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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 Gv(n2r  
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第一章 名词 noT}NX%  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 ,.gI'YPQC  
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第一节 可数名词 ."q8 YaW  
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考点一 单复数 Ujly\ix`  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 OL&VisJ{75  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 { lZ<'p  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) r2Q) Q  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 9+>%U~U<  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: Cmj `WSSa  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes z<<aT  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories piiO5fK |  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives ?Vr~~v"fg8  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs j)O8&[y=  
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例题: gkv,Om  
1]jUiX=T  
(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. rg+3pX\{  
   A         B           C       D \cq.M/p  
答案:A $Jj0%?;  
应改为:Flowers S4X['0rX!  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 C)s*1@af  
A}n5dg0u  
V=H}Ecd  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic /K#J63 ,  
   A               B   C          D t~]oJ5%  
pain. $L$GI~w/  
答案:A bk-aj'>+  
应改为:Doctors }\\6"90g*  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 Bc y$" F|r  
考点二 复数形式特例 A,#hYi=-,  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 (vf5qF^  
1.单复数词形相同 /-)|dP  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 U^X8{,8O  
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: 84dej<   
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises DK;/eZe  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula X{riI^(  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena ?|9$o/Q}  
;42D+q=s  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: !bCLi>8  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), Swz1RT  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), RsDI7v  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: &^YY>]1Py  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) MXhRnVz"W  
Gu_Rf&:  
5 不规则的名词复数 !kfnqe?|  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice ZvO:!u0+"  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet BPd]L=,/  
I1H:h   
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 " ,rA  
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例题: :r/rByd '  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading QrPWS-3~!  
       A            B           C F<w/@ .&m  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. vP'R7r2Yx  
            D u;:N 4d=f'  
y K&)H+v  
(2) 5y"yd6O]O5  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed o#wF/ I  
  A      B           C           GW{Nc !)  
feet. Rb~Kyy$  
 D ]3QQ"HLcp  
答案:D gi@+2 7;  
应改为:foot r%'2a+}D  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数  D#m+w  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 J= |[G'  
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第二节 限定词 km<~H w>Z  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: 65J'u N  
1.之后肯定接单数: iQGoy@<R  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. G:e}>'  
例句: Each of them has two books. TPEZ"%=Hg  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) m&A/IW,.  
T8hQ< \g  
2.之后肯定接复数: [bOy, ^@4  
these, those, many, such, other, dF.T6b  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), _1R`xbV  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several n`:l`n>N$  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of ga~vQ7I_  
!J6s^um  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc $z,bA*j9  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 >Ia(g0  
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考点一 否定限定词no  7:p]~eM)  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: ' R@<4Ib|  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. Qom@-A  
No one is here. D&^:hs@  
BxT~1SBFq  
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: x> q3w# B  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; Q:Ms D.  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 Vlz T  
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例题: }n 7e_qy4  
(1) B*AMo5  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. /uc/x+(_  
(A) none %i "  
(B) no [ "IJ h  
(C) not ,Df36-74v5  
(D) nor 2&d&$Jg  
X]*/]Xx  
答案: C yy74>K  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 iL gt_@g  
:Ir:OD# o  
(2) 9C 05  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when vWovR`  
A                B           C KEN-G  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. .%<&W1  
        D "3MUrIsB>  
-8jqC6mQ  
答案: A & NQR*Tn  
应改为: No v`w?QIB]  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 >[: 2  
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考点二 their等物主代词 N8q Z{CWn  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars r3_ gPK  
CEq]B:[IC  
2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 o#) !b:/  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. ]r1{%:8  
这里用their 而不用 the Nt-SC LDM  
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例题: %d J>8.jW@  
(1) ] *VF Ws  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten `>EvT7u  
              A      B        C E}vO*ZZEw  
the lives. gA1in  
 D 08 ?MS_  
VFSn!o:C  
答案: D z8 ;#H tr  
应改为: their cu?(P ;mQi  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 4`P2FnJ?  
gNN" H#=2  
(2) Zt2@?w;  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any #*$@_  
      A        B              C hYXZ21(K#  
specific way. Cj 2 Xl  
    D <4e*3WSG  
Z;~[@7`  
答案: B zHOE.V2Qo  
应改为: its <N=p:e,aN,  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 .7gE^  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 SKpPR;=q|:  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 5J+V:Xu{  
TBKd|D'H  
例题: zL},`:(.  
(1) )uid!d  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or ^_KD&%M6  
        A        B        C hJ[mf1je=  
relating those objects. i`KZ,   
 D 5nx<,-N*BP  
[)SR $/A  
答案: B ~x4B/zW?  
应改为: is a set #jLaIXms  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 .?0>5-SfY  
\_*MJ)h)X  
(2) (HaKF7Jsi  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. IjDT'p_  
A       B     C           D .^LL9{?  
j|&DP-@g/  
答案: D `B'4"= (  
应改为: responses P YF.#@":&  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few >nhE%:X>  
[X }@Ct 6  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 ]<q}WjXD'  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) w*:GM8=6  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) e?!L}^f6X  
B`*f(  
第三节 冠词作限定词 $U>/i@ D  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 ~{4n}*  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an %AG1oWWc>.  
j,C,5l=  
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: |DE%SVZB  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university =`Po<7D  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour #ya\Jdx   
3`A>j"  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). 5LX8:~y  
S \e& ?Y`  
例题: N0Efw$u  
(1)       p}3NJV  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever NunV8atn:  
   A                 B           C S&4+ e:K  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. {p`mfEE (  
                 D e74zR6  
答案: B有错 Al7<s  
应改为: puzzle. ,~4H{{<j  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle z % x7fe  
(2) DY9fF4 [9a  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a 9!9> ?Z  
   A        B       C          D 0YzsA#yv  
question of physiology and of culture. ,;_rIO"  
答案: D有错 P|e`^Frxt  
应改为: day zfhTc=(/  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day =/FF1jQ  
(3) lT.zNhz:d9  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the 0$6*o}N%  
  A      B       C [oV{83f  
nonprofessional metal worker. lT]=&m>  
    D b1u}fp GF  
答案: C LP:nba :  
应改为: still a practical F|9+ +)  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 ?"6Ov ]  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 AUfS-  
例题: s5l3V2k  
(1) Ln. 9|9  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. "O*x' XhN  
   A     B    C           D fN-Gk(Ic  
答案: A f~ =r*&U  
应改为: An emotion >3 l= *|9  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an {Oj7  
(2) Z!6UW:&~7  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine fW?sYC'  
   A    B                       C A>=E{  
chemically with other atoms. 6;o3sf@Tf  
         D J8?2R^;{  
答案: A 5t\HJ`C1Z  
应改为: an atom dAc ?O-~  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an |;+qld[4z  
PU1,DU  
考点二 定冠词the ~.^AL}zm_  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: F";.6%;AC  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如:  c 6"Ib)  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower wpXgPVZT  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: T%$jWndI  
the first woman, the nineteenth century jV O{$j  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby nv0#~UgE#a  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: nirDMw[  
the largest city, the most advanced technology X|}2_B  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: #Exp51  
the development of the watch, o.m:3!RW  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: 8|@9{  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun =2Cj,[$  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: Ag9?C*  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: Dnw|%6Y  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) ) 1 m">s4  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the 3Fs5RC~a  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) / 3!fA=+  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: nhT-Ido  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) dOFD5}_   
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: kLj$@E`4  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… 15U(={  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: q{0R=jb  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed g%nl!dgS  
乘车的词组: _n;;][]S  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), K2{aNv R)t  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) n]}W``=7  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), - VxDNT}Tr  
打球的词组: oGa^/:6L  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball Wp)*Mbq@  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. IQZ#-)[T"  
例题: #bH_Dg5I  
(D)       ^r6!l.  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. >J9oH=S6  
(A) it was the @$9'@")  
(B) that the >-8cU_m7s  
(C) there was a ~6YMD  
(D) the _{<seA  
答案:D oVFnl A  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 =X\^J  
(2) >NYW{(j  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of 3?2 FP|G8  
           A            B LUB${0BrA  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. xvl3vAN9  
     C      D 7X@mSXis  
答案:D 8>hwK)av  
应改为:of IxLhU45  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 /xtq_*I1S  
(3) hxQqa 0B  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to BauU{:Sh  
  A      B              C    0c}  }Q  
nineteenth century. O,Cb"{qH8  
  D u~A6bK*  
答案:D  }Y;K~J  
应改为:to the nineteenth ZYC<Wb)I  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the 0#nPbe,Lj  
第四节 不可数名词 >0"+4<72  
EK4d_L]I  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 6Vz9?puD  
zux{S; :?  
抽象名词如: %}%Qc6.H  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: yU9DSY\m{  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), tCdqh-   
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), r-Pkfy(  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) p,eTY[k?  
还有表达学科类的名词如: 3.*8)NW  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, s,]z[ qB#$  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) XT4{Pe7{[P  
O6LS(5j2  
物质名词如: d~i+ I5  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), [k/@E+;  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) ?.Ca|H<  
i%0ur }p  
*2,VyY  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 `~By)?cT_>  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, $w`=z<2yo1  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), ^G}47(  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) OWg(#pZk  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 ZZzMO6US0  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice {#@W)4)cA  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, ZzJ?L4J5v  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 @eKec1<  
例题: X:nN0p #  
(1) W *),y:  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and 0"28'  
       A      B    C          D 7%x[q}  
trade. 0tT(W^ho g  
答案:C ?kbiMs1;u  
应改为:advertising f'EuY17w  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 CYY=R'1:G{  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 K;?m';z0  
\Je0CD=e`  
考点二 限定词 P-yjN  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: Y 5- F@(  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) e> e}vZlX  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 mwHB(7YS,  
例题: #S!)JM|4wk  
(1) }ppN k:B  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear Jh,]r?Bd  
        A              B         C ;- ~B)M_S`  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. 5Ha9lM2gh  
                     D Lo{ E:5q  
答案:D ZxGJzakB5$  
应改为:little. qk DI](4  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little !Xf5e*1IS  
(2) H1|?t+oP  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge &Cr:6W@A  
      A                    B JjtNP)We  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. ]!?;@$wx  
           C         D QwW&\h[8?  
答案:B ;DqWh0  
应改为:much evidence _{I3i:f9X8  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 +\d56j+D  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 vyNxT*,[K  
例如: }7|1  
a lot of students , a lot of money 2b}t,&bv?  
the rest of the students, the rest of money Z]>O+  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. 6M @[B|Q(  
n\Z!ff/  
第五节 所有格及of结构 X9v.1s,  
'\l"   
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 ugdQAg  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, b[r8 e  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office DU0zez I9  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , 2J7:\pR^  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room (5$!MUS~9  
例题: orzZ{87  
(1) x|/|jzJSX  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. I5k$H$  
(A) of the drop u@Ih GME  
(B) the drop's BRw .]&/  
(C) drop of .5^cb%B*  
(D) drops their ],@rS9K  
答案: (B) .[]r}[lU  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 7-bd9uVK  
(2) . ?8;qA  
Over a very lar F| S Xn\  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. v,FU^f-'  
(A) occurs 3@etRd;]Kr  
(B) will occur "3X2VFwoJ  
(C) can occur &|s0P   
(D) occurring {3|t;ZHk  
答案:D qk%;on&`  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 l.q&D< _  
ef 8s<5"4  
考点二 of结构 :y'Ah#  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) w#ZoZZ wh  
如: the title of the passage rJ`!:f  
例如: QE^$=\l0  
(1) 4X!/hI=jq  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names 0eT(J7[ <  
          A     B     C z 9vInf@M  
of some works years after their completion. e),q0%5  
       D |)IlMG  
答案: C []\+k31D  
应改为: paintings 1auIR/=-  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 {0[tNth'h  
(2) x) ,eI'mf  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and MU($|hwiL  
      A         B     C         D Uf1!qP/H?  
spinal cord. B al`y  
答案: B $[Sc0dz J  
应改为: stimulation {JO^ tI  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 {AhthR%(1  
pI1-cV,`  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 1D7nkAy  
B~'vCuE  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 |T<_5Ik  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 7LfA aj  
例题: S50k>_a;  
(1) ]RZ|u*l=x  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. o$wEEz*4  
(A) was a major collection v3*_9e  
(B) that a major collection jSJqE _1  
(C) a collection was major \q>bs|2  
(D) a major collection SUMrFd~  
答案: (D) N,<uf@LQ  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 C+* d8_L  
(2) X1:V<,}"  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of Oz w.siD  
    A         B        C     D b}2ED9HG\  
medieval alchemists. kq?Ms|h  
答案:A v|Pv 03%?7  
应改为:beginnings. V"[g.%%Y  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 G ?9"Y%  
g6y B6vk  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 H!@kO]?n  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 , xw#NG6  
例题: ~b(i&DVK  
(1) bc*X/).  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. vXev$x=w-  
(A) new dance, the twist FX;QG94!  
(B) twist, was the new dance _;W.q7 b]  
(C) twist, the new dance that j SHk{T!J  
(D) new dance is the twist x" 7H5<  
答案: (A) R%Hi+#/dr-  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 bes<qy  
(2) # '=a=8-$  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep MO[2~`,Q!  
     A                B        (|F*vP'  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. R1Pk TZP&  
 C               D sZ'nY o  
答案: D 9U7nKJ+iby  
应改为: promise. @<,X0S  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 YP 6` L  
f0!))/rSD  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 <<UB ^v m  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, \TIT:1  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. G `+T+  
例题: >d@&2FTO  
(1) r`$OO,W  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. T=<@]$?  
(A) that institutes 'Jiw@t<o3`  
(B) while instituted  vx\r!]  
(C) was an institution T _r:4JS  
(D) an institute #akpXdXs  
答案: (D) }q`ts=dlGt  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 7Sf bx~48  
(2) 3^IpE];+:u  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. 8Pfb~&X^Ws  
(A) is the great modern choreographer Ha(c'\T (\  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers Hf v7LM  
(C) that the great modern choreographers 5c9^-|-T  
(D) the modern choreographers were great y?rPlA_  
答案:B l~1Oef#y  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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