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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 l5b? 'L  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 6 wYd)MDLL  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 yEJ}!/  
例题: 4yV}4f$q  
(1) v/ dSz/<]  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, fil '._  
 A                       B L~%@pf>  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. (|(#~o]40t  
   C         D Smzy EMT  
答案: D %a{$M{s  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. `PXSQf  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 ftw\oGrS  
(2) c |  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. d/vF^v*o0X  
   A  B      C         D -& I)3  
答案: D Zg "g/I.+d  
应改为: color 81u}J9z;  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 ;HtHN K(o  
%e.tAl"!$  
`bw>.Ay  
第二章 形容词 '!>LF1W=  
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 J8 >y2rAi  
>0z(+}]3z  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 0Ah'G  
&sleV5V  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 \_;z m+ <{  
例题: 6K501!70g6  
(1) M}2a/}4   
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. lArYlR }  
       A  B   C          D 9aky+  
答案:C [(Ss^?AJW  
应改为:certain. ^t,sehpR:l  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 < 3i2(k  
(2) .21[3.bp/q  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. ;LSdY}*%0  
  A       B         C   D uf4C+ci  
答案:C  ,U':=8  
应改为:visual. j_ i/h "  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 fR[kjwX)<1  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: RS'!>9I  
The man was awake. F} d>pK9fn  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) S-@ E  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable 5R"My^G  
例题: ^PHWUb+``  
(1) NbG`v@yH  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means 4E\Jk5co,  
     A                 B        C zq\YZ:JC  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. #J&45  
       D L9L!V"So1k  
答案: D kaybi 0  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) ^=kUNyY  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) Qry?h*p+`  
(2) =^  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also Z1u:OI@(  
 A              B               C ;.Dm?J0  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. o1I8l7  
                 D dk}T&qZ~p  
答案: A ig:E` Fe@  
应改为:like #Fp5>%*  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 E=PmOw7b  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. ~{- zj  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, x""gZzJ$L  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, K7o!,['W  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: 0|mF /  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 ++b1VBP  
如: two young American students /"$A?}V  
    my three red pencils ~o"VZp  
第二节 比较级 (- ]A1WQ?  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: T&@xgj|!)  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; _wvSLu<q  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 .& |Ivz6  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), ^o;f~6#17  
xV]eEOiLM  
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考点一 含有标志词than 5G$sP,n  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, "YW&,X5R  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. <m") 2dJ  
  She possesses more books than I do. w4 R!aWLd  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. =1/d>kke  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, PAYbsn  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, u1@&o9  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 R8Kj3wp  
例题: M|HW$8V3_2  
(1) `>.^/SGu>?  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. ]6:|-x:m  
(A) coolest )qyJw N .D  
(B) the coolest Jf#Ika&px  
(C) cooler O %x <  
(D) the cooler 9FGe (t <  
答案:A ! 06 !`LT  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 Z%rMX}  
(2) +-s$Htx  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. D90.z"N\i9  
           A   B              C     D xZMQ+OW2i  
答案:A 7? 1[sP M  
应改为:more w)nFH)f  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 =hw&2c  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: X-lB1uq^  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分,  xJ&E2Bf  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. FZk=-.Hk  
   (that 指代the population) 6k4ZzQ}  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. u0o}rA  
   (those 指代 designs) MAv-`8@|  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) iJ-z&=dOe  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may 5 R*  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. 6I<^wS9j_  
例题: zUQn*Cio e  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. 2#i*'.  
(A) than do e >6 NO  
(B) that are having /QgU!:e  
(C) which have l KdY!j"  
(D) that do 6T`F'Fk[  
答案:A @5=2+ M  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 ]%Db%A  
q{c/TRp7  
考点二 (not) so /as…as fPpFAO  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, R(1N]>  
如:It is as good as it looks. Xc}~_.]  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. M^6!{c=MIi  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 ~d9@m#_T#~  
例题: E S>iM)M  
(1) x%`.L6rj  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. o4U[;.?c  
(A) possibly little nourishment y@'~fI!E4  
(B) nourishment possibly little (rT1wup  
(C) little as possible nourishment + lNAog  
(D) little nourishment as possible U4.- {.  
答案:D .1q4Q\B<  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. o-ee3j.  
(2) &UextGk7  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. g.:b\JE`  
(A) so early qrLE1b 1$  
(B) the earliest xE"QX N  
(C) as early as U 6`E\?d`  
(D) so early that  TNj WZ  
答案:C $%Kyz\;7/  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as Mv1V Vk  
BK[ YX)  
考点三 the same…as Eo@b)h  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, Gc0/*8u/  
如:She looks just the same as before. q)F@f /  
  I got the same feeling as you did. Z{p62|+Ck@  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 |Ev V S  
例题: `U6bI `l  
(1) nu!tk$Q  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, ]ff5MY 36  
         A       B          C e N Y?  
shorter tails, and longer bills. 5a^b{=#Y  
            D q*pWx]Y  
答案:B d~za%2{  
应改为:as. ]*\m@lWu  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” #$*l#j"#A  
(2) n^+rxG6 L  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of jC3)^E@:"  
  A                 B    *0!IHr"fn  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. )m4O7'2G  
   C          D IHaNg K2  
答案:D xZ.c@u6:  
应改为:as "U6 :z M  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 qFwJ%(IQ  
~L3]Wa.  
考点四 the more…,the more…  `GQ'yv  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, )<8f3;qd  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. Q ,6 [  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. lWe1Q#  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 25-5X3(>j=  
例题: UW@BAj@^@  
(1) ,f2tG+P  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 9p '#a:  
(A) the greater the need there is g#b uy  
(B) greater need U%)m [zAw  
(C) is there great need r1o_i;rg  
(D) the great need JAA{5@ST  
答案:A &8^ch,+pD  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, ;s(uaC3  
;p U=>  
sH}q&=  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. .o!z:[IPY  
(2) |'bRVqJ  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. X8Ld\vZYn  
(A) the stress it is greater :(o6^ %x  
(B) greater is the stress N)rf /E0  
(C) greater stress is ['l.]k-b}  
(D) the greater the stress YKZk/m&H  
答案:D u|'}a3  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D !R/- |Kjy  
^twJNm{99  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer NX5A{  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, `AO<r  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. 0-9.u`)#yu  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 D]UqM<0Rz  
例题: P4~=_Hh  
(1) .}V&*-ep  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio '\iWp?`$  
          A           B      EC6Q<&]Iw  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. 't5 I%F  
    C                           D +.RC{o,  
答案:A ERE1XOe=D  
应改为:no longer. ^S'#)H-8C3  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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沙发  发表于: 2007-09-22   
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