高分语法讲解 ks5'Z8X
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第一章 名词 8bGq"!w-
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 +B m+Pj>
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第一节 可数名词 SIl
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考点一 单复数 vO_quQ[ .
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 gJ&!w8v.
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 UW*
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例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) h9I)<_}R
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 ?6QJP|kE
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: YfPo"uxx
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes ;}~=W!yz
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories ?I'-C?(t@1
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives -W_s]oBg
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs .A\ \v6@
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例题: 9i}D6
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. fmJW d
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答案:A 0Qp'} _
应改为:Flowers U
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解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 (AG
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic 1Wk
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A B C D " ^baiN@ac
pain. 7f%Qc
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答案:A "O[76}I+.q
应改为:Doctors Sz|CreFK16
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 ,/6:bc:W
考点二 复数形式特例 *ZR@z80i
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 g]<Z]R`
1.单复数词形相同 fG2&/42
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如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 =)- Q?1q
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: Ws*
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basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises Ccr+SR2
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula z|]oM#Gt
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena Z4AAg
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: NhK(HTsvK
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), [k~+(.2I
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), =x0"6gTz>
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: nqxq@.L2
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) W
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5 不规则的名词复数 HS
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child - children mouse - mice louse - lice @yn^6cE
tooth - teeth foot - feet 9U<)_E<y
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 sL7`=a.&T
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例题: IN|i)?rh
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading aC,vh1")F
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. $uUb$8Bu
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Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed iVq#aXN
A B C ?b@q5Y
feet. :n+y/6*
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答案:D n~,]KdU]
应改为:foot *CH!<VB/
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 Ho )t=qn
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 E?Qz/*'zv
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第二节 限定词 @Z9>3'2]A
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: N?a1sdR
1.之后肯定接单数: -YzQ2#K
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. Ei{(
例句: Each of them has two books. 24H^hN9
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) P\q <d
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2.之后肯定接复数: .N5
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these, those, many, such, other, }g>dn
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), }zkL[qu;
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several Bmx(qE
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of Y|%anTP
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc x[vpoB+c
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 l5FuMk-
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考点一 否定限定词no ]LEoOdDN"C
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: |RR"'o_E
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. +mJ
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No one is here. wVx,JL5Jr
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: Ap11b|v
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; Yuwc$Qp)
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 A5sf
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例题: ;c1relR2
(1)
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The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood.
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(A) none t:\l&R&
(B) no inYM+o!U
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(C) not RG&I\DTyt
(D) nor [-4KY4R
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答案: C ypH8QfxLTr
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 5gSylts8
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(2) XcOA)'Py
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when /dLA`=r Zx
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. fO6[!M(
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答案: A H#35@HF*o
应改为: No |8bE9qt.P
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 fe|g3>/|
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考点二 their等物主代词 w#&z]O9r
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars FqwIJ|ct
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点
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例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. #F!Kxks
这里用their 而不用 the h$pk<<
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例题: <4c%Q)
(1) +%XnMl
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten ePEe?o4;
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the lives. T`\]!>eb
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答案: D p x#suy
应改为: their >aG= T{
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 <
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(2) b+{r!D}~
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any Jf_%<\ O
A B C l^W uS|G[
specific way. CZ(`|;BC*
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答案: B Y:psZ
应改为: its =45W\
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 Kkv<"^H
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 4h8*mMghs
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 LZ<[ll#C
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例题: |cd-!iJX-
(1) +Gh7^v|"
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or D4Etl5k
A B C ~L{l+jK$p
relating those objects. |=K_F3aJ
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答案: B Vn|1v4U!
应改为: is a set nidr\oFUIn
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 +Qj(B@i
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(2) KzO,*M
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. pqR\>d0
A B C D M 2q"dz
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答案: D
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应改为: responses ,S&z<S_
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few t ^SzqB
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 !3qVB
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) w_wslN,)
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) ej(ikj
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第三节 冠词作限定词 &
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 DN] v_u+}
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考点一 不定冠词a / an # Su~`]
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: [1yq{n=
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university WT\<.Py
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour [g|Y7.j8
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). |CFRJN-J"
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例题: S.*~C0"
(1) jM)C4ii.-$
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever Nf41ZT~
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. Cfu=u *u
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答案: B有错 WYcA8X/
应改为: puzzle. @~td`Z?1y
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle 5s{j=.O
(2) ne}
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Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a !^c@shLN4
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question of physiology and of culture. +kK
答案: D有错 fh8j2S9J
应改为: day Q
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解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day rh*sbZ68>E
(3) y]
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Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the Y$K!7Kq
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nonprofessional metal worker. /UcV
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答案: C "ICC
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应改为: still a practical $lA
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解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 @oP_
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a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 CbBSFKM
例题: wBj-m
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A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. 3chPY4~A
A B C D 6DTTV66
答案: A }kHdK vZ
应改为: An emotion $3T_.
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an s'aip5P
(2) s.Y4pWd5@
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine pL=d% m.W
A B C gF=jf2{YX
chemically with other atoms. ^efb
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答案: A V"o7jsFH6n
应改为: an atom
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解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an F;ZSzWq
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考点二 定冠词the nMfFH[I4
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: UUKP"
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: {CG_P,FO
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower EFuvp8^y
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: -4w=s|#.\
the first woman, the nineteenth century 02`$OTKz
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby )Au6Nf
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: GuZ( &G6*
the largest city, the most advanced technology /&& 2u7*
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: UX3BeUi.)
the development of the watch, 2$_9cF Wm
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: 6$a$K,dZ
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun k:2QuG^
在下列情况下,一般不用the: )VCzn~uf
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: &mj6rIz
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国)
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但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the fP
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the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) ~U(,TjJb
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: IW8+_#d
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) cYx4~ V^
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: g-`~eG28D5
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… >{eCh$L
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: Wk:hFHs3
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed <PPNhf8
乘车的词组: tx"sH]n
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), JGC=(;
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) X1IeSMAe
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), gH2,\z`[4
打球的词组: t
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play tennis, play baseball, play basketball A^ _a3$,0
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. ve
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例题: K.G$]H
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. Qr1e@ =B
(A) it was the ^8 ' sib
(B) that the ZcuA6#3B
(C) there was a =#mTfJ
(D) the :16P.z1L
答案:D /h
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解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 K"
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(2) =9kN
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The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of ?ER-25S
A B o!:8nXw
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. K^_i%~
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答案:D "Jjs"7
应改为:of `%3/
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 H
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(3) ExHKw~y9
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to nm7;ieMfr
A B C E~<`/s
nineteenth century. c!8=lrT.
D M MzGd:0b
答案:D y7KzW*>g:
应改为:to the nineteenth X-Wz:NA
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the ~[k%oA%W
第四节 不可数名词 $D31Q[p=+
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 EQqx+J&!
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抽象名词如: h;5LgAY|v
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: uP\lCqK,
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), Knhp*V?
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), ,]}?.g
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) VL9-NfeqR
还有表达学科类的名词如: Wlh~)
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, *&AfR8x_z
mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) 7VK}Dy/Vvn
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物质名词如: B12$I:x
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equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), H"2uxhdLK3
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) M8k"je7`s
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别
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1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, 'gQidf
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), 7=@jARW
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two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻) .^)UO
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 PiFD^w
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice 4E44Hzs
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, e
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而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 X &2oPo
例题: $-+/$!
(1) O7']
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and PLM _#+R>
A B C D K}[>T(0E
trade. L]a`"CH:a$
答案:C %tA57Pn>
应改为:advertising L.6WiVP)
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 '2hbJk
词汇:barter: 实物交易 t+CWeCp,
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考点二 限定词 H* !EP
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: [fu!AIQs
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) df+t:a
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 `ir3YnT+
例题: HEK-L)S.
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(1) #s5 pz8v
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear 89o)M5KQ
A B C [%HIbw J
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. X7UBopm&
D
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答案:D ;D ~L|
应改为:little. JU0]Wq <^[
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little ?_6YtR,{
(2) nbofYI$rd&
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge (.K\Jg'Y6j
A B x:K?\<
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. B\j~)vg
C D uMXc0fs!$
答案:B OQ_stE2i
应改为:much evidence LR)&
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解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 }|8*sk#[
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 WbjF]b\
例如: D>ai.T%n
a lot of students , a lot of money ateUpGM QU
the rest of the students, the rest of money XL<
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Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. GA^mgm"O
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第五节 所有格及of结构 g%J./F=@3
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考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 ~bU7QLr
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, J2Et-Cz 1
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office 2JO-0j.
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , \&|CM8A
如: the students' union, the ladies' room :=g.o;(/N
例题: D(Ix!G/
(1) B#N7qoi
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. T nxKR$Hoh
(A) of the drop u]vPy
ria
(B) the drop's Y^lQX~I2{
(C) drop of 3A0_C?E
(D) drops their q(9%^cV6
答案: (B) r#h {$iW
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 MQ w9X
(2) -q2MrJ*
Over a very lar =y;@?=T
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. 3ut_Bt\
(A) occurs #tz8{o?ebN
(B) will occur "\T"VS^pd
(C) can occur qpgU8f
(D) occurring +{>.Sk'$
答案:D oI$V|D3 9
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 x`2pr
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考点二 of结构 NhlJ3/J j
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) 8&Wx@QI
如: the title of the passage O]_={%
例如: XARSGAuw
(1) +FBi5h
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names ( -2R{!A
A B C 5rF /323z
of some works years after their completion. }9}w8R~E
D {{zua-F
答案: C nOuN|q=C
应改为: paintings cUM_ncYOP
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 8l?w=)Qy
(2) >0M:&NMda
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and {jUvKB_x
A B C D hLn&5jYHvt
spinal cord. B{4"$Mi
答案: B {6Y xN&
应改为: stimulation 1l~.R#W G&
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 C &FN#B
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第六节 名词在句中的作用 {V=vnL--
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考点一 名词(词组)作主语 2}|vWKej{
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 K.r!?cfv
例题: >]C<j4
(1) h
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In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. r5Wkc$
(A) was a major collection (OQi%/Oy
(B) that a major collection myffYK,
(C) a collection was major P)4x
(D) a major collection @eA %(C
答案: (D) vB]3Xb3a
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 A>[hC{
(2) #Xj;f^}/
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of !+%Az*ik
A B C D \}n !yYh(
medieval alchemists. =nw,*q +
答案:A <b3x(/
应改为:beginnings. 7BVXBw
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 Cd$dnHVh
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考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 m`[oT\
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 6zELe.tq
例题: 5+J64_
(1) z0=Rp0_W
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. [BJ$|[11
(A) new dance, the twist Smi%dp.
(B) twist, was the new dance ^cfkP(Y3kx
(C) twist, the new dance that tCd{G
c
(D) new dance is the twist [u,hc/PL
答案: (A) {d&X/tT
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 Mb2:'u[
(2) 4Z<]4:o
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep =$
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A B r\4*\
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch.
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C D "#_)G7W+e
答案: D ,6S_&<{
应改为: promise. {mC
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解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 ~%cSckE
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考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 l044c,AW(
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, mq|A8>g
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. Wto@u4
例题: Fi?U)T+%+
(1) JLFFh!J
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. XwHu:v'=
(A) that institutes
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(B) while instituted
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(C) was an institution P%<aGb
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(D) an institute +SZ%&
答案: (D) i?&4SG+2~K
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 @1J51< x
(2) s/W!6JX4
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century.
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(A) is the great modern choreographer h=iA;B^>
(B) one of the great modern choreographers QXIbFv
(C) that the great modern choreographers $,z[XM&9)
(D) the modern choreographers were great 3H\b N4
答案:B -Z/6;2Q
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句