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主题 : 该错题常考要点
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 9ZwhC s O  
一、代词 YGB|6p(  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 {v(3[ 7  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 e>/PW&Z8Z  
  主格、宾格、所有格 TX;|g1K  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) ] GJskBm  
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(二) 反身代词 <5 okwcJ^  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 GCrMrZ6  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) 4&tY5m>  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) bR.T94-8y  
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  % nR:Rc!  
    A                 B    F$.M2*9  
  a series of indicators that could help ~*&_zPTN  
             C      3N?uY2  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. fZg Z  
    D 7#Mi`W  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 n {M!l\1  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 *<J**FhcMu  
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 T. {P}#'|  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 /Z-|E  
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies W;2y.2*  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the _bW#* Y5  
     A   B      C          D Bp9 u6R  
  Pacific. bj bm"~  
t~e.LxN  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 Xq9%{'9  
~u.CY  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 s(-$|f+s  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: tMC<\e  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 [i\K#O +f  
K-sJnQ23'  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined ge*f<#|0U-  
                       A   CPAizS  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and c.r]w  
             B [WuN?H  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. 7iT#dpF/A  
   C       D  9/`T]s"  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 ELPzqBI  
:(E.sT "R  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important B/AS|i] sM  
        A     ,x&T8o/a  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John [s"xOP9R  
   B        C      i1}Y;mj  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  ?31#:Mg6g+  
      D "K;f[&xO,o  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. M*$#j|  
!o1+#DL)MU  
,Y  ./9F  
(四) Who和which的区别 xim'TVwvC  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 lp+Uox  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 Lk#8G>U  
B OKY X  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who Wa.y7S0(@  
              A            B rK(TekU  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. G LU7?2`t  
   C                  D }6b" JoC  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 N.(wR  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 bS7%%8C  
k}18 ~cWM  
(五) that和which的区别 ecvQEK2L  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 {0?^$R8j  
a!guZUg6  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it M$,4B  
              A        B 1{1 5#W  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. cb82k[L6  
      C              D %/.yGAPkx  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 cfSQqH  
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 FIu|eW+<l  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, o*_arzhA  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when y?OK#,j  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. ze"`5z26|  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which  hik.c3  
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly ?uh%WN6nU]  
              A         B   aE(DNeG-H  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. SiLWy=qbR  
         C      D )6b`1o! 7  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 #b,! N  
f1AO<>I;  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  Lo*vt42{4  
  affected the way people in the United States----. ^Ycn&`s  
   (A) living and working @+>t]jyz  
   (B) they live and work LkyT4HC8n  
   (C) live and work +?'a2pUS  
   (D) to live and to work X?7s  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 3w&Z:<  
JD)wxoeg  
二、介词 o*5b]XWw  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 &SM M<^P.  
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(一) 介词搭配 m$`4.>J  
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those 0`4Fa^o]h  
    A         B   C      ZdJQ9y  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. )uO 3v  
                D 5Z>+NKQ  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 b"(bT6XO!  
*5mJA -[B+  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. ^S:I38gR#q  
A       B     C  D !JQ'~#jKN  
分析:B错改为be rich in R:y u  
b\ vL^\bX8  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the W]5 sqtF;6  
    A         B      C r)gtx!bx  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. 08z?i  
             D /h,-J8[  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 es1'z.UJ  
MC_i"P6a  
/mQ9} E4X  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 YH3[Jvzf4  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 g7r0U6Y  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. w1)SuMFK_  
          A      B  C     D J%P{/nR  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。  L{u1_  
!}J19]\  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 8O.5ML{  
                 A  B     J1d|L|M  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on *h~(LH"tN  
      C hQ Lh}}B  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. M7 gM#bv>L  
      D e:(~=9}Li  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 eQsoZQA1  
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2、介词by }>m3V2>[  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by &$.x1$%  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing TmdR B8N  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States Op ;){JT  
    A         B       ]|4mD3O  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. uH8`ipX  
   C     D OuU]A[r  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 u^uo=/  
J9`[Qy\  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils 0:k ~  lz  
   A                      fa;GM7< e)  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to ^<nN~@j  
     B    C       D M ^~  
   supply moccasins and field rations. b}jLI_R{  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 Nx"v|"  
x_|:3I  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with Ld YaJh~h  
        A                -}r(75C  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements sTG e=}T8  
        B          C   Qt syMm  
  that are often represented at symbols. 1">]w2je:  
              D YP vg(T  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 9=Rj9%  
三、谓语动词 6Bfu89  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 me`( J y<  
①、主谓分割原则 ?W"9G0hTqM  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, )04lf*ti  
     A     /A) v $Bv=  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ?OPAf4h  
        B      C      D ^6 sT$set  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 D;Jb' Be  
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②、与后者一致原则 (FAd'$lhX}  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, uz+b  
not only…but also fE/8;v!=  
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③、与前者一致原则 R`:NUGR  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, @.X}S "yr  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 0Fh*8a}?b  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and z,oqYU\:  
     A      B  C     +mT}};-TS  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. A2"xCJ0`  
         D t=]&q.  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is tH"SOGfSt  
2eu`X2IBcT  
④、就近原则 QW f)5S  
or, either…or, neither…nor, bkl'0 p  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are zY|]bP[NEH  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is ^ >ca*g  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 Wx/!My u  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 j#U?'g  
9hT^Y,c0  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are  #~.i\|VL  
        A      B        <' %g $"  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. ?4Z0)%6  
    C              D FV$= l %  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 ]+ ':=&+:  
.KT+,Y  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 :*&wnQMKR  
There are five apples that are red. _'H<zZo  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 i&>,aiH@  
0 \LkJ*i  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets vt mO  
      A            B dO$  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. &F'v_9  
   B   C    D B0z.s+.  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 Hs=!.tZ,  
6ddkUPTF  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 sD{b0mZT  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. &"tce6&  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 P>@`hZ9 o  
% C 3jxt  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 j 5'Jp}  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: pXFNK" jm  
a. there be 句型 Xb^\{s?b  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 M2@q{RiS  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 YRp\#pVnZ  
~2H7_+.#  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. &YT7>z,  
   A     B      C    D    i9!Urq-  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is uCu,'F,6Y  
2/7=@>|  
k9Sqp :l,  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific <go~WpA|r  
             A     B    ,\IqKRcYU  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 g Go  
     C         tt^ze|*&t  
  miles in width. `C*!de]Y%  
     D  __ mtZ{  
分析:倒装句,are改为is N6J$z\ P  
"qj[[L Q  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and 6#KI? 6  
   A    B       C         13QCM0#  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film @qC:% |>  
                    D 0&.lSw a  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. t <|s &  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 ya_'Oz!C  
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 T8441qo{>  
fifty percent of + 名词 iCK$ o_`?  
one percent of + 名词 pMquu&Td  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: ;:|KfXiC8  
  one percent of my students + are btF%}<o)  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 'YR5i^:t  
SNU bY6  
这里要强调两个结构 h(8;7} K  
half of =fifty percent K D-_~uIF  
most of + 可数名词 + are Dq?HUb^ X  
most of + 不可数名词+ is \!QF9dP4  
5 WppV3;  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been `fkri k  
   A       B         C   h<K;VpL6  
  found in central and eastern Canada. 'c[LTpn4=  
           D  y:OywIi(  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ptv 4v[gQ  
E E|zY%  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized R$fIb}PDr  
                 A   B  0o| ,& K  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. otVyuh  
              C     D :3>yr5a7-  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 (MoTG^MrBY  
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 ]2Fo.n  
①、主要考察时间状语 0bxvM  
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. ).!14Gjo  
   A        B  C     D n{Qh8"  
kw^Dp[8X  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was UeQ 9G  
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②、For和since的区别 !bV(VRbu  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 iRwW>a3/  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 u4#~ i0@  
  I has been a teacher for three years. NVA`t]gn  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. 30(m-D$K>9  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 uU ?37V  
BdoC6H  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became ?J@?,rZQ^V  
   A      B              <#p|z`N  
  the primary responsibility of the president. gj egzKU  
     C    D So\|Ye  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 k`7.p,;}U  
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of t1:S!@  
             A  B  C   "'}v0*[  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. hKH$AEHEU}  
            D q:- ]d0B+  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 F'UguC">  
'e<HPNi)  
(@WDvgi(  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  S QM(8*:X  
   A       B        C     D Rl slF9f  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live 4gv.E 0Fo  
Pi"~/MGP$  
(三) 谓语的语态 Oa.f~|  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 p( H)W D  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: Ukh$`q}  
①、prove /H%<oAjp6  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 X@ bn??  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ~E<PtDab  
^EC)~HP@C  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming o%/-5-  
                      A   <uBhi4  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be C>Omng1>^  
    B                  C [xZ/ZWb/  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. B@"SOX  
                  D +7i7`'9pd  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 JVUZ}#O  
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②、Locate,Situate K9e~Wl<3  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 DD12pL{QA  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 ;NiArcAS!  
这两个词也可以用作被动 1a($8>  
  My school was located near the river. <&qpl0U)Y  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 S3ab0JM  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. qYgwyj=4  
   (A)locates QHHW(InG<  
   (B)locating M>*0r<qn  
   (C)to locate ~-XOvKJb  
   (D)is located Veb+^&  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 2-vJv+-  
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③、表示需要概念的动词 N3uMkH-<  
need, want, require等 D+@-XU<Lp<  
.dD9&n;#^  
My watch needed repairing 1*C:h g@  
My watch needed to be repaired. Wmzq  
t{/hkXq]  
④、表示人的情感的动词 e$CePLEj  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 lhLnygUk  
$7Jfb<y  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 *ZGX-+{  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 =?= )s  
G 6Wx3~  
主动和被动技巧总结: M (+.$uz  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 p]wP36<S!  
\n[ 392  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the J__;.rnk  
                 A      Vo #:CB=8  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, M6J/mOVx5  
                 B ~}h^38  
  power structures, and flood-control works along q\a[S*  
                    C dSwm|kIa  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. 2< p{z  
                D Yx6hA#7I  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 Iph3%RaE  
|</"N-#S  
四、非谓语动词 ?8Et[tFg  
{] O`g G  
(一) 分词 x Y| yI>  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 mV<i JZh  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ^"1TPd|  
7U,k 2LS  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then kGm:VYf%  
   A Xt ft*Z  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. ^OF5F8Tf/  
     B      C            D gC`)]*'tE  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning ^\:yf.k  
L!gDFZr  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 *wwhZe4V  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in co/7lsW  
      A               B   gv9=quG  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. |1"!k A  
               C         D k,r Wa  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living H>.B99vp  
('t kZt%8  
,d|vP)SS  
一些动词后面必须用doing L~dC(J)@ZI  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 M-Y0xWs  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, k(vPg,X>m  
 advocate, suggest gLIT;BK  
 delay, quit ( S oo<.9~  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, =Y9\DeIZ  
 avoid, escape(逃避) <*u C   
 spend+名词+doing; }E;F)=E  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing $}R$t-  
!8*McO I  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their nJJs% @y  
   A     B    C              D qX$u4I!,  
  crops. <C<`J{X0  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 WA.AFt  
z856 nl  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, 0@)%h&mD  
               A        B e"Rm_t  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. o2=A0ogz?  
        C          D \DA$6w\\  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing (ZP87Gz  
Ue$zH"w  
(二) 不定式 )NT5yF,m  
A. 动词不定式的省略 :eOR-}p'  
①、help后面可以省略to f v LC_'M  
  help do Dag`>|my  
  help sb. to do ALGg AX3t  
1f4 bt6[  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid O8| *M "  
              A      B   Y)b@0'  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. zgKY4R{V  
         C     D dDtFx2(R  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 "tu*YNP\Q  
/#S>sOg2xq  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 !gP0ndRJ=  
  make, [@"wd_f{l  
  let, )1F<6R  
  have sb. do sth $%2H6Eg0  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. 8`v$liH  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians \cuS>G  
        A               B KhaYr)&~  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. $Ui&D I  
   C     D +MUwP(U=w  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ftZj}|R!  
.T.5TMiOSq  
③、感官动词 P7GRSjG  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe ?o[L7JI  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 .36^[Jsz":  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 j+^L~, S  
;D2E_!N dt  
I mym+  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 Xm_$ dZ  
(1)表示第一人 $v27]"]  
the first woman to do sth. kA#vByf`v  
svhrf;3:  
(2)表示迫使的动词 5EeDHsvV9  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do F $yO  
Yx)o:#2  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis JW+*d`8Z[  
     A                 B    >PalH24]  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. BWq/TG=>  
       C           D .BZVX=x  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 e~\QE0Oe:  
ffcLuXa  
;;&F1@3tBa  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 G=d(*+& B  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 TZB+lj1  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 t#b0H)  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 <,8l *1C  
  be apt to do |X(2Zv^O  
eti `O  
(4)表示目的的名词, TT}]wZ  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 JWHS nu!  
固定的句式: ;4~U,+Av  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. r6.N4eW.L  
the objective 目标 vzR =>0#  
aim `rFAZcEj%  
goal Np,2j KF(  
reason理由 #$1$T  
function功能 9`Q@'( m  
intension意图 jj&s} _75  
'ZHdV,dd  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing u?0d[mC  
                       A  Z[L5 ;  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. x0+glQrNN  
           B          C     D PpOlt.yui  
分析:the function to provide, A错 NoDZ5Z  
hx!7w}[A  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure P:!)9/.2  
                  A       S*t%RZ~a  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds y\PxR708  
     B  nWgv~{,x  
  that make up various components of a living cell. HD-Erop  
    C    D cyF4iG'M,y  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 hnxc`VX>g  
"4 k-dj  
(5) 其他同根名词 %_f;G+fK\p  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 AU{:;%.g  
 attempt to do 企图 ;VzMU ;j  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 |4>:M\h  
 ambition, =_-C%<4  
 be ambitious to do  []}N  
 effort  ]PX}b  
Z^_>A)<s<  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation u-><}OVf~  
  A                    B   ZBM!MSf:  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 6 =>G#  
          C       D u''BP.Y S  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 !,bPe5?Ql  
uMiyq<  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great X47!E |*  
  A                   B   |]ucHV  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. }76.6=~  
       C            D qgexb\x\4  
分析:efforts to register, C错 w}k B6o]  
'JZ_  
A ,<@m2  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 *m&&1W_  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 >q9{  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. VGJDqm!  
%b<%w    
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 t9D S]Li  
I am glad to see you. uUS)#qM |  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. Q8Te'1Ln!  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. v" FO  
X_?%A54z?  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 CWMlZ VG  
It is difficult to decide. OqEHM%j  
l $Zs~@N  
Sip_ ~]hM  
五、句子的结构 cVg$dt  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 $4h04_"  
Q9q9<J7j$  
(一) 主语的重复 k4mTZ}6E  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 GfNWP  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any hDb HSZ  
          A      B      _w%s(dzk  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the 6#-Z@fz%  
          C          D ULrbQ}"cva  
  League of Nations. ASM1Y]'Z  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 KM@`YV_"g  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson )SD_}BY%k  
vT}pbOTh  
M Hn&; A]  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are #PPsRKj3c  
        A        B  uTUa4 ^]*  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. /gF]s_  
    C         D yOM -;h  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 WT1q15U(=  
]X4RnV55Q  
(二)谓语的重复 Y~x`6  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 tUn&z?7bF  
%Ln?dF+  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  C`z;,!58%  
    A            B    0L 7@2|a0  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. <"{+  
         C   D O]4W|WI3  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 U8U/?zW/&  
JO]`LF]  
(三)谓语的缺少 )lE3GDAPgZ  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body m|(I} |kT3  
          A     B     |UABar b  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. Vl&+/-V  
         C               D d#RF0,Y9  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 a  [0N,t  
EgkZ$ah  
(四)主句的重复 }u38:(^`ai  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 \E>%W  
vK[v eFH  
&8IWDx.7}  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite V;/ XG}M  
      A         B        C   U1OLI]P  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. Q';\tGy  
     D :XNK-A W  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 iA5* _tK5  
Hz8Jgp  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow oX%P sS  
        A   B       #S/pYP`7  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. ;7B2~zL  
      C    D )dUd`g  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 ~2;&pZ$  
(2hk <  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided )x9nED{  
   A                     B  =6L :I x  
  names for towns, only George Washington #! K~_DL  
      C uL qpbn  
  is remembered in the name of a state. * wQZ '  
          D {HE.mHy  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 }lr fO_  
六、比较级和最高级 6+{nw}e8  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 f%(e,KgW=  
yE!7`c.[u  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 */fs.G:P  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which E Ni%ge'":  
      A               &Pn%zfmMN  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. xu\/]f)  
     B       C           D k[^}ld[  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 3n=O8Fp  
&p(*i@Ms  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 S^sW.(I  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. Td=] tVM  
     A      B     C  D B'[3kJ'  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 "KQ\F0/  
R}K5'`[%ZY  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere SgQmYaa &  
     A       B     C   D ^ZViQ$a"h;  
  is the grizzly bear. >GF(.:7  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 @'G ( k;  
&VBD2_T  
E&Zx]? ~  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 ~wd?-$;070  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 VIlQzM;%^  
4s+J-l  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with KE|u}M@v6  
   A           B  +cplM5X  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. e]y=]}A3{  
   C                 D ?@uK s4  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 ,`B>}  
=S7C(;=4  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 8 ~L.6c5U  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as R~mMGz  
_ZE$\5>-  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 ~.y4 ,-  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 JqV<A3i  
the taller boy yl;$#aZB  
."@a1_F|  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 e+[J[<8  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed \iTPJcb5  
          A            B 'rx,f  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is o9SfWErZ  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. >|&OcU  
    C          D Mm[1Z;H  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 0$dNrq  
V?=zuB?'  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 $TW+LWb   
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, vh{1u  
  A  B         C     +OuG!3+w  
  the Navajos form largest group. 5T@'2)BI=  
         D  ykl=KR  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 )ZT0zIG  
|N3 Co B  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, -VT?/=Y s  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language |4*2xDcl  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the -2u+m  
\}Kp=8@nE  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many R$,iDv.jI  
            A      B         C ialk6i![  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. :1  
            D hl ~F1"q )  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 _BA_lkN+D  
|*| a~t  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the J]YN2{(x  
例如:my best friends <Q~7a hF  
QX3![;0F  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial {Ag}P0% '  
            A    B     C c|a|z}(/J  
  and banking center. M!i5StGC  
        D h>Pg:*N,(  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 { qx,X.5$  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 x5Pt\/ow  
!`U<RlK7  
>mltE$|  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary V1U[p3J-S  
                 A         4V3 w$:,  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. !/Ps}.)A`  
    B   C     D P!ICno6[e  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 <LZvh8  
mwhn=y#]*  
七、平行结构 [63;8l}  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 Mdh"G @$n  
}w8AnaC  
.AW*7Pp`f  
(一) 对等连接词 @S92D6  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 7rg[5hP T  
单一式: and, or ,but 3dphS ^X  
相关式: both…and, not … but, L ,/i%-J3c  
     either …or, neither…nor uK5Px!  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as :W.(,65c  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, I\23as0q  
没有so...as... d(Ou\7  
between…and, =h;!#ZC  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also R<Tzt' z  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, A'EA!  
Fgk/Ph3r  
短语式: as well as [9^e u>)A  
     rather than (而不是) , &SJ?XAs  
     other than (除…之外) mio'm  
     instead of (代替) ?Gfe?  
Us5 JnP5  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 )O Cr6 UR  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  ')V5hKb^  
       A     B   B=Os?'2[  
  but he is now living in Detroit. .Ps;O  
       C   D {IvCe0`  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 "kC>EtaX  
y;jyfc$ `  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics .Dmvgi]  
       A         B IuF-bxA  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford :u0433z:  
  remained active in city and regional planning. enj2xye%Y  
          C    D  AF-.Nwp   
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 H>]x<#uz)  
(二)平行的内容 OUPpz_y  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 V2.K*CpZ7  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of s@|?N+z  
             A         B   %XeU4yg\e  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, z4goa2@Z  
         C            D Su7?-vY  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. HChewrUAn  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 "=;&{N~8U  
d?mdw ?|  
,3j*D+  
第二、名词单复数的平行 _xUXt)k  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 Fk4 3sqU6~  
U# }.r<  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, /%7eo?@,  
  A     B          C   DiX4wmQ  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. \Mi< ROp5  
                 D   -*EJj>x  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 wK_}`6R/  
Z%Gvf~u  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, UnPSJ]VW  
                   A         B BzZy s  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. uFqH_04  
      C          D !m;VWGl*  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have ,y.0 Cb0  
dw-r}Qioe  
第三、时态的平行 4u&doSXR  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated (F)zj<{f  
                A     "@ n$(-.  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops 6$f,DU  
                   B Czp:y8YX-  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. i<bs{Cu_S  
          C    D 25(\'484>  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 }fhVn;~}8  
"$)2|  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- ";~#epPkX  
  spread from its home in Central America and %vksN$^  
  now grows throughout the tropics. f,1rmX1  
   (A) to be    (B) it   Np<Aak  
   (C) the     (D) its I/tzo(r  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? @MM|.# ~T  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow \|(;q+n?k  
iqU}t2vFrj  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- , ^n Ui c  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. aX|`G]PhdI  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised 1/i|  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised :J"e{|g',  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 Zy#r<j]T  
t@Jo ?0s  
第四、排列位置的平行 \yy!?Ul aI  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. YMWy5 \  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode IP >An8+  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  <Z&gAqj 2  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes }bHpFe  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes ]D%[GO//!  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 ,&k 5Qq  
[9L(4F20  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: #?/.LMn{  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 Z+}SM]m  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 r1\.Jz  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 G'("- 9  
QZ`<+"a0  
八、词序的颠倒 ZLV~It&)  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 "Vh(%N`6  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 Vlf@T  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage  2AluH8X/  
              A    B        g(` 6cY[}  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. <L`R!}  
      C       D    b:JOR@O  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 {tMD*?C[6  
CV6H~t'1  
I2 Kb.`'!  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 9xz`V1mIL  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only 7%<jZ  =  
          A      B     LY >JE6zTt  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. 8}0 D?  
    C         D %`TLs^  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 kb6v2 ^8H  
-lp_~)j^  
A gPg0(G  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 cnsGP*w  
%Xi%LUk{  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were e`oc#Od&x]  
          A   B     C   `7j,njCX.  
  in what is now the United States. :b=0_< G  
    D IIPf5 Z}A  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 9f @)EKBK  
+u#x[xO  
所有的系动词分为三大类: !d^`YEfE  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, S6QG:|#P  
    is, remain, keep, stay, rQqtejcfx  
    lie, exit(表示位于) ?/wloLS47  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 n&fV3[m`2  
    become, turn, grow, cwroG#jGT  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) 71%u|k8|  
p c],H  
第三种,感官动词 ?,NAihN]  
    seem(好像是) j{=%~  
    look(看起来好像是) p5K NqqZZ  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste I%Awj(9BS  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 u v5@Alm  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe 4Bn+L,}.  
    A               B     q~3&f  
   to cause numerous deaths. U QFuEI<1-  
        C   D  S%oGBY*Z  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 J\V(MN,  
riL!]'akV  
九、词性的混用 rXPXO=F1/  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 2?j1~]DvZ  
BP6Shc|C  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 7h2bL6Y88  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; zCrcCr  
5IK@<#wE  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high 9m6j?CFG}  
          A        B      i`qh|w/b_  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and > =H8>X  
              C GLyh1qNX  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. >y[S?M  
          D w. f [)  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) 0^ [6  
6ZBD$1$A!  
$}$@)!-  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 4(82dmKO  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 R  28*  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds _3a 5/IZ  
         A       B      j&.BbcE45  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to Fev3CV$  
          C        Ks(U]G"V  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. Z"Oa5V6[A  
            D `'WLGQG  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 5eA]7$ic  
N&=2 /  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, R:?vY!  
            A       |m- `, we  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of /MH@>C _  
      B      C 8 -A7  
   urban Black people in the United States. u(702S4  
   D QaR.8/xV  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 Xf9%A2 iB  
rrYp^xLa`  
:g[x;Q [@  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 T0%TeFY  
表示时间有两种可能, ecpUp39\  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 ~79Qg{+]N  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, %+ a@|Z   
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 a <TL&  
-i5g 8t'  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence y4We}/-<  
       A     B     _x 6E_i-(  
  were made while the American Civil War. jMui+G(h  
   C    D k<zGrq=8J  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 %C0O?q  
x*8f3^ wE  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the [.xk  
   A      B           C    oV>AFs6  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. 8:?Q(M7  
          D (Zg'pSs)  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 ~Z6p3# !o  
p[F=LP  
Tv,.  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 9^#gVTGXv  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 vLFaZ^(  
y{Y+2}Dv/  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social |z.GSI_!)  
                   A     WfT)CIKs  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. V /9"Xmv75  
     B   C    D "Xk%3\{P  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 Xe3z6  
R5&$h$[/  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples %^?3s5PXD  
   A        B   C      :Mu8W_  
  easily under the stress of compression. u4,X.3V]A  
   D & #PBww  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 |8qK%n f}  
Prb_/B Dd  
Hl2f`GZ   
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 #"p1Qea$  
?+,*YVT  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine 7hF,gl5  
    A         B W^d4/]  
  article that gives personal comments on current events.  @6YBK+"  
          C            D (o6[ 4( G  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 WW [`E  
e8ULf~I  
cbu nq"  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, XAU_SPAjiw  
         A ;Up'~BP(  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. >1a \ %G  
   B      C      D KI Plb3oh  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ?zhI=1 ED%  
vTMP&a'5L  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 9QOr,~~s  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; dE5 5  
two hundred diligent students
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