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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

该错题常考要点

该错题常考要点 @V\ u<n  
一、代词 |>Ld'\i8  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 $yn7XonS  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 3BZa}Q_  
  主格、宾格、所有格 -n:~m p  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) 2@Nt6r  
_\2Ae\&c  
(二) 反身代词 wB(X(nr  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 n%S%a >IQj  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) Nc da~h Q  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) 2FVO@D  
A3 uF 0A  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  ZLGglT'EW>  
    A                 B    Ueb&<tS  
  a series of indicators that could help hNRN`\5Z  
             C      Pf:;iXH?  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. @* <`*W  
    D w7%.EA{N  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。  FKH_o  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 %MM)5MsB  
*-';ycOvr  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 ?u4t;  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 b[2 #t  
'Ul^V  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies LTTMxiq[*  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the ]~@uStHn  
     A   B      C          D 98rO] rg  
  Pacific. JKF/z@Vbe\  
Y D,<]q%  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 E*vh<C  
}3/|;0j$  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 MAc jWb~ f  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: Ms=N+e$n  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 m2\[L/W]  
rM`z2*7%d  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined '[vC C'  
                       A   v[\GhVb  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and ;--p/h*.  
             B !q1XyQX  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. J6mUU3F9f  
   C       D "#8I &xZK  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 gbu*6&j9  
`4,]Mr1b  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important s_P[lbHt.  
        A     }\QXPU{UVd  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John (\%J0kR3[  
   B        C      -FS! v^  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  kvN<o-B  
      D  N>w+YFM  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. sWKv> bx  
*rVI[k L  
qOAhBZ~  
(四) Who和which的区别 oQR?H  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 LhSXz>AX  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 j:$Z-s  
8l<~zIoO  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who \[ W`hhJ  
              A            B X=? \A{Y  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. uT Y G/O  
   C                  D bYYjP.rcF  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 rIX 40,`  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 MEOfVh  
GL^ j |1  
(五) that和which的区别 X*a7`aL  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 u4x J-Vu  
&`_| [Y ]H  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it ie/QSte  
              A        B +!t *LSF  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. _k5$.f:Yj<  
      C              D !v*#E{r"g=  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 xEB 4oQ5  
qJ$S3B  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 \\/ !I   
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, nb@<UbabW}  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when FWo`oJeN  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. +EZr@  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which O>ZJOKe  
UHDcheeRD  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly eh*F/Gu  
              A         B   [ <Q{  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. _K~?{".  
         C      D +@PZ3 [s  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 N mN:x&/  
[ HjGdC  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  'eoI~*}3WQ  
  affected the way people in the United States----. p -/}@r3Z+  
   (A) living and working :Czvwp{z  
   (B) they live and work 6.4,Qae9E  
   (C) live and work 98WJ"f_ #  
   (D) to live and to work F#{ PJ#  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 |nO }YU\E  
D7$xY\0r  
二、介词 I3?:KVa  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 S[uHPYhlA  
5xG/>f n  
(一) 介词搭配 ..^,*  
WTh|7&   
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those L G9#D  
    A         B   C      u"a$/  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. wmPpE_ {  
                D 9$'Edi=6  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 i@d@~M7/  
-OP5v8c f  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. ~ .Eln+N  
A       B     C  D :hxZ2O?5_  
分析:B错改为be rich in BF6H_g  
(.3L'+F  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the l+ <x  
    A         B      C cjO,#W0&f  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness.  yQ8H-a.  
             D @.iOFY  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 UoxF00H@!  
K+mtuB]yr  
J0|}u1? l  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 @w:sNXz-  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 et]* 5Y6  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. |@-WC.  
          A      B  C     D I.e'  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 [l5 "'{x  
l7J_s?!j  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has }\ DQxHG  
                 A  B     |f?C*t',  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on RLHe;-*b]I  
      C -6tF   
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. NxX1_d  
      D |b3/63Ri-0  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 (kuZS4Af  
ToJru  
2、介词by T&2 3Pf1  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by +tN-X'u##  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing gq@."wHU  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States KnFbRhu[  
    A         B       w9PY^U.Y3e  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. 0?h .X= G  
   C     D BmJ?VJ}Y  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 P%lLKSA  
N+V-V-PVk  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils 0Yjy  
   A                      -oo=IUk  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to ]1[;A$7  
     B    C       D U+i[r&{gb  
   supply moccasins and field rations. D_)vGvv3;.  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 4>E2G:  
#?=cg]v_  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with R`&ioRWj  
        A                u~kwNN9t3  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements 6J*`<k/ S  
        B          C   wm8x1+P  
  that are often represented at symbols. e` rY ]X  
              D $S}x'F!4_  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 \}=b/FL=U  
三、谓语动词 yBj)#m5!  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 z)~!G~J]  
①、主谓分割原则 [s2V-'2  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, OQQ9R?Ll {  
     A     dL` +^E>  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ]EnaZWyO]  
        B      C      D N96BWgT  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 (r4VIlap  
sriz b  
②、与后者一致原则 srLr~^$j[  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ,9qB}HG  
not only…but also i 8Xz  
`yZZP   
)1}g7:  
③、与前者一致原则 A*~1Uz\t  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, %} ,G(>  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 I uj=d~|>  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and \ZRoTh  
     A      B  C     5ba[6\Af  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. }%ThnFFBw  
         D 0s""%MhFI  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is v|(b,J3  
|S:!+[  
④、就近原则 bTGK@~  
or, either…or, neither…nor, Xb-c`k~_  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are ('q vYQ  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is <]^;/2 .B  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 (iOCzZ6S  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 :wZ`>,K"t>  
l\;mP. !  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are .00=U;H%`  
        A      B        `F\:XuY   
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. kj!7|1i2  
    C              D `uZv9I"  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 ,i?!3oLT  
\41)0,sEy  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 iEVA[ xy=D  
There are five apples that are red. 2HGD{;6>v{  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 >2CusT2  
&s^>S? L-  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets u] U)d$|  
      A            plx/}ah8  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 3V Mh)  
   B   C    D =Xy`"i{`(  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 A!W" *WT  
2PR7M. V 7  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 Sm$j:xw <  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. e(w/m(!Wny  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 W `u$7k]$  
i=1 }lk q  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 60,-\h  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: EARfbb"SG7  
a. there be 句型 )y`TymM[F  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 *hZ~i{c,7  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 Q&upxE4 -~  
dF{6>8D=5B  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. umm\r&]A  
   A     B      C    D    Ep<!zO|  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is : _^0'ULP  
B9LSxB  
13.{Y)  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific Eg`R|CF  
             A     B    2 {mY:\  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 @1<omsl  
     C         9 V=<| 2  
  miles in width. X:G& 5  
     D  h-r6PY=i  
分析:倒装句,are改为is D|TLTF"  
MUbhEau?  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and ka2F !   
   A    B       C         oUQGLl!V  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film #"Eks79s  
                    D $yDW.pt  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. :%/\1$3P  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 /rIm7FW)  
Zk]k1]u*5  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 n 5~=qQK2  
fifty percent of + 名词 cs K>iN  
one percent of + 名词 <Zig Co w  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: _Fy4DVCg  
  one percent of my students + are <TI3@9\qXE  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. ,dHP`j ?  
CxJfrI_W  
这里要强调两个结构 R'G'&H{N  
half of =fifty percent 7'_nc!ME  
most of + 可数名词 + are X,>(Y8  
most of + 不可数名词+ is T|; ^.TZ  
ob0~VEH-  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been G3H#XK D  
   A       B         C   @ (i*-u3Tq  
  found in central and eastern Canada. ]|,vCKju  
           D -{!&/;Z  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。  "\`>2  
kfVZ=`p}  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized )nhfkW=e  
                 A   B  r k@UsHy  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. 9#u}^t  
              C     D ~Y% : 3  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 KZECo1  
 DX|uHbGg  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 _~ v-:w  
①、主要考察时间状语 ^Ss<X}es-  
b<\$d4Qy  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. %Hh3u$Y,  
   A        B  C     D .Nc_n5D6  
r9?o$=T  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was "rVU4F)  
EVG"._I@  
U>oW~Z  
②、For和since的区别 7iP5T  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 ^ZR8s^X  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 gNTh% e  
  I has been a teacher for three years. +1x)z~q=  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. Oohq9f#!  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 NK~PcdGl  
.W$ sxVXB  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became w m19T7*L  
   A      B              0#<WOns1   
  the primary responsibility of the president. V#NtBreN  
     C    D BO"qD[S  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 KYf;_ C,$  
5E`JD  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of };^} 2 Xo+  
             A  B  C   e9lOk)`t  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. T!(sZf  
            D BR3wX4i\  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 $D}"k!H  
'aZAS Pn[  
ZB$NVY  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  cN5"i0xk  
   A       B        C     D /~tP7<7A  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live jccOsG9;_  
#hy+ L  
(三) 谓语的语态 ~@@ Z|w  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 qW3x{L$c  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: \+9;!VWhl  
①、prove _-RyHgX   
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 >e/ r2U  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; i&*<lff  
cf\&No?-p  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming Fo(y7$33*  
                      A   S}b~_}  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be ']h IfOD"r  
    B                  C  %jT w  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 03Ukw/D&  
                  D ~ ?d>fR:X  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 Hnd+l)ng  
h;nQxmJ9  
,\x$q'  
②、Locate,Situate ]w-.|vx  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 fK"iF@=Z`  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 7O$ &  
这两个词也可以用作被动 YD9!=a$  
  My school was located near the river. fM2^MUp[=1  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 <]'|$8&jY  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. (0}j]p'w  
   (A)locates G1[(F`t>  
   (B)locating f"P$f8$  
   (C)to locate sG1BNb_  
   (D)is located NNp}|a9  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 $ 9=8@  
A_F0\ EN*  
③、表示需要概念的动词 .1{l[[= W  
need, want, require等 2vvh|?M  
N iISJWk6'  
My watch needed repairing Q i^;1&  
My watch needed to be repaired. Z'ao[CG  
,5. <oDH  
④、表示人的情感的动词 t)'dF*L  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 nALnB1  
AIv<f9*.:  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 I=5dYq4 l  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 --A&TV  
Man^<T%F  
主动和被动技巧总结: O]bKNA.5  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 !t% Q{`p  
@() {/cF  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the 67?n-NP  
                 A      8$m1eQ`{  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, rei5{PC  
                 B Q0WY$w1 <  
  power structures, and flood-control works along zb?kpd}r  
                    C o$t &MST?i  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. 1OP" 5f  
                D UO1$UF! QC  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 L20rv:W$h  
%p*`h43;  
四、非谓语动词 BCBUb  
!-ZP*V3}h  
(一) 分词 4]EvT=Ro  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 mt I MW9  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 3; A$<s  
[aHlu[,  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then b*`fLrqV.  
   A +[_gyLN<5b  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. 'QR4~`6I  
     B      C            D !]G jIT]Oh  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning ^Eu_NUFe  
,8~dz  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 WkP|4&-<  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in a}w&dE$!-  
      A               B   @BXaA0F4  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. Lg b  
               C         D HwM /}-t  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living 9!cW  
=uS8>.Qj  
[RW, {A  
一些动词后面必须用doing f!(cD80  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 F; 0Dp  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, .N&QW `  
 advocate, suggest $sM]BE:  
 delay, quit S;BP`g<l=  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, J09ZK8 hK  
 avoid, escape(逃避) ,~iFEaV+  
 spend+名词+doing; D8W(CE^}  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing UX?X]ZYVR  
RR8U Cv  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their aL{EkiR  
   A     B    C              D Gtf1}UJC  
  crops. gZ=) qT]Pj  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 VB}PNg  
+h9`I/R  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, j^:b-:F  
               A        B A=y24m  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 9.^-us1  
        C          D zp}yiE!bl  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing oVAOGHE  
P^i6MZ?   
(二) 不定式 [<,0A]m   
A. 动词不定式的省略 `>$g y/N  
①、help后面可以省略to bwv/{3G,Ys  
  help do T "ZQPLg  
  help sb. to do # r2$ZCo3o  
f'8B[&@L  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid Fa Qu$q  
              A      B   Nu>sp,|A  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. !]n{l_5r  
         C     D RI7qsm6RN  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 vy>];!Cu  
3uB=L 7.  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 rcD.P?"  
  make, '` BjRg57]  
  let, p7?CeyZ-V  
  have sb. do sth !8H!Fj`|j  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. &VtWSq-)  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians G FSlYG  
        A               B -;W\f<q]  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. P"[ifs p  
   C     D  ==r ?  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know v)v{QNQp^  
M4L~bK   
③、感官动词 Z`0r]V`Ys  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe VdjU2d  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 O4'kS @  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 W}<M?b4tP  
.3g\[p   
VygXhh^7\  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法  \!' {-J  
(1)表示第一人 OmoplJ+  
the first woman to do sth. _z_3 %N  
2yQ;lQ`  
(2)表示迫使的动词 Sf.8Ibw  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do F?+Uar|-a  
F(J!dG5#  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis xYzcV%-Pm  
     A                 B    JVIcNK)  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. gP_d >p:b  
       C           D L;(3u'  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 ~n]2)>6  
L{o >D"  
NiJ?no  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 )MX1776kU  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 j{Qbzczy,  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 hnfrn YH  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 ah&plaVzC  
  be apt to do   _c7  
1H2u,{O  
(4)表示目的的名词, ~)\1g0  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 OHa{!SaL  
固定的句式: {u[K ^G  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. %onAlf<$:^  
the objective 目标 jJ{ w -$  
aim u3?Pp[tM<  
goal )*QTxN  
reason理由 7_d#XKz@  
function功能 %w|3:  
intension意图 MsiC!j.-  
|(8Hk@\CT>  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing *]UEF_  
                       A  y7L4jO9h  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. pUEok+  
           B          C     D qFsg&<  
分析:the function to provide, A错 DDCQAf  
s$y#Ufz  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure c o%_~xO  
                  A       YV!V9   
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds N %/DN  
     B  U&\{/l  
  that make up various components of a living cell. '!L1z4 5  
    C    D ~E|V{z%  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 )PATz #  
-/{}^ QWB  
(5) 其他同根名词 ^{+:w:g  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 =X'7V}Q}  
 attempt to do 企图 G+^$JN=  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 ?{P6AF-xcf  
 ambition, RvZ-w$E&?  
 be ambitious to do  7?WBzo!!L  
 effort |(ju!&  
H 1X]tw.  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation /<(ik&%N  
  A                    B   _Vf|F  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. +( (31l  
          C       D 1>{-wL4rc  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 O}!@28|3"  
&/ FwV'  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great :R\v# )C  
  A                   B   0\^2HjsJ  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. &nw ~gSe  
       C            D 9yAu<a  
分析:efforts to register, C错 r@UY$z  
-)+DVG.t  
,w>?N\w!}  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 F;@&uXYgc  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴  P;/wb /  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. K 8c#/o  
<t@*[Aw  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 hkI);M+@6  
I am glad to see you. JAlsc]XtO9  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. t+q`h3  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. W/Q%%)J  
uelTsn  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 $O!<Zz   
It is difficult to decide. #_\~Vrf(#  
XePBA J  
m/Z_HER^  
五、句子的结构 OG`O i^2  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 z(eAwmuli  
hDsORh!i  
(一) 主语的重复 AFED YRX  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 yG4MqR)J  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any ztpb/9J9  
          A      B      .#|pje^  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the )v0vdAh'b  
          C          D UMaKvr-C&  
  League of Nations. N/VIP0Kb  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语  ]plC  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson _jz=BRO$  
iN*@ f8gf  
L+L9)8FJ  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are hg @Jpg  
        A        B  (C%'I  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. i|mA/ e3b  
    C         D Ui&$/%Z|  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 b.;W|$.  
:ux`*,zh  
(二)谓语的重复 M<M r (z  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 u@B"*V~K  
lTXU  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  .$iIr:Tc>  
    A            B    4Q5v8k=  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. T2{+fR v N  
         C   D %Y T IS*+0  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 guvQISQlY  
y(k2p  
(三)谓语的缺少 x3Uv&  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body !MC W t  
          A     B    ?*4zNhL  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. L;"<8\vWB  
         C               D QVpZ A,  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 5kF5`5+Vj  
d:D2[  
(四)主句的重复 mI# BQE`p6  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 7@FB^[H:y  
4jpF^&y7u^  
s@$AYZm_  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite 1 .M?Hp9i  
      A         B        C   e([&Nr8h  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. D&shrKFx  
     D CbZ1<r" /  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 dZW:Cf 9K  
$spf=t"nh  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow ew(6;}+^/  
        A   B       6]Jv3Re'(I  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. Y%faf.$/9  
      C    D EY>A(   
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 `&_qK~&/X  
Bg`b*(Q  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided (:\hor%  
   A                     B  ~K[rQ  
  names for towns, only George Washington bYtF#Y   
      C ym KdRF  
  is remembered in the name of a state. O!g> f  
          D 9qpH 8j+  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 R9W(MLe58  
六、比较级和最高级 sJr$[?  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 {b?)|@)is  
8[DD=[&  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 O7.Is88!  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which pTTif|c  
      A               =3"Nn4Z  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. O^f@ g l  
     B       C           D WV8<gx`Q  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 L$b9|j7  
+q4T];<  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 !B\\:k]aO^  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. v}!,4,]:&  
     A      B     C  D mz#(\p=T  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 _]) 1P?.  
#*9*[Xbi  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 34oC285yc  
     A       B     C   D t*DM^. @  
  is the grizzly bear. v7ae^iU  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 =3}+f-6"'  
H&GM q5)B  
A.y$.(  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 7mu%|!  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 l/TH"z(  
iBZ+gsSP  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with nZ{~@E2  
   A           B  Oe5aN o  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. o]]Q7 S=  
   C                 D ;BI{v^()s  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 i3kI{8h  
<cl$?].RE!  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 0^.q5#A2  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as :cOwTW?Fj  
=B; )h  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 Y &#<{j':  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 %~6+=*(\  
the taller boy Jb0]!*tV  
]qXfg c  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 V-jo2+Y5=  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed Uqkh@-6-  
          A            B YN\ QwV  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is Sm-nb*ZyC  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. $+ ?6U  
    C          D (+4=A k  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they  R,y8~D  
F2XXvxG  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 -,Q<*)q{  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, PZ"xW0"-  
  A  B         C     [V1gj9t=,  
  the Navajos form largest group. c>]_,Br~  
         D RRV&!<l@$  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 H9&? <j1n  
C@KYg/nYw  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, \Ud2]^D=  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language TN l$P~X>  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 1-q\C<Q)  
!N!M NsyDz  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many 1P6~IZVN  
            A      B         C mv + .5X  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. S>**hM U%  
            D sX@e1*YE_  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 :Z&ipd!yY  
t7lRMCN  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the I\4 I,ds  
例如:my best friends 4N*^%  
'X` \vTxB  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial G|H\(3hHLZ  
            A    B     C rNI3_|a  
  and banking center. 3fBq~Q  
        D ,m0=zH4+:  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 +y-:(aP  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 aIkxN&  
LV9\  
)Q9J,  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary pvcf_w`n  
                 A         SUx\qz)  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. viKN:n! Ev  
    B   C     D ~lQ]PKJ"  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 3`-[95w  
qE(`@G  
七、平行结构 UIzk-.<  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 pQW^lqwZ:6  
KA.@q AEB  
N[=nh)m7b  
(一) 对等连接词 >N44&W  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 1eK J46W  
单一式: and, or ,but Xa%Z0% {  
相关式: both…and, not … but, yUBic~S  
     either …or, neither…nor \$9S_z  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as g"<k j"  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, A.y"R)G  
没有so...as... l *pCG`@J#  
between…and, RkC?(p  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also [NC^v.[1[  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, OB5{EILej  
{:fyz#>>^  
短语式: as well as *:)#'cenI  
     rather than (而不是) -3ha LdRk6  
     other than (除…之外) Y|KX :9Y@  
     instead of (代替) i Ri1E;  
"xYMv"X  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 lD\lFN(:  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  |yw-H2k1  
       A     B   yBq 4~b~[  
  but he is now living in Detroit. %p^C,B{7w  
       C   D hoeOdWI pf  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 oM QH- \(}  
?=f\oH$  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics {/ZB>l@D>8  
       A         B 2>?GD@GE  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford SO8Ej)m  
  remained active in city and regional planning. :cIE8<\%  
          C    D  C n4|qX"&t  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 >TwOL  
(二)平行的内容 t55CT6Se  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 W=PDOzB>K  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of rTW1'@E  
             A         B   Y==# yNwM  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, `hI1  
         C            D u&r @@p.  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. l<GRM1^kU  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 5#q ^lL  
!(l,+@j  
>-EoE;s  
第二、名词单复数的平行 (;C_>EL&u  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 =:o)+NE  
;,@3bu>r  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail,  YVD%GJ  
  A     B          C   [Z~>7ayF+)  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. E(8O3*=  
                 D   F#Z]Xq0r  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 |'Ve75 W6u  
 nPvR  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, $5%tGFh  
                   A         B ls 'QfJm  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. "R4~ 8r  
      C          D PN+,M50;1  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have ag[yM  
JFR,QUT  
第三、时态的平行 M /Bn^A8@  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated h9g5W'.#  
                A     E2!;W8 M  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops LW ntZ.  
                   B Kgk9p`C(  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. [G t|Qp[   
          C    D B@.U\ .  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 ]5rEwPB  
9.SPxd~  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- (p^q3\  
  spread from its home in Central America and "4n_MV>p  
  now grows throughout the tropics. v<3i~a  
   (A) to be    (B) it   GS< ,adD  
   (C) the     (D) its Jq/([  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? Gq+!%'][P  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow W#-M|  
E xY ~.  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- $;$_N43  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. qo$<&'r  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised 6dq5f?w]  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised oy/#,R_n%  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 j/dNRleab  
k\zNh<^  
第四、排列位置的平行 'OkF.bs  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. bWjW_$8  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode YadyRUE  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  3mr9}P9;  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes M^k~w{   
   (D) Rust not only corrodes (MwB% g  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 mA3C)V  
#Z (B4YO  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: ze!7qeW  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 \BUr2]  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 >`8i=ZpCOS  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 H-^>Co_  
#pE : !D  
八、词序的颠倒 vSPkm)O0)  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 W@#)8];>  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 3QU<vdtr  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage 5A:b \  
              A    B        F0+u#/#  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. V 7%rKK  
      C       D    |V%Qp5 XJ  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 ~.yt  
lUUeM\  
X0Xs"--}  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 :hCp@{  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only Ej8EQ% P  
          A      B     |*i0h`a  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. qZG "{8  
    C         D CAX|[  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 Vf`1'GY  
5BN!uUkm+  
k8Qm +r<p  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 B|/=E470G  
`h+sSIko  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were TG=) KS  
          A   B     C   F%UyFUz  
  in what is now the United States. 4'cdV0]  
    D T&H[JQ/h  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 4nN%5c~=  
kXFgvIpg<  
所有的系动词分为三大类: /U4F\pZl  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, ps\A\aggML  
    is, remain, keep, stay, }pxMO? h$  
    lie, exit(表示位于) ZCsL%(  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 a NhI<.v  
    become, turn, grow, ,Dd )=  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) 96x$Xl;  
cy T,tN  
第三种,感官动词 Q}zAC2@L  
    seem(好像是) p B*8D  
    look(看起来好像是) 1W*%}!&Gm  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste //T1e7)  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 hUN]Lm6M  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe *S,5  
    A               B     nW#UBtZ  
   to cause numerous deaths. s~(!m. R  
        C   D  rV;X1x}l  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 qYjR  
i8t%v  
九、词性的混用 .H;[ s  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 h r9rI  
kY MKVR  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 lAYyxG#  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; %A_h!3f&  
tgeX~.  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high Lso4Z Z;  
          A        B      hdW}._  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and W>[0u3  
              C zX=K2tH  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. l@:|OGD;8  
          D , gYbi-E  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) ;.dy uKlI  
[3KP@'52k  
FZdZGK  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 ]dvNUD   
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 8nKZ   
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds oXW51ty  
         A       B      .r=F'i}-j*  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to 5SOl:{A +  
          C        [yFf(>B  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. p1}m_  
            D q-tm `t*7  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 : _,oD  
o=%pR|  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, G&7!3u  
            A       '=eG[#gy  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of e"I+5r",  
      B      C B:?MMXB  
   urban Black people in the United States. 3$ TU2-x;g  
   D h! yI(cY  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 }4dbS ;C<  
qG&}lg?g{  
j o+-  
####(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 f$2DV:wuC  
表示时间有两种可能, 8*$HS.Db'  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 78u9> H  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, z\F#td{r  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 5w^6bw){  
LtK= nK  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence @,\J\ rb  
       A     B     Ow3t2G  
  were made while the American Civil War. g##yR/L  
   C    D kM JA#{<  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 7A=*3  
U)sw IisE  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the J? 4E Hl  
   A      B           C    y$Rh$e K  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. bd$``(b`v  
          D lK2=[%,~  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 o"19{ D^.  
f [DZ  
QNcbl8@  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 ]IM/R@  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 25H=RTw  
.Z9{ \tj  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social 12 TX_0  
                   A     :RG=3T[  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. TOge!Q>a  
     B   C    D gK_#R]  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 "">{8  
e9p!Caf~I-  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples %c-T Gr,  
   A        B   C      y8Oz4|  
  easily under the stress of compression. sz@Y$<o  
   D 3DX@ggE2  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 ~RU-N%Kn  
+z INnX  
5ST k"  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 n qC@dHP  
?d5_{*]+v  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine mXK7y.9\  
    A         B #8CeTR23cw  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. i~i ?M)  
          C            D rk7d7`V  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 /`+ubFXc  
'X P  
& oj$h  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, du>d?  
         A v:zKn[;o  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. J}Ji /  
   B      C      D qE@H~&  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 `-yiVUp1:z  
eQ80Kf~  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 K [R.B!;N  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; Gr|IM,5P4  
two hundred diligent students
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