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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 /n SmGAO  
Z{ A)  
第一章 名词 8Dq;QH}  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 IJA WG  
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第一节 可数名词 ~e<v<92Xu  
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考点一 单复数 &&;ol}W  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 ]jz%])SzH  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 H0 YxPk)  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) N'nqVYTU  
0} UJP   
下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 e:Zc-  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: :_q   
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes pCQB<6&1N  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories ,xew3c'(W  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives Xh/i5}5 t  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs L$GhM!c  
uLsGb=m%b  
例题: onM ~*E  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. Eg"DiI)7  
   A         B           C       D N;A #3Ter  
答案:A }TZ5/zn.Dw  
应改为:Flowers UlHRA[SCv  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 u:pdY'`"#  
HM])m>KeT  
K2TO,J3 E  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic kSH3)CC P  
   A               B   C          D ${#5$U+kI  
pain. /LM*nN$%  
答案:A K h9$  
应改为:Doctors 5#.uA_Fov  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 FDaHsiI:  
考点二 复数形式特例 JbG\Ywi0]  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 F_!6C-z  
1.单复数词形相同 +(5H$O{h  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 e_+`%A+-  
36JVnW;  
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: /d5_-AB(v  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises d3T|N\(DL  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula xTX\% s|  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena %*<k5#Yq  
FyYQ4ov0&o  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: _> .TB\  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), GEwgwenv  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), k+44ud.j  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: y-}lz#N  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) z.eqOPW  
]y$D@/L@  
5 不规则的名词复数 m^h"VH,   
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice -B$oq8)n*  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet 3mZX@h@  
?)1h.K1}M  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 F {]:  
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例题: Mq42^m:qe  
5JDqS z{  
(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading HGB96,o f9  
       A            B           C {O#=%o[  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. n<\^&_a  
            D Kom$i<O?48  
5|x FY/%  
(2) 5wRDH1z@{  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed  2j H`  
  A      B           C           17H_>a\`  
feet. %fh ,e5(LT  
 D 5)V J  
答案:D ?;+=bKw0  
应改为:foot ,\[&%ph  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 ~y_TT5+ 3  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 :74^?  
SYB } e  
第二节 限定词 }Nl- 3I.S^  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: 3A4?9>g)KU  
1.之后肯定接单数: "2 ma]Ps  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. /%$'N$@f  
例句: Each of them has two books. el.;T*Wn  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) J@H9nw+Q  
Sq UoXNw  
2.之后肯定接复数: !a ~>;+  
these, those, many, such, other, +J]3)8 y+  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), mNKe,H0  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several 6fY(u7m|p  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of = YB3^Z  
:!N 5daK  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc b3H~a2"d  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 37a" <  
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>wdR4!x!?  
e~ W35Y>A  
考点一 否定限定词no I`t"Na2i  
d&(GIH E&d  
(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: PX(.bP2^Lq  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. dU3UCD+2y  
No one is here. I/Hwf  
T#|Qexz6 @  
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: f /&Dy'OV7  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; <o3e0JCq  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 /$! / F@^  
0J7[n*~  
例题: f%an<>j^w  
(1) a/NmM)  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. eq<xO28z  
(A) none a,#f%#J\  
(B) no pez[qs  
(C) not zKx?cEpE  
(D) nor &[3 xp i{v  
{e/12q  
答案: C ]sd|u[:k  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 {<\nl#}5S  
>e/;  
(2) \'q-Xr'}M  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when W% YJ.%I  
A                B           C )p~\lM}?d  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. 2L[/.|  
        D |n \HxU3  
al F*L  
答案: A 6Hi3h{  
应改为: No |+~CdA  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 MSUkCWt!  
54_CewL1P]  
考点二 their等物主代词 fZ`b~ZBwIj  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars $z1u>{  
=<YG0K  
2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 RI!!?hYm  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. %C" wUAY  
这里用their 而不用 the V k5}d[[l  
MRxzOs  
例题: +XLy Pj  
(1) `{c %d  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten {VE\}zKF  
              A      B        C M/x49qO#  
the lives. 3 q^3znt  
 D hD/b gquT  
3Wa^:8N  
答案: D 0j %s H  
应改为: their N\ChA]Ck  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 q(p]6Ha|  
i^e U!^KF  
(2) bX6eNk-L  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any *v 1hMk  
      A        B              C Qh<_/ X?  
specific way. {'C PLJ{R  
    D "_WOt Jr  
S@* lI2  
答案: B xa5^h]o   
应改为: its m^Qc9s#D  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 tGDsZ;3Yr  
2kzm(K  
考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 HR]*75}e  
|re)]%A?Fu  
a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 _^]2??V  
#\3(rzQVO  
例题: LI1OocY.]  
(1) I!>pHF4  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or M:K5r7Q!yv  
        A        B        C @px2/x  
relating those objects. wXI6KN-  
 D vncLB&@7  
@c,Qj$\1  
答案: B V| 9<*  
应改为: is a set TK^9!3  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 $fZVh%  
;U$Fz~rJ  
(2) ZyAm:yO  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. 1 ? be  
A       B     C           D "g}mxPe  
K@d,8 [  
答案: D [C_Dv- d  
应改为: responses xg*)o*?  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few %*J'!PC9n  
4FLL*LCNX  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 (b!`klQ  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) )/uu~9SFd  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) MYI*0o;  
Nr6[w|Tzd  
第三节 冠词作限定词 fu 0]BdM  
R/5@*mv{  
冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 lHl1Ny\?  
-bJC+Yn  
考点一 不定冠词a / an d^ -sxl3}  
AE?G+:B  
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: [&_c.ti  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university %N.qu_,IZ  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour +,wCV2>\3  
78o>UWA:  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). *(c><N  
Pgdv)i3  
例题: 8y$c\Eu(mF  
(1)       IgxZ_2hO  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever bi =IIVlH  
   A                 B           C e3YdHp  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. !/]vt?v#^  
                 D '5V#sq;Z  
答案: B有错 dF (m!P/R  
应改为: puzzle. <Oyxzs  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle >R&=mo~  
(2) Z3jtq-y  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a qjc8$#zXS  
   A        B       C          D ;R#:? r;t  
question of physiology and of culture. @-g'BvS  
答案: D有错 h~ F`[G/'  
应改为: day O7KR~d  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day ww0m1FzX  
(3) E\ 'X|/$a  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the _jhdqON6E  
  A      B       C A&dNCB  
nonprofessional metal worker. pbM"tr_A{  
    D qUW>qi ,  
答案: C Dq~PxcnI  
应改为: still a practical 4h[S`;D0Vf  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 Nvef+L,v  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 I,0]> kx  
例题: TLkJZ4}?Q  
(1) 6BPZ 2EQ  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. 7+h*&f3>  
   A     B    C           D aD5G0d?u  
答案: A H=7z d|W  
应改为: An emotion JMT?+/Qbu  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an 4]\t6,Cz8  
(2) fC$~3v  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine (\^)@Y  
   A    B                       C qM$ ~5uu  
chemically with other atoms. i>M*ubWE4@  
         D , yC-QFQE  
答案: A 1qs~[7{C1  
应改为: an atom >:ZlYZ6sI  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an zn4 Yo  
z"eh.&T  
考点二 定冠词the biFN]D  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: '9,14e6   
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: Y=gj{]4  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower `;^%t  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: o3;u*f0rWn  
the first woman, the nineteenth century ==psPyLF@  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby Q7y6</4f  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: nI4xK  
the largest city, the most advanced technology Qa,^;hZWS  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: cLQvzd:h=  
the development of the watch, ?80@+y]  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: Q#@gOn=W\  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun Ih}I`wY-  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: Zq|oj^  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: XR^VRn6O  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) r +] J {k  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the 4/{Io &|  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) iSx xy1R  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: 3zb;q@JV  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) fB5Bh;K  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: Rg&6J#h  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… laM0W5  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: ?lb1K'(  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed *seKph+'c  
乘车的词组: -A9 !Y{Z  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), A.vcE  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) =JyYU*G4  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), |xH"Xvp:  
打球的词组: ewgcpV|spn  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball u+s#Fee I  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. r2.87  
例题:  Be2@9  
(D)       *&e+z-E  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. i{VjSWq  
(A) it was the }se)=7d8 Z  
(B) that the ~GfcI:Zz&  
(C) there was a `q eL$`  
(D) the q y y.3-(  
答案:D 7& k lX  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 -p ) l63  
(2) 9Pd~  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of 5"y p|Yl  
           A            B c0<Y017sG  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. * @G4i  
     C      D V{Idj\~Jh  
答案:D D5T\X-+]O  
应改为:of ]-%ZN+  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 WGG|d)'@  
(3) T|ZZkNP|6  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to [X^JV/R  
  A      B              C    =]xNpX)  
nineteenth century. I6y&6g  
  D V.Xz n  
答案:D Yc?taL)  
应改为:to the nineteenth (G PJ=r  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the r-N2*uYtu  
第四节 不可数名词 _5U Fml9  
o,\%c" mC  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 .[2MPjg  
0A?w,A`"  
抽象名词如:  h *%T2  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: kP;:s  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), <u2*(BM4  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), wmo'Pl  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) 3<mv9U(  
还有表达学科类的名词如: JEHV \ =  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, y\0^c5}  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) Ac7`nvI=  
n;Iey[7_E`  
物质名词如: p Hg8(ru|  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), wkJB5i^<w  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) 7abq3OK+`  
KG3*~G  
IB!Wrnj?  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 :>3&"T.  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, &PgdCijGq;  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), _ZS<zQ'  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) }SN'*w@E  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 wj'iU&aca  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice \ 3 LD^[qi  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, +z[!]^H]4  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 w`7l ;7[  
例题: Y 4714  
(1) c''O+,L1+  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and i@I%$!cB  
       A      B    C          D RsOK5XnQn  
trade. @2$8o]et  
答案:C FN,uD:a  
应改为:advertising CD tYj  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 7>~iS@7GV  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 z::2O/ho  
4[-9$ r  
考点二 限定词 W ,U'hk%  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: \c\=S  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) y@Or2bO#  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 |kd^]! _  
例题: .iS]aJJ  
(1) lz*2wGI9  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear kj#yG"3+  
        A              B         C POG5x  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. WE"'3u^k  
                     D x('yBf  
答案:D GGuLxc?(  
应改为:little. h P1|l  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little lm\u(3_ $  
(2) 3OZ}&[3  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge fI|1@e1  
      A                    B CP'-CQ\Q  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. ] QEw\4M?=  
           C         D 9x1Dyz 2?F  
答案:B b1OB'P8  
应改为:much evidence ;@ e |}Gk  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 3YRzBf:h  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 x9e 9$ww}  
例如: x'qgpG}?]  
a lot of students , a lot of money >xjy P!bca  
the rest of the students, the rest of money smU+ :~  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. }VGiT~2$  
_6' g]4  
第五节 所有格及of结构 |(<L!6  
[ n2udV  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 7`}z7nk  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, 1rEP)66N  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office SMyg=B\x?7  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , }0( Na  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room f- <6T  
例题: 4=Ey\Px  
(1) NP8TF*5V  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. ob{pQx7  
(A) of the drop E@Fen CF  
(B) the drop's ]YP?bP,:  
(C) drop of U6Ak"  
(D) drops their v(iUo&Ge  
答案: (B) J%)2,szn0  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 lI 1lP 1  
(2) Z3dd9m#.]  
Over a very lar V1.F`3h~  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. }U9jsm  
(A) occurs jvQ"cs$.  
(B) will occur 1' m $_  
(C) can occur ^v-'=1ub?  
(D) occurring AX+d?M  
答案:D ]B4mm__  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 OX4D'  
Q8?D}h  
考点二 of结构 }=a4uCE  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) 1 1CJT  
如: the title of the passage d&`j 8O  
例如: sE6J:m(  
(1) Tm\[q  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names V%lGJ]ZEa  
          A     B     C 7-I>5 3@  
of some works years after their completion. zF&UdS3  
       D vc #oALc&  
答案: C t [hocl/6  
应改为: paintings CDnz &?  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 ~uadivli  
(2) % VpBB  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and CqK#O'\  
      A         B     C         D v`^J3A  
spinal cord. R Sz[6  
答案: B j#t8Krd] "  
应改为: stimulation 9ox|.68q  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 [P=[hj;  
f\|?_k]  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 K#hYbDm  
Uy5!H1u  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 KTjlWxD  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 VHr7GAmU  
例题: +'KE T,  
(1) -MU.Hu  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. Q4Fq=kTE  
(A) was a major collection .*-w UBr  
(B) that a major collection OP`Jc$| 6  
(C) a collection was major [Am`5&J  
(D) a major collection !L. K)9I  
答案: (D) s^YTI\L \  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 a`b zFu{  
(2) C]yQ "b  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of "lz[zFnO  
    A         B        C     D .um&6Q=2<  
medieval alchemists. 0T#xM(q[K  
答案:A w zqd g  
应改为:beginnings. *Ht*)l?  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 +6hl@F m(  
u}}9j&^Xa  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 zf3:<CRX5  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 H >:4MY  
例题: S1^nC tSF  
(1) o9Txo (tYU  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. uR:=V9O  
(A) new dance, the twist m io1kDq<  
(B) twist, was the new dance O5qW *r'  
(C) twist, the new dance that l{6` k<J(  
(D) new dance is the twist ;EJPrDHTk  
答案: (A) & &" 'dL  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 #~4{`]W6  
(2) Ni!;-,H+E  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep dv'E:R(a  
     A                B        gX$0[ sIS.  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. w53z*l>ek  
 C               D V~ T`&  
答案: D @P_C%}(<  
应改为: promise. F_nZvv[H?  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 L1 9 MP  
2y+70(E1  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 qRPc %"  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, crd|2bjp+  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. =[P%_v``  
例题: N7*C P|?E  
(1) L\b]k,Ksf  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. k,,!P""  
(A) that institutes IXZ(]&w e  
(B) while instituted I9}+(6  
(C) was an institution 3P//H8 8LY  
(D) an institute H]_WFiW-9  
答案: (D) $%g\YdC  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 T8$%9&j!UE  
(2) !8xKf*y  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. /Hv* K&}M  
(A) is the great modern choreographer %z*29iKlI  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers v%lv8Lar'  
(C) that the great modern choreographers .OmQ'  
(D) the modern choreographers were great L5Urg*GNL  
答案:B  ,b4):{  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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