考点四 名词(词组)作定语 g,s^qW0vds
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 _[$,WuG1
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 c]R27r E
例题: R 0YWe
(1) :r9<wbr)k0
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, qpV"ii
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is a prosperous trading and distribute center. L"}tJM.d
C D %#C9E kr
答案: D +P%k@w#<Z
应改为: distribution/ distributing. }mpFo2
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 lESv
(2) zJo?,c
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. %a']TX
A B C D
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答案: D CZog?O}<
应改为: color m~-O}i~)
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 2d&]V]:R*
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第二章 形容词 R5&<\RI0
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 d'iSvd.
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 zI4d|P
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 oR
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例题: {vdY(
(1) WtO@Kf:3GH
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. \i+Ad@)
A B C D |AS~sjWSJ
答案:C A]ZQ?-L/
应改为:certain. ZG-#YF.1
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些
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(2) }B_?7+
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. bM.$D-?dF*
A B C D uIBN
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答案:C 2_ 1RJ
应改为:visual. K+"3He
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 bg|dV
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: Y>atJ
The man was awake. T?RN} @D
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) (<rE1w2s:
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable %|D)U>o{
例题: B!&y>Z^$
(1) r+h%a~A#>
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means TQb@szp:|
A B C ]#W7-Q;]
of on-the-spot, alive reports. fDqDU
D P j,H]
答案: D pL!,1D!
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) (>E/C^Tc%
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) bI|{TKKN&P
(2) !Z |_3
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also 1zCu1'Wv
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gather data from documentary and oral sources. E_I-.o|
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答案: A K F_Uu
应改为:like B9[vv;lzu
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 (X-(
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注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. SvQ|SKE':
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, Ly3!0P.<
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, ,A7:zxnc.V
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: G[]%1
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冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 Fx}v.A5
如: two young American students f0Q! lMv
my three red pencils kr|r-N`
第二节 比较级 [W{|94q
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: |bSAn*6b
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; GM9[ 0+u;
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 |f$ws R`&
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), 0tL5t7/Gr
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考点一 含有标志词than -zMvpe-am&
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, "%+||IyW
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. OmZZTeGg1s
She possesses more books than I do. R[6R)#o
He is more intelligent than I expected. -6uLww=w4
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, M E]7e^
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, ROfV Y:,M
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 RA!m,"RM
例题: 04=RoYMM
(1) ~N;
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Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. c)N_
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(A) coolest S{bp'9]$y
(B) the coolest @oj_E0i3
(C) cooler ? eI)m
(D) the cooler Y>FLc* h
答案:A +/%4E %
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 oNl-!W
(2) FMn|cO.vEP
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. E=S_1
A B C D tRc3<>
答案:A GO][`zZJ]
应改为:more {O!;cI~
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 Y%]g,mG
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: q4"^G:
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, rvnm*e,
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. hdM?Uoo(4a
(that 指代the population) cY~lDLyB
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. Xe/7rhov
(those 指代 designs) {Y]3t9!\
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) GBd
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如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may <_bGV
probably contribute more to the success of a play. }_Sgor83n
例题: `wLmGv+V
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. %-!:$ 1;
(A) than do OW> >6zM
(B) that are having yaX%<KBa\
(C) which have @(tuE
(D) that do ?nR$>a`
答案:A n^epC>a" b
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 R*O6Z"h
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考点二 (not) so /as…as <*{(>
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, r3Ih]|FK#
如:It is as good as it looks. lCK:5$
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The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. SY2((!n._
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 QlxlT $o}
例题: gJZ9XLPC
(1) LGVGr
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. /lvH p
(A) possibly little nourishment *
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(B) nourishment possibly little RK=YFE 0
(C) little as possible nourishment \RTX fe-`
(D) little nourishment as possible 3^AS8%qG
答案:D <H!;/p/S
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. wsfn>w?!V
(2) D&&11Iz&
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. {R.@EFkZ
(A) so early 30/
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(B) the earliest {mV,bg,}~
(C) as early as .:s**UiDR
(D) so early that G;pxB,4s5
答案:C -T-h~5
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as zc-.W2"Hu
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考点三 the same…as ^Q4m1?
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此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, X\1'd,V
如:She looks just the same as before. mYzq[p_|j
I got the same feeling as you did. '
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改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 C'}8
例题: m/0t;
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(1) Si]8*>}-B
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, asI
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A B C x3my8'h@
shorter tails, and longer bills. %+9Mr ami
D ;wz
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答案:B `7|v
应改为:as. *(x`cf;k
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” %zB
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(2) A
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Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of @hWt.qO
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A B R
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perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. Qp${/
C D F
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答案:D :nw4K(:f
应改为:as 7{XI^I:n
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 K$\]\qG6
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考点四 the more…,the more… c0jC84*v
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, mg*[,_3q33
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. KaHjL&!
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. Ohnd:8E
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 3m?3I2k
例题: y#^d8
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(1) &B7X
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The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. N/mTG2'<
(A) the greater the need there is _w=si?q
(B) greater need ' Ky5|4
(C) is there great need aDTNr/I
(D) the great need +PY LKyS>
答案:A J(VJMS;_
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, !,PG!Gnl
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. |28z4 .
(2) 3Qfj=;
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The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. 4}Y2
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(A) the stress it is greater `\P#TBM
(B) greater is the stress ,[%KSyH
(C) greater stress is I8)x0)Lx
(D) the greater the stress ogH{
答案:D g
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解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D 0p:FAvvNI
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer R~iJ5@[
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, c=K
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如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. +LCpE$H
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 /mX/
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例题: |?hNl2m
(1) )" q$g&
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio 1~Zmc1]
A B UR44
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continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. $DeHo"mg7m
C D 85+'9#~!
答案:A oOlqlv
应改为:no longer. t<wjS|4
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer