考博英语范文

1. To patients, operation is always an unhappy event. It usually causes fear in patients and many other psychological and physiological reaction and problems. This article briefly discusses the fear about operation and how to deal with.
Being traumatic, operation often causes pain, bleeding and tissue injury．This stimulant naturally results in stress and destroy emotional reactions in turn may lead to a serious of bodily reactions, such as heart-throbbing, short breath, chest stress, sweating ,etc.. Sometimes they may even affect the process and effects of operation and induce some diseases such as CHD and heart and brain diseases. Besides some emotional responses may continue after operation due to pains, discomforts and inconveniences caused by operation. They need consolation and emotional support of others.
However, emotional problems such as fear are not unpreventable and uncontrollable. Medical staff can provide psychological consultation and guidance to patients before operation by explaining and demonstrating the process of operation additionally, caress by medical staff, especially nurses, can help calm down patients to remove those harmful emotional reaction.
Conclusively, fear and emotional reactions about operation are harmful but can be prevented and relieved if something can be done to them.

2. Stay Away from Sudden Death
Karachi（过劳死）is a special disease caused by overwork, stress and chronic fatigue and some other sub-health condition. The worst of it may result in sudden death. The following is a brief discussion of it.
1.Successful in career but poor in health
Statistics indicate that intellectuals in China have a life expectancy 17 years shorter than that of average. A recent survey indicates that about 66% of them have sub-heath symptoms such as sleep problems, backache, worsening memory, depression and anxiety, etc., which is usually caused by overwork, sleep deficit and stress.
2. Four hidden causes of sudden death
There are four hidden causes of sudden death, mostly induced by chronic fatigue. They include asymptomatic CHD, which is hard to detect with ordinary physical checkup, hypertension, chronic fatigue and excessivly stress from work. All these make people susceptible to various diseases and finally lead to sudden death.
3. Four ways to prevent karoshi
The writer here puts forward four ways to prevent karoshi. First, have physical checkup annually to early detect some hidden diseases. Second, learn to relax by mountain-climbing, biking, hiking, bird-watching, etc . . Third, persist in physical exercise to strengthen the body against aging and disease. Lastly be optimistic and try to be in good mood and high spirits whenever possible.
To conclude, karoshi is dangerous but if something is done to it, we may stay away from it.

3. Walking and Health
Of the countless exercises, walking is probably the simplest and most economical one. One’s walking ability is closely related to his health. Walking is especially suitable for middle-age and old people. The following essay briefly discusses why walking is beneficial to health and how to walk for exercise.
Walking has many healthcare effects on the body. For example, in walking ,one’s limbs move naturally and in a coordinated way, which activates most internal organs and systems such as blood, bones, and joints, muscles. The systems of respiration, circulation, digestion, urinations, etc. are activated accordingly. All these activities regulate physiological balance and promote metabolism. Besides, walking vibrates the whole body which in turn massages the internal organs and can even improve breathing and prevent hypertension. It is also found that walking is especially suitable for mental laborers and keeping fit and reducing weight.
Walking can be divided into 5 types, including ordinary walking, fast walking, backward walking, walking with swing arms and belly-massage walking. Different people can choose different types of walking depending upon his own health condition. However, there are some tips on walking. For example, speed up gradually. First, walk with head high and light but big strides. Lastly, walk in a forested beautiful or in a park.
To conclude, to live long and healthily, Let us walk as a exercise.

4.Medical staff/workers/professionals not only treat patients and cure diseases, but also have to deal with people. Therefore, doctor-patient communication plays an important role in medical service. In this essay, the author briefly discusses the necessity of doctor-patient communication for medical service.
First, it is a need of medical diagnosis. As it goes throughout the whole process of medical treatment, the communication can decide the quality, doctor-patient relationship and the honor of hospital. As English researcher finds that, almost 82.5% of cases can be diagnosed by colleting case history which is facilitated with patients whereas only 17% depend on physical check up and lab examination.
Second, it is a need of clinical treatment. Effective communication with patients help patients follow doctor’s administration. Some obstacles or problems in communication are caused by differences in cultural, educational and social backgrounds.
Third, it is also a need of medical education of medical professionals. Poor communicative skills may result conflicts and tension between doctors and patients, so effective communication with patients is part of a doctor’s competence.
Conclusively, doctor-patient communication is necessary for diagnosis, treatment and professional competence.

5.If there were a drug for longevity, probably everyone would buy it. However, there is such a drug. That is eating less. Some scientists have proved this by experimenting on 200 monkeys. In the below, the reason of why this drug is good for longevity is briefly discussed. /This passage briefly discusses why it is good for longevity.
First, eating less can help relieve the burden on the stomach and intestine. Too much food remaining in the intestine can produce many toxins and carcinogenic substances, which in turn may harm the CNS and cause aging.
Second, overeating causes metabolic disorder in the brain. Research indicates that overeating makes a certain growth factors in the brain multiply rapidly. This may promotes cerebral arteriosclerosis and ischemia in the cortex and finally cause dementia and shortens one’s life.
Third, overeating may damage cells and thus causes early aging. Too much food may produce many free radicals which harm cells and cause arteriosclerosis and other diseases and even death.
Lastly, long overeating may cause obesity(fatness), which in turn causes arteriosclerosis, CHD, diabetes, etc..
Actually, since ancient China, there has been an idea of eating less to live longer. Let us eat less to live a long and healthy life.

6.There has been an important philosophical idea about health advocated by great thinkers at home and abroad in the past and at present. However, what is this, important idea? It is conformity to nature. This essay briefly discusses it.
To sum up, conformity to nature is extremely vital to man’s health. If we can live in harmony with nature we can live a healthy and happy life.
Conformity to nature means that man has to make peace with and life and even death and regard death as part of life and nature. Prof Schwalts and Mr. Lu Youqing have set us a good example of facing their coming death peacefully, calmly and meaningfully.
It is also means that man should abide by laws and rule of nature rather disobey nature. Otherwise, nature will punish man with natural disasters such as floods and sand storm.
Some great thinkers that to conform to nature demands that man should follow the biological rhythm (clock) of the body in his daily life. For example, man should not overwork, overeat to avoid many diseases.
The idea has been successfully applied by a Japanese doctor to treatment of some neural disease.

7.With the opening of Shanghai, more and more doctors from other countries have come to work in hospital in Shanghai. However what changes have these foreign doctors brought to these hospitals? The answer is “humanized medical service”. The following is a brief report on this (description of this change).
First, the medical staff have enhanced their sense of self-protection to prevent hospital infection. For example, in outpatient departments, medical alcohol and hand lotion and disposable tissues are readily available for medical staff there, which was scarce in the past. The staff always put on medical gloves to avoid contact with patients’ body fluids.
Second, humanized medical service is also patient-centered in many aspects. For example, post-surgical tranquilizing medication is given to surgical patients, which bring quiet and peaceful recovery wards, instead of previous noisy wards full of painful cries and groans. For another example, doctors are more considerate to patients by prescribing effective but inexpensive medicines to them instead of expensive ones. Also, the staff depends more on communication with patients than on expensive instrument examination and medication.
To conclude, foreign doctors have brought humanized medical service to these hospitals, which welcome both to patients and doctors as well.

8.In the natural world/nature, there are countless bacteria and viruses that invade the body and causes diseases in the body. The body thus has to have an army of its own to defend itself against the enemies. However, what is this army and does fight? This war between the army and the bacteria and viruses is described in the below. This passage briefly describes this army.
The army can be generally divided into two branches. One is the signal troops and the other is the combat troops of the location of the invaders and call for the combat troops to the battle ground. Upon the information and signal of the signal troops, the combat troops, consisting of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes, will rush to the place. They will try to swallow up and destroy the invaders with some chemical substances. However, there is a traitor in the army, which is the cancer cell. What makes it terrible lies in that it confuses the army of white cells and multiply in other parts of the body.
In conclusion, this army of white cells is actually the immune system of the body. It is a key to the health of the body. The army’s war against its enemies is a complicated one and has a long way to go before its final victory.

医学英语作文常用词汇
Man and animals, humans, human beings
Man, mankind, human race
The human body, the body, lung, heart, liver (fatty liver), brain (cerebral), kidney, adrenalin(肾上腺素), hormones, ENT(耳鼻喉科), ophthalmology（眼科学）, glasses, spectacle, sun-glass, school of dentistry, stomatologist (口腔学家), spine（脊柱）,spinal cord, shoulder, arms, limbs, upper/lower limbs, limp(跛行)，cripple（跛的，残疾的）, crutches(拐杖), elbow, wrist, palm, fingers, thumb, back, waist, back pain, heart-burn（烧心）, indigestion（消化不良）, hip(bottom屁股)， chest, ankle, leg, foot, thigh（大腿）, knuckle(指节), bosom(胸), belly(stomach)胃, abdomen(腹部)
Snore(打鼾), sneeze(喷嚏), cough, spit(吐痰), yawn(哈欠), breath(inhale, exhale), respiration, respiratory diseases, gastric(digestive) diseases, circulatory diseases, itch(瘙痒), skin problems, such as rush, allergy(sensitive), scratch(抓痕，瘙痒), overuse, overdraft(透支), over-withdraw.
Lifestyle diseases, Three hyper including hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, which may lead to diabetes, obesity, hyper-cholesterol
Heart attack caused by ischemia (局部缺血) (lack of blood supply in the heart or brain)
Anemia(贫血), leukemia(白血病), anorexia(食欲减退，厌食症), blooding, hemorrhage(出血), thrombus(血栓) clot(凝块血块), blood vessel, artery(动脉), arterial, cardiovascular(心血管的), hardening(硬化), arteriosclerosis(动脉硬化), infarction(梗死), stroke(中风), paralysis, paralyze, cerebral hemorrhage, handicapped people(invalid)(残疾人), handicaps(残废), bodily disability, rehabilitation(复原，机能恢复), high blood pressure, raise one’s bp, experience a rise in his bp, risk factor, include, to susceptible to, at risk of, incidence, death rate, CHD=coronary heart disease, low-salt, low-fat, low-sugar diets, balanced diet, be poisoned, poisonous, toxic, toxins, toxic substance
Average common general universal usual ordinary hospital
Humanistic, humanism, patient-oriented(centered) humanize medical service
Dehumanizing trend of advanced medical and biological technologies, medical reform, health care reform, new rural cooperative medical insurance system新型农村合作医疗, medical insure for urban workers城镇职工医疗保险制度
Pain was a normal part of life, learn to live with it, times have changed, fifth vital sign, as important as blood pressure, temperature, breathing rate and pulse , a person’s well-being, chronic pain, disrupt a person’s life, cause problems that rang from misses work to depression, side effect, dizziness and fatigue
This created a double-edged sword: the medications helped relieve the pain but caused other problems that could be worse than the pain itself.
As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease-especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking and failure to exercise. The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired. This person is not ill. He may not even be at risk for any particular disease. But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier.
The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely “not ill” and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body’s special needs. Both types have simply been called “well”.

Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for depression and other psychological and social diseases related to chronic pain.

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沙发发表于: 2008-05-12

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