考点四 名词(词组)作定语 GJeP~
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 Kn#CIFbBN
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 3<"!h1x5
例题: 50E?K!
(1) *mVQN1
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, D\@)*"
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is a prosperous trading and distribute center.
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C D eE0'3?q(
答案: D 3ss0/\3P
应改为: distribution/ distributing. JjC&
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解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 V/dL-;W;
(2) ahmxbv3f=5
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. ;x|LB>.
A B C D cAQ_/>
答案: D 7W]0bJK+E
应改为: color ny'wS
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 v1aE[Q
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第二章 形容词 F5s`AjU
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 )TtYm3,
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 {;^GKb+
例题: KGP *G
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(1) ?C`
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The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. mFx\[S
A B C D l\"wdS}
答案:C -& T.rsp
应改为:certain. ]x1o (~
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 y.,li<
(2) &S9O:>=*
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. n>L24rL
A B C D o!Y61S(
答案:C kR]AW60OE
应改为:visual. {D`_q|
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 /kc@ELl
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: !9]q+XefJ
The man was awake. V[^+lR
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) ~aL&,0
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable |gwGCa+
例题: =
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(1) }:1*@7eR
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means LjY@b
A B C *f
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of on-the-spot, alive reports. V1
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答案: D ~zcB@; :
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) "Ax#x
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) aSH =|Jnc
(2) o)
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Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also ~=/.ZUQNX
A B C UdK +,k~m/
gather data from documentary and oral sources. k56*eEc
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答案: A f,:2\b?.
应改为:like [9,34/i
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 #/o1D^
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. n{E9p3i
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, l(uV@_3
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, jFGY`9Zw0
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: Dac ,yW
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 9ve)+Lk
如: two young American students an,JV0
my three red pencils #waK^B)<a
第二节 比较级 Azag*M?
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: Py~N.@(:1u
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; Qo])A6$IU
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 )mE67{YJh~
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的),
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考点一 含有标志词than 7YQ689"J6B
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, b*dEX%H8sf
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. DPylc9[-
She possesses more books than I do. gtJCvVj>g
He is more intelligent than I expected. [J+]1hCZ|
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, HVaKy+RU
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, WkSv@Y,
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。
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例题: kd+tD!:F(
(1) D}L4uz?
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States.
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(A) coolest t0+D~F(g
(B) the coolest 'Z`fZ5q
(C) cooler #u$ Z/,
(D) the cooler ZA8FX
答案:A X2to](\%X
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 .8/W_iC92
(2) Zm#qW2a]P
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. xD4G(]d!
A B C D ,7*-%05
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答案:A Wkc^?0p
应改为:more >TddKR@C
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 P<s:dH"
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: -[-Ry6G
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, v m)'CC
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. }*R.>jQ+Y
(that 指代the population) u(P;) E"1
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. z{dn
(those 指代 designs) ,Z p9,nf
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) 5"8R|NU:\0
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may `8N],X
probably contribute more to the success of a play. :z}
例题: Mv^G%zg2
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. 8GFA}_(^R
(A) than do +)7Yqh#$
(B) that are having Lmw{ `R
(C) which have
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(D) that do SK_i 3?
答案:A xtP=/B/
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 %Lwd1'C%
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考点二 (not) so /as…as Nd.Tda!Kg
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, %Jc>joU
如:It is as good as it looks. VIjsz42C
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. niIjatT
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 m+/-SG
例题: ]kd
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(1) %<Q
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The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. =2=n
(A) possibly little nourishment 7VwL
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(B) nourishment possibly little h.W;Dmf6]
(C) little as possible nourishment 044*@a5f
(D) little nourishment as possible +=bGrn>h
答案:D De*Z UN|<
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”.
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(2) Sh_ =dzM
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. 6T_Mk0Sf+
(A) so early c=T^)
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(B) the earliest 3e g<)
(C) as early as M7(vI4V
(D) so early that 2\z"6
答案:C )oSUhU26}
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as AE)<ee%\\
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考点三 the same…as .wD>0Ig
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, h
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如:She looks just the same as before. qYW{$K
I got the same feeling as you did. _=_]Yx
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 $+<X 1
例题: .d5|Fs~B
(1) W.ud<OKP90
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, ]rDf3_!m(
A B C dy jzF`H
shorter tails, and longer bills. ~4wbIE_rN
D }B_n}<tjD
答案:B _1c'~;
应改为:as. )Xa`LG=|
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” Y]b5qguK
(2) i_ 4FxC4
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of !GMb~
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perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. 2|o6~m<pE
C D >#R<