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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 SCCBTpmf2B  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 y\Z$8'E5W  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 -.>b7ui  
例题: [<+A?M=  
(1) rfgkw  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, rff=ud>Jf  
 A                       B mUmU_L u8  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. x +=zG4Hm  
   C         D aL9 yNj}2  
答案: D Nq`@ >Ml  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. KxZO.>,  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 INi9`M.h  
(2) ''{REFjK7  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. [z2XK4\e1T  
   A  B      C         D -|ho 8alF  
答案: D i'w8Li  
应改为: color MM}lW-q;  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 yqaLqZ$  
3@qy}Nm  
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第二章 形容词 k`l={f8C  
5`TbM  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 %h}Qf&U_  
n(i Uc1Y  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 rBO xI  
#41xz N  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 $pKlF0 .  
例题: |K|[>[?Z/  
(1) Q]JWWKt6rV  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. #\|Ac*>  
       A  B   C          D jL }bGD  
答案:C QKW\z aG  
应改为:certain. N\,[(LbA&  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 PykVXZ7j;  
(2) B0h|Y.S8%1  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. xRX2u_f$<  
  A       B         C   D J0ys Z]  
答案:C O$q xo &  
应改为:visual. KKBrw+)AJ  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 YiO3.+H  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: GI se|[p  
The man was awake. j8cIpbp8x  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) 3X;k c>  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable 0N |l1Sn  
例题: R@X65o  
(1) GM~Ek] 9C%  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means 3s]aXz:  
     A                 B        C !K8Kw W|X  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. >1}@Q(n/}{  
       D 9-W3}4'e  
答案: D &E]<dmR  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) S-f .NC}:i  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) E/3i _R  
(2) S8j!?$`  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also oH,{'S@q  
 A              B               C @*9c2\"k  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. ` pYyr/  
                 D j|KjQ'9  
答案: A DFXHD,o  
应改为:like )n&6= Li  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 2dyS_2u  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. _UA|0a!-  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, i91 =h   
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, Vb8Qh601  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: E !9(6G4  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 Kqz+:E8D  
如: two young American students i'QR-B&Z  
    my three red pencils N/!(`Z,  
第二节 比较级 oF~+L3&X  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: {pc  (b  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; #Dea$  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 !,^y!+,Qy  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), <N:)Xf9 `  
JvsL]yRT  
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考点一 含有标志词than Hz"FGwd  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, hD[r6c  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. >WA'/Sl<A<  
  She possesses more books than I do. 6M ;lD5(>  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. ` TYC]9  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, ?iZM.$![  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, NcrBp(   
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 4H^ACw  
例题: EOZ 6F-':  
(1) AmZW=n2^  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. 3B='f"G  
(A) coolest UpPl-jeT  
(B) the coolest dC;&X g`  
(C) cooler I4|"Ztw  
(D) the cooler tZv^uuEp3  
答案:A OFBEJacy  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 %gQUog  
(2) VC0T qk  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. Ke:WlDf  
           A   B              C     D +V(^ "Z~  
答案:A X-X`Z`o  
应改为:more [y}h   
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 rT=C/SKP  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: \#]C !JQ  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, 9Zj3"v+b  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. 5]up%.  
   (that 指代the population) IdMwpru(  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. :iLRCK3 C  
   (those 指代 designs) ,(Ol]W}  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) 6K )K%a,9  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may :aBxyS*}G  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. : .-z!  
例题: NiWAJ]Z  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. [*5]NNB  
(A) than do 99`w'Nlk  
(B) that are having j5Da53c#^  
(C) which have 1<1+nGO  
(D) that do 6pSTw\/6  
答案:A nIr`T^c9c  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 qPD(D{,f$  
De^:9<{jc  
考点二 (not) so /as…as \eNB L[  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, yU&;\'  
如:It is as good as it looks. zG<<MR/<  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. 5 ,-8oEUL  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 _J!&R:]$  
例题: jk&xzJH.  
(1) +|d]\WlJ  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. "Kp#Lx  
(A) possibly little nourishment {icTfPR4E  
(B) nourishment possibly little z2t+1 In,  
(C) little as possible nourishment 0&|0l>wy.  
(D) little nourishment as possible nOL.%  
答案:D 3k9n*jY0  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. rkR5>S( 2M  
(2) <^Vj1s  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. }R#W<4:  
(A) so early 9/29>K_  
(B) the earliest Y2QX <  
(C) as early as 7$lnCvm  
(D) so early that =/46;844T  
答案:C W6i{ yne W  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as iBAP,cR?`  
/m"/#; ^l  
考点三 the same…as dREY m}1  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, iOURS  
如:She looks just the same as before. Xj/z) ,  
  I got the same feeling as you did. N7J?S~x  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 {:uv}4Z  
例题: 1Y'4 g3T  
(1) A,DBq9Z+4R  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, )Q =>7%ZA  
         A       B          C '1ySBl1>  
shorter tails, and longer bills. E^F<"mL*  
            D -Y/i h(I^  
答案:B 4kM/`g6?,q  
应改为:as. |cma7q}p  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” B{j><u xl  
(2) M/Yr0"%Q<.  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of D:/ n2_  
  A                 B    fx_#3=bXi  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. :9UgERjra  
   C          D %Gh5!e:$SI  
答案:D v<!S_7h  
应改为:as xGwImF$r  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 eTx9fx w  
#4'wF4DR@  
考点四 the more…,the more… K4!-%d$  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, 0!|d .jZI  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. D9oNYF-V  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. V|MGG  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 Z ;.-UXat  
例题: [b3!H{b#  
(1) 6^"QABc  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. .*zS2 z  
(A) the greater the need there is o]e,5]  
(B) greater need C$y6^/7)  
(C) is there great need hC:'L9Y  
(D) the great need !wy _3a  
答案:A p'/\eBhG]=  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, )5Khl"6!z  
_ >OP  
K~ eak\=  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. y7,fFUKl  
(2) Js,!G  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. )O1]|r7v  
(A) the stress it is greater &K9;GZS?  
(B) greater is the stress n1f8jS+'}  
(C) greater stress is @Po5AK3cy  
(D) the greater the stress }T?X6LA$I8  
答案:D .G8`Ut Z  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D |`T(:ZKXZ2  
+ Iyyk02V  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer ;.>*O oe&  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, |p|Zv H  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. /7AHd ;  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 Ln& pe(c  
例题: Th)  
(1) CsO!Y\'FY  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio `a83RX_\  
          A           B      %F*9D3^h  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. e+[*4)Qfy  
    C                           D n ay\)  
答案:A 4 2Z:J 0  
应改为:no longer. 8em'7hR9  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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