高分语法讲解 NQDLI 1o
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第一章 名词 h9w@oRp`~
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 0\?_lT2
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第一节 可数名词 gV<0Hj
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考点一 单复数 Zx}NFcn
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 +L^A:}L(
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 @`w'
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) 66I|0_
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 2>!_B\%) H
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: cEDDO&u
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes ~bQFk?ZN+
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories "2)+)Db
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives xDPQG`6
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs u}JQTro
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例题: JIyBhFI
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. el <<D
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答案:A 5en
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应改为:Flowers j[$B\H
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic j33P~H~
A B C D &[?u1qQ%o
pain. d8Q_6(Ar|
答案:A -4*'WzWr
应改为:Doctors `-72>F ;T
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 ]wkSAi5z*
考点二 复数形式特例 xJ[k#?T'
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 %{N$1ht^
1.单复数词形相同 >gX0Ij#G
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 Sy+]SeF&
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: j=xtnIq
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises 3PvZ_
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medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula :/yr(V{
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena t_dw}I
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: `5k6s,
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), Wvut)T
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), |l6<GWG+
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: e_>rJWI}
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) }Ke
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5 不规则的名词复数 $+lz<~R
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice we:5gK&
tooth - teeth foot - feet N1s$3Ul
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 =& Tu`m
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例题: @R'g@+{I
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading 86^ZYh
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. &-8-xw#.
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(2) vHI"C %
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed FQ9csUjpB
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feet. -;@5Ua1uf
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答案:D /K1
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应改为:foot =qS^Wz.
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 LKqog%,c
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 *nsnX/e(-
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第二节 限定词 vY0V{u?J
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: *v:,rh
1.之后肯定接单数: }*}`)rj,
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. /[0 /8f6
例句: Each of them has two books. P7
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You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) ^zWO[$n}tP
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2.之后肯定接复数: i3kI2\bd/
these, those, many, such, other, @Pb 1QLiz
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), h[`Op#^x3
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several bF Y)o Z
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of m"|(w`n]E+
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc ^$Eiz.
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 _@~kYz
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考点一 否定限定词no Znl>*e/|
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: |b'<XQ&l5
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. x+:,b~Skk
No one is here. KlqJEtO_
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: hIO4%RQj_
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; |3T|F3uEX
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 :Ye#NPOI
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例题: \,bFm,kC?
(1) ]S2[eS
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. pS@VLXZP
(A) none vb ^!(
(B) no [@)z $W
(C) not M>H^<N}'A
(D) nor =#")G1A
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答案: C 9oxf)pjw
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 "T1#*"{j
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(2) G8DIig<
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when qH$rvD!]
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. >iWf7-:
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答案: A 3)Awj++
应改为: No Eno2<<
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 MG5Sn*(C
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考点二 their等物主代词 Jq<`j<'9
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars Y{|~A
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 wp
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例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. JEF7hJz~
这里用their 而不用 the +C;#Qf
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例题: Xg3[v3m|
(1) H^1 a3L]
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten H;Qn?^
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the lives. -2ij;pkIW$
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答案: D
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应改为: their Z=[a 8CU
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 Cj9O
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(2) :k/U7 2
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any LA %al @
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specific way. ?q }wl\"8
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答案: B !Jnw_)
应改为: its KY
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解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 mg/kyua^
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 q=i<
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 AlaN;
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例题: w=o m7%J@l
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or F+S#m3X
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relating those objects. EZRZ)h
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答案: B ,#OG/r-H
应改为: is a set <yO9j
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 TFPq(i
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(2) bl-s0Ax-
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. 'p]qN;`'O$
A B C D ~kT{O!x}4
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答案: D C,u.!g;lm
应改为: responses Y2&6x
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解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few l= S_#
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 =ab}.dWC
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) ;0q6 bp(<H
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) L-dKZ8Q
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第三节 冠词作限定词 k"zHrn"$
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 3i~{
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考点一 不定冠词a / an uGWk(qn
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: c[q3O**
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university 5]JXXdt
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour -+/|
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). uESHTX/[
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例题: "p\
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(1) dtm@G|Ij
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever n2~rrQ
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. qm@
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答案: B有错 lM]7@A
应改为: puzzle. B}.ia_&DLR
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle [gDvAtTZ5
(2) k
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Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a nS#;<p$\
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question of physiology and of culture. {S c1!2q
答案: D有错 WqAP'x 1
应改为: day 3.Qwn.
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day JdnZY.{S0
(3) .KV?;{~q@
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the [z?XVl<
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nonprofessional metal worker. #cA}B
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答案: C quR':=S5f
应改为: still a practical -
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解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 VrDv d
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 uAJC Q)@
例题: {=kA8U
(1) G{:L^2>
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. cCwT0O#d
A B C D ^I^k4iw4
答案: A *+iW
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应改为: An emotion <[*s%9)'9
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an YVzK$k'3U
(2) (mycUU%
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine *`\>J.
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chemically with other atoms. UOq$88sr
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答案: A \aG>(Mr
应改为: an atom ]+oPwp;il
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an R+5x:mpHy
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考点二 定冠词the EF}Z+7A
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: .n"aQ@!
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: o zv><e#
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower H -`7T;t~
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: hD;[}8qN{
the first woman, the nineteenth century "8s0~[6S
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby I'C{=?
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: &B[$l`1
the largest city, the most advanced technology Lt_7pb%
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: G<$UcXg
the development of the watch, @>JO &,od
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: poeKY[].
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun N[czraFBD}
在下列情况下,一般不用the: >Efv?8$E\
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: =d`,W9D
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) 'Exj|Y&
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the Hw
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the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) Q4C28-#
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: z6$W@-Vd
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) -k=02?0p+
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: R9~%ORI#;
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… !XQG1!|ww
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: rE EWCt
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed /`3<@{D
乘车的词组: Ar N *9
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), |lrLTI^a
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) 0 @~[SXR
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), \5cAOBja
打球的词组: # KK>D?.:
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball z`]'~
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. Y&'Bl$`
例题: 9=89)TrY
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. v=$v*W
(A) it was the *^ g7kCe(
(B) that the 7g[T#B'/x,
(C) there was a MPhO#;v
(D) the KFvNsqd
答案:D 2'
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解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 <sE0426
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(2) c%n[
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The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of K\v1o
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Alaska and a territory of the Canada. :''^a
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答案:D 6lpf
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应改为:of epqX2`!V
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 pn<M`,F~q
(3) -SnP+X!
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to hosw :%
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nineteenth century. nSdta'6
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答案:D maW,YOyRN
应改为:to the nineteenth `Hld#+R
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the G'T/I\tB
第四节 不可数名词 <1cYz\/!M
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 h)2W}p{a4=
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抽象名词如: k \rzvo=U
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: xrd@GTa
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news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), z'OY6
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), @5jJoy(mX@
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) R1 u1
还有表达学科类的名词如: /<,LM8n
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, R%B"Gtl)
mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) hqOy*!8'@
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物质名词如: xLhN3#^m
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), Jv(9w[
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) *[K\_F?
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 {nTQc2T?;
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词,
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如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), $=?1>zvF
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻) pt[H5
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 G=?2{c}U
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice J?4aSssE
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, !
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而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 ^Qrezl&
例题: K6"#&0
(1) rz/^_
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Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and &+F|v(|r
A B C D [4Tiukk(
trade. hF`e>?bN
答案:C t[gz#'
应改为:advertising Np$peT[
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 d#~
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词汇:barter: 实物交易 4?Mb>\n%<^
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考点二 限定词 H(f~B<7q
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: Tc{r;:'G<
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) 0sxZa+G0o
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 +%yVW f
例题: #XSs.i{
(1)
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Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear /58]{MfrJ
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image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. }9Yd[`
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答案:D |a!AgvNF
应改为:little. G)qNu }
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little t{)Z$)'
(2) cW+6Emh
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge ]7H ?
A B @WcK<Qho
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. 4=]CA O=O
C D Bvbv~7g(
答案:B UdBP2 lGd
应改为:much evidence }jj@A !N
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 f-at@C1L%L
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 I%dFVt@
例如: Q)"L 8v
v
a lot of students , a lot of money rL+K Sb
the rest of the students, the rest of money ^4jIT1
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. <@;Y.76~
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第五节 所有格及of结构 V{51wnxT
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考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 ^:JZ.r
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, $s]c'D)
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office Q4YIKNN|7
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , d,"?tip/SX
如: the students' union, the ladies' room a-I3#3VJ@
例题: 6>I{Ik@>
(1) !E\xn^
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. y 1DP`Ro
(A) of the drop O0?.$f9 s
(B) the drop's z"`q-R }m
(C) drop of D;@*
(D) drops their FB<#N+L\
答案: (B) I?sA)!8
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 z6B(}(D
(2) 8=
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Over a very lar x"kc:F
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. 5B+>28G%
(A) occurs "tuBfA+f
(B) will occur |RUx)&
(C) can occur zo*YPDEm"
(D) occurring /rsr|`#
答案:D [da,SM
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 hdB.u^!
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考点二 of结构 b-}nv`9C
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) *%JncK'
如: the title of the passage ~RSOUrR
例如: pDr%uL
(1) ]d#Lfgo
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names {3=\x
A B C G5y>v^&H
of some works years after their completion. 2ye^mJ17
D ZKKz?reM'
答案: C k%w5V>]1
应改为: paintings \VmqK&9
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 C2GF
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(2) H"PnX-fGN
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and ODn6%fp%
A B C D 8zew8I~s
spinal cord. B9`^JYT<
答案: B X+;F5b9z
应改为: stimulation sY__ak!>
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 iTTe`Zr5y
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第六节 名词在句中的作用 =PXQX(_
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考点一 名词(词组)作主语 l1^/Q~u
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 7
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例题: WN9<
(1) ZN!OM)@:!
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. 8[LwG&
(A) was a major collection M0`nr}g
(B) that a major collection 6U;pYWht
(C) a collection was major Q\G8R^9j p
(D) a major collection }$u]aX<
答案: (D) EqzS={Olj
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 "pq#A*
(2) 7"F
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The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of |M|'S~z
A B C D ($*bwqp]}
medieval alchemists. S/-[OA>N
答案:A >T{9-_#P
应改为:beginnings. kzr9-$eb
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 21GjRPs\
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考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 1 GUF,A+_O
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 kXS_:f;M
例题: uy\<t
(1) V ~w(^;o@
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. &
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(A) new dance, the twist =zXpeo&|m
(B) twist, was the new dance %cG6=`vR
(C) twist, the new dance that V1Dwh@iS
(D) new dance is the twist eKn&`\j6
答案: (A) W"4E0!r
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 I=l() ET=
(2) #*q`/O5n
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep QlIg'B6
A B v=nq P{
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. JC`|GaUy
C D u7G@VZ Ux5
答案: D G_zJuE$V
应改为: promise. O_0|Q@
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 `,H\j?
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考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 o%X_V!B{V
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明,
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I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. 0z/tceW
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例题: 85Q2c
(1) eS fT+UL
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. }!\NdQs
(A) that institutes F6h3M~uR
(B) while instituted f!ehq\K1k
(C) was an institution kW\=Z1\#
(D) an institute epj]n=/}[
答案: (D) J}EQ_FC"$
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 TYWajcch
(2) P482D)
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. Tk$rwTCl
(A) is the great modern choreographer X'.}#R1
(B) one of the great modern choreographers D/:~#)
(C) that the great modern choreographers 6
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(D) the modern choreographers were great j]rE0Og
答案:B G%
S=K2v
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句