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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 `, )%<}  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 n hGh5,  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 gU@BEn}  
例题: xU'% 6/G  
(1) F"t.ND  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, 9^^:Y3j  
 A                       B S0tPnwco[~  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. A(wuRXnVWK  
   C         D DQ= /Jr~  
答案: D  +D|E8sz8  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. "M=1Eb$6=  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 r*t\F& D  
(2) '<&rMn  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. qp2&Z8S\D  
   A  B      C         D O 718s\#  
答案: D Mtq^6`JJ'  
应改为: color ![{0Yw D  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 ]McDN[h:  
zC_@wMWB  
'SnB7Y  
第二章 形容词 1g_D kv|D  
sjwD x0(7=  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 ?=%#lZ &?  
+cC$4t0$^A  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 a,KqTQB  
++Fk8R/$U[  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 utBKl' `  
例题: 3}2a3)  
(1) qp55U*  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. (GbZt{.  
       A  B   C          D vs(x; zpJ  
答案:C 4'`y5E  
应改为:certain. )UAkg  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 z;6,,  
(2) m-XS_5x\  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. Yo[Pu< zR  
  A       B         C   D &KVXU0F^z  
答案:C jt6,id)&  
应改为:visual. n$y@a? al  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 }<g- 0&GLm  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: @V qI+5TA  
The man was awake. n+:}p D  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) wv& #lM(  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable p _q ]Rt  
例题: >PoVK{&y  
(1) "D?:8! \!  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means nbdjk1E`~  
     A                 B        C xoyH5ZK@  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. .fD%*-  
       D -1c{Jo  
答案: D sH /08Z  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) R/?ZbMn]!  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) &M*f4PeXb  
(2) q-TDg0  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also od RtJ[   
 A              B               C $W 0O  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. D) ;w)`  
                 D *g!7PzJ'  
答案: A x5%x""VEK  
应改为:like H?tX^HO:q  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 )k6kK}  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 'rDai [  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, t(:w):zE  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, K| '`w.  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: yNOoAnGT W  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 >m# bj^F\  
如: two young American students WWG+0jQ9  
    my three red pencils !?5YXI,  
第二节 比较级 qUKS o9  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: -)Of\4k x  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; /nB|Fo_&Q  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 *:V+whBY  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), |VQmB/a  
]3]=RuQK2  
J/B`c(  
考点一 含有标志词than Aqo90(jffx  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, ,yH\nqEz  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. !Z<=PdI1Ys  
  She possesses more books than I do. \h5!u1{L  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. 5&TH\2u  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, HMmB90P`  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, RZP7h>y6@  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 -rlCE-S  
例题: ' wni.E&  
(1) fs0Eb VDF  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. v p(ow]Q  
(A) coolest bW^C30m  
(B) the coolest t^~Qv  
(C) cooler bXk(wXX  
(D) the cooler '8=/v*j>?  
答案:A .I.B,wH 8  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 "/Pq/\,R|  
(2) gUY~ l= c  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. L}6!D zl  
           A   B              C     D Oi<yT"7  
答案:A U=PTn(2  
应改为:more (dTQ,0  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 Up5|tx7  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: =Y Y 7V!  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, &%m%b5  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. :l&Yq!5  
   (that 指代the population)  0+e  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. sLUOs]cj  
   (those 指代 designs) VS>xvF  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) %77uc9}  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may c(aykIVOo  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. 7}vI/?r  
例题: A9;,y'm^8  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. OX%#8Lx  
(A) than do 2T(7V[C%9  
(B) that are having 4w)>}  
(C) which have $ ^@fV=e  
(D) that do Y& H <8ez  
答案:A "c\WZB`|  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 FzNj':D  
L9-Jwy2(>  
考点二 (not) so /as…as o (4gh1b%  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, Em !%3C1 r  
如:It is as good as it looks. +abb[  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. NfnPXsad  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 XwFTAaZ   
例题: b b.UtoPz  
(1) e^oGiL ~  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. _QEw=*.<  
(A) possibly little nourishment L_aqr?Q  
(B) nourishment possibly little 3n)$\aBE  
(C) little as possible nourishment ?dbSm3  
(D) little nourishment as possible NyT%S?@y<  
答案:D :;eQ*{ `\  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. E*`PD<:)H  
(2) q ajZ~oB{  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. (xHu@l!]  
(A) so early #4./>}G  
(B) the earliest ~TsRUT  
(C) as early as "T{WOGU+  
(D) so early that 3}! u8,P  
答案:C jU~ x^Y  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as &l3(+4Sh  
r7oFG!.?  
考点三 the same…as D =mmBo  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, ]XbMqHGS  
如:She looks just the same as before. / Ws>;0  
  I got the same feeling as you did. 7P<f(@0h$E  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 YLi6G Y  
例题: }oA>0Nw$K  
(1) `YC7+`q  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, Vy I\Jmr  
         A       B          C v}N\z 2A  
shorter tails, and longer bills. #Zw:&' QB  
            D @, GL&$Y:W  
答案:B Fz';H  
应改为:as. ! #_2 ![  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” V~[b`&F  
(2) 4r7F8*z  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of D\&S {  
  A                 B    YB7n}r23  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. OyVP_Yx,V  
   C          D F0p=|W  
答案:D yy=hCjQ)  
应改为:as 0S$k;q  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 NGSts\D'}  
= yZq]g6Q  
考点四 the more…,the more… <[)-Q~Gg5  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, k3q QU)  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. h8asj0  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. 6wh PW .  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 ]"Uzn  
例题: O*l , &5  
(1) KhfADqji|  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. O|,9EOrP  
(A) the greater the need there is JkJ @bh Eu  
(B) greater need |qn 2b=  
(C) is there great need e9{0hw7  
(D) the great need \,G9'c 'u  
答案:A 8l5>t  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, dYrgL3'  
; zJb("n  
9Vm1q!lE  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. Dhn7N8(LF!  
(2) A+RW=|:  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. z9ADF(J?0'  
(A) the stress it is greater Jx.f DVJ  
(B) greater is the stress 3@I0j/1#k1  
(C) greater stress is g4h{dFb|_  
(D) the greater the stress \~hrS/$[$  
答案:D Jr !BDg  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D %42a>piev  
+ Umsr  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer #-;W|ib%z  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, 6#+&/ "*  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. GP%V(HhN  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 bXnUz?1!d  
例题: X 61|:E  
(1) G*9>TavE  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio 7{F\b  
          A           B      OZxJDg  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. LIcc0w3  
    C                           D Z0L($  
答案:A w{W+W J  
应改为:no longer. j hm3:;Z  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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