英语语法的十六种时态(续)

过去完成时 NoTEbFrV  
a.　　 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. i ?&t@"'  
　b. 状语从句 ![h+R@_(  
　　 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 ##+|zka!U  
　　 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. VG0Ty;bV  
　c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" ~b}a|K  
　　 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. >Akrbmh5  
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3)　过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 `Fnl<C<  
　 He said that he had learned some English before. 0zQ"5e?qy  
　 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Jmrs@  
　Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. rH*1bDL  
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典型例题　 O<7Q>m  
　 the students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.　 2;Vss<hR4A  
A. had written, left　B，were writing, has left　 C. had written, had left　D. were writing, had left c%y(Z5  
　 答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此 ).U\,@[A{  
前一句应用过去进行时。 Y-!~x0-H  
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注意：　had no … when　　　　　还没等…… 就…… ;iT@41)
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　　　　had no sooner… than　　刚…… 就…… ffoL]u\  
　 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. ~o{GQ>  
用于现在完成时的句型 5Ku=Xzv q  
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1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 T_t5Tg~i[N  
　 It is the first time that I have visited the city. <P
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　 It was the third time that the boy had been late. ba5,?FVI~  
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2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. f(M$m,d  
　 This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 7Qdf#DG  
　　　 这是我看过的最好的电影。 OlU')0Y  
　 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。 nm"]q`(K  
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典型例题 LZ#=Ks  
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?　 KA $jG{yq  
　 ---No, this is the first time I ___ here. _V2^0CZ  
A. was　 B. have been　 C. came　 D. am coming I+oe{#
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　 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。 FOPfob[  
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(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before? 9Lus,l\  
　 ---No, it's the first time I ___ here. BiY-u/bH9a  
A. even, come　 B. even, have come　　C. ever, come　 D. ever, have come m+UWvUB)  
　 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。 YD3jP}Ym  
　 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 C/$bgK[ev  
（错）I have received his letter for a month. 3_bE12  
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month. awXK9}.  
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独立主格结构的特点： =K)[3mXX  
　　1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 %p48=|+  
　　2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 HLe/|x\@<  
　　3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 {MRXKnm;e  
举例： ~8 B ]  
　　the test finished, we began our holiday. XE
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　= When the test was finished, we began our holiday. ZZ>"LH  
　　考试结束了，我们开始放假。 M(^_/1Z  
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　　the president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. nTtE+~u  
　= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 8J#U=q
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　　总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 4U8N7  
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　　Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.　 {#.<hPXn  
　　如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 Z2U6<4?1%  
This done, we went home.　　　 CnpQdI  
　　工作完成后，我们才回家。 %[4u #G`  
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　　the meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.　 %a I,K0\  
　　会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 ih|;H:"^  
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　　He came into the room, his ears red with cold. nC%<BatQ  
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。 'yosDT2{#  
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　　He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. v
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　他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆新开千年私服了!奇迹私服