考点四 名词(词组)作定语 l5b?
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名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 6wYd)MDLL
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 yEJ}!/
例题: 4yV}4f$q
(1) v/
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Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, fil
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A B L~%@pf>
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. (|(#~o]40t
C D Smzy EMT
答案: D %a{$M{s
应改为: distribution/ distributing. `PXSQf
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 ftw\oGrS
(2) c|
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. d/vF^v*o0X
A B C D -&I)3
答案: D Zg"g/I.+d
应改为: color 81u}J9z;
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 ;HtHN
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第二章 形容词 '!>LF1W=
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 J8
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 0Ah'G
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 \_;zm+ <{
例题: 6K501!70g6
(1) M}2a/}4
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. lArYlR}
A B C D 9aky+
答案:C [(Ss^?AJW
应改为:certain. ^t,sehpR:l
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 <
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(2) .21[3.bp/q
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. ;LSdY}*%0
A B C D uf4C+ci
答案:C ,U':=8
应改为:visual. j_i/h "
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 fR[kjwX)<1
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: RS'!>9I
The man was awake. F}
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There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) S- @
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这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable 5R"My^G
例题: ^PHWUb+``
(1) NbG`v@yH
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means 4E\Jk 5co,
A B C zq\YZ:JC
of on-the-spot, alive reports. #J&45
D L9L!V"So1k
答案: D kaybi 0
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) ^=kUNyY
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) Qry?h*p+`
(2) =^
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also Z1u:OI@(
A B C ;.Dm?J0
gather data from documentary and oral sources. o1I8l7
D dk}T&qZ~p
答案: A ig:E`Fe@
应改为:like #Fp5>%*
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 E=PmOw7b
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. ~{-zj
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, x""gZzJ$L
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, K7o!,['W
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: 0|mF
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冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 ++b1VBP
如: two young American students /"$A?}V
my three red pencils ~o"VZp
第二节 比较级 (- ]A1WQ?
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: T&@xgj|!)
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; _wvSLu <q
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 .&
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少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), ^o;f~6#17
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考点一 含有标志词than 5G$sP,n
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, "YW&,X5R
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. <m") 2dJ
She possesses more books than I do. w4 R!aWLd
He is more intelligent than I expected. =1/d>kke
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, PAYbsn
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, u1@&o9
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 R8Kj3wp
例题: M|HW$8V3_2
(1) `>.^/SGu>?
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. ]6:|-x:m
(A) coolest )qyJwN
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(B) the coolest Jf#Ika&px
(C) cooler O
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(D) the cooler 9FGe(t<
答案:A !06
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解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 Z%rMX}
(2) +-s$Htx
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. D90.z"N\i9
A B C D xZMQ+OW2i
答案:A 7?1[sP
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应改为:more w)nFH)f
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 =hw&2c
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: X-lB1uq^
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, xJ&E2Bf
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. FZk=-.Hk
(that 指代the population) 6k4ZzQ}
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. u0o}rA
(those 指代 designs) MAv-`8@|
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) iJ-z&=dOe
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may 5 R*
probably contribute more to the success of a play. 6I<^wS9j_
例题: zUQn*Cio e
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. 2#i*'.
(A) than do e>6
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(B) that are having /QgU!:e
(C) which have l KdY!j"
(D) that do 6T`F'Fk[
答案:A @5=2+ M
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 ]%Db %A
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考点二 (not) so /as…as fPpFAO
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, R(1N]>
如:It is as good as it looks. Xc}~_.]
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. M^6!{c=MIi
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 ~d9@m#_T#~
例题: ES>iM)M
(1) x%`.L6rj
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. o4U[;.?c
(A) possibly little nourishment y@'~fI!E4
(B) nourishment possibly little (rT1wup
(C) little as possible nourishment +lNAog
(D) little nourishment as possible U4.-{.
答案:D . 1q4Q\B<
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. o-ee3j.
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