该错题常考要点 9ZwhCsO
一、代词 YGB|6p(
代词中主要讲解六个问题 {v(3[7
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 e>/PW&Z8Z
主格、宾格、所有格 TX;|g1K
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) ]GJskBm
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(二) 反身代词 <5
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当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 GCrMrZ6
He killed himself. (他自杀了) 4&tY5m>
He killed him. (他杀了他) bR.T94-8y
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating %
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a series of indicators that could help ~*&_zPTN
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themselves to predict earthquakes. fZgZ
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 n{M!l\1
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 *<J**FhcMu
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 T. {P}#'|
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 /Z-|E
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies W;2y.2*
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the _bW#*
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Pacific. bj
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 Xq9%{'9
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 s(-$|f+s
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: tMC<\e
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 [i\K#O +f
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined ge*f<#|0U-
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the word“normalcy”to express social and c.r]w
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economic conditions they promised the nation. 7iT#dpF/A
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 ELPzqBI
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important B/AS|i] sM
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John [s"xOP9R
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Keats, published the year of her death. ?31#:Mg6g+
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. M*$#j|
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(四) Who和which的区别 xim'TVwvC
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 lp+Uox
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 Lk#8G>U
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who Wa.y7S0(@
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. G
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。
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人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 bS7%%8C
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(五) that和which的区别 ecvQEK2L
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 { 0?^ $R8j
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it M$,4B
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. cb82k[L6
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 cfSQqH
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 FIu|eW+<l
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, o*_arzhA
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when y?OK#,j
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. ze"`5z26|
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which hik.c3
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly ?uh%WN6nU]
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. SiLWy=qbR
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 #b,!N
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has
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affected the way people in the United States----. ^Ycn&`s
(A) living and working @+>t]jyz
(B) they live and work Lky T4HC8n
(C) live and work +?'a2pUS
(D) to live and to work X? 7s
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 3w&Z:<
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二、介词 o*5b]XWw
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 &SM
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(一) 介词搭配 m$`4.>J
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those 0`4Fa^o]h
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. )uO 3v
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 b"(bT6XO!
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. ^S:I38gR#q
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分析:B错改为be rich in R:y u
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the W]5
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. 08z?i
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 es1'z.U J
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 YH3[Jvzf4
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 g7r0U6Y
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. w1)SuMFK_
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 L{u1_
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 8 O.5ML{
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on *h~(LH"tN
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. M7gM#bv>L
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 eQsoZQA1
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2、介词by }>m3V2>[
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by &$. x1$%
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing TmdRB8N
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States Op
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. uH8`ipX
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 u^uo=/
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils 0:k ~lz
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to ^<nN~@j
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supply moccasins and field rations. b}jLI_R{
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 Nx"v|"
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with LdY aJh~h
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements sTGe=}T8
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that are often represented at symbols. 1">]w2je:
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 9=Rj9%
三、谓语动词 6Bfu89
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 me`(J y<
①、主谓分割原则 ?W"9G0hTqM
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, )04lf*ti
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ?OPAf4h
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 D;Jb'Be
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②、与后者一致原则 (FAd'$lhX}
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, uz+b
not only…but also fE/8;v!=
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③、与前者一致原则 R`:NUGR
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, @.X}S"yr
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 0Fh*8a}?b
例:The athlete, together with his coach and z,oqYU\:
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. A2"xCJ0`
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is tH"SOGfSt
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④、就近原则 QWf)5S
or, either…or, neither…nor, bkl'0
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单数名词+or+复数名词+are zY|]bP[NEH
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is ^>ca*g
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 Wx/!Myu
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 j#U?'g
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are #~.i\|VL
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. ?4Z0)%6
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 ]+':=&+:
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 :*&wnQMKR
There are five apples that are red. _'H<zZo
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 i&>,aiH@
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets vtmO
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. &F'v_9
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 Hs=!.tZ,
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 sD{b0mZT
The rich are not always happier than the poor. &"tce6&
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 P>@`hZ9
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 j5'Jp}
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: pXFNK"jm
a. there be 句型 Xb^\{s?b
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 M2@q{RiS
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 YRp\#pVnZ
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. &YT7>z,
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is uCu,'F,6Y
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific <go~WpA|r
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 g
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miles in width. `C*!de]Y%
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分析:倒装句,are改为is N6J$z\
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and 6#KI?
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film @qC:% |>
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. t
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分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 ya_'Oz!C
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 T8441qo{>
fifty percent of + 名词 iCK$ o_`?
one percent of + 名词 pMquu&Td
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: ;:|KfXiC8
one percent of my students + are btF%}<o)
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 'YR5i^:t
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half of =fifty percent K D-_~uIF
most of + 可数名词 + are Dq?HUb^
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most of + 不可数名词+ is \!QF9dP4
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been `fkrik
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found in central and eastern Canada. 'c[LTpn4=
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ptv4v[gQ
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized R$fIb}PDr
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. otVyuh
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 (MoTG^MrBY
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 ]2Fo.n
①、主要考察时间状语 0bxvM
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. ).!14Gjo
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was UeQ
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②、For和since的区别 !bV(VRbu
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点
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区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 u4#~
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I has been a teacher for three years. NVA`t]gn
I has been a teacher since 1996. 30(m-D$K>9
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 uU ?37V
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became ?J@?,rZQ^V
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the primary responsibility of the president. gjegzKU
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 k`7.p,;}U
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of t1:S!@
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. hKH$AEHEU}
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 F'UguC">
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. S QM(8*:X
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live 4gv.E 0Fo
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(三) 谓语的语态 Oa.f~|
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 p(
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有四组动词是改错题中常考的: Ukh$`q}
①、prove /H%<oAjp6
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 X@bn??
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ~E<PtDab
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming o%/-5-
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be C>Omng1>^
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. B@"SOX
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。
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②、Locate,Situate K9e~Wl<3
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 DD12pL{QA
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 ;NiArcAS!
这两个词也可以用作被动 1a($8>
My school was located near the river. <&qpl0U)Y
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 S3ab0JM
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. qYgwyj=4
(A)locates QHHW(InG<
(B)locating M>*0r<qn
(C)to locate ~-XOvKJb
(D)is located
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分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 2-vJv+-
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③、表示需要概念的动词 N3uMkH-<
need, want, require等 D+@-XU<Lp<
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My watch needed repairing 1*C:hg@
My watch needed to be repaired. Wmz q
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④、表示人的情感的动词 e$CePLEj
move, annoy, surprise, please等 lhLnyg Uk
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 *ZGX-+{
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 =?=)s
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主动和被动技巧总结: M
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如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 p]wP36<S!
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the J__;.rnk
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, M6J/mOVx5
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power structures, and flood-control works along q\a[S*
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. 2< p{z
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 Iph3%RaE
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四、非谓语动词 ?8Et[tFg
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(一) 分词 x Y| yI>
现在分词和过去分词的区别 mV<i JZh
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ^"1TPd|
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then kGm:VYf%
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. ^OF5F8Tf/
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning ^\:yf.k
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 *wwhZe4V
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in co/7l sW
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. |1"!k
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living H>.B99vp
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一些动词后面必须用doing L~dC(J)@ZI
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 M-Y0xWs
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, k(vPg,X>m
advocate, suggest gLIT;BK
delay, quit (
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forgive(原谅),tolerate, =Y9\DeIZ
avoid, escape(逃避) <*u C
spend+名词+doing; }E; F)=E
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing $}R$t-
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their nJJs%@y
A B C D qX$u4I!,
crops. <C<`J{X0
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 WA.AFt
z856 nl
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, 0@)%h&mD
A B e"Rm_t
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. o2=A0ogz?
C D \DA$6w\\
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing (ZP87Gz
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(二) 不定式 )NT5yF,m
A. 动词不定式的省略 :eOR-}p'
①、help后面可以省略to f vLC_'M
help do Dag`>|my
help sb. to do ALGgAX3t
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid O8|
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A B Y )b@0'
the habits that might shorten the lives. zgKY4R{V
C D dDtFx2(R
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 "tu*YNP\Q
/#S>sOg2xq
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 !gP0ndRJ=
make, [@"wd_f{l
let, )1F<6R
have sb. do sth $%2H6Eg0
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. 8`v$liH
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians \cuS>G
A B KhaYr)&~
to know when to play various parts of a composition. $Ui&D
I
C D +MUwP(U=w
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ftZj}|R!
.T.5TMiOSq
③、感官动词
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hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe ?o[L7JI
see sb do sth. 强调过程 .36^[Jsz":
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 j+^L~, S
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法
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(1)表示第一人 $v27]"]
the first woman to do sth. kA#vByf`v
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(2)表示迫使的动词 5EeDHsvV9
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do F $yO
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis JW+*d`8Z[
A B >Pal H24]
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. BWq/TG=>
C D .BZVX=x
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 e~\QE0Oe :
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 G=d(*+&
B
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 TZB+lj1
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 t#b0H)
be lieable to do 易于…的 <,8l *1C
be apt to do |X (2Zv^O
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(4)表示目的的名词, TT}]wZ
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 JWHSnu!
固定的句式: ;4~U,+Av
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. r6.N4eW.L
the objective 目标 vzR
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aim `rFAZcEj%
goal Np,2j KF(
reason理由 #$ 1$T
function功能 9`Q@'(m
intension意图 jj&s}_75
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing u?0d[mC
A Z[L5
;
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. x0+glQrNN
B C D PpOlt.yui
分析:the function to provide, A错 NoDZ5Z
hx!7w}[A
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure P:!)9/.2
A S*t%RZ~a
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds y\PxR708
B n Wgv~{,x
that make up various components of a living cell. HD-Erop
C D cyF4iG'M,y
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 hnxc`VX>g
"4 k-dj
(5) 其他同根名词 %_f;G+fK\p
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 AU{:;%.g
attempt to do 企图 ;VzMU
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decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 |4>:M\h
ambition, =_-C%<4
be ambitious to do []}N
effort
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation u-><}OVf~
A B ZBM!MSf:
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 6
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C D u''BP.Y S
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 !,bPe5?Ql
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great X47!E
|*
A B |]ucHV
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. }76.6=~
C D qgexb\x\4
分析:efforts to register, C错 w}k B6o]
'JZ_
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 *m&&1W_
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 >q9{
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. VGJDqm!
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 t9D
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I am glad to see you. uUS)#qM|
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. Q8Te'1Ln!
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. v"
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 CWMlZVG
It is difficult to decide. OqEHM%j
l $ Zs~@N
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五、句子的结构 c Vg$dt
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 $4h04_"
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(一) 主语的重复 k4mTZ}6E
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 GfNWP
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any hDbHSZ
A B _w%s(dzk
compromises concerning the establishment of the 6#-Z@fz%
C D ULrbQ}"cva
League of Nations. ASM1Y]'Z
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 KM@`YV_"g
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson )SD_}BY%k
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A]
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are #PPsRKj3c
A B uTUa4^]*
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. /gF]s_
C D yOM
-;h
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 WT1q15U(=
]X4RnV55Q
(二)谓语的重复 Y~x`6
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 tUn&z?7bF
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例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of C`z;,!58%
A B 0L
7@2|a0
one or more sentences related to the same idea. <"{+
C D O]4W|WI3
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 U8U/?zW/&
JO]`LF]
(三)谓语的缺少 )lE3GDAPgZ
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body m|(I} |kT3
A B |UABar b
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. Vl&+/-V
C D d#RF0,Y 9
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 a [0N,t
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(四)主句的重复 }u38:(^`ai
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 \E>%W
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite V;/
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A B C U1OLI]P
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. Q';\tGy
D :XNK-A W
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 iA5*
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例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow oX%P
sS
A B #S/pYP`7
sweeps across the face of the Earth. ;7B2~zL
C D )dUd `g
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 ~2;&pZ$
(2hk <
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided )x9nED{
A B =6L:Ix
names for towns, only George Washington #!K~_DL
C uL qpbn
is remembered in the name of a state. * wQZ'
D {HE.mHy
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 }lrfO_
六、比较级和最高级 6+{ nw}e8
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 f%(e,KgW=
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 */fs.G:P
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which E Ni%ge'":
A &Pn%zfmMN
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. x u\/]f)
B C D k[^}ld[
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 3n=O8Fp
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 S^sW.(I
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. Td=]tVM
A B C D B'[3kJ '
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 "KQ\F0/
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例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere SgQmYaa
&
A B C D ^ZViQ$a"h;
is the grizzly bear. >GF(.:7
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 @'G ( k;
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 ~wd?-$;070
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 VIlQzM;%^
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with KE|u}M@v6
A B +cplM5X
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. e]y=]}A3{
C D ?@uK s4
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 ,`B>}
=S7C(;=4
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 8~L.6c5U
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as R~mMGz
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 ~.y4
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①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 JqV<A3i
the taller boy yl;$#aZB
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 e+[J[<8
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed \iTPJcb5
A B 'rx,f
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is o9SfWErZ
abundant, and humidity is moderate. >|&OcU
C D Mm[1Z;H
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 0$dNrq
V?=zuB?'
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 $TW+LWb
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, vh{1u
A B C +OuG!3+w
the Navajos form largest group. 5T@'2)BI=
D
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分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 )ZT0zIG
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陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, -VT?/=Y
s
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language |4*2xDcl
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the -2u+m
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many R$,iDv.jI
A B C ialk6i![
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. :1
D hl
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分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 _BA_lkN+D
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the J]YN2{(x
例如:my best friends <Q~7a
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial {Ag}P0%'
A B C c|a|z}(/J
and banking center. M!i5StGC
D h>Pg:*N,(
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 { qx,X.5$
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 x5Pt\/ow
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>mltE$|
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary V1U[p3J-S
A 4V3
w$:,
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. !/Ps}.)A`
B C D P!ICno6[e
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 <LZvh8
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七、平行结构 [63;8l}
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 Mdh"G @$n
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(一) 对等连接词 @S92D6
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 7rg[5hP T
单一式: and, or ,but 3dphS ^X
相关式: both…and, not … but, L,/i%-J3c
either …or, neither…nor uK5Px!
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as :W.(,65c
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, I\23as0q
没有so...as... d(Ou\7
between…and, =h;!# ZC
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also R<Tzt'z
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, A'EA !
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短语式: as well as [9^e
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rather than (而不是) ,&SJ?XAs
other than (除…之外) mio'm
instead of (代替) ?Gfe?
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 )O
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例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, ')V5hKb^
A B B=Os?'2[
but he is now living in Detroit. .Ps;O
C D {IvCe0`
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics .Dmvgi]
A B IuF-bxA
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford :u0433z:
remained active in city and regional planning. enj2xye%Y
C D AF-.Nwp
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 H>]x<#uz)
(二)平行的内容 OUPpz_y
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 V2.K*CpZ7
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of s@|?N+z
A B %XeU4yg\e
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, z4goa2@Z
C D Su7?-vY
or yearly periods of light and darkness. HChewrUAn
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 "=;&{N~8U
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第二、名词单复数的平行 _xUXt)k
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 Fk43sqU6~
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, /%7eo?@,
A B C DiX4wmQ
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. \Mi< ROp5
D -*EJj>x
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 wK_}`6R/
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例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, UnPSJ]VW
A B BzZy s
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. uFqH_04
C D !m;VWGl*
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have ,y.0Cb0
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第三、时态的平行 4u&doSXR
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated (F)zj<{f
A "@
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with the imagist movement , but later develops 6$f,DU
B Czp:y8YX -
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. i <bs{Cu_S
C D 25(\'484>
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 }fhVn;~}8
"$)2|
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- ";~#epPkX
spread from its home in Central America and %vksN$^
now grows throughout the tropics. f,1rmX1
(A) to be (B) it Np<Aak
(C) the (D) its I/tzo(r
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? @MM|.#
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原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow \|(;q+n?k
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- , ^n
Ui c
commercially for their meat and eggs. aX|`G]PhdI
(A) raised (B) and are raised 1/i|
(C) raised as (D) are raised :J"e{|g',
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 Zy#r<j]T
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第四、排列位置的平行 \yy!?Ul
aI
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. YMWy5 \
(A) Not only does rust corrode IP >An8+
(B) Not only rust corrodes <Z&gAqj 2
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes }bHpFe
(D) Rust not only corrodes ]D%[GO//!
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 ,&k5Qq
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: #?/.LMn{
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 Z+}SM]m
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 r1\.Jz
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 G'("-
9
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八、词序的颠倒 ZLV~It&)
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 "Vh(%N`6
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 Vlf@T
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage
2AluH8X/
A B g(`
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that can be given to any individual in the United States. <L`R!}
C D b:JOR@O
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 {tM D*?C[6
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 9xz`V1mIL
例:Certain types of computers work properly only 7%<jZ
=
A B LY
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in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. 8}0
D?
C D %`TLs^
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 kb6v2 ^8H
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 cnsGP*w
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were e`oc#Od&x]
A B C `7j,njCX.
in what is now the United States. :b=0_<
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 9f@)EKBK
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所有的系动词分为三大类: !d^`YEfE
第一种:表示保持某种状态, S6QG:|#P
is, remain, keep, stay, rQqtejcfx
lie, exit(表示位于) ?/wloLS47
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 n&fV3[m`2
become, turn, grow, cwroG#jGT
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) 71%u|k8|
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第三种,感官动词 ?,NAihN]
seem(好像是) j{=%~
look(看起来好像是) p5K
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feel, sound, appear, smell, taste I%Awj(9BS
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 uv5@Alm
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe 4Bn+L,}.
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to cause numerous deaths. U
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 J\V(MN,
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九、词性的混用 rXPXO=F1/
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 2?j1~ ]DvZ
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 7h2bL6Y88
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; zCrcCr
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high 9m6j?CFG}
A B i`qh|w/b_
mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and >=H8>X
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. >y[S?M
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) 0^
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 4(82dmKO
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 R
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例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds _3a
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to Fev3CV$
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. Z"Oa5V6[A
D `'WLGQG
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 5eA]7$ic
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, R:?vY!
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of /MH@>C
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urban Black people in the United States. u(702S4
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 Xf9%A2 iB
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####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 T0%TeFY
表示时间有两种可能, ecpUp39\
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 ~79Qg{+]N
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, %+a@|Z
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 a<TL&
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence y4We}/-<
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were made while the American Civil War. jMui+G(h
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 %C0O?q
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the [.xk
A B C oV>AFs6
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. 8:?Q(M7
D (Zg'pSs)
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 ~Z6p3#
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 9^#gVTGXv
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 vLFaZ^(
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social |z.GSI_!)
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. V/9"Xmv75
B C D "Xk%3\{P
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 Xe3z6
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples %^?3s5PXD
A B C :Mu8W_
easily under the stress of compression. u4,X.3V]A
D &
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 |8qK%n f}
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 #"p1Qea$
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine 7hF,gl5
A B W^d4/]
article that gives personal comments on current events. @6YBK+"
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分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 WW[`E
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, XAU_SPAjiw
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. >1a\%G
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分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ?zhI=1ED%
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 9QOr,~~s
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; dE5 5
two hundred diligent students