填空题常考结构 }' Y)"8AIA
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一、主句单一原则 mf{M-(6'
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 'kY/=*=Q
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 Umz b
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. EU|IzUjFj|
(A) They occur where they are $\/^O94-l
(B) Occuring where V.qH&FJ=l
(C) Where they occur Cj`~ntMN
(D) Where do they occur \f(zMP
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 Z2})n
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C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 >1Hv c7DP
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center b)e;Q5Z(.
(A) Fort Wayne j3`YaWw
(B) Although Fort Wayne H&p:
(C) For wayne is in GK1nGdT]
(D) Fort Wayne, in
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分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 E0fMFG^P
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二、谓语动词专一原则 uYg Q?*Z
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 /!?Tv8TPp
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 ]cS(2hP7
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” fmQif]J;;
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with -=gI_wLbM
social issues. >bQOpGy}l
(A) covers ]u$tKC
(B) covers it c_+fA
(C) which covers l1]{r2g
(D) which it covers 4[]*=
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 wL3RcXW``e
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused p!=8 Pq.
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on I ZLCwaW
the paper. XXA'B{@Y)
(A) the impression is ^w``(-[*
(B) if the impression is _Rx
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(C) impressions u?MhK#Mr
(D) the impression 7_qsVhh]$E
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression uuD2O )v
三、平行结构 `fX\pOk~e
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 L/WRVc6
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: Et-|[ eL
A and B, z2,NWmP|w
A , B, and C 2
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- b`S9#`
is known as accounting. noa+h<vGb
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary E)jd>"
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's (0LA.aBIf
transactions O_th/hl
(C) transactions of an enterprise are
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summarized aCQ[Uc<B
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(D) summarizing the transactions of an <'sm($.2
enterprise l,b,U/3R.
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 )AdwA+-x
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 Wrp+B[{r\
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed >
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ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and |HY{Q
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supervised the first use of Aureomycin on _<c}iZv@
human patients. $/#[,1
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in d*k5h<jM
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures ]=xX_
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures saQ
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(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull ls9Y?
fractures oPbziB8
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 edlf++r~
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四、宾语从句结构 0ZI}eZA j
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ~Cyn w(
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: x.|sCqx
state(陈述,表明)+that d>zC[]1
indicate(指明,表明)+that wCv9VvF`
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, |90/tNe
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite $1zWQJd[-
units called quanta or photons. xc`O\z_)
(A) energy that $X\2h+ Os
(B) that it is energy JHZjf7g$k
(C) it is energy q?]K
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(D) that energy e8(Qx3T?b
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 OBF-U]?Y
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth f$dIPt(
indicate--yield when unusual weight is s+&0Z3+
placed on them. %i?v)EW
(A) although its crust and mantle OmfHrlA
(B) its crust and mantle to v|
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(C) that its crust and mantle Clap3E|a
(D) for its crust and mantle to EaL>~:j
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 e$`hRZ%
五、介词+ which结构 4mX?PKvbn
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 2<w vO 9
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, jPx}-_
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因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 $2}%3{<j
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, })J}7@VPO
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 |*-<G3@
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is 6'<[QoW];
a method ---- voters select the nominees Wa&
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for public office. JB.U&
(A) that ]0|A\bE\S
(B)by which ga S}>?qk
(C)is that H5
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(D)by those 0O*kC43E_
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 [/n@BK
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 Z`ww[Tbv~
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 difX7)\
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players P$*N
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hit wooden balls through wire arches called /5j5\F:33
wickers. $p$p C/:%
(A) when )E^4U9v),
(B) which %yk_(3a
(C) is when <dr2 bz
(D) in which Vry_X2
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 &Vgpv#&Cfx
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六、in that结构 pv-c>8Wb6
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, =_ b
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because of +名词, 0'YP9-C3
consequently是副词 ~<s =yjTu+
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 :g^
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals 7v0AG:
---- it is a liquid. V{A`?Jl6{
(A) whereas d)acWF\
(B) in that
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(C) because of $60`Hh 4/
(D) consequently 1<_/Qu>V
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 FOMJRq
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 b(Tvc
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual '\xE56v)F
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. ;B[(~LCyT
(A)they ^m&P0
(B)in they 32%Fdz1S
(C)that they G'PZ=+!XO/
(D)in that they ~T-uk
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 U"+W)rUd
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 >][D"
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ #Ra
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great inspiration for her poems. X:;x5'|
(A) that she drew -C3 [:g
(B) by drawing her =|ODa/2p
(C) from which she drew dr: x0>
(D) drawn from which mTxqcQc:7
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 +qC[X~\
七、what结构 \U>&W
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: f(~N+2}
what=the thing that )E>yoUhN
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend 83t/\x,Q
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. c$7~EP
(A) it grows W.jXO"pN
(B) what grows Z/ jmi
(C) does it grow 51Y%"v t
(D) what does it grow R#^ku)0
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 EGQgrwY5
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle SM4`Hys;p
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory Ue
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became----is now Indiana and Ohio. >WDHRC
(A) there NGl
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(B) where {> msE }L
(C) that
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(D) what f
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分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 Z}uY%]
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八、同位语结构 n2B%}LLa
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 DMG~56cTO,
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) hDJG.,r
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing ~. vridH
and swallowing . uo]xC+^
(A) is the chief organ of taste >U{iof<
(B) tasting the organ chiefly m.Zy$SDj(
(C) the chief organ of taste }]o8}$&(
(D) the organ chiefly tastes <lf692.3
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 1~L;S
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 zY_J7,0g
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) `5Kg[nB:
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of `z
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Native Americans in her novel, Century of )-)rL@s.
Dishonor. H}F
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(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause >^jBE''
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson l'E
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(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause m1pA]}Y/5o
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. F(ydqgH~a
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 j9>[^t3U
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as {q)d
hosts to many insect pests. 'cpm 4mT
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than spfW)v/T!
goldenrods #MA6eE'R
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods }g/u.@E
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy F;
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plants ~ps,U
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants PG63{
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 c1k[)O~
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 7(+4^
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 9-T<gYl
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to GfELL`yz
Athens. MTtx|L\4
(A) the distance is wI|h9q1U
(B) that the distance is 3LET zsJ
(C) is that the distance D-BT`@~l
(D) the distance i4|R0>b
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 dB_0B.
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九、比较结构 zfKO)Itd
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 h_(M#gG
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less Li6|c*K'
snow than --eastern Nebraska. s<{ Hu0K$
(A) does #Q!Xz2z2
(B) in N 5*Qnb8
(C) it does in g:fvg!_v
(D) in it does :*KTpTa
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 Bn]=T
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. :u,.(INB
(A) rays more than infrared 8Ij<t{Lps
(B) rays are more infrared than C^"zU>W_
(C) more than infrared rays =T
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(D) more infrared rays than YjDQ
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分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 06]3+s{{
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 1k6asz^T
例3:The activities of the international marketing /.0K#J:
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. #S?^?3d
(A) the domestic marketer has A8&@Vxdz
(B) the domestic marketer does k";dK*hD,
(C) those of the domestic marketer Acw`ytV
(D) that which has the domestic marketer "j_iq"J
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 rtS cQ
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing Jt5V{9:('
is greater than --. ura&9~
(A) that of its mining and farming combined 0;TiNrzg
(B) mining and farming combination @ !")shc
(C) that mining and farming combined X&zGgP/
(D) of its combination mining and farming nZB~l=
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 >`03EsU
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十、定语从句省略结构 _\d|`3RM
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 iO*
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例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture dQIF'==6
and overpower. >;Hx<FKxP
(A) can : 2%eh
(B) they can %EU_OS(u.{
(C) which can 9R$$(zB 1;
(D) and X >7Pqn'
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 ^4`x:6m
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can &qWg$_Yh
get all the calcium their bodies----from the ,5zY1C==Ut
food they eat. vx?KenO}
(A) require ]7<$1ta
(B) requires (QIU 3EN
(C) requiring vfqXHc
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(D)to require D>jtz2y=D
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 fASklcQ
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food -}TP)/!,*
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 ds(X[7XGW
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of xb[yy}>"L
A @; 9KP6d
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around JGq9RB]D$
B C D |goBIp[
the world. Vfd_nD^8oZ
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to O~8jz
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive c)Q-yPMl)
A B C 0KExB{ K
than the Sun dies and exploded. vB7]L9=@"
D 6@0?~
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more -"yma_
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十一、状语从句省略结构 ax _v+v %
Metals expand when they are heated. D_F1<q
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: hT=E~|O
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; Y"5FK
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, f
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比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 ]S(nA!]
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of @B+8' b$9
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand NSRY(#3
considerable impact. _Nu
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(A) apparently !Y^B{bh
(B) are apparently ?)qm=mebY
(C) apparently their =v !8i
(D) are they apparently jRk1Iu| 7
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 #)DDQ?D
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: I*+*Wf
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; g>?,,y6/w
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) dm83YCdL
>Co@K^'
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the
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minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly (a|Wq{`[
white. q>a/',m
(A) when, pure which h_t<Jl
(B) when, which pure iaaD1<m
(C) which, pure when }?d
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(D) which, when pure H? pWyc<,
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, W-"FRTI4
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例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine 8+~|!)a
is highly efficient and needs servicing 'q*/P&x5
infrequently X@7e7
(A) Even '"Dgov$q
(B) It is r`=!4vY2
(C) Even though e,0Gc-X[B
(D) There is Z}6H529[
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 Qte'f+
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十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 `Df)wNN1
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 R<-(
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系;
-Z%B9ql'
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 !xh.S#B
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那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: j'JNQo;q
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 > jvi7
The starring troops have to surrender. }Pe0zx.Ge
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; U.QjB0;
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 O>`D
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在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is 6<<ihm+
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例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often hK&/A+*
called scapegoating.
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(A) Eliminate problems '
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(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) EBN'u&zX
(C) Eliminating problems H)5v X+9D
(D) Problems are eliminated SXA_P{j&a
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 r4h4A w {
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例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them SablF2doa
from damage due to weather. +Q3i&"QB.
(A) Painting ;V~[kF=t0
(B) Painted lXS.,#lp
(C) The paint <m#ov G6
(D) By painting Z!P7mH\c}
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 r9Wk7?w)
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 3U0>Y%m| ,
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting *1fq :--
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例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to 6;g"`l51
conserve water in the winter. Fcc\hV;
(A) when losing leaves w NlC2is
(B) leaves are lost ndn)}Z!0h
(C) that losing leaves b Z0mK$B
(D) the leaves losing RG9YA&1ce
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 N|OI~boV%
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十三、make结构 XrY\ot`,D
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) =ILE/pC-|
共有三种形式: X\:;A {
make it possible+to do owDp?Sy}E
make it possible+that引导的从句 ]_6w(>A@3#
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) 8X,dVX5LT
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做题技巧: #1-,s.)
如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it &eL02:[
如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it W_:3Sj l'
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例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and lx
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thus make--details that are otherwise z>rl7&[@
impossible to observe . $l05VZ
(A) it visible 7>#?-, B
(B) visibly =hZ#Z]f
(C) visible xeo5)
(D) they are visible w$Zi'+&*
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 *$K_Tii
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例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large 7Gwn ,&)
amount of information on a single map. _{Q)5ooP
(A) possible BC: d@
(B) it possible w ]8+
OP
(C) it is possible ~
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(D) that possible ?4k/V6n@y
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 ]ySm|&aU
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十四、the more …the more…结构 G>siyUh
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: SvTd#>ke
1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 onqifQ
2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 7+!FZo{?
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 ^/6LVB *
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 vIq>QXb;d
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例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the M Ewa^
number of lines of magnetic force. m
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(A) of DT;n)7+,
(B) the V ,+&.A23
(C) is the 1U)U {i7j
(D) is of the hwx1 fpo4
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B ^X]rF
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例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the fA$2jbGW
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body. h5)4Z^n
(A) the stress it is greater K#%@4]jO3
(B) greater is the stress R|m!*B~
(C) greater stress is (Sv=R(_s
(D) the greater the stress + *W%4e
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 dz6&TdEl
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十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 R@df~
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 qdPmTaak
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例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , >6KwZr BB
A B Gh5 3Pne
thus making it possible the gentle [-0=ZKH?
C 2RU/oqmR
renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall.
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D 0 wjL=]X1e
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 Bh UGMK
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例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more ,7I
than sixty-five million items of scientific, yJ:rry
historical, or artistic interest, --winning the Z5V_?bm$
popular title, “attic of the nation.” OI,F
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(A) however ,`ba?O?*G
(B) thus k?}y@$[)
(C) and D4T42L
(D) moreover cte
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分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 7*kTu0m
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例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the U]&/F{3
im
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. lot;d3}
(A) to save the seeds t>2EZ{N+y
(B) saving the seeds n0FzDQt26
(C)which saves the seeds 6"9(ce
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(D) the seeds saved 6st^
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分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B N[I ?x5:u
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十六、形容词最高级省略结构 iX6*OEl/Q
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. )m
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最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. XaaR>HljJ
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例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. FP")$
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(A) the tallest HOr Xxxp1^
(B) the tallest that is g)}q3-<AK>
(C) which is the tallest Q]]M;(
(D) which the tallest is I0N~>SpZ5
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 L lD=c
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例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of )1g\v8XT
A B C RLO<5L
domestic animals. 1I%niQv5t
D dFZh1
*1
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 As??_=>
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十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 D7Ds*X`!l
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: ^vZu[m
program, programmed, programmed pIPjTQ?cq
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: A{wk$`vH
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 F
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第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be LAGg(:3f3
w ; PV
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例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona ||;a#FZ^
features structures built of red sandstone by @9g!5dcT
ancestors of the Hopi people. 2\#~%D>[
(A) That the f.RwV+lq
(B) In the 9abn6S(XpJ
(C) Around the UO'X"`
(D) The !^3j9<|@'
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 V6b)
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例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called u2 U4MV1C
lymphocytes and plasma cells. J|b:Zo9<f"
(A) to be made *4 Kc "M
(B) making Of{'A
(C) made [,qb)
&_
(D) are made fG /wU$B
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 (d-j/v*4
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例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given C5oIl_t
task ------the flexibility and adaptability of yGPi9j{QXq
human beings. G$
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(A) without ,lw<dB@7"5
(B) lack Xc
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(C) minus N+NS\Y5
(D) not having J""N:X!1
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 z/7"!
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 vM2\tL@"
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 f5QJj<@
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十八、逻辑主语结构 W>]=0u4
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 NYZI;P1DA
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例1:Having been served lunch, --. ;u: }rA)
(A) the problem was discussed by the members D*#r
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of the committee })}-K7v1+
(B) the committee members discussed the \muC_9k
e
problem c{t(),nAA
(C) it was discussed by the committee tvG/oe .1'
members the problem 6~v|pA jY
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by c/E6}OWA
the members of the committee - '5OX/Szq
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B {CR'Z0
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例2:--was not incorporated as a city until y(RK
|r
almost two centuries later, in 1834. @rVBL<!o,
(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch AyMMr_q
(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn \WVrn >%xu
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch V OViOD
(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn VJeN
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分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 It@ak6u?
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例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her ryq95<lF
home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her +cVnF&@$
first article in print. \}e1\MiZ
(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane &V&0kp@+
Hawes had \Podyh/;?
(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane ArUGa(;f
Hawe's first y3K9rf
(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first )vK
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teaching position >]k'3|vV
(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching T}X#I'Z
position #<bt}Tht
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 gHC -Y 0_
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例4: Even at low levels, --. _e=R[
(A) the nervous system has produced cRX0i;zag
detrimental effects by lead bO:Ei
(B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the #s1O(rLRl
nervous system $@t-Oor;
(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the 5[M?O4mi
nervous system
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(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on d9[*&[2J|
the nervous system F+_4Q
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 Gv}*Tw$
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例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking IEdC
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A B C Pn5@7~
areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. <w}k9
(Ds
D 3mgFouX2x,
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 uRKCvsi sX
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E) >~0jv
十九、复合宾语结构 abUn{X+f~
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 V{fYMgv
We played soccer. hZ.Sj~>7`
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 'bkecC
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 Y*O7lZuF%
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下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 y%=\E
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, F$ x@]
例:We appoint him monitor. s'ntf
We elected him president. X}_}`wIn
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例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck KSuP'.l
hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not W{Ie(hf
consider them --because they are now primarily 9">}@1k
kept as pets. {
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(A) where sporting dogs /+P
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(B) sporting dogs 9C$b^wHd
(C) when sporting dogs pQ*9)C
(D) they are sportingdogs ME1lQ7E4B
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 Mvrc[s+o
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二十、It结构 \)DP(wC
一、强调句型 P
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It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 mmAikT#k
$/5Jc[Ow
这个句型需要注意几点: WcPDPu~/
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; fg%I?ou
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; PLKp<kg
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 }qG{1Er
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: 3)zanoYHi
原句: Ann bought these books last year. R?Ki~'k=
强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. /0d_{Y+9
强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. e4y dn
n wToZxHZ~
二、形式主语 CVo@zr$
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 d47b&.v8e
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 OlK3xdg7
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4
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than n%"q>
A B 4cRF3$amd
the events that occur in their lives , that are JWr:/?
C '~VKH}b
the main focus of social psychology. '+?AaR&p?
D Mhm3u
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is 8E&}+DR?
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例2: --an increasing international exchange of -/ ;y*mP
educational films. Y|_#yb
(A) It is @HxEp;*NH"
(B) There is L)a8W
(C) Though there is d=o|)kV
(D) Although it is ^ ~:f02[D
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 8;ke,x
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二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 rIH/<@+
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, QM2Y?."#
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 t
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in which+完整的句子 !Y>lAx d
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 HYyO/U9z|I
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名词+of which+谓语动词 <vJPKQ`=:
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 S<rdPS*P
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例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of oGM Ls
which are accented. Q1jU{
(A) line consists of each $h`(toTyF
(B) consists of each line CvfXm
(C) each line consists HDQhXw!!hc
(D) it consists of each line 7pMl:\
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 n,sf$9"
five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 f!6oW( r-L
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例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a F
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sticky substance on them ------ insects. r=GF*i[3
(A) traps fxfzi{}uj
(B) trap its m|q?gX9R
(C) which traps z ogtIn)
(D) which it traps N]n]7(e+0C
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 p@epl|IZp
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例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists I9O9V[
have paid little attention to cultural dw
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interpretations given to silence, or to the types of .d<
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social contexts in which tends to occur. TDI8L\rr
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分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 }~P%S(zB
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例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin `5 py6,
became interested in the art movement _^4\z*x
known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, dz/'
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both --her novels and short stories. {MmHR
(A) in which the influence `|K,E
(B) of which influenced =ark?<E
(C) to have influence DO<eBq\O
(D) its influence in j]7|5mC78
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。