(|{
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ]vMr@JM-G
advocate, suggest 9Ruj_U
delay, quit
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forgive(原谅),tolerate, |G~LJsXW!v
avoid, escape(逃避) BK]bSj
spend+名词+doing; 1hw1AJ}(F
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing dq28Y$9~
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their UB }n=
A B C D V
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crops. + pZ, RW.D
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。
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,
\|S BS
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, uV!Ax*'
A B z 0]K:YV_
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 0W<:3+|n4
C D LF
vKF .
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing 0f}zm8p7.
4n @
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(二) 不定式 "Kx2k>ym
A. 动词不定式的省略 Veo:G{
①、help后面可以省略to ^AkVmsv;;
help do r!N)pt<g
help sb. to do ;UTT>j
3o&PVU?Q
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid :Fz;nG-G
A B eR PmN
the habits that might shorten the lives. ~G|un}g=
C D 2`hc0
IE
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 WPi^;c8
?K%&N99c!
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 =+9.X8SP
make, 4A6D>ChB'E
let, EN/>f=%
have sb. do sth B f33%I~
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. ~L $B]\/A5
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians qplz !=
A B 7hwl[knyB
to know when to play various parts of a composition. 5$Lo]H
*
C D Tap=K|b ]
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know to{/@^ D
iJ.P&T9
③、感官动词 S-V)!6\cK
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe [5K&J-W
see sb do sth. 强调过程 g&9E>w T
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 +]Ca_`
par|j]
"^E/N},%u5
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 EOJ k7
(1)表示第一人 <Y~?G:v6+
the first woman to do sth. %\6ns
b<,Z^Z_
(2)表示迫使的动词 HDqPqrWm
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do T \%{zz_(
[DrG;k ?
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis fy|ycWW>8
A B 6&/H
XqP
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. sVP[7&vr~
C D YT!QY@qw
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 XVwaX2=L
)=VSERs
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 ?"
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be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 7oY}=281
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 3/a$oO
be lieable to do 易于…的 r~q*E'n
be apt to do }`k >6B
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(4)表示目的的名词, (ov=D7>t0
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 [@D+kL*>
固定的句式: U9:?d>7
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. zt/p'khP3
the objective 目标 ~d oOt
aim n]&/?6}
goal I#(D.\P
reason理由 U" eP>HHp
function功能 @l3L_;6a
intension意图 sW%U3,j
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing #;. tVo I
A W-mi1l^H{
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. q4_&C&7
B C D v8!
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分析:the function to provide, A错 2YvhzL[um
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure z,XM|-"#<K
A Ve>*KHDSt
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds Zyqh
B FY"!%)TV
that make up various components of a living cell. )mO|1IDTN
C D 6L@g]f|Y@
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 "dwx;E
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(5) 其他同根名词 ]D&$k P(
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 ^! ^8]u<Q
attempt to do 企图 M@@"-dy
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 =g'7 xA
ambition, YBQO]3f
be ambitious to do *g&[?y`UC
effort ?b, eZ+t
5}gcJjz
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation z<_{m4I;
A B A" `62
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. }_}C ^
C D ~]?Q'ER
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 ~$w-I\Q!
g<oSTAw
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great [0N==Ym1
A B 3
EB8ls2
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. Q)yhpwrX
C D ?m#X";^V
分析:efforts to register, C错 +#O?a`f
E,E:W uB
O-:#Q(H!
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 4W}8?&T
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 Y[Us"K`
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. G\tT wX4
D:'|poH
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 ?rXh
x{vD
I am glad to see you. ^sd+s ~xx
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. Q?n} ~(%&
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. IJO`"da
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 ~;#J&V@D
It is difficult to decide. )ruC_)
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//`heFuc]>
五、句子的结构 ukv
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句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 =PAvPj&}e
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(一) 主语的重复 l/[@1(F
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 xZPSoxu
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any %m!o#y(hD`
A B b|n%l5
1
compromises concerning the establishment of the *_b4j.)ax,
C D Yi&;4vC
League of Nations. Mkko1T=6
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 wwnc
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson <%<}];bmFL
D; H</5#Q
rw8O<No4.o
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are NwD*EuPF :
A B 26>e0hBh&
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. IJx dbuKg
C D rIo`n2
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 -]~U_J]
j\q1b:pE
(二)谓语的重复 f'\I52;FB
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 Kl{2^q>
=r3Yt9
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of l Vo](#W
A B 5dT-{c%w4
one or more sentences related to the same idea. V!3G\*$?
C D R}llj$?
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 \r^=W=
y7wy9+>l
(三)谓语的缺少 i' %V}2
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body U|g4t=@ZR
A B ,[,+ _A
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. )M#~/~^f+
C D [esjR`u
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 JMuUj_^}7
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uvm
(四)主句的重复 r-^Ju6w{
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 3F5r3T6j}
uZz^>*b
eqD%Qdx
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite LD
Bxw
A B C "}*P9-%
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. q-/A_5>!;f
D L7G':oA_`p
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 @
Rig@
h#^IT
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow <po.:c
Ce
A B _Z#yI/5r
sweeps across the face of the Earth. g (ZeGNV8
C D K*'(;1AiW
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 r9%4q4D?>9
k
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided [ k^6#TQcn
A B VHM ,W]
names for towns, only George Washington 1'"o; a]k/
C ;s3"j~5m)
is remembered in the name of a state. ~YlbS-
D y,DK@X
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 n/pM[gI
六、比较级和最高级 4Yt:PN2
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 j
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 $T^O3 8$
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which x(hUQu 6
A "}\z7^.W>
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. @_FL,AC&m
B C D y{?
6U>_
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 NjdAfgA
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B`K d
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 _q)`Y:2
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. 5ii`!y
A B C D X3!btxa%t
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 lR{eO~'~V
cI?dvfU?
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 9gn_\!Mp
A B C D ^gw_Up<e6
is the grizzly bear. zO9$fU
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 ]0ouJY
fhL dM
VMad ]bEf
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 mf,mKgfG
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 6%U1%;
cGsP0LkHC
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with {Ylj]
A B \r324Bw>2
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. !g=,O6
C D m1]rLeeEt
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 $Fc*^8$ryC
&I:X[=;g
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 RW,ew!Z
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as qq[2h~6P]
M[Y|$I}
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 WYRTt2(+%
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 $w[@L7'(
the taller boy '[qG ,^f
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 c*~/[:}
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed C0i: *1
A B ^yy\CtG
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is |rW}s+Kcr
abundant, and humidity is moderate. M`BD]{tN}
C D HQt=.#GW
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they H$(%FWzQ%
kVkV~
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 2?QIK3"v
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, v}xz`]MW<,
A B C bxkp9o
the Navajos form largest group.
fAUtqkB
D .}SW`RPk
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 9S=9m[#y'
o6xl,T%
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, }4cLU.L8O
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language d";+8S
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the YXrTm[P
&p8K0 |
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many %pL
,A5M
A B C wF?THkdFo
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 5y}}?6n+
D -M%n<,XN0
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 qZKU=HM
$Jb+}mlT
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the W $?1" F.
例如:my best friends `o/tpuI
.H7"nt^
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial !x;T2l
A B C JY9Hqf
and banking center. sw{EV0&>m
D > ^n'
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 ;P5\EJo
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 r'{p
Tgm#
e/#4)@]
*bmk(%g
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary I0m/
A {YK6IgEsJe
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. WAqR70{KM
B C D 'e;*V$+
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 <JF78MD\
0)k%nIhj
七、平行结构 YDs/BF
Z
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 =Q3Go8b4HJ
uW Q`
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(一) 对等连接词 ;S,g&%N
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 jqb,^T|j;m
单一式: and, or ,but a^4(7
相关式: both…and, not … but, z7HC6{g%X
either …or, neither…nor c?jjY4u
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as clG3t
eC
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, cpu+"/\
没有so...as... c7wza/r>
between…and, PM%./
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also (873:"(
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, z_A%>E4
3i35F.=X,
短语式: as well as /*rMveT
rather than (而不是) '
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other than (除…之外) GN=F-*2
instead of (代替) ZPZ1
7-
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 "TN}=^A\F
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, F^`sIrZvs
A B ;#rtV
;
but he is now living in Detroit. \Cx3^
iX
C D nqiy)ZN#R
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 r~t&;yRv
M7jDV|Go
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics p)TH^87
A B Eptsxyz{
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford Ix1ec^?f
remained active in city and regional planning. W%vh7>.
C D H26j]kY
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 #H7(d T
(二)平行的内容 ukG1<j7.
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行
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例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of i$%;z~#wW
A B S&.DpsK
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, E.6^~'/
C D Kpj0IfC,10
or yearly periods of light and darkness. y6:=2(]w<p
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 KwpNS(]I
{wA@5+[
3z~zcQ^\
第二、名词单复数的平行 mnu7Y([2>
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 ijyj}gpWha
H+*o @0C\~
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, 27,WP-qie
A B C v,p/r)E
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. 7cvbYP\<lv
D kFuaLEJi
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 mjy%xzVr6^
n%"s_W'E
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ~!)_3o
A B 6PJ0iten
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. =;@5Ue
J
C D TS=p8@w}
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have O a-ZeCq
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第三、时态的平行 {I(Euk>lR
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated 8$3 Tu"+;
A >cSc
with the imagist movement , but later develops 3G5i+9Nt.L
B 4[+n;OI
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. m=j7 vb
C D =b !f
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 #l:qht
roL~r`f`
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- Ld+}T"Z&M>
spread from its home in Central America and j.ANBE96>
now grows throughout the tropics. D97oS!*
(A) to be (B) it 3go
!P])
(C) the (D) its o.Q|%&1
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? <qHwY.
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow dsJ}C|N
#2x\d
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 9[$g;}w
commercially for their meat and eggs. d \0K3=h
(A) raised (B) and are raised Ak>RLD25_
(C) raised as (D) are raised Zf(ucAhL
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 o+6Y/6Xp@
!BK^5,4?--
第四、排列位置的平行 WY<ip<
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. PjRKYa_U
(A) Not only does rust corrode +J.^JXyp0
(B) Not only rust corrodes nLo:\I(
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes C5;"mo-
(D) Rust not only corrodes CIYD'zR[
2
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 !m]76=@
a=C?fh
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: :/
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1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 l^"gpO${K
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 9J l9\y9
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 o7hjx hmC
o.y4&bC14;
八、词序的颠倒 ]9b*!n<z
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 k('2K2P
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 gqGl>=.m
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage AL,|%yup
A B u~a<Psp&|
that can be given to any individual in the United States. C
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C D INcJXlv
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 ' 71D:%p
qRB&R$
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 coU`2n/
例:Certain types of computers work properly only LH0\SmhU
A B 1.jW^sM
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. Etn]e;z4
C D i[WTp??Uv
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 rK)%n!Z
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 VZw( "a*TB
4[rD|
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were rP#@*{";
A B C TC J\@|yw
in what is now the United States. ,!bOzth2>K
D
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 M.H4ud
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所有的系动词分为三大类: qlDLZ.
第一种:表示保持某种状态, ,]20I _
is, remain, keep, stay, 1AA(qE
lie, exit(表示位于) 5M*q{k
X)
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 'VR5>r
become, turn, grow, gY;N>Yq,C
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) R)G'ILneV
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第三种,感官动词 ,CwhpW\Y
seem(好像是) xI_WkoI
look(看起来好像是) c( gUH
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste -7;RPHJs
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 vad
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例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe {TUCa
A B IcaIB)
to cause numerous deaths. ^<sX^V+{
C D
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 1NJ*EzJ~?
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九、词性的混用 z36ny o
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 0@3g'TGl
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 &
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做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; aU#8W.~
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high zIRa%%.i<
A B Uf_w
o
mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and "@`M>)*o
C 15 nc
when they are in captivity they breed poorly. Fi*6ud\n!
D ]l+2Ca:-[j
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) oHeo]<Fbv
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 )
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后面加宾语当然要用动名词 HjnHl-
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds UPJgT
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A B %!YsSk,
and keeping the soil in the best condition to Z< uwqA
C 5<d
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. a.w,@!7
D ;5y!,OF6
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 n7{1m$/
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, zxwpS
A 3OM\R%M
was concerned with the depicting the experience of _#N~$
B C [nG/>Z]W
urban Black people in the United States. j}h50*6KO
D R`s /^0
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 dcXtT3,kpX
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####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 Z39^nGO
表示时间有两种可能, Xwx;m/
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 ;B1}so1]
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, 1b_->_9
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 hpAIIgn
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence (<8
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were made while the American Civil War. )Hev-C"
C D [a+?z6qI\}
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 b*p,s9k7
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the .
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A B C (&
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history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. @
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D Dq-h`lh!D#
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 MJ92S(
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 ?V7[,I1?
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 {J99F
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social v`v+M4upC
A o+aB[+
work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. H;$w^Tr
B C D "`&?<82
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 M5%xp.B
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples |
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A B C 6\E |`
easily under the stress of compression. x#ouR+<
D qv,|7yw{
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 s"sX#l[J
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 xE0+3@_>>
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine !CsoTW9C:
A B D|+H!f{k
article that gives personal comments on current events. 8, WQ}cC
C D C6/,-?%)
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 ^ qE4:|e
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, ;
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A 6*]Kow?
which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. ^ S%4R'
B C D <rCl
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 _@d.wfM
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 =fRP9`y
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; (xxJ^u>QC
two hundred diligent students