考点四 名词(词组)作定语 +l7Bu} _?
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 lb"T'}q
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 v yP_qG
例题: G~Y#l@8M+
(1) U[#q"'P|l
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, K:pG<oV|}
A B 5pRVA
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. )%!X,
C D $ WWi2cI;
答案: D sn@)L ~$V
应改为: distribution/ distributing. -OfAl~ 4
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 #KtV 4)(
(2) #`"B
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Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. \nQEvcH
A B C D v\kd78,
答案: D >rh<%55P`
应改为: color CR|>?9V
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 %';DBozZ
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第二章 形容词 m(WVxVB
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 s|"4!{I
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 'wTJX>
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 z7lbb*Xe
例题: ;{cl*EN
(1) 6IM:Xj
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. 0 f"M-x
A B C D \G1(r=fU
答案:C .ZH5^Sv$vp
应改为:certain. m^,3jssdA
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 RjX#pb
(2) 3bB%@^<
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. ^KFwO=I@PV
A B C D R
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答案:C .'N#qs_
应改为:visual. Q|cA8Fn
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 '
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注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: Jz\'%O'
The man was awake. HnfTj 5J@
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) h%@#jvh?4
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable BLhuYuON
例题: pG:)u
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(1) DnPV
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Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means ^zaN?0%S33
A B C \7,'o] >M-
of on-the-spot, alive reports. pF"ID
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D m,]M_y\u
答案: D K&noA
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 'H,l\i@"
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) nS1D&;#Y
(2) n_*k
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Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also Gwkp(9d
A B C /fc@=CO
gather data from documentary and oral sources. [(N<E/m %B
D P1ab2D
答案: A 4<&`\<jZ
应改为:like 5<ycF_
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 zW^@\kB0D
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. *^u5?{$l(
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, jM90
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注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, ,tL<?6_
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: o3l_&?^
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 OPwj*b:-m
如: two young American students j>Htaa
my three red pencils ~$i36"
第二节 比较级 /%U+kW
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: :_Y@,CpIEg
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; #^v|u3^DD
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 ;Z"6ve4
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), 1G+42>?<1
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考点一 含有标志词than
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1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, R
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如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. W9?Vh{w
She possesses more books than I do. Qe=!'u.nL
He is more intelligent than I expected. { CkxUec
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, <ok/2v
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, {|6(_SM|
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 Dm[4`p@IY\
例题: q7C>A`w
(1) 0I4RZ.2*Y
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. )G0a72
(A) coolest <5A(rDij
(B) the coolest mh!;W=|/"
(C) cooler h\b]>q@
(D) the cooler ~&=-*
答案:A HKCM
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解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 "8aw=3A
(2) C$xU!9K[+
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. z1?7}9~`0c
A B C D T+m`a#
答案:A 2Tt@2h_L
应改为:more ;GO>#yg4Eh
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 .
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2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: &)O X*y
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, `(<XdlOj
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. [L8Bgw1
(that 指代the population) L{;q
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His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. BDyOX6
(those 指代 designs) ~oh=QakW
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) eXWiTi@
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may )Fk%,H-1
probably contribute more to the success of a play. a0Cf.[L
例题: iV[g.sP-
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. &96I4su
(A) than do qdr
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(B) that are having UHF.R>Ry
(C) which have |AW[4Yn>
(D) that do [s"3g\L';
答案:A Glcl7f"<^
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 0:R}
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考点二 (not) so /as…as u[d
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比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, aR ao\Wp|
如:It is as good as it looks. Tk9u+;=6$
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. }x`W+r
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 N&U=5c`Q'
例题: r.0IC*Y
(1) aG}ju;
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. ilEWxr;,
(A) possibly little nourishment )uiYu3 I
(B) nourishment possibly little 1w/1k6`0
(C) little as possible nourishment \dTX%<5D
(D) little nourishment as possible W#E`h
答案:D 4=td}%
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. pw"
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(2) mufi
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There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. :jB~rhZ~
(A) so early j+"i$ln+s
(B) the earliest Q{T6t;eH
(C) as early as &[
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(D) so early that a7s+l=
答案:C qk;*$Q
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as oa$-o/DhB
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考点三 the same…as 5wYYYo=
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, v=e`e68U~
如:She looks just the same as before. j h0``{
I got the same feeling as you did. pQAG%i^mF
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 ["Mq
例题: Dn~r~aR$g
(1) k=1([x
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, a3D
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A B C ]=\vl>W
shorter tails, and longer bills. wZB:7E%
D jN
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答案:B uvR9BL2=
应改为:as. 4j^-
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解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” X^;[X~g
(2) D#Qfa!=g
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of M &`ZF
A B /Iht,@%E
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. ,{DZvif
C D {p3VHd#
答案:D CR8a)X4j#
应改为:as =P'33)
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解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 Z9Prw/8P
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考点四 the more…,the more… ;VM',40
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, &%J+d"n(
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. ~q0g7?}&
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. { a2Y7\C/
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 9{&APxm
例题: 5WhR|
(1) BC!n;IAe
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 9J>b6
(A) the greater the need there is /P_1vQq
(B) greater need RSL%<
(C) is there great need jC_7cAsl
(D) the great need "F_o%!l
答案:A 1X-Ku GaD
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, >)5=6{x
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. #Bo/1G=
(2) @3D8TPH
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. XD1x*#
(A) the stress it is greater iQ[0d.(A
(B) greater is the stress [,GXA)j
(C) greater stress is i&cH
(D) the greater the stress XTIRY4{
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答案:D ~&E|;\G
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D K?l1Gj
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer Sr7+DCr
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, *%0f^~!G<p
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. WIwbf |\
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 eYL7G-3
例题: YK#
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(1) V/j]UK0$
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio C,C=W]G
A B lYd#pNN
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. `I$qMw,@
C D m8rz
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答案:A &`7~vA&c
应改为:no longer. nsyg>=j
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer