高分语法讲解 Gv(n2r
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第一章 名词 noT}NX%
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 ,.gI'YPQC
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第一节 可数名词 ."q8 YaW
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考点一 单复数 Ujly\ix`
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 OL&VisJ{75
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 {
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例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) r2Q) Q
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 9+>%U~U<
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: Cmj `WSSa
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes z<<aT
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories piiO5fK
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3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives ?Vr~~v"fg8
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs j)O8&[y=
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例题: gkv,Om
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. rg+3pX\{
A B C D \cq.M/p
答案:A $Jj0%?;
应改为:Flowers S4X['0rX!
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 C)s*1@af
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic /K#J63 ,
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pain. $L$GI~w/
答案:A bk-aj'>+
应改为:Doctors }\\6"90g*
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 Bcy$"
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考点二 复数形式特例 A,#hYi=-,
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 (vf5qF^
1.单复数词形相同
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如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 U^X8{,8O
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: 84dej<
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises DK;/eZe
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula X{riI^(
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena ?|9$o/Q}
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: !bCLi>8
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), Swz1RT
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), RsDI7v
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: &^YY>]1Py
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) MXhRnVz"W
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5 不规则的名词复数 !kfnqe?|
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice ZvO:!u0+"
tooth - teeth foot - feet BPd]L=,/
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 ",rA
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例题: :r/rByd
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading QrPWS-3~!
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. vP'R7r2Yx
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(2) 5y"yd6O]O5
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed o#wF/ I
A B C GW{Nc!)
feet. Rb~Kyy$
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答案:D gi@+27;
应改为:foot r% '2a+}D
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 D#m+w
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 J= |[G'
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第二节 限定词 km<~Hw>Z
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: 65J'uN
1.之后肯定接单数: iQGoy@<R
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. G:e} >'
例句: Each of them has two books. TPEZ"%=Hg
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) m&A/IW,.
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2.之后肯定接复数: [bOy,^@4
these, those, many, such, other, dF.T6b
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), _1R`xbV
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several n`:l`n>N$
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of ga~vQ7I_
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc $z,bA*j9
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 >Ia(g0
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考点一 否定限定词no
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: '
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No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花.
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No one is here. D&^:hs@
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: x> q3w# B
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; Q:MsD.
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 Vl z T
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例题: }n7e_qy4
(1) B*AMo5
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. /uc/x+(_
(A) none %i
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(B) no [
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(D) nor 2&d&$Jg
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答案: C yy74>K
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 iLgt_@g
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(2) 9C 05
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when vWovR`
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. .%<&W1
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答案: A &
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应改为: No v`w?QIB]
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 >[: 2
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考点二 their等物主代词 N8q Z{CWn
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars r3_
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 o#) !b:/
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. ]r1{%:8
这里用their 而不用 the Nt-SC
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例题: %d J>8.jW@
(1) ] *VF Ws
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten `>EvT7u
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the lives. gA1in
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答案: D z8 ;#H
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应改为: their cu?(P;mQi
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 4`P2FnJ?
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(2) Zt2@?w;
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any #*$@_
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specific way. Cj 2Xl
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答案: B zHOE.V2Qo
应改为: its <N=p:e,aN,
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 .7gE^
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 SKpPR;=q|:
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 5J+V:Xu{
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例题: zL},`:(.
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or ^_KD&%M6
A B C hJ[mf1je=
relating those objects. i`KZ,
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答案: B ~x4B/zW?
应改为: is a set #jLaIXms
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 .?0>5-SfY
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(2) (HaKF7Jsi
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. IjDT'p_
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答案: D `B'4"=
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应改为: responses P YF.#@":&
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few >nhE%:X>
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 ]<q}WjXD'
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) w*:GM8=6
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) e?!L}^f6X
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第三节 冠词作限定词 $U>/i@
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 ~{4n}*
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考点一 不定冠词a / an %AG1oWWc>.
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: |DE%SVZB
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university =`Po<7D
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour #ya\Jdx
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). 5LX8:~y
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例题: N0Efw$u
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How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever NunV8atn:
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. {p`mfEE(
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答案: B有错 Al7<s
应改为: puzzle. ,~4H{{<j
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle z %x7fe
(2) DY9fF4
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Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a 9!9>
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question of physiology and of culture. ,;_rIO"
答案: D有错 P|e`^Frxt
应改为: day zfhTc=(/
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day =/FF1jQ
(3) lT.zNhz:d9
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the 0$6*o}N%
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nonprofessional metal worker. lT]=&m>
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答案: C LP:nba :
应改为: still a practical F|9+ +)
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 ?"6Ov ]
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 AUfS-
例题: s5l3V2k
(1) Ln.9|9
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. "O*x' XhN
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答案: A f~=r*&U
应改为: An emotion >3 l=
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解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an {Oj7
(2) Z!6UW:&~7
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine fW?sYC'
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chemically with other atoms. 6;o3sf@Tf
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答案: A 5t\HJ`C1Z
应改为: an atom dAc ?O-~
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an |;+qld[4z
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考点二 定冠词the ~.^AL}zm_
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: F";.6%;AC
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: c 6"Ib)
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower wpXgPVZT
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: T%$jWndI
the first woman, the nineteenth century jVO{$j
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby nv0#~UgE#a
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: nirDMw[
the largest city, the most advanced technology X|}2_B
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: #Ex p51
the development of the watch, o.m:3!RW
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: 8|@9{
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun =2Cj,[$
在下列情况下,一般不用the: Ag9?C*
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: Dnw| %6Y
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) )1
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但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the 3Fs5RC~a
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) /3!fA=+
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: nhT-Ido
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) dOFD5}_
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: kLj$@E`4
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… 15U (={
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: q{0R=jb
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed g%nl!dgS
乘车的词组: _n;;][]S
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), K2{aNvR)t
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) n]}W``=7
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), -VxDNT}Tr
打球的词组: oGa^/:6L
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball Wp)*Mbq@
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. IQZ#-)[T"
例题: #bH_Dg5I
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. >J9oH=S6
(A) it was the @$9'@")
(B) that the >-8cU_m7s
(C) there was a ~6YMD
(D) the _{<seA
答案:D oVFnlA
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 =X\^J
(2) >NYW{(j
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of 3?2 FP|G8
A B LUB${0BrA
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. xvl3vAN9
C D 7X@mSXis
答案:D 8>hwK )av
应改为:of IxLhU45
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 /xtq_*I1S
(3) hxQqa 0B
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to BauU{:Sh
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nineteenth century. O,Cb"{qH8
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答案:D }Y;K~J
应改为:to the nineteenth ZYC<Wb)I
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the 0#nPbe,Lj
第四节 不可数名词 >0"+4<72
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 6Vz9?puD
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抽象名词如: %}%Qc6.H
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: yU9DSY\m{
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), tCdqh-
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), r-Pkfy(
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) p,eTY[k?
还有表达学科类的名词如: 3.*8)NW
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, s,]z[
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mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) XT4{Pe7{[P
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物质名词如: d~i+
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equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), [k/@E+;
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) ?.Ca|H<
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 `~By)?cT_>
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, $w`=z<2yo1
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), ^G}47(
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻) OWg(#pZk
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 ZZzMO6US0
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice {#@W)4)cA
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, ZzJ?L4J5v
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 @eKec1<
例题: X:nN0p #
(1) W*),y:
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and 0"28'
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trade. 0tT(W^ho g
答案:C ?kbiMs1;u
应改为:advertising f'EuY17w
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 CYY=R'1:G{
词汇:barter: 实物交易 K;?m';z0
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考点二 限定词 P-y jN
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: Y5- F@(
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) e> e}vZlX
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 mwHB(7YS,
例题: #S!)JM|4wk
(1) }ppN k:B
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear Jh,]r?Bd
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image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. 5Ha9lM2gh
D Lo{
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答案:D ZxGJzakB5$
应改为:little. qk
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解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little !Xf5e*1IS
(2) H1|?t+oP
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge &Cr: