该错题常考要点 @V\u<n
一、代词 |>Ld'\i8
代词中主要讲解六个问题 $yn7XonS
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 3BZa}Q_
主格、宾格、所有格 -n:~m
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名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books)
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(二) 反身代词 wB(X(nr
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 n%S%a>IQj
He killed himself. (他自杀了) Nc da~h
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He killed him. (他杀了他) 2FVO@D
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating ZLGglT'EW>
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a series of indicators that could help hNRN`\5Z
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themselves to predict earthquakes. @ *<`*W
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。
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Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 %MM)5MsB
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别
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在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 b[2 #t
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies LTTMxiq[*
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the ]~@uStHn
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Pacific. JKF/z@Vbe\
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 E*vh<C
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 MAcjWb~f
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: Ms=N+e$n
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 m2\[L/W]
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined '[vCC'
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the word“normalcy”to express social and ;--p/h*.
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economic conditions they promised the nation. J6mUU3F9f
C D "#8I &xZK
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 gbu*6&j9
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important s_P[lbHt.
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John (\%J0kR3[
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Keats, published the year of her death. kvN<o-B
D
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. sWKv>bx
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(四) Who和which的区别 o QR?H
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 LhSXz>AX
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 j:$Z-s
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who \[
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. uT
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 rIX 40,`
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 MEOfVh
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(五) that和which的区别 X*a7`aL
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 u4x
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it ie/QSte
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. _k5$.f:Yj<
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 xEB4oQ5
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 \\/
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Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, nb@<UbabW}
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when FWo`oJeN
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. +EZr@
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which O>ZJOKe
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly eh*F/Gu
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. _K~?{".
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 NmN:x&/
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has 'eoI~*}3WQ
affected the way people in the United States----. p
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(A) living and working :Czvwp{z
(B) they live and work 6.4,Qae9E
(C) live and work 98WJ"f_ #
(D) to live and to work F#{PJ#
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 |nO}YU\E
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二、介词 I3?:KVa
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 S[uHPYhlA
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(一) 介词搭配 ..^,*
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those L G9#D
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. wmPpE_{
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 i@d@~M7/
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. ~
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分析:B错改为be rich in BF6H_g
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the l+
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. yQ8H-a.
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 UoxF00H@!
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 @w:sNXz-
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 et ]*
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例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. |@-WC.
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 [l5"'{x
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has }\DQxHG
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on RLHe;-*b]I
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. NxX1_d
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 (kuZS4Af
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2、介词by T&2
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一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by +tN-X'u##
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing gq@."wHU
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States KnFbRhu[
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. 0?h .X=G
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 P%lLKSA
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils 0Yjy
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to ]1[;A$7
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supply moccasins and field rations. D_)vGvv3;.
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 4>E2G:
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with R`&ioRWj
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements 6J*`<k/S
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that are often represented at symbols. e`
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 \}=b/FL=U
三、谓语动词 yBj)#m5!
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 z)~!G~J]
①、主谓分割原则 [s2V-'2
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, OQQ9R?Ll
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ]EnaZWyO]
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 (r4VIlap
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②、与后者一致原则 srLr~^$j[
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ,9qB}HG
not only…but also i 8Xz
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③、与前者一致原则
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名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, %}
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中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 I uj=d~|>
例:The athlete, together with his coach and \ZRoTh
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. }%ThnFFBw
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is v|(b,J3
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④、就近原则 bTGK@~
or, either…or, neither…nor, Xb-c`k~_
单数名词+or+复数名词+are ('q vYQ
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is <]^;/2.B
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 (iOCzZ6S
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 :wZ`>,K"t>
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are .00=U;H%`
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. kj!7|1i2
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 ,i?!3oLT
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 iEVA[
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There are five apples that are red. 2HGD{;6>v{
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 >2CusT 2
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets u] U)d$|
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 3V
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 A!W"*WT
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 Sm$j:xw<
The rich are not always happier than the poor. e(w/m(!Wny
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 W`u$7k]$
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 60,-\h
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: EARfbb"SG7
a. there be 句型 )y`TymM[F
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 *hZ~i{c,7
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 Q&upxE4
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate.
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is :_^0'ULP
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific Eg`R|CF
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 @1<omsl
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miles in width. X:G&5
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分析:倒装句,are改为is D|TLTF"
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and ka2F!
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film #"Eks79s
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. :%/\1$3P
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 /rIm7FW)
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 n 5~=qQK2
fifty percent of + 名词 cs K>iN
one percent of + 名词 <ZigCo w
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: _Fy4DVCg
one percent of my students + are <TI3@9\qXE
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. ,dHP`j ?
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这里要强调两个结构 R'G'&H{N
half of =fifty percent 7'_nc!ME
most of + 可数名词 + are X,>(Y8
most of + 不可数名词+ is T|;
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been G3H#XK D
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found in central and eastern Canada. ]|,vCKju
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 "\`>2
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized )nhfkW=e
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. 9#u }^t
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 KZECo1
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 _~ v-:w
①、主要考察时间状语 ^Ss<X}es-
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. %Hh3u$Y,
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was "rVU4F)
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②、For和since的区别 7iP5T
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 ^ZR8s^X
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 gNTh% e
I has been a teacher for three years. +1x)z~q=
I has been a teacher since 1996. Oohq9f#!
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 NK~PcdGl
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became w m19T7*L
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the primary responsibility of the president. V#NtBreN
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 KYf;_
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of };^}
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. T!(sZf
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 $D}"k!H
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. cN5"i0xk
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live jccOsG9;_
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(三) 谓语的语态 ~@@
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语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 qW3x{L$c
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: \+9;!VWhl
①、prove _-RyHgX
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 >e/ r2U
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; i&*<lff
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming Fo(y7$33*
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be ']h
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 03Ukw/D&
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 H nd+l)ng
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②、Locate,Situate ]w-.|vx
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 fK"iF@=Z`
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置
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这两个词也可以用作被动 YD9!=a$
My school was located near the river. fM2^MUp[=1
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 <]'|$8&jY
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. (0}j]p'w
(A)locates G1[(F`t>
(B)locating f"P$f8$
(C)to locate sG1BNb_
(D)is located NNp}|a9
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 $
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③、表示需要概念的动词 .1{l[[= W
need, want, require等 2vvh|?M
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My watch needed repairing Qi^;1&
My watch needed to be repaired. Z'ao[CG
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④、表示人的情感的动词 t)'dF*L
move, annoy, surprise, please等 nALnB1
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 I=5dYq4 l
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 --A&TV
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主动和被动技巧总结: O]bKNA.5
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 !t%Q{`p
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the 67?n-NP
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, rei5{PC
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power structures, and flood-control works along zb?kpd}r
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. 1OP"5f
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 L20rv:W$h
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四、非谓语动词 BCBU b
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(一) 分词 4]EvT=Ro
现在分词和过去分词的区别 mtIMW9
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 3;A$<s
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then b*`fLrqV.
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. 'QR4~`6I
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning ^Eu_NUFe
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 WkP|4&-<
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in a}w&dE$!-
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. Lg b
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living 9!cW
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一些动词后面必须用doing f!(cD80
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 F;
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mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, .N&QW
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advocate, suggest $sM]BE:
delay, quit S;BP`g<l=
forgive(原谅),tolerate, J09ZK8
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avoid, escape(逃避) ,~iFEaV+
spend+名词+doing; D8W(CE^}
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing UX?X]ZYVR
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their aL{EkiR
A B C D Gtf1}UJC
crops. gZ=)qT]Pj
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 VB}P Ng
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, j^:b-:F
A B A=y24m
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 9.^-us1
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分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing oVAOGHE
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(二) 不定式 [<,0A]m
A. 动词不定式的省略 `>$gy/N
①、help后面可以省略to bwv/{3G,Ys
help do T
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help sb. to do # r2$ZCo3o
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid Fa Qu$q
A B Nu>sp,|A
the habits that might shorten the lives. !]n{l_5r
C D RI7qsm6RN
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 vy>];!Cu
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 rcD.P?"
make, '` BjRg57]
let, p7?CeyZ-V
have sb. do sth !8H!Fj`|j
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. &VtWSq-)
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians GFSlYG
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to know when to play various parts of a composition. P"[ifsp
C D ==r?
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know v)v{QNQp^
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③、感官动词 Z`0r]V`Ys
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe VdjU2d
see sb do sth. 强调过程 O4'kS
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see sb doing sth 正在做某事 W}<M?b4tP
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 \!' {-J
(1)表示第一人 OmoplJ+
the first woman to do sth. _z_3
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(2)表示迫使的动词 Sf.8Ibw
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do F?+Uar|-a
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis xYzcV%-Pm
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allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. gP_d>p:b
C D L;(3u'
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 ~n]2)>6
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 )MX1776kU
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 j{Qbzczy,
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 hnfrn
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be lieable to do 易于…的 ah&plaVzC
be apt to do _c7
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(4)表示目的的名词, ~)\1g0
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 OHa{!SaL
固定的句式: {u[K
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the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. %onAlf<$:^
the objective 目标 jJ{
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aim u3?Pp[tM<
goal )*QTxN
reason理由 7_d#XKz@
function功能 %w|3:
intension意图 MsiC!j.-
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing *]UEF_
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large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. pUEok +
B C D qFsg&<
分析:the function to provide, A错 DDCQ Af
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure co%_~xO
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and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds N %/DN
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that make up various components of a living cell. '!L1z4
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C D ~E|V{z%
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 )PATz
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(5) 其他同根名词 ^{+:w:g
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 =X'7V}Q}
attempt to do 企图 G+^$JN=
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 ?{P6AF-xcf
ambition, RvZ-w$E&?
be ambitious to do 7?WBzo!!L
effort |(ju!&
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation /<(ik&%N
A B _Vf|F
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. +((31l
C D 1>{-wL4rc
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 O}!@28|3"
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