考点四 名词(词组)作定语 `,
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名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 n hGh5,
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 gU@BEn}
例题: xU'% 6/G
(1) F"t.ND
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, 9^^:Y3j
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is a prosperous trading and distribute center. A(wuRXnVWK
C D DQ= /Jr~
答案: D +D|E8sz8
应改为: distribution/ distributing. "M=1Eb$6=
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 r*t\F&D
(2) '<&rMn
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. qp2&Z8S\D
A B C D O
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答案: D Mtq^6`JJ'
应改为: color ![{0Yw
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解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 ]McDN[h:
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第二章 形容词 1g_D
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 ?=%#lZ&?
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 a,KqTQB
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 utBKl'`
例题: 3}2a3)
(1) qp55U*
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. (GbZt{.
A B C D vs(x;
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答案:C 4'`y5E
应改为:certain. )UAkg
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 z;6,,
(2) m-XS_5x\
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. Yo[Pu< zR
A B C D &KVXU0F^z
答案:C jt6,id)&
应改为:visual. n$y@a?al
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 }<g-0&GLm
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: @V qI+5TA
The man was awake. n+:}pD
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) wv&
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这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable p
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例题: >PoVK{&y
(1) "D?:8!
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Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means nbdjk1E`~
A B C xoyH5ZK@
of on-the-spot, alive reports. .fD%*-
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答案: D sH /08Z
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) R/?ZbMn]!
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) &M*f4PeXb
(2) q-TDg0
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also od RtJ[
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gather data from documentary and oral sources. D);w)`
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答案: A x5%x""VEK
应改为:like H?tX^HO:q
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 )k6kK}
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 'rDai[
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, t(:w):zE
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, K | '`w.
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: yNOoAnGT W
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 >m#bj^F\
如: two young American students WWG+0jQ9
my three red pencils !?5YXI,
第二节 比较级 qUKS
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英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: -)Of\4k
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在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; /nB|Fo_&Q
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 *:V+whBY
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), |VQmB/a
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考点一 含有标志词than Aqo90(jffx
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, ,yH\nqEz
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. !Z<=PdI1Ys
She possesses more books than I do. \h5!u1{L
He is more intelligent than I expected. 5&TH\2u
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, HMmB90P`
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, RZP7h>y6@
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 -rlCE-S
例题: 'wni.E&
(1) fs0Eb
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Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. v
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(A) coolest bW^C30m
(B) the coolest t ^~Qv
(C) cooler bXk(wXX
(D) the cooler '8=/v*j>?
答案:A .I.B,wH
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解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 "/Pq/\,R|
(2) gUY~
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Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. L}6!D zl
A B C D Oi<yT"7
答案:A U=PTn(2
应改为:more (dTQ,0
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 Up5 |tx7
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: =YY 7V!
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, &%m%b5
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. :l&Yq!5
(that 指代the population)
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His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. sLUOs]cj
(those 指代 designs) VS >xvF
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) %77uc9}
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may c(aykIVOo
probably contribute more to the success of a play. 7}vI/?r
例题: A9;,y'm^8
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. OX%#8Lx
(A) than do 2T(7V[C%9
(B) that are having 4w)>}
(C) which have $ ^@fV=e
(D) that do Y&
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答案:A "c\WZB`|
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 FzNj':D
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考点二 (not) so /as…as o(4gh1b%
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, Em !%3C1
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如:It is as good as it looks. +abb[
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. NfnPXsad
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 XwFTAaZ
例题: b
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(1) e ^oGiL~
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. _QEw=*.<
(A) possibly little nourishment L_aqr?Q
(B) nourishment possibly little 3n)$\aBE
(C) little as possible nourishment ?dbSm3
(D) little nourishment as possible NyT%S?@y<
答案:D :;eQ*{ `\
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. E*`PD<:)H
(2) qajZ~oB{
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. (xHu@l!]
(A) so early #4./>}G
(B) the earliest ~TsRUT
(C) as early as "T{WOGU+
(D) so early that 3}!
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答案:C jU~ x^Y
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as &l3(+4Sh
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考点三 the same…as D
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此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, ]XbMqHGS
如:She looks just the same as before. / Ws>;0
I got the same feeling as you did. 7P<f(@0h$E
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 YLi6GY
例题: }oA>0Nw$K
(1)
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Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, Vy
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A B C v}N\z
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shorter tails, and longer bills. #Zw:&'
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D @,GL&$Y:W
答案:B Fz';H
应改为:as. !#_2 ![
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” V~[b`&F
(2) 4r7F8*z
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of D\&S
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perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. OyVP_Yx,V
C D F0p=|W
答案:D yy=hCjQ)
应改为:as 0S$k;q
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 NGSts\D'}
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考点四 the more…,the more… <[)-Q~Gg5
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略,
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如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. h8asj0
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. 6whPW
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填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 ]"Uzn
例题: O*l
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(1) KhfADqji|
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. O|,9EOrP
(A) the greater the need there is JkJ
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(B) greater need |qn2b=
(C) is there great need e9{0hw7
(D) the great need \,G9'c 'u
答案:A 8l5>t
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, dYrgL3'
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. Dhn7N8(LF!
(2) A+RW=|:
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. z9ADF(J?0'
(A) the stress it is greater Jx.fDVJ
(B) greater is the stress 3@I0j/1#k1
(C) greater stress is g4h{dFb|_
(D) the greater the stress \~hrS/$[$
答案:D Jr!BDg
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D %42a>piev
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer #-;W|ib%z
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, 6#+&/ "*
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. GP%V(HhN
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 bXnUz?1!d
例题: X
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(1) G*9>TavE
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio 7{F\b
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continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. LIcc0w3
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答案:A w{W+W
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应改为:no longer. jhm3:;Z
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer