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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 cIO/8D#zU  
bSIY|/d+  
一、主句单一原则 ^6 l5@#)w  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 E/H9#  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 X I Mh<  
!\'w>y7  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. efyEzL  
   (A) They occur where they are $D`Kz*/.  
   (B) Occuring where w?D=  
   (C) Where they occur !"hlG^*9  
   (D) Where do they occur s1OSuSL>  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 %{ U (y#  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 !v3d:n\W8  
F4=X(P_6  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center AIP0PJI3  
   (A) Fort Wayne |3k r*#  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne Y3|_&\ v6  
   (C) For wayne is in "X<V>q$0~c  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in k7JC~D E#  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 [ !~8TF  
+^J&x>5  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 wI7.M Gt  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 rhF2U  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 rxx VLW  
oVl:g:K40  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” 2x gk$E$7  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with pl}W|kW}  
   social issues. P/S,dhs(  
    (A) covers >8NUji2I  
    (B) covers it UN<$F yb  
    (C) which covers _+}o/449  
    (D) which it covers !FK)iQy$0  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 E?&YcVA  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused AO-~dV  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on 8V pmcGvc3  
   the paper. ,-n_( U  
   (A) the impression is uC]c`Ue  
   (B) if the impression is  ?nJv f  
   (C) impressions n-?zH:]GG{  
   (D) the impression 2Z9ck|L>  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression ,7d#t4  
三、平行结构 +Lr`-</VF  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 C szZr>Z  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: "-HWw?rx/  
A and B, p`"Ic2xPJ  
A , B, and C IUG}Q7w5  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- "?_ af  
   is known as accounting. *aYuuRx  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary {XXnMO4uR;  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's .8|"@  
     transactions QqC-ztz  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are q:wz!~(>  
     summarized *]Eyf")  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an (F#2z\$;  
     enterprise I!Fd~g9I4  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 B;<zA' 1  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 <`BDN  
b-J6{=k^  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed ,W$&OD  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and TQpR'  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 3m y_Gp  
   human patients. *"V) h I5  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in $%1oZ{&M  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures OFZo"XtF  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures &<(&u`S  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull !#4b#l(e6  
     fractures ddlF4L_  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 Wm!cjGK  
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四、宾语从句结构 o#-^Lg&  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ]_m(q`_  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: Upc_"mkI.  
     state(陈述,表明)+that : TP\pH7E  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that 5QG?*Z~?7  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, R E9 `T  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite CeUC[cUQU  
   units called quanta or photons. N1JM[< PP  
    (A) energy that /b."d\  
    (B) that it is energy `dgZ`#  
    (C) it is energy nCLEAe$W\=  
    (D) that energy b%xG^jUXsX  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 Hw,@oOh.  
To,*H OP  
TV?MB(mN  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth 4mm>6w8NT  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is 4V'HPD>=V  
   placed on them. Z)<lPg!YAR  
   (A) although its crust and mantle n"Wlfd0  
   (B) its crust and mantle to x-~=@oiv  
   (C) that its crust and mantle 5wC,:c[H7  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to wB"`lY   
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 wT+\:y  
五、介词+ which结构 yVyh\u\  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 $-paYQ4  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, 9<5S!?JL  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 ~P'i /*:  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, %m-U:H.Vp  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 T_fM\jdI  
Dv~jVIXu  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is m{r#o?  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees `pqTiV  
   for public office. _7'5IA  
    (A) that _IWLC{%V  
    (B)by which JB'XH~4H  
    (C)is that mB"1QtD  
    (D)by those ;*WG9Y(W  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 / |isRh|  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 9T0g%&  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 pk0{*Z?@  
w^N QLV S  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players "Cs36k  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called 1:J+`mzpl  
   wickers. tTWEhHQ`  
   (A) when d{Owz&PL  
   (B) which ilAhw4A  
   (C) is when V)P8w#,  
   (D) in which =nqHVRA  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 5]n\E?V'L  
:aH5=@[!y  
六、in that结构 tHK>w%|\R  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, _<=h#lH  
  because of +名词, x, ZF+vE  
  consequently是副词 [v\m)5  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 ILqBa:J  
b`@J"E}  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals na"!"C s3  
   ---- it is a liquid. Qxk& J  
   (A) whereas jcb&h@T8kv  
   (B) in that hCS}  
   (C) because of -:E~Z_J`  
   (D) consequently eze%RjO}  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 zTc*1(^  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 [FLR&=.(  
FRQ0t!b<M1  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual 5 7-Hx;  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. EC 1|$Co  
   (A)they _^NyLI%  
   (B)in they T6QRr}8`/J  
   (C)that they MX8|;t  
   (D)in that they !&9(D^  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 dvU{U@:sz  
n,2   
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 zRou~Kxi  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ S_/S2(V"  
   great inspiration for her poems. &N._}ts  
   (A) that she drew _OyQ:>M6P  
   (B) by drawing her E6Z kO/  
   (C) from which she drew 3%5a&b  
   (D) drawn from which {:|3V 7X  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 mO;QT  
七、what结构 6-fv<Pn  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: (+[%^96   
  what=the thing that 7J!s"|VS  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend q]I aRho  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. 7XK0vKmW3  
   (A) it grows D 2kmBZ3  
   (B) what grows Z|%h-~  
   (C) does it grow YLGE{bS  
   (D) what does it grow ;=jF9mV.  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 xdgAu  
OyF=G^w  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle gS5MoW1  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory rR-[CT  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. [ gMn  
   (A) there n@RmH>"  
   (B) where i7XY3yhC  
   (C) that R ~kO5jpW  
   (D) what Sv{n?BYq  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 t{jY@J T|  
_&hM6N  
2c 0;P #ol  
八、同位语结构 <&l$xn  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 #0aBQ+_8H  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) $G9LaD#;M  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing BZ?3=S1*  
   and swallowing . ]EX6Y  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste cQj`W *  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly 6+IhI?lI=  
   (C) the chief organ of taste GHcx@||C?  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes at_*Zh(  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 0w3c8s.  
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V2Vr7v=Y"  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 iH }-  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) o{ sv<$  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of -<s Gu9  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of \ N*([{X  
   Dishonor. z!"vez  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause #u hUZq  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson d2`g,~d  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause RhE~-b[X  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. ;|5-{+2U%  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 P }sr  
10FiA;  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as .xsfq*3e5  
   hosts to many insect pests. \;X7DK2  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than H#SQ>vyAV  
     goldenrods !{lH*  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods CQ!pt@|d  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy pmNy=ZXx  
     plants =8\.fp  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants n qyD>>  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 R/hI XO  
tqGrhOt  
h@Q^&%w  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 U] LDi8  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 pE5v~~9Ikv  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to $v0,)ALi  
   Athens. XnyN*}8  
   (A) the distance is ]||b2[*  
   (B) that the distance is 3:+9H}Q  
   (C) is that the distance Fv$tl)p*  
   (D) the distance c#n 2 !  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 'UX.Q7W  
`z&#|0O  
九、比较结构 PF%-fbh!~  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 p#@#$u-  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less 0,%{r.\S  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. jeC=s~  
    (A) does L+am-k:T~  
    (B) in EW `hL~{  
    (C) it does in 3!CUJs/W  
    (D) in it does ^hIdmTf6  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 }v ZOPTP  
,Bk5 ( e  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. ^tB 1Nu %  
    (A) rays more than infrared bZnOX*y]  
    (B) rays are more infrared than H1bR+2s  
    (C) more than infrared rays :`bC3Mr  
    (D) more infrared rays than ^b8~X [1J_  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 (80m'.X  
Kj4/fB  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 t-\+t<;  
例3:The activities of the international marketing 1QoW/X'>.  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. . ~]|gg~  
   (A) the domestic marketer has RTOA'|[0M  
   (B) the domestic marketer does tB_le>rhl  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer [|(|"dh@^H  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer <FT7QO$I  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 f{sT*_at  
vm [lMx  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing Xaq;d'  
   is greater than --. 8!_jZf8  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined 3jx%]S^z|  
   (B) mining and farming combination }3Es&p$9  
   (C) that mining and farming combined D!j/a!MaKk  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming h@,ja  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 !cW rB9  
Hm-#Mpw  
十、定语从句省略结构 !>`Q]M`  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 N`8K1{>BH  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture I Xc `Ec  
   and overpower. ;_}pIO  
   (A) can   EGu%;[  
   (B) they can M 8},RR@{  
   (C) which can i VSNara  
   (D) and omG2p  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 DE(XS zX  
u~uzKG  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can |x}TpM;ni  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the g)hEzL0k  
   food they eat. "K{_?M `;e  
    (A) require 6)INr,d  
    (B) requires =z1Lim-  
    (C) requiring PGTEIptX7  
    (D)to require LuS@Kf8N+  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 7[ ovEE54  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food Y\ [|k-6  
F^dJ{<yX  
%ZVYgtk;*  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 }k-V(  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of '6N)sqTR  
    A -P]O t>%S  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around x@#>l8k?  
   B          C      D v93b8/1  
   the world. cy%M$O|hX5  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to "Q:Gd6?h;  
f;E#CjlTL  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive w2B)$u  
          A  B      C aCZ0-X?c  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. -}7$;QK&a  
              D {"o9pIh{~  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more #Xg;E3BM  
z}vT8qoX  
十一、状语从句省略结构 &h:4TaD  
Metals expand when they are heated. !vz'zy)7  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: HLyA zB~r  
ay8]"sa  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; * + T(i  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, #:6-O  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 fU6YJs.H^8  
0i~U(qoI  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of CCTU-Xz/  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand 1l-5H7^w2?  
   considerable impact. a_N7X  
   (A) apparently (?zg.y  
   (B) are apparently hBU)gP75  
   (C) apparently their  'z} t= ?  
   (D) are they apparently 66val"^W  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 "#C2+S KM1  
/,G `V  
1T|f<ChIF<  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: .SC *!,  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; Y j oe|  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) VR (R.  
[t4v/vQ T  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the 3=enk0$  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly DI\=udN  
   white. b 3x|Dq.  
   (A) when, pure which _LJF:E5L  
   (B) when, which pure Pb&tWv\ql  
   (C) which, pure when iil<zEic  
   (D) which, when pure R"W}\0k  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, --$* q"  
`Gio 2gl9  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine y_m+&Oe  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing a=2.Y?  
   infrequently fo ~uI(rk  
   (A) Even |62` {+  
   (B) It is 3;>ls~4  
   (C) Even though 5cP yi/  
   (D) There is &M13F>!  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 GLsa]}m,9  
i$NlS}W  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 / l$enexSt  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 9xR5Jm>k  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; .!3e$mhV  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 |nNcV~%~  
Vuz.b.,i`  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: ~HmH#"VP  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 Tz1^"tx9  
  The starring troops have to surrender. =Dn <DV  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; KQr+VQdq>  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 n\+ c3  
@f-:C+(Nsg  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is _ $a3lR  
3-/|G-4k7  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often Da-Lf2qT9  
   called scapegoating. A|ZT ;\  
   (A) Eliminate problems WFF?VBT'^  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) M`Q$-#E:  
   (C) Eliminating problems BA h'H&;V  
   (D) Problems are eliminated Ja6KO2}p  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 Ksx-Y"  
Xl4}S "a  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them Y D<3#Dr]  
   from damage due to weather. a&'9[9E1  
    (A) Painting ]^ R':YE  
    (B) Painted y-hTTd"{  
    (C) The paint  I0 mp[6  
    (D) By painting it}h8:^<  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 GlJ[rD  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 }2]|*?1,  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting *q 6XK_  
t=Oq<r  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to p) SW(pS  
   conserve water in the winter. 3H,x4L5j  
   (A) when losing leaves LGhK)]:  
   (B) leaves are lost OJm ]gb7  
   (C) that losing leaves IP`lx  
   (D) the leaves losing :A8r{`R'N  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 % m Q&pk  
)+L|<6JXA  
十三、make结构 obvE m[x!Z  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) +QN4hJK  
共有三种形式: myj/93p}`b  
   make it possible+to do >*EZZ\eU!  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 {<{VJGY7T  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) y hKH} kR  
w>B}w  
做题技巧: E7O3$B8  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it 'u.Dt*.Uq  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it {]6-,/3UR  
i@9 qp?eb  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and gs1yWnSv5  
   thus make--details that are otherwise frcX'M}%  
   impossible to observe . Milp"L?B%  
   (A) it visible ` +YtTK  
   (B) visibly hj1;f<' U  
   (C) visible ~ g!!#ad  
   (D) they are visible a8TtItN  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 _jX,1+M  
5=V"tQ&d9U  
,esEh5=Ir  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large 80Y% C-Y:  
   amount of information on a single map. s O#cJAfuu  
   (A) possible B!mHO*g  
   (B) it possible C]Fw*t   
   (C) it is possible o<A-ETx<  
   (D) that possible b; of9hY  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 KAZ<w~55c  
O^\:J 2I(  
W!HjO;  
十四、the more …the more…结构 P]m{\K  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: gH7  +#/  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 SOG(&)b  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 8\;, d  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 *Z"cXg^ti  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 wDi/oH/H  
*JImP9SE  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the "tl{HM5u  
   number of lines of magnetic force. Otu?J_d3  
   (A) of (su7*$wV  
   (B) the &L0Ii)Ns  
   (C) is the $G <r2lPy  
   (D) is of the (@N ILK  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B &p#PYs|H  
;e_us!Sn  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the hfJ&o7Dt  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  ag8)^p'9  
   (A) the stress it is greater i5(qJ/u  
   (B) greater is the stress [3=Y 9P:  
   (C) greater stress is ?`OF n F,K  
   (D) the greater the stress h)sT37  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 W8`6O2  
U}HSL5v  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 { #B/4  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 \aPH_sf,  
vC]r1q.(  
;\pINtl9<  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , O_s /BoB@  
             A     B k2lo GvBJ  
   thus making it possible the gentle Lm!]m\LRZD  
       C            p".wqg*W  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. <x$nw'H9  
         D _3u3b/%J?  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 BbFLT@W4  
@f A| y  
 [A,!3BN  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more VPYcA>-%u  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, .mwW`D  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the r9-ayp#pC  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” jB9~'>JY  
    (A) however L\#G#1x8  
    (B) thus %d-WQwJ  
    (C) and NH5sV.vvc  
    (D) moreover t~}c"|<t  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 $uwz` N:  
+p _?ekV\  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the 1foG*   
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. g<DXJ7o  
    (A) to save the seeds Qa9@Q$  
    (B) saving the seeds ~tL:r=  
    (C)which saves the seeds JSq3)o9?/  
    (D) the seeds saved bF G?mG:  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B G{|"WaKW  
M4;M.zxJv  
fGH)Fgo`  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 4a!%eBhX"K  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. {&Rz>JK  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. 'b[O-6v  
eMEKR5*-O  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. [".94(qs  
   (A) the tallest A#Ga!a  
   (B) the tallest that is lHliMBSc  
   (C) which is the tallest E@E wx;P5  
   (D) which the tallest is gs.+|4dv  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 grI#'x  
+|<bb8%  
2t0VbAO 1{  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of -ciwIS9L  
       A  B       C [P6A $HC<  
   domestic animals. .R4,fCN  
    D s/3sOb}sA  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 <Vh5`-J  
|Ul4n@+2  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 &liFUP?   
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: c8_,S[W  
  program, programmed, programmed wpNb/U  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: %Zfh6Bl\X  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 5ff5M=M  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be q{[y4c1bG{  
LF (S"Of  
6%o@!|=I  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona ={p<|8`"  
   features structures built of red sandstone by *uxKI:rB:  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. !WB3%E,I  
   (A) That the !QqVJ a{j  
   (B) In the ;?-{Uk  
   (C) Around the O|9Nl*rXz  
   (D) The ?H{?jJj$H  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 f7%g=0.F  
)"00fZL  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called >RiU/L  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. K|;L{[[yH  
   (A) to be made AO7X-,  
   (B) making mndEB!b  
   (C) made JmBMc }54  
   (D) are made ? ]} =4  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 An BM*5G  
u)D!RhV&  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given f\:I1y  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of \x _$Pu  
   human beings. 7=A @P  
   (A) without )_ l( WF.  
   (B) lack M l_!)b  
   (C) minus ?J"Y4,{  
   (D) not having xf qu=z8X  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 "(a}}q 9-  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 Y~OyoNu2  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 (g tOYEqx  
(Q|Y*yI  
J=#9eW  
十八、逻辑主语结构 tkHUX!Ow;  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 Ez>!%Hpn\  
"N=q>jaX  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. p"n3JV.~k+  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members &([Gc+"5E.  
    of the committee 3cFvS[JG  
   (B) the committee members discussed the D._7)$d  
    problem j)jt&Gg'  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee T(*A0  
    members the problem \&s$?r  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by 6c[ L*1  
    the members of the committee PE+{ <[n  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B }An;)!>(nF  
i# Fe`Z ~J  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until jx];=IC3tt  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. EJ Ta~  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch  #U/L8  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn 3T@`V FbE  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch I,?!NzB  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn +|spC  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 bg,VK1  
A:,V)  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her _dn*H-5hO  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her q%Lw#f  
   first article in print. H~ =;yy  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane d/Fy0=0  
    Hawes had xh!aB6m8R  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane q62U+o9G  
    Hawe's first 4{ exv  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first KKJa?e`C  
    teaching position vXc gl  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching 3_c4+u"6  
    position HlX2:\\  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 3- 4jSN\  
q yYf&VC}  
例4: Even at low levels, --. hHqsI`7c  
   (A) the nervous system has produced A-qpuI;f  
     detrimental effects by lead ZY> u4v.  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the (`K ~p Z  
    nervous system l`RFi)u~&  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the L~L]MC&  
    nervous system m}fY5r<<;/  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on AV["%$ :  
    the nervous system #Xd#Nc j  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 4 {3< `  
tsqWnz=)  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking 2/FH9T;e".  
            A   B     C q e;O Ox  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. e!*%U= [Q  
       D 3` \)Qm  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 ~m@w p  
.FAuM~_99b  
{:d9q  
十九、复合宾语结构 I~I$/j]e`  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 HA%r:Px  
We played soccer. q5(Z   
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 wPU<jAQyp  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 QG=&{-I~[3  
db.E-@W.OI  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 * E3 c--  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, 6J%+pt[tu  
例:We appoint him monitor. )IP{yL8c  
  We elected him president. E$8 4c+  
w~(x*R}  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck b/Z 0{38  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not -"e$ VB  
   consider them --because they are now primarily R]{AJ"p  
   kept as pets. `L=$ ,7`  
   (A) where sporting dogs #%i-{t+_>  
   (B) sporting dogs N~An}QX|  
   (C) when sporting dogs |.Pl[y  
   (D) they are sportingdogs = A !;`G  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 ?I`ru:iG  
9v<Sng  
二十、It结构 !*gTC1bvB  
一、强调句型 h}U\2$5  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 zz4A,XrD  
5Y8/ZW~D0  
这个句型需要注意几点: 5PQ s1B  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; q(yw,]h]{  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; cKX6pG  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 N|ut^X+|\  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: i%~4>k  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. O$%C(n(  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. &:` 7  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. ?)cNe:KY  
B94mh  
二、形式主语 1& k_&o  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子  F%6`D  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 pA V}hB  
GGs3r;(t  
'* +]&~b  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than 8fdK|l w  
    A               B >Tld:  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are F^=|NlU&%  
                  C MQQ!@I`  
   the main focus of social psychology. )^^r\  
           D m)q;eQs  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is MWCP/~>a2  
@Ns^?#u~   
例2: --an increasing international exchange of J680|\ER  
   educational films. XQk9 U  
   (A) It is  2D MH@U2  
   (B) There is  (0"9562  
   (C) Though there is cJm!3X  
   (D) Although it is 0}Xkj)R,  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 "0g1'az}  
;X\>oV3#  
xGqe )M>8?  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 D|Z,eench  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, jjz<V(Sk  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 ,KIa+&vJW@  
g?i_10Xlp  
in which+完整的句子 0sq/_S  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 /,= wP)  
bsPwTp^  
名词+of which+谓语动词 [ WZ<d^L  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 m5zP|s1`['  
5<a)SP 0  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of )u ]<8  
   which are accented. S53 [Ja  
   (A) line consists of each }k<b) I*A  
   (B) consists of each line F)_Rs5V:(  
   (C) each line consists _:M6~XHo  
   (D) it consists of each line bR*T}w$<  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 *u7C){)gr[  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 ss,t[`AV{  
5HL JkOV5  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a .rG Rdb  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. g;v{JB  
   (A) traps   S][: b  
   (B) trap its  Lkk'y})/  
   (C) which traps F2oY_mA   
   (D) which it traps :;{U2q+  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 g6QkF41nG  
e#kPf 'gL  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists N<Y-]xS  
  have paid little attention to cultural 1;vn*w`p  
   A             |%&WYm6&#  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of pl q$t/.U;  
         B      C ~O@V;y  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. <diI*H<G  
           D HEjV7g0E  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 %tUJ >qYU  
Ik;~u8j1e  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin Pm+H !x,  
   became interested in the art movement ]Z<{ ~  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, K.l?R#G`,F  
   both --her novels and short stories. rCYNdfdpp  
   (A) in which the influence YD jQ&EH  
   (B) of which influenced tEiN(KA!5  
   (C) to have influence 1mI)xDi9  
   (D) its influence in w`>xK sKW>  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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