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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 .szs?  
2MN AY%iT  
一、主句单一原则 R* C  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 [M^ur%H  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 JG2)-x;9  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. ng ZkBX  
   (A) They occur where they are :QSCky*i  
   (B) Occuring where (5l5@MN  
   (C) Where they occur _&/FO{F@m  
   (D) Where do they occur k5>K/;*9  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 G3j&8[  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 #&Zb8HAj  
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center zh hH A9  
   (A) Fort Wayne w$JG:y#  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne Pkr0| bs*  
   (C) For wayne is in [Z3B~c  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in XO)|l8t#$=  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 bK)gB!  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 Rt$Q *`u   
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 MIcF "fB![  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 `+~@VZ3m  
l vuoVINEp  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” H];QDix?  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with Ea%} VZ&[  
   social issues. *o8DfZ  
    (A) covers zt1Pu /e  
    (B) covers it c k=  
    (C) which covers <r*A(}Y  
    (D) which it covers @_&@M~ u  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 L#'B-G4&y  
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Sm2 |I6  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused 9aw- n*<  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on 0&1!9-(d  
   the paper. :@6,|2b e=  
   (A) the impression is ~F`t[p  
   (B) if the impression is |V2+4b,  
   (C) impressions p]*BeiT#n%  
   (D) the impression {`0GAW)q  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression 8=^o2&  
三、平行结构 wL]7d3t  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 CVsc#=w0  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: EM+_c)d}  
A and B, |Ew\Tgo/2  
A , B, and C 4  |$|]E  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- :F:<{]oG_  
   is known as accounting. `;L0ax  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary :('7ly!h  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's s}Q%]W  
     transactions .^^YS$%%7  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are W! FmC$Kc  
     summarized Qc2_B\K^  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an OiAi{  71  
     enterprise =R)9_D6I  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 J;Az0[qMR  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 /ey[cm2#[s  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed xq',pzN  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and ,,r%Y&:`6  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on B[^mWVp6L  
   human patients. UA3%I8gu_  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in ='=\!md  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures Y418k  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures &*Eyw s  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull XA{ tVh  
     fractures Fs7/3  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 6vz9r)L  
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四、宾语从句结构 krm& .J  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ulsr)Ik  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: 8%Zl;;W  
     state(陈述,表明)+that D .| h0gU  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that MId\ dFu  
bU1UNm`{C  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, `':$PUz,g  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite o<locZ  
   units called quanta or photons. EKf"e*|(L  
    (A) energy that Mq]~Ka3q7  
    (B) that it is energy {U4BPKo f  
    (C) it is energy AEm?g$a  
    (D) that energy j2 "j Cv  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 zLue j'  
9}t2OJS*h"  
t#oJr2  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth %WHue  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is UO8#8  
   placed on them. ]1rr$f9  
   (A) although its crust and mantle k2N[B(&4J  
   (B) its crust and mantle to ^ _KHw  
   (C) that its crust and mantle |eWlB\ x8  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to (4n8[  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 $@[6jy  
五、介词+ which结构 s CSrwsbhv  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 z+&mMP`-  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, (F~i  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 bl(rCbj(w  
W1M<6T.{7  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, zS18Kl  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 XKLkJZN  
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is phwk0J]2  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees Uaog_@2n,  
   for public office. v/\l  
    (A) that ]$!-%pNv  
    (B)by which ,95Nj h  
    (C)is that wqJ^tA!  
    (D)by those G+[hE|L ~y  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 U-#wFc2N  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 SaMg)s~B  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 ]re1$ W#*  
i&$L$zf,  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players xrxORtJ<  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called {<o_6 z`$  
   wickers. 03L+[F&"?  
   (A) when jQ@z!GirT  
   (B) which Eb{Zm<TP  
   (C) is when q+5g+9  
   (D) in which ;*5$xs&=_Z  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 !#` .Mv Z  
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六、in that结构 4UT %z}[!  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, n|sP0,$N1  
  because of +名词, P!3)-apP\  
  consequently是副词 Pky/fF7e  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 b(+M/O>I  
CtJ*:wF  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals 9`]Gosz  
   ---- it is a liquid. {fFZ%$  
   (A) whereas jU.z{(s  
   (B) in that w=H   
   (C) because of "c` $U]M%  
   (D) consequently k/o"E  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 z)p( l!  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 q{~59{Fha  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual ZFwUau  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. p)v|t/7  
   (A)they 'Dw+k;RH  
   (B)in they n]:Xmi8p  
   (C)that they z#9Tg"8]  
   (D)in that they 3kfrOf.4h  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 n Mm4fns  
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/2 z, ?,jL  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 -#@l`kt  
hK^(Y  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ @A32|p}  
   great inspiration for her poems. ?-M?{De   
   (A) that she drew r+ v?~m!  
   (B) by drawing her MX Qua:&HW  
   (C) from which she drew M;2@<,rM  
   (D) drawn from which !UHWCJ< <w  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 vYl2_\,Y?  
七、what结构 :Kq]b@ X  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: |m{u]9  
  what=the thing that l9{}nz  
)+Gw Yt  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend 7:/gO~g I  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. T)c<tIr6  
   (A) it grows W*2d!/;7>  
   (B) what grows &|9K~#LVS  
   (C) does it grow Ww=^P{q\  
   (D) what does it grow N 2XL5<  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 `;j@v8n$*  
r>ziQq8C&  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle XoNBq9Iu  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory 8 $qj&2 N  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. mNA=<O;i)'  
   (A) there <uG6!P  
   (B) where y5{Vx{V"Q  
   (C) that a^o'KN{  
   (D) what )FpizoVq0  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 Gf=3h4  
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八、同位语结构 :%-w/QwTR  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 fc&djd`FuX  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) Cs4ks`Z18  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing 5 ) q_Aro  
   and swallowing . {E[t(Ig  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste NkV81?  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly ]Z nASlc)  
   (C) the chief organ of taste B[3u,<opFU  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes ,!40\"A  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 @O`T|7v  
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 !r8_'K5R(  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) c@2a)S8Y]  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of f Gd1  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of g< xE}[gF  
   Dishonor. !w}b}+]GB  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause -{}h6r  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson x6)qs-  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause UZdGV?o ?  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. Xj{gyLs  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 ,k_"T.w  
Q*Y-@lZ  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as I 12Zh7Cc:  
   hosts to many insect pests. }N} Js*  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than Q}G2f4  
     goldenrods ; Xf1BG r  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods O,Tp,w T  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy gxhdxSm=2  
     plants \vJ0Mhk1  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants Q5}XD  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 < =~=IZ)  
(3K3)0fy  
g^Hf^%3xP  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 .^M#BAt2  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 7~FHn'xt  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to n 7i5A:  
   Athens. ht*(@MCr<  
   (A) the distance is f=k#o2  
   (B) that the distance is 2GORGS%  
   (C) is that the distance G^tazAEfo  
   (D) the distance "9r$*\wOf  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 aoZ| @x  
{ZrlbDQX  
九、比较结构  [Q{\Ik  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 Ovc 9x\N  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less p @kRo#~l  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. ?IYu"UO<)|  
    (A) does O-HS)g$2  
    (B) in \wD/TLS}  
    (C) it does in 26g]_Igq  
    (D) in it does z?<B@\~  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 sWo}Xq#  
XrM+DQ;  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. !p/SX>NJ  
    (A) rays more than infrared W]#w4Fp!  
    (B) rays are more infrared than A[uE#T ^  
    (C) more than infrared rays ttUK~%wSx  
    (D) more infrared rays than WI4<2u;  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 ;.Bz'Q  
?/OF=C#  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 Vt(Wy  
例3:The activities of the international marketing udqrHR5  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. R1X'}#mU  
   (A) the domestic marketer has q4[8\Ua  
   (B) the domestic marketer does U}5fjY  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer oh< -&3Jn  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer >^~^#MT  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 [(@K;6o  
V?j,$LixY  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing ).;{'8Q  
   is greater than --. n"htx|v  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined y017 B<Ou  
   (B) mining and farming combination ]UkH}Pt'3  
   (C) that mining and farming combined QcL@3QC  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming 9>&zOITTaL  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 Nu6NyYs  
M YF ^zheD  
十、定语从句省略结构 Zu.hcDw1  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 QEs$9a5TE  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture )k=KLQ\b  
   and overpower. H ni^S  
   (A) can   9(^UchZZi  
   (B) they can Ma|4nLC}  
   (C) which can .2f vRN92  
   (D) and Z6zV 9hn  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 "tCTkog3]  
G x[ZHpy;  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can ;\*3A22 #  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the F-/z@tM  
   food they eat. lAU99(GXV  
    (A) require 45c?0tj  
    (B) requires b)I-do+  
    (C) requiring rM7qBt  
    (D)to require ]j3>=Jb;  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 M- ^I!C  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food ln82pQD2Y~  
V\Cl""`XN  
Vu5?;|^:  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 %)lp]Y33  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of % Ln`c.C  
    A 4`,(*igEv  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around tY"eoPme  
   B          C      D GY]P(NU  
   the world. \(Sly&gL  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to t*(bF[?  
[Fr](&Tx  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive EsGu#lD2  
          A  B      C &ys>z<Z  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. -8n 1y[  
              D ;b{#$#`=  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more Q VTL}AT2:  
OXQ*Xpc  
十一、状语从句省略结构 Ms!EK  
Metals expand when they are heated. o'DtW#F  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: eI1zRoIl-  
+KTfGwKt  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; & &}_[{fc  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, CQWXLQED>  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 d1D f`  
s>>&3jfM  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of hZ45i?%  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand (K[{X0T  
   considerable impact. 0>|q [SC  
   (A) apparently +VUkV-kP  
   (B) are apparently D :@W*,  
   (C) apparently their JQM_96\  
   (D) are they apparently ~wa4kS<>  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 bg zd($)u  
KtQs uL%  
bsQ'kBD  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: 07.p {X R  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; -gs I:-Xo  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) #&|"t< }  
.V;,6Vq  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the +p\E%<uQ  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly zB%~=@Q^6  
   white. iWt%B oyi  
   (A) when, pure which vU>^  
   (B) when, which pure ='"Yj  
   (C) which, pure when FF8jW1  
   (D) which, when pure Wet0qt]  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, ) 9Q+07  
?nc:bC  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine n{QyqI  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing o CCtjr  
   infrequently C@qWour  
   (A) Even 4u5j 7`O  
   (B) It is +C`!4v\n  
   (C) Even though nFni1cCD  
   (D) There is  hlVC+%8  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 ?w/p 9j#  
1:eWZ]B5"  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 'ON/WKJr|W  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 l4RqQ+[KA;  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; 0eO!,/  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 vJ0v6\  
F.TIdkvp  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: O+-+=W  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 2] fTDKh  
  The starring troops have to surrender. IEm?'o:  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; :awa  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 w (HVC  
@C-dCC?  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is Ps0 Cc_  
pRfKlTU\  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often NL.3qx  
   called scapegoating. xDe^>(,"  
   (A) Eliminate problems .;?ha'  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) uhq6dhhR  
   (C) Eliminating problems &# fPJc  
   (D) Problems are eliminated 7_Vd%<:  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 bHTf{=  
Fz8& Jn!  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them 6 w!qZ4$  
   from damage due to weather. -)J*(7F(6^  
    (A) Painting n}NUe`E_h  
    (B) Painted MeD/)T{G~  
    (C) The paint ++2a xRl  
    (D) By painting }Bh\N 5G%  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 ~DLxIe  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 1 =?pL$+G  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting mC ]Krnx  
"QfF]/:  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to QdZHIgh`i  
   conserve water in the winter. &}gH!5L m  
   (A) when losing leaves 3Mh_ &%!O  
   (B) leaves are lost #\~m}O,  
   (C) that losing leaves 6wiuNGZb  
   (D) the leaves losing 3rh t5n2-  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 <c`,fd8  
'e))i#/VF  
十三、make结构 9MRe?  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) %|}7YH41  
共有三种形式: vO{[P# L}  
   make it possible+to do ku v<  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 .:['&; k  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) G* mLb1  
arPqVMVr  
做题技巧: >48)@sS  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it x s  >Y  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it kJXy )  
MM+nE_9lV  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and nRZ T~S4  
   thus make--details that are otherwise <CP't[  
   impossible to observe . j|% C?N  
   (A) it visible n@e|PWu  
   (B) visibly Xo4K!U>TzZ  
   (C) visible bU(fH ^  
   (D) they are visible vn5]+-I  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 z2V_nkI  
DOo34l6#  
rUF= uO(  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large _Ai\XS Am  
   amount of information on a single map. 8J7<7Sx  
   (A) possible oY%NDTVN  
   (B) it possible tTrue ?  
   (C) it is possible T*C]:=)  
   (D) that possible *$ 7c||J7  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 93N:?B9  
4~{q=-]V  
Zz04Pz1  
十四、the more …the more…结构 w+owx(mN@  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: [<{+tAdn)  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 E>SLR8!C v  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 *e05{C:kS  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 3+jqf@fO  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 X8b = z9  
gg%OOvaj5  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the jz;"]k  
   number of lines of magnetic force. "o[j'  
   (A) of c`&<"Us  
   (B) the H6XlSj  
   (C) is the +O @0gl  
   (D) is of the ZtfPB  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B T/&4lJ^2l^  
9IC|2w66  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the G? "6[w/p  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  J_A5,K*r|  
   (A) the stress it is greater zj^Ys`nl  
   (B) greater is the stress bgjo_!J+Pp  
   (C) greater stress is Xo>P?^c4?  
   (D) the greater the stress AVA hS}*t  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 [huS"1  
/gKX%`ZF/r  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 RS~jHwIh  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 4cni_m]  
c?{&=,u2  
m]$!wp  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , :U>o;  
             A     B spV/+jy{  
   thus making it possible the gentle 9air" 4  
       C            d3AOuVUf  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. <3iL5}  
         D Bg*Oj)NM  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 3EN?{T<yf  
vl <W`)'  
p*8LS7UT  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more YT6<1-E#  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, :e 5)Q=lX  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the {i)k#`  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” 4 e1=b,  
    (A) however jemg#GB8  
    (B) thus #`rvL6W q}  
    (C) and n0:Y* Op  
    (D) moreover xioL6^(Qk,  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 z^to"j  
f\FubL  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the 8*;88vW"2  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. q$Z.5EN  
    (A) to save the seeds U)%gzXTZ%  
    (B) saving the seeds @bQf =N+  
    (C)which saves the seeds st"uD\L1p:  
    (D) the seeds saved > Q+Bw"W<  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B YoV^Y&:9<  
B>}=x4-8  
TQyi -Dc  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 a%a_sR\)  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. ZtPq */'  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. '`$z!rA  
j] \3>.  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. qi7(RL_N  
   (A) the tallest ?z>7&  
   (B) the tallest that is M}|<# i7u  
   (C) which is the tallest jEwfa_Q%  
   (D) which the tallest is D7.|UG?G  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 E_- 3G <rt  
B -XM(C j  
1 oq5|2p  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of eYd6~T[9  
       A  B       C B]Vnu7  
   domestic animals. kk_$j_0  
    D #-b0U[,.  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。  AnK-\4  
"J|_1!9  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 d1YE$   
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: NV 6kj=r  
  program, programmed, programmed h/u>F$}c  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: "/ G^+u  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 )c vA}U.z  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be 6q^Tq {I  
2 MFGKzO  
kkfwICBI  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona 9GdQ$^m  
   features structures built of red sandstone by 2,.%]U  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. d4@\5<  
   (A) That the Hd)z[6u8eT  
   (B) In the pAwmQS\W  
   (C) Around the @@$%+XNY  
   (D) The # 3{g6[Y  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 uM3F[p%V^  
C~\/FrO?  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called ;DWtCtD  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. {)^P_zha[9  
   (A) to be made rN3i5.*/t  
   (B) making jn+NX)9  
   (C) made .;6G?8`  
   (D) are made Q8:`;W  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 NXhQdf  
`V N $ S  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given 3wRk -sl  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of QW ~-+BD  
   human beings. W?W vT` T{  
   (A) without j!c[$;  
   (B) lack xW84g08_,  
   (C) minus k &\YfE3*  
   (D) not having IT \Pj_  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 IbRy~  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 !oXA^7Th6]  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 mPR(4Ol.  
ag6hhkj A  
I+ipTeB^  
十八、逻辑主语结构 <&'Ye[k  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 ,WF)GS|7V  
z~d\d!u1  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. Q ! 5P  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members -la~p~ 8  
    of the committee M4a- +T"  
   (B) the committee members discussed the v2<roG6.V  
    problem WWF#&)ti  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee :=#*[H  
    members the problem I>b-w;cC  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by ]y 6`9p  
    the members of the committee 0y4z`rzTn  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B rVko j;[  
SEY  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until .rj FhSr$  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. .kM74X=S  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch u!2.[CV  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn &?3?8Q\  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch :>lica_  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn F2y M2Ldx  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 =$5[uI2  
uK]@! gz  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her z) 5n&w S  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her yy?|q0  
   first article in print. B$7m@|p!  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane q{f%U.  
    Hawes had uMF\3T(x4  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane *Rshzv[  
    Hawe's first 6__@?XzJ  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first tBG :ECUL  
    teaching position  49 3ik  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching l3}n.ODA  
    position p)ta c*US  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 UA,&0.7  
~PvW+UMLk  
例4: Even at low levels, --. %e7{ke}r  
   (A) the nervous system has produced )F? 57eh  
     detrimental effects by lead #`GW7(M  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the 0s0 [U  
    nervous system .mDqZOpf=4  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the ao{>.b  
    nervous system g)$Pvfc  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on 6Epns s  
    the nervous system .EloBP  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 V@>?lv(\  
U]R?O5K  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking 'n:Ft  
            A   B     C PR|Trnd&D  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. d?N"NqaN  
       D @hzQk~Gdi  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 P+}qaup  
MVt#n\_BZV  
.?I!/;=[  
十九、复合宾语结构 V"$t>pAG  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 hQL9 Zl~  
We played soccer. X8Sk  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 mApn(&  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 ynOp7ZN$  
HAO/r`7*  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 f{AgKW9"  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, tB_V%qH  
例:We appoint him monitor. S OK2{xCG  
  We elected him president. e<9nt [  
!'{j"tv  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck Q`vyDoF  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not 22BJOh   
   consider them --because they are now primarily raqLXO!j  
   kept as pets. ^F"*;8$  
   (A) where sporting dogs awkVjyqX  
   (B) sporting dogs (Wx )YI  
   (C) when sporting dogs +XpRkX&-  
   (D) they are sportingdogs .vW~(ZuD  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 5z]dA~;*2  
Ro<!n>H  
二十、It结构 19N:9;Ixz  
一、强调句型 ]~K&mNo  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 !8L Ql}  
M`>W'<  
这个句型需要注意几点: |E~X]_Y  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; BphF+'CM  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; \ yOZ&qU  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 &(rd{j/ *  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: A0]o/IBz  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. h7y*2:l6  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. b@X@5SJFW  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. :5*<QJuI#A  
&*y ve}su  
二、形式主语 u!-eP7;7  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 <+b:  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 %nCUct@c  
2"MI8EK  
kp6x6%{K\  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than #NE^f2  
    A               B .Ep3~9TB W  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are Q|1bF!#(1  
                  C Y{yr-E #~M  
   the main focus of social psychology. sXa8(xc  
           D E\zhxiI  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is L)+ eM&W  
I;v`o{  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of :mrGB3x{  
   educational films. A;!FtD/  
   (A) It is  uUe\[-~  
   (B) There is  #K l2K4  
   (C) Though there is z3C^L  
   (D) Although it is '=H^m D+gl  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 [5VUcXGt*\  
RI(uG-Y  
wuk7mIJ  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 *Vl =PNn-  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, r+\z0_' w6  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 ^ ?=K )  
*[H+8/n_  
in which+完整的句子 ay_D.gxz  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 *r`Yz}  
Q 8rtZ  
名词+of which+谓语动词 qX(%Wn;n  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 aA ri  
32iI :u  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of BFO Fes`>~  
   which are accented. tFaE cP  
   (A) line consists of each 9oP{Al  
   (B) consists of each line x+cF1 N2.  
   (C) each line consists /6?plt&CA  
   (D) it consists of each line ~TH5>``;gF  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 2?T:RB}  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 5}xni  
38rZ`O*D  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a LUNs|\&  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. 1 N!g`=}  
   (A) traps   @$P!#z  
   (B) trap its  Z9m;@<%  
   (C) which traps Mlw9#H6  
   (D) which it traps /:` i%E  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 RQCQGa^cP  
g>xUS_d>  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists `b")Bx|  
  have paid little attention to cultural En9]x"_  
   A             I'9s=~VfY,  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of RLz`aBT  
         B      C p=+*g.,O  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. +;*(a3Gp  
           D 5@D7/$bLp  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 Q|B|#?E==  
G;HlII9x[  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin @zynq h  
   became interested in the art movement 7ml0  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, 9U<)_E<y  
   both --her novels and short stories. 380->  
   (A) in which the influence wEfz2Eq  
   (B) of which influenced sMfFm@\N  
   (C) to have influence ^[seK) S=  
   (D) its influence in L_gsG|xX  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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