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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 *]K/8MbiF  
N~! G AaD  
第一章 名词 hd%O\D?  
(dnaT-M3  
正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 /D~MHO{  
jccSjGX@w  
第一节 可数名词 U UYx-x  
N2.(0 G  
考点一 单复数 g^)8a;/c  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 o?`^ UG-   
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 u5I#5  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) @g%^H)T  
;=lQMKx0  
下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 s$ZKd  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: r"$~Gg.%(  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes >k9W+mk  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories I~T~!^}U  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives |y DaFv  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs E5Zxp3N  
Lgrpy  
例题: ^X| Bzz)  
\rSofn#c  
(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. ?F^O7\rw  
   A         B           C       D ~vV+)KI  
答案:A % '&_Po\  
应改为:Flowers Xu%8Q?]  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 $^5c8wT  
vC%Hc/&.}  
get$ r5  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic q{2 +Inf#:  
   A               B   C          D .mvpFdn  
pain. 8fC 5O  
答案:A 0}wmBSl  
应改为:Doctors c^8csQ fG  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 u iR[V~  
考点二 复数形式特例 a]t| /Mq  
#sb@)Q  
这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 wj-z;YCV  
1.单复数词形相同  Fm`c  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 f <LRM  
O>/& -Wk=  
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: Y~P* !g  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises NflRNu:-  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula {8w,{p`  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena vxl!`$Pi  
SxW.dT8{  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: \PM5B"MDZ  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), f!13Ob<8r  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), *4O9W8Qz  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: 4rH:`494  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) m?`?T   
e<duD W$X  
5 不规则的名词复数 uTRFeO>  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice s E0 ldN"  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet Zz^!QlF  
 b =R9@!  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 U%l<48@8  
z99jW<*0  
例题: N5Ih+8zT  
5v5K}hx  
(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading G&dz<f  
       A            B           C i~uoK7o|G  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. OG{vap)  
            D qExmf%q:q  
*Fm#Qek  
(2) Or"+d 5  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed \@F!h8e4  
  A      B           C           @%4tWE  
feet. S|/Za".Gr  
 D 97MbyEE8J  
答案:D o 76QQ+hP  
应改为:foot faPgp  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 /rZ`e'}  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 (cdtUE8  
Jpr`E&%I6  
第二节 限定词 o 12w p  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: z P=3B%$  
1.之后肯定接单数: Y^9b>H\2  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. jZP ~!q  
例句: Each of them has two books. 7$|L%Sk  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) M\)(_I)V=  
XS`=8FQ  
2.之后肯定接复数: {p)=#Jd`.P  
these, those, many, such, other, H3Sfz'  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), KXbD7N.  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several *;X,yEK[  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of #xe-Yw1!  
X}R Q&k  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc ,e!9WKJ B  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 JF-ew"o<E  
O&ZVu>`g  
>gGdzL  
/Lt Lu  
考点一 否定限定词no w;8VD`>[|  
M?m)<vMr*  
(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: @o4n!Ip2x/  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. J'4V_Kjg-  
No one is here. fd/?x^Z  
ED=P  6u  
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: Mr u  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; Q=T/hb  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 &I=F4 z  
r8Pdk/CW^  
例题: uszH1@g'  
(1) fkW TO"f-  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. F` "bMS  
(A) none 'D<84|w:1  
(B) no !3T,{:gyrI  
(C) not t) h { w"v  
(D) nor cO^}A(Ma(  
% .`<ud  
答案: C kjOPsz*0  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 PS3%V_2  
$TR#-q  
(2) +Oa+G.;)o4  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when /\C5`>x  
A                B           C R<AT}!mkR  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. +PGtO9}B  
        D *^_ywqp  
qp)a`'Pq  
答案: A hm+,o_+  
应改为: No Y9_OkcW)  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 wS%aN@ay3  
VGtKW kVH  
考点二 their等物主代词 \$%q< _l  
q]r?s%x  
1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars x;L.j7lzA;  
@+ee0 CLT  
2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 X!/o7<  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. k5ZkD+0Jo  
这里用their 而不用 the oM4Q_An  
:*0l*j  
例题: HJ+I;OJ  
(1) ?O!'ZZX  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten `PVr;&  
              A      B        C h%yw'?s  
the lives. d9>k5!  
 D Q $5U5hb  
mx:)&1  
答案: D )of?!>'S[  
应改为: their *4<Kz{NF  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 Jfs$VGZP;  
q;{# ~<"+  
(2) !J@!P?0. C  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any vsU1Lzna6@  
      A        B              C wf[B-2q)  
specific way. u_~*)w+mS@  
    D 5C^oqUZ  
Ka$YKY,  
答案: B /v^1/i  
应改为: its =eNh))]  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 ;E{k+vkqy  
'Lb- +X,  
考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 zYW+Goz/C  
|z`kFil%  
a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 ~VqDh*0  
L9G  xqw  
例题: D$wl.r  
(1) :XP/`%:  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or 9ne13 qVm+  
        A        B        C v[O}~E7'  
relating those objects. +oT/ v3,  
 D S1B^FLe7X  
e/p2| 4;  
答案: B !&n'1gJ)kd  
应改为: is a set {vf"`#Q9  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 S-$N!G~!  
HL^+:`,  
(2) ky^p\dMh  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. D[NJ{E.{  
A       B     C           D a->;K+  
4w\@D>@}H  
答案: D %)|pUa&  
应改为: responses Lcx)wof  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few 7l%]/`Y-  
zv^km5by  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 R@+%~"Z  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) f[AN=M"B"s  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) ' F)93SwU  
=Z3{6y}3p  
第三节 冠词作限定词 7H+IW4Ma  
%]2hxTV  
冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 C[Ap&S  
g p2S   
考点一 不定冠词a / an bI_6';hq !  
_5nS!CN  
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: N5yt'.d  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university cIL I%W1  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour j;GH|22  
t+ ,'  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). t==CdCl  
m>H+ noc^  
例题: fbG+.'  
(1)       eWgqds&#  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever j.?c~Fh  
   A                 B           C ji|+E`Nii  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. o4%H/|Oq.  
                 D wb#ZRmx}  
答案: B有错 qy9RYIfZ  
应改为: puzzle. lR[]A  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle EO_:C9=d{  
(2) B"@3Qav3  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a m=qEQy6#2u  
   A        B       C          D L<}0}y  
question of physiology and of culture. QGR}`n2D  
答案: D有错 gXNlnh%?S  
应改为: day KWq&<X5  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day T4M"s;::1  
(3) vj_[LFE  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the ~$WBcqo  
  A      B       C !Qqi%  
nonprofessional metal worker. ef Moi'v  
    D Q{:5gh  
答案: C ]T?Py)  
应改为: still a practical A =PJg!  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 E .'v,GYe  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 Fv<^\q  
例题: Qf>$'C(7!a  
(1) \~r`2p-K  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. e}PJN6"5  
   A     B    C           D H;~Lv;,g,  
答案: A H,{WrWA  
应改为: An emotion G[bWjw86O  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an C-}@.wr(  
(2) PX} ~  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine 4X1!t   
   A    B                       C ld7B!_b<  
chemically with other atoms. Qvx[F:#Tk  
         D )Z"  
答案: A xpU7ZY  
应改为: an atom YAc~,N   
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an G2[? b2)8  
0p31C7!  
考点二 定冠词the ^E#i5d+'N  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: n9w(Z=D\  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: {tDH !sX  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower Qf .ASC   
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: Po1/_# mu  
the first woman, the nineteenth century mH,L,3R;R  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby (Ev=kO  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: <Rb[0E$  
the largest city, the most advanced technology >* )fmfY  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: ZYexW=@  
the development of the watch, yP^C)  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: 0|= ,!sY  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun t9\}!{<s  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: GpZ}xY'|w,  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: ^Mmsja5K  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) Aw) I:d7F  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the !XqU'xxC  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) 6> Z)w}x^  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: 8-u #<D.  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) 1va~.;/rG  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: 2CY4nS KW  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… M?ObK#l!_  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: /=K(5X d  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed Gpf9uj%  
乘车的词组: Q`m9I  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), U0ZPY )7k  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) \n>7T*iM&  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), 0Lx,qZ'  
打球的词组: 'D:R]@eK]  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball UGDB4S  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. k~XDwmt;  
例题: ^:u-wr8?{  
(D)       EpCF/i?9:  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. 1'YUK"i  
(A) it was the =oT4!OUf  
(B) that the @:Emmzucv|  
(C) there was a X6Q\NJ"B  
(D) the :Xs3Vh,V  
答案:D >K!$@]2F  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 d<cqY<y VA  
(2) 2 -pv &  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of +yI2G! $T9  
           A            B L]* 5cH  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. GMlJM  
     C      D :X}fXgeL  
答案:D t"nxny9&  
应改为:of va2FgW`Bd+  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 i<{:J -U|  
(3) b#( X+I  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to ~wQ M ?h  
  A      B              C    S.; ahce  
nineteenth century. [0!*<%BgK'  
  D }t*:EgfI  
答案:D R0urt  
应改为:to the nineteenth fRjp(m  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the vty:@?3\  
第四节 不可数名词 k'NP+N<M  
/*(&Dmt>  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 Md&K#)9,(  
b%].D(qBy  
抽象名词如: `S A1V),~  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: d~q7!  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), 40O@a:q*  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), s_3a#I  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) ( 6ucA  
还有表达学科类的名词如: ; o(:}d  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, 'Hsd7Dpi}  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) y+ 4#Iy  
;B !p4 hu  
物质名词如: nG$+9}\UlP  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), 6]mAtA`Y  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) MkWbPm)  
:jJ0 +Q  
( j:eky  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 dM-~Qo  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, xyHv7u%*  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), (+}44Ldt  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) cUO$IR)yL  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 j8%Y[:~D  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice @+a}O  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, )x35  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 Y?-Ef sK  
例题: pb G5y7  
(1) X`fm5y  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and CdMV(  
       A      B    C          D FD[4?\W]#  
trade. >Bu _NoM  
答案:C S4rm K&  
应改为:advertising R+2~%|{d  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 24sQon  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 Kw2]J)TO  
Wz#ZkNO  
考点二 限定词 2wa'WEx  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: v^;vH$B  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) Asy2jw\V  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 ],vid1E  
例题: SwaMpNXL  
(1) .EvP%A m  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear =1xVw5^F  
        A              B         C @H^\PH?pp  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. r?dkE=B  
                     D t gHN\@yj  
答案:D a54S,}|  
应改为:little. L">m2/ HG  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little j,Qb'|f5  
(2) P.(z)!]  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge +n)bWB%  
      A                    B WI.+9$1:P  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. \Ym!5,^o  
           C         D OL^DuoB4q  
答案:B qk>M~,  
应改为:much evidence $Rn9*OKr  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 L(X}37  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 db}lN  
例如: lTFo#p_(  
a lot of students , a lot of money [4@@b"H  
the rest of the students, the rest of money JeAyT48!M  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. 85Kf>z::c  
AgB$ w4  
第五节 所有格及of结构 u'gsIuRJ  
}uO2 x@  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 Uo[`AzD3  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, 5bsv05=e  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office /b6j<]H  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , = N:5#A  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room Zc*#LsQh.`  
例题: a)6?:nY$  
(1) & yqk96z  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. =,08D^xY  
(A) of the drop %;J$ h^  
(B) the drop's 2%MS$Fto  
(C) drop of qSaCl6[Do  
(D) drops their k\ZU%"^J  
答案: (B) eO{2rV45O  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 1J&hm[3[K  
(2) ;@n/g U  
Over a very lar 9$%S<v  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. 1z@ ncqe  
(A) occurs _$oE'lat  
(B) will occur '2{60t_A  
(C) can occur C4|79UG>s  
(D) occurring ,ZnL38GW  
答案:D p#gf^Y5  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 5)gC<  
T3-/+4$0v  
考点二 of结构 3:b5#c?R-  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) cOP%R_ak?  
如: the title of the passage !ed0  
例如: _ n4C~  
(1) YH-W{].  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names :} o{<U  
          A     B     C (T",6xBSG  
of some works years after their completion. #jw%0H;l]  
       D q]y{ 4"=5  
答案: C }/7rA)_  
应改为: paintings YRj"]= 5N  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 KU_""T  
(2) D]K?ntS[*  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and 59(} D'lw>  
      A         B     C         D IZxr;\dq6  
spinal cord. H7 Pw>Ta ;  
答案: B 0Rh*SoYrC  
应改为: stimulation <@qJsRbhK  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 <{.pYrn  
et`rPK~m  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 t;lK=m|  
A)nE +ec1  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 {JW_ZJx  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 4aG}ex-s|  
例题:  .+-7 'ux  
(1) ~gOdK-SV*  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. 2%j"E{J&  
(A) was a major collection 8{p#Nl?U1  
(B) that a major collection +kOXa^K  
(C) a collection was major MNKY J  
(D) a major collection *GM.2``e  
答案: (D) Q% J!  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 'zYx4&s  
(2) D}bCMN <  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of FdMTc(>  
    A         B        C     D g<MCvC@  
medieval alchemists. Mog!pmc{  
答案:A rd}|^&e!Dy  
应改为:beginnings. +K"d\<  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 Iz I hC  
Yf x'7gj  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 c]/&xRd  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 ,a} vx"~  
例题: 'V:ah3 8  
(1) e}W|wJ):j@  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans.  76EMS?e  
(A) new dance, the twist }<G#bh6;Q  
(B) twist, was the new dance rFYw6&;vOi  
(C) twist, the new dance that ^es/xt  
(D) new dance is the twist VAZ6;3@cd  
答案: (A) hdx"/.s  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 4$jb-Aw  
(2) hIMD2  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep x)^t5"F  
     A                B        Fs;_z9ej-u  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. L:RMZp*bK  
 C               D }`$Sr&n 1  
答案: D |fg{Fpc  
应改为: promise. 53X5&Bwh  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 W\JwEb9Y  
W&8)yog.  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 K cNh3CR  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, fr([g?F%D  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town.  oN7JNMT  
例题: IJV1=/ NJW  
(1) uGH>|V9'c  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. W4o$J4IX{  
(A) that institutes k874tD  
(B) while instituted q\a'pp9d  
(C) was an institution /4PV< [ :_  
(D) an institute E8s&.:;+  
答案: (D) 1Ydym2  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 j^'op|l  
(2) UuvI?D  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. UN6Du\)]d  
(A) is the great modern choreographer r^|AiYI)  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers |T@\ -8Ok  
(C) that the great modern choreographers `cBV+00YS  
(D) the modern choreographers were great W bW@V_rr  
答案:B yC]X&1,:z  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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