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主题 : 该错题常考要点
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 sKy3('5;  
一、代词 #B!| sXC  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 Hs:0j$  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 sL Kk1A  
  主格、宾格、所有格 1Clid\T,o  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) Ux,?\Vd  
J&2 J6Eq  
(二) 反身代词 bO i-QD  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 ! k[JP+;  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了)  /!#A'#Z  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) MzFFWk  
1[yy/v 'q  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  hW!2C6  
    A                 B    vfd<qdi3p(  
  a series of indicators that could help ~6 "=d  
             C      mtg=v@~  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. u`.3\Geh  
    D jY2mn".N  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 i]#"@xQ  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 upLjkQ)_  
=H`yzGt  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 !|W.YbS  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 W ]$/qyc&J  
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies ~ _hA{$  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the c1q;  
     A   B      C          D EJP]E)  
  Pacific. ^AShy`o^X  
PqIskv+  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 Y_}_)nE@m  
F [Lg,}  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 )QW hzY  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: .EPv4[2%F8  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 =it@U/  
]bAVOKm-  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined Yi] `"\  
                       A   OTGy[jY"  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and ySB0"bl  
             B RH:vd|q+  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. v k= |TE  
   C       D u(fZ^  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 1l/t|M^I  
-uu&{$  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important W"*2,R[}%  
        A     QF npp\K  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John j74hWz+p4  
   B        C      ,2 rfN"o  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  98)C 7N'  
      D Fw*O ciC  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. ByuBZ!m  
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0 )cSm"s  
(四) Who和which的区别 NjT*5 .  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 g~b$WV%  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 6-uLK'E  
rQ_]%ies8  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who \@ yJbhk  
              A            B }vh4ix  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. \ {]y(GT  
   C                  D *Ti"8^`6  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 WR`NISSp  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 y3o3G  
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(五) that和which的区别 *Ow2,{Nn  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 hdi0YL  
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it "oNl!<ep  
              A        B [FrLxU  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. V2`Ud[  
      C              D |6b~c{bt  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 rm9> gKN;#  
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 2_)UHTw sK  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, Osm))Ua(  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when nDX Em6|e  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. f+hHc8g  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which $-Ex g*i  
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly :>;F4gGVG  
              A         B   K)! ^NT  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. J ffaT_"\  
         C      D bKGX> %-  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 hL6;n*S=  
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  :o{,F7(P  
  affected the way people in the United States----. z8awND  
   (A) living and working M @-:iP  
   (B) they live and work d[p2? ]  
   (C) live and work 1u7D:h>#  
   (D) to live and to work 65qqs|&w;[  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 >FwK_Zd'  
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二、介词 I 2}eFz&FE  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 kl.;E{PL  
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(一) 介词搭配 `qs}L  
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those -'d:~:1f  
    A         B   C      0t^FM<7G  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. r5S/lp+Y+N  
                D 15Mtlb  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 ~>u| 7 M$(  
m =b7 r  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. oC>J{z  
A       B     C  D X'PZCg W  
分析:B错改为be rich in d7vPZ_j^z  
W<pr Y  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the F6[F~^9D  
    A         B      C zFExYYd   
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. Mg`!tFe3  
             D >pfeP"[(3  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 mYgfGPF`  
37zB X~  
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 <N=k&\  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 (V6bX]<  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. G9Uc }z  
          A      B  C     D Ie. on)  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 /"g Ryv  
/#Aw7F$Ey  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has V )<>W_g  
                 A  B     JKM(fX+  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on cWkg.ri-x  
      C fI)XV7,X  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. hI86WP9*  
      D }MRgNr'k  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 Qt+D ,X  
dRron_'  
2、介词by :.*Q@X}-I  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by c6xr[tc%  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing Og7yT{h_  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States / (BS<A  
    A         B       o&1mX  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. g9pKoi|\E  
   C     D =Q_1Mr4O  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 {zcG%b WJ  
k _V+;&:%  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils ]2@(^x'=  
   A                      #H~55))F  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 2X2Ax~d@  
     B    C       D yQrgOdo,w  
   supply moccasins and field rations. *LB-V%{|'  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 arm_SyL0  
n{4iW_/D  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with ^&YtZjV  
        A                R@3HlGuRKw  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements ;I*t5{  
        B          C   t08U9`w  
  that are often represented at symbols. LG,?,%_s  
              D j_rO_m<8  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 `C>h]H(  
三、谓语动词 bDvGFSAH  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 .@&FJYkLYi  
①、主谓分割原则 */K[B(G  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, VjWJx^ZL#  
     A     \2/X$x<?X  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. fh =R  
        B      C      D DL bP$&o  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 J8~hIy6]  
Jzf+"%lv  
②、与后者一致原则 1^$hbRq  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, <o()14  
not only…but also \xS X'/G  
H,KH}25  
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③、与前者一致原则 A/=cGE  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, KN_n:`cH{  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 <T7@,_T  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and {($mLfC4  
     A      B  C     GThGV"  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. waC i9  
         D ?5">50  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is mL1ZSX o!  
6' *6tS  
④、就近原则 9Y2u/|!.3  
or, either…or, neither…nor, $!G|+OuTR  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are $]?pAqU\  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 7V=deYt_p  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 #p=+RTZ<  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 * g+v*q X  
im<!JMI  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are LGy6 2 y$  
        A      B        ,?U(PEO\f  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. MV<)qa T  
    C              D 2 br>{^T  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 n S$4[!0  
5D3&E_S  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 )+ G0m,n  
There are five apples that are red. bg3kGt0  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 n"iaE  
SN[yC  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets i]zh8|">  
      A            ([JFX@  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. BB,-HhYT0  
   B   C    D 'lC=k7@x  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 5-a^Frmg#"  
qYqd-R  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 ! , ]Fx  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. +CEt:KQ   
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 3Qv9=q|[b  
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 :'H}b*VWx  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: UHl1>(U  
a. there be 句型 AnsJ3C  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 ;rh =63g  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 <+ <o X"I  
+ZwTi!W  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. }/xdHt  
   A     B      C    D    \>/AF<2"  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ='/#G0W  
IxlPpS9Wx  
2JHF*zvO-  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 78mJ3 /?rC  
             A     B    fb]=M oiJ  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 HBa6Y&)<  
     C         %eu_Pr6X  
  miles in width. uvD*]zX  
     D  G|$n,X1O(  
分析:倒装句,are改为is \y/0)NL\  
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and JZNvuPD   
   A    B       C         vinn|_s%  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film R<> uCF0  
                    D f2$<4H hmm  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. SQ`ec95',  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 TP/bPZY  
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 H`U>ZJ.  
fifty percent of + 名词 E+aE5wmr  
one percent of + 名词 y=WCR*N  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: NEMC  
  one percent of my students + are ]FO)U  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. A `=.F  
oo,3mat2C  
这里要强调两个结构 R 9Y k9v  
half of =fifty percent & MfnH  
most of + 可数名词 + are "CWqPcr  
most of + 不可数名词+ is T ;JA.=I  
/SYzo4(  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been ,G(bwE9~  
   A       B         C   xHdv?69,  
  found in central and eastern Canada. 8U&93$  
           D J|I&{  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 u'EzYJ7  
r*s)T`T}}  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized  w4p<q68  
                 A   B  wrt^0n'r)c  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. qw%wyj7  
              C     D wpPCkfPyL  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 ZvO,1B  
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 )OcG$H NK  
①、主要考察时间状语 dy*CDRU4  
/WKp\r(Hp  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. H GRH9W  
   A        B  C     D ,=kQJ|  
c 7uryL  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was {]\!vG6  
DR6 OR B7  
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②、For和since的区别 SLG3u;Ab  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 HJu;4O($  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 oUwu:&<Orm  
  I has been a teacher for three years. _n+./ B  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. KzC`*U[  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了  P7GF"/  
" Q~-C|x  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became #E( n  
   A      B              -Fj:^q:@u  
  the primary responsibility of the president. Wg+fT{[f|  
     C    D SrVJ Q~ :>  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 c|'hs   
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of W|FPj^*t  
             A  B  C   YbrsX p"  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. kEQ${F{  
            D T?+xx^wYk  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 |h,aV(Q  
J 8"Cw<=O  
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  WlnI`!)d  
   A       B        C     D In)#`E` g.  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live DaW_-:@s  
PQ2u R  
(三) 谓语的语态 IdlW[h3`[  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。  @GYM4T  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: j !;?=s  
①、prove PT|W{RlNl  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的  [;D4,@A  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; > @ulvHL  
/R< Q~G|\  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming 7 3k3(rZ  
                      A   ;&|ja]r  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be '(kySf[  
    B                  C AR?J[e  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. X.,1SYG[  
                  D 4b8!LzKS  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 w*ig[{ I  
,c6ID|\  
P'Jw:)k(  
②、Locate,Situate :<s)QD  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 x~}RL-Y2o  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 ;h3uMUCml  
这两个词也可以用作被动  _tN"<9v.  
  My school was located near the river. ,k/*f+t  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 #zXkg[J6d  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. Warz"n]iC  
   (A)locates 8 @!/%"Kt2  
   (B)locating z@$7T: H>  
   (C)to locate 8J%^gy>m]  
   (D)is located lC.Yu$O5  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 S 1|[}nYP  
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③、表示需要概念的动词 p SASMc@  
need, want, require等 G7`7e@{  
ZYrXav<  
My watch needed repairing (eN\s98)/  
My watch needed to be repaired. \Btv76*,  
S(Xab_DT)H  
④、表示人的情感的动词 [X=-x=S,  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 j"/i+r{"E  
yuk64o2QE  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 6.2_UN^<  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 Zo22se0)  
|Z$heYP:w  
主动和被动技巧总结: J(h=@cw  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 d> `9! )  
DTt/nmKAqJ  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the H |Z9]+h)7  
                 A      #5N#^#r"  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, _UYt  
                 B fC2e}WR   
  power structures, and flood-control works along 7Xm pq&g  
                    C W{At3Bfy  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. ^/2n[orl5  
                D 2r"-X  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 ^~0\d;l _  
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四、非谓语动词 <jQ?l% \  
x,STt{I=  
(一) 分词 $[6:KV  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 |%g^6RN  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 wZ,9~P 7  
 ot]E\g+!  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then / ,f*IdB  
   A [P]zdw w#  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. ddmTMfH  
     B      C            D zJOjc/\  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning D:U:( pg  
d Ayof=  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 Bl2y~fCA  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in :t8(w>oW  
      A               B   ec[S?-  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. a=& a)FR  
               C         D zy~vw6vu  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living # nwEF QA  
3<1Uq3Pa  
R)"Ds}1G  
一些动词后面必须用doing r]sv50Fy  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 L"&j(|{  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ]vMr@JM-G  
 advocate, suggest 9Ruj_U  
 delay, quit  `@b+'L  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, |G~LJsXW!v  
 avoid, escape(逃避) BK]bSj  
 spend+名词+doing; 1hw1AJ}(F  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing dq28Y$9~  
a ?/GEfd  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their UB }n=  
   A     B    C              D V .vA~a  
  crops. +pZ, RW.D  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 Sg(fZ' -  
, \ |S BS  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, uV!Ax *'  
               A        B z 0]K:YV_  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 0W<:3+|n4  
        C          D LF vKF.  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing 0f}zm8p7.  
4n @ }X-)  
(二) 不定式 "Kx2k>ym  
A. 动词不定式的省略  Veo:G{  
①、help后面可以省略to ^AkVmsv;;  
  help do r!N)pt<g  
  help sb. to do ;UTT>j  
3o&PVU? Q  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid :Fz;nG-G  
              A      B   eR P mN  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. ~G|un}g=  
         C     D 2`hc0 IE  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 WPi^;c8  
?K%&N99c!  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个  =+9.X8SP  
  make, 4A6D>ChB'E  
  let, EN />f=%  
  have sb. do sth Bf33%I~  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. ~L$B]\/A5  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians qplz !=  
        A               B 7hwl[knyB  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. 5$Lo]H *  
   C     D Tap=K|b ]  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know to{/@^ D  
iJ.P&T9  
③、感官动词 S-V)!6\cK  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe [5K& J-W  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 g&9E>wT  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事  +]Ca_`  
par| j]  
"^E/N},%u5  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 EOJk7  
(1)表示第一人 <Y~?G:v6+  
the first woman to do sth. %\6ns  
b<,Z^Z_  
(2)表示迫使的动词 HDqPqrWm  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do T \%{zz_(  
[DrG;k?  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis fy|ycWW>8  
     A                 B    6&/H XqP  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. sVP[7&vr~  
       C           D YT!QY@qw  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 XVwaX2=L  
)=VSERs  
Eq$Q%'5*ua  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 ?" MJ 'u  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 7oY}=281  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 3/a$oO  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 r~q*E'n  
  be apt to do }`k >6B  
mq~rD)T  
(4)表示目的的名词, (ov=D7>t0  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 [@D+kL*>  
固定的句式: U9:?d>7  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. zt/p' khP3  
the objective 目标 ~doOt  
aim n]&/?6}  
goal I#(D.\P  
reason理由 U" eP>HHp  
function功能 @l3L_;6a  
intension意图 sW%U3,j  
mo%9UL,#W  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing #;. tVo I  
                       A  W-mi1l^H{  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. q 4_&C&7  
           B          C     D v8! 1"FYL  
分析:the function to provide, A错 2YvhzL[um  
r1:S8RT;H5  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure z,XM|-"#<K  
                  A       Ve>*KHDSt  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds Zyq h  
     B  FY"!%)TV  
  that make up various components of a living cell. )mO|1IDTN  
    C    D 6L@g]f|Y@  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 "dwx;E  
DmAMr=p  
(5) 其他同根名词 ]D&$k P(  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 ^!^8]u<Q  
 attempt to do 企图 M@@"-dy  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 =g' 7 xA  
 ambition, YBQO]3f  
 be ambitious to do  *g&[?y`UC  
 effort ?b, eZ+t  
5}gcJjz  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation z<_{m 4I;  
  A                    B   A"`6 2  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. }_}C ^  
          C       D ~]?Q'ER  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 ~$w-I\Q!  
g<oSTA w  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great [0N==Ym1  
  A                   B   3 EB8ls2  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. Q)yhpwrX  
       C            D ?m#X";^V  
分析:efforts to register, C错 +#O?a`f  
E,E:WuB  
O-:#Q(H!  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 4 W}8?&T  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 Y[Us"K`  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. G\tTwX4  
D:'|poH  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 ?rXh x{vD  
I am glad to see you. ^sd+s ~ xx  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. Q?n} ~(% &  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. IJO`"da  
Y&`Vs(  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 ~;#J&V@D  
It is difficult to decide. )ruC_)  
f Dp_W1yH  
//`heFuc]>  
五、句子的结构 ukv _bw  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 =PAvPj&}e  
cEi{+rfZd|  
(一) 主语的重复 l/[@1(F  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 xZPSoxu  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any %m!o#y(hD`  
          A      B      b|n%l5 1  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the *_b4j.)ax,  
          C          D Yi&;4vC  
  League of Nations. M kko1T=6  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 ww nc  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson <%<}];bmFL  
D; H</5#Q  
rw8O<No4.o  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are NwD*EuPF:  
        A        B  26>e0hBh&  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. IJxdbuKg  
    C         D rI o`n2  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 -]~U_J]  
j\q1b:pE  
(二)谓语的重复 f'\I52;FB  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 Kl{2^ q>  
=r3Yt9  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  l Vo](#W  
    A            B    5dT-{c%w4  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. V!3G\*$?  
         C   D R}llj$?  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 \r^=W=  
y7wy9+>l  
(三)谓语的缺少 i' %V}2  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body U|g4t=@ZR  
          A     B    ,[,+ _A  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. )M#~/~^f+  
         C               D [esjR`u  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 JMuUj_^}7  
Au#(g uvm  
(四)主句的重复 r-^Ju6w{  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 3F5r3T6j}  
u Zz^>* b  
eqD%Qdx  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite LD Bxw  
      A         B        C   "}*P9-%  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. q-/A_5>!;f  
     D L7G':oA_`p  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 @ Rig@  
 h#^IT  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow <po.:c Ce  
        A   B       _Z#yI/5r  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. g (ZeGNV8  
      C    D K*'(;1AiW  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 r9%4q4D?>9  
k <A>J-|  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided [ k^6#TQcn  
   A                     B  VHM,W]  
  names for towns, only George Washington 1'"o; a]k/  
      C ;s3"j~5m)  
  is remembered in the name of a state. ~YlbS-  
          D y,DK@X  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 n/p M[gI  
六、比较级和最高级 4Yt:PN2  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 j {7_p$JM  
Iu 2RK  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 $T^O38$  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which x(hUQu 6  
      A               "}\z7^.W>  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. @_FL,AC&m  
     B       C           D y{? 6U>_  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 NjdAfgA  
@H@& B`Kd  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 _q)`Y:2  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. 5ii`!y  
     A      B     C  D X3!btxa% t  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 lR{eO~'~V  
cI?dvfU?  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 9gn_\!Mp  
     A       B     C   D ^gw_Up<e6  
  is the grizzly bear. zO9$fU  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 ]0 ouJY  
fhLdM  
VMad ]bEf  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 mf,mKgfG  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 6%U1%;  
cGsP0LkHC  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with {Ylj]  
   A           B  \r324Bw>2  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. !g=,O6  
   C                 D m1]rLeeEt  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 $Fc*^8$ryC  
&I:X[=;g  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 RW,ew!Z  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as qq[2h~6P]  
M[Y|$I}  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 WYRTt2(+%  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 $w[@L7'(  
the taller boy '[qG ,^f  
[ ]3xb`<&  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 c*~/[:}  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed C0i:*1  
          A            B ^yy\CtG  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is |rW}s+Kcr  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. M`BD]{tN}  
    C          D HQt=.#GW  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they H$(%FWzQ%  
kVkV~  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 2?Q IK3"v  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, v}xz`]MW<,  
  A  B         C     bxkp9o  
  the Navajos form largest group. fAUtqkB  
         D .}SW`R Pk  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 9S=9m[#y'  
o6xl,T%  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, }4cLU.L8O  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language d";+8S  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the YXrTm[P  
&p8K0 |  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many %pL ,A5M  
            A      B         C wF?THkdFo  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 5y}}?6n+  
            D -M%n<,XN0  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 qZKU=HM  
 $Jb+}mlT  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the W$?1" F.  
例如:my best friends `o/tpuI  
.H7"nt^  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial !x;T2l  
            A    B     C JY9Hqf  
  and banking center. sw{EV0&>m  
        D > ^n'  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 ;P5\EJo  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 r'{p Tgm#  
e/#4)@]  
*bmk(%g  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary I0m/   
                 A         {YK6IgEsJe  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. WAqR70{KM  
    B   C     D 'e;*V$+  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 <JF78MD\  
0)k%nIhj  
七、平行结构 YDs/BF Z  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 =Q3Go8b4HJ  
uW Q`  
Ujq)h:`  
(一) 对等连接词 ;S,g&%N  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 jqb,^T|j;m  
单一式: and, or ,but a ^4(7  
相关式: both…and, not … but, z7HC6{g%X  
     either …or, neither…nor c?jjY4u  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as clG3t eC  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, cpu+"/\  
没有so...as... c7 wza/r>  
between…and, PM%./  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also (873:"(  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, z_A%>E4  
3i35F.=X,  
短语式: as well as /*r MveT  
     rather than (而不是) ' nf"u  
     other than (除…之外) GN=F-*2  
     instead of (代替) Z PZ1 7-  
(z^2LaM `8  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 "TN}=^A\F  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  F^`sIrZvs  
       A     B   ;#r tV ;  
  but he is now living in Detroit. \Cx3^ i X  
       C   D nqiy)ZN#R  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 r~t&;yRv  
M7jDV|Go  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics p)TH^87  
       A         B Eptsxyz{  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford Ix1ec^?f  
  remained active in city and regional planning. W%vh7>.  
          C    D  H26 j]kY  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 #H7(dT  
(二)平行的内容 ukG1<j7.  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 #-e3m/>  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of i$%;z~#wW  
             A         B   S&.DpsK  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, E.6^~'/  
         C            D Kpj0IfC,10  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. y6:=2(]w<p  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 KwpNS(]I  
{wA@5+[  
3z ~zcQ^\  
第二、名词单复数的平行 mnu7Y([2>  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 ijyj}gpWha  
H+*o @0C\~  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, 27,WP-qie  
  A     B          C   v,p/r )E  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. 7cvbYP\<lv  
                 D   kFuaLEJi  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 mjy%xzVr6^  
n %"s_W'E  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ~!)_3o  
                   A         B 6PJ0iten  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. =;@5Ue J  
      C          D TS=p8@w}  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have O a-Z eCq  
E;-R<X5n  
第三、时态的平行 {I(Euk>lR  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated 8$3Tu "+;  
                A      >cSc   
  with the imagist movement , but later develops 3G5i+9Nt.L  
                   B 4[+n;OI  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. m=j7 vb  
          C    D =b !f  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 #l:qht  
roL~r`f`  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- Ld+}T"Z&M>  
  spread from its home in Central America and j.ANBE96>  
  now grows throughout the tropics. D97oS!*  
   (A) to be    (B) it   3go !P])  
   (C) the     (D) its o.Q |%&1  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? <qHwY.  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow  dsJ}C|N  
#2x\d  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 9[$g;}w  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. d \0K 3=h  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised Ak>RLD25_  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised Zf(ucAhL  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 o+6Y/6Xp@  
!BK^5,4?--  
第四、排列位置的平行 WY<ip<  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. PjRKYa_U  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode +J.^JXyp0  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  nLo:\I(  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes C5;"mo-  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes CIYD'zR[ 2  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 !m]76=@  
a=C?fh  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: :/ "q NPJ  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 l^"gpO${K  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 9J l9\y9  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 o7hjx hmC  
o.y4&bC14;  
八、词序的颠倒 ]9b*!n<z  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 k('2K2P  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 gqG l>=.m  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage AL,|%yup  
              A    B        u~a<Psp&|  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. C UY2eQJ{U  
      C       D    INcJXlv  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 ' 71D:%p  
qRB&R$  
syBYH5  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 coU`2n/  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only LH0\SmhU  
          A      B     1.jW^sM  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. Etn]e;z4  
    C         D i[WTp??Uv  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 rK)%n!Z  
*|hICTWL  
GRlA 9Q  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 VZw("a*TB  
4[rD|  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were rP#@*{";  
          A   B     C   TC J\@|yw  
  in what is now the United States. ,!bOzth2>K  
    D [o> /2  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 M.H4ud  
scN}eg:5  
所有的系动词分为三大类: qlDLZ.  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, ,]20I _  
    is, remain, keep, stay, 1AA(qE  
    lie, exit(表示位于) 5M*q{k X)  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 'VR5>r  
    become, turn, grow, gY;N>Yq,C  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) R)G'ILneV  
YQe @C  
第三种,感官动词 ,CwhpW\Y  
    seem(好像是) xI_WkoI  
    look(看起来好像是) c( gUH  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste -7;RPHJs  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 vad " N  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe {TUCa  
    A               B     I caIB)  
   to cause numerous deaths. ^<sX^V+{  
        C   D   '6 w|z^  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 1NJ*EzJ~?  
_%<7!|"  
九、词性的混用 z36nyo  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 0@3g'TGl  
@{t^8I#]  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 & }k=V4L  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; aU#8W.~  
RTF{<,E.UX  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high zIRa%%.i<  
          A        B      Uf_w o  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and "@`M>)*o  
              C 15nc  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. Fi*6ud\n!  
          D ]l+2Ca:-[j  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) oHeo]<Fbv  
:~6%nFo  
oqE h_[.  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 ) e;F@o3  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 HjnHl-  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds UPJgT N*  
         A       B      %!YsSk,   
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to Z < uwqA  
          C        5<d Y,FvX  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. a.w,@!7  
            D ;5y!,OF6  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 n7{1m$/  
FVF: 1DT  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, zxwpS  
            A       3OM\R%M  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of _#N~$   
      B      C [nG/>Z]W  
   urban Black people in the United States. j}h50*6KO  
   D R`s /^0  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 dcXtT3,kpX  
!pDS*{)E  
+.>O%pNj  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 Z39^nGO  
表示时间有两种可能, Xwx;m/  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 ;B1}so1]  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, 1b_ ->_9  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 hpAIIgn  
=]7 \--  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence (<8 T*Xo  
       A     B     ^z)lEO  
  were made while the American Civil War. )Hev -C"  
   C    D [a+?z6qI\}  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 b*p,s9k7  
WpmypkJA#  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the . X:{s,@  
   A      B           C    (& ~`!]  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. @ br%:Nt  
          D Dq-h`lh!D#  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 MJ92S(  
`w~ 9/sty  
kdW i!Hp  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 ?V7[,I1?  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 {J99F  
` 0\hm`  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social v`v+M4upC  
                   A     o +aB[+  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. H;$w^Tr  
     B   C    D "`&?<82  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 M5%xp.B  
lezdJ  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples | C2k(  
   A        B   C      6\E |`  
  easily under the stress of compression. x#ouR+<  
   D qv,|7yw{  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 s"sX# l[J  
sAnH\AFm  
HVk3F| ]V  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 xE0+3@_>>  
UO!OO&l!  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine !CsoTW9C:  
    A         B D|+H!f{k  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. 8, WQ}cC  
          C            D C6/,-?%)  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 ^ qE4:|e  
1x\%VtO>\b  
N>gv!z[E  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, ; 4S#6#  
         A 6*]Kow?  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. ^ S%4R'  
   B      C      D <rCl  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。  _@d.wfM  
P}aJvFlmP  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 =fRP9`y  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; (xxJ^u>QC  
two hundred diligent students
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