考点四 名词(词组)作定语 SCCBTpmf2B
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 y\Z$8'E5W
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 -.>b7ui
例题: [<+A?M=
(1) rfgkw
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, rff=ud>Jf
A B mUmU_L u8
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. x +=zG4Hm
C D aL9yNj}2
答案: D Nq`@ >Ml
应改为: distribution/ distributing. KxZO.>,
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 INi9`M.h
(2) ''{REFjK7
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. [z2XK4\e1T
A B C D -|ho
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答案: D i'w8Li
应改为: color MM}lW-q;
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 yqaLqZ$
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第二章 形容词 k`l={f8C
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 %h}Q f&U_
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 rBO
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 $pKlF0 .
例题: |K|[>[?Z/
(1) Q]JWWKt6rV
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. #\|Ac*>
A B C D jL
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答案:C QKW\z aG
应改为:certain. N\,[(LbA&
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 PykVXZ7j;
(2) B0h|Y.S8%1
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. xRX2u_f$<
A B C D J0ysZ]
答案:C O$q
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应改为:visual. KKBrw+)AJ
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 YiO3.+H
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: GI se|[p
The man was awake. j8cIpbp8x
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) 3X;k c>
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable 0N
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例题: R@X65o
(1) GM~Ek]9C%
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means 3s]aXz:
A B C !K8Kw
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of on-the-spot, alive reports. >1}@Q(n/}{
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答案: D &E]<dmR
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) S-f
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解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) E/3i_R
(2) S8j!?$`
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also oH,{'S@q
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gather data from documentary and oral sources. `pYyr/
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答案: A DFXHD,o
应改为:like )n&6= Li
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 2dyS_2u
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. _UA|0a!-
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, i91 =h
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, Vb8Qh601
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: E!9(6G4
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 Kqz+:E8D
如: two young American students i'QR-B&Z
my three red pencils N/!(`Z,
第二节 比较级 oF~+L3&X
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: {pc (b
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; #De a$
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 !,^y!+,Qy
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), <N:)Xf9
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考点一 含有标志词than Hz"FGwd
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, hD[r6c
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. >WA'/Sl<A<
She possesses more books than I do. 6M
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He is more intelligent than I expected. `
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than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, ?iZM.$![
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, Ncr Bp(
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 4H^ACw
例题: EOZ 6F-':
(1) AmZW=n2^
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. 3B='f"G
(A) coolest UpPl-jeT
(B) the coolest dC;&X
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(C) cooler I4|"Ztw
(D) the cooler tZv^uuEp3
答案:A OFBEJacy
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 %gQUog
(2) VC0T
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Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. Ke:WlDf
A B C D +V(^"Z~
答案:A X- X`Z`o
应改为:more [y}h
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 rT=C/SKP
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: \#]C !JQ
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, 9Zj3 "v+b
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. 5]up%.
(that 指代the population) IdMwpru(
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. :iLRCK3C
(those 指代 designs) ,(Ol]W}
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) 6K )K%a,9
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may :aBxyS*}G
probably contribute more to the success of a play. :.-z!
例题: NiWAJ]Z
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. [*5]NNB
(A) than do 99`w'Nlk
(B) that are having
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(C) which have 1<1+nGO
(D) that do 6pSTw\/6
答案:A nIr`T^c9c
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 qPD(D{,f$
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考点二 (not) so /as…as \eNB L[
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, yU&