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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 xxLgC;>[  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 a(}VA|l  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 _H4$$  
例题: 'YZI>V*  
(1) xm}q6>jRV  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, { DEzuU  
 A                       B *R_'$+  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. ~T>jBYI0  
   C         D 1Lm].tq  
答案: D y: g7'+c  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. #1QX!dK+  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 %aj7-K6:t  
(2) f M Y;  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. %rpR-}j  
   A  B      C         D ?%\mQmjas  
答案: D '2|1%NSW9  
应改为: color 1DEO3p  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 [2GXAvXsT  
jIAW-hc]  
0Jm]f/iZ  
第二章 形容词 "n{9- VEmN  
)u39}dpeu  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 Sk8%(JD7  
`4VO&lRm  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 !Oeq G  
P['X<Xt8  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 b7,  
例题: a`7%A H)  
(1) N=>- Q)  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. +?qf`p.{  
       A  B   C          D 90Xt_$_}s  
答案:C B }6Kd  
应改为:certain. f"Ost;7zg  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 ]}BB/KQy^  
(2) uVN.=  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. t Y{; U#9  
  A       B         C   D 'b8R#R\P  
答案:C Kn']n91m  
应改为:visual. -Bj.hx*  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 $v FrUv  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: Y;8 >=0ye  
The man was awake. aw1P5aPmX  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) !]yQ1@)*'  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable .\$Wy$ d  
例题: ; vMn/  
(1) ~NxEc8Y  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means EY]a6@;  
     A                 B        C Lj4&_ b9  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. ]5N zK=2{  
       D 7k `_#  
答案: D s,w YlVYf!  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 0Su_#".-*  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) ~]4kkm7Y  
(2) f7Zf}1|  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also _D-5}a"  
 A              B               C d]MGN^%o  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. NS Np  
                 D b7!UZu]IEv  
答案: A Z9xR  
应改为:like >&1um5K  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 ZY)%U*jWU  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. qp\BV#E  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, /tP7uVL R  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, WV2~(/hX&  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: v~}5u 5 $O  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 <PioQ>~  
如: two young American students (`pNXQ0n  
    my three red pencils ~5ubh2{  
第二节 比较级 6Hwxx5>r  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: v J-LPTB  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; UQ~4c,  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 E+z18Lf?  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), C3)|<E  
ESIzG aM  
lbS?/f  
考点一 含有标志词than {`F1u?l  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, ]`d2_mu  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. T(V8; !  
  She possesses more books than I do. b_=8!Q.:  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. _88QgThb  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, !} 5*?k g  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, 5B{k\H;  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 /EU ; ?O  
例题: SX+4 HJB  
(1) 9 mPIykAj8  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. l E^*t`+  
(A) coolest U^rm: *f  
(B) the coolest DjwQ`MA  
(C) cooler 8;#AO8+U7)  
(D) the cooler  rN"Xz  
答案:A *d>vR1  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 aD ESr?  
(2) /.$L"u  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. C),7- ?  
           A   B              C     D FZXyfZw!|  
答案:A {155b0  
应改为:more P+Z\3re  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 2*u.3,aW  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: [M:S`{SbY  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, ?2ItB`<(  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. !;dSC<   
   (that 指代the population) eOnT W4  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. } 0M{A+  
   (those 指代 designs) T'1gy }  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) {Q~7M$  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may |nY~ZVTt/  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. B4yh3cf  
例题: {DBIonY];  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. /\E [  
(A) than do Zw$ OKU  
(B) that are having #$'FSy#  
(C) which have <>=mCZ2  
(D) that do J%Mnjk^_\S  
答案:A /P+q}L %  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 1R*=.i%W  
Hk;-5A|9  
考点二 (not) so /as…as n?E}b$6  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, 5~r2sCDPk  
如:It is as good as it looks. [B9;?G  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. GGnp Pp   
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 usOx=^?=  
例题: >ttuum12w  
(1) n29(!10Px  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. NL!9U,h5|  
(A) possibly little nourishment -Mf Q&U   
(B) nourishment possibly little yA;W/I4  
(C) little as possible nourishment 8_Z/o5s  
(D) little nourishment as possible ^}>/n. %  
答案:D #jS[  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. W3JF5*  
(2) A';QuWdT  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. ^oeJKjJ  
(A) so early ycX{NDGs  
(B) the earliest Vb)zZ^va+  
(C) as early as LE;g 0s  
(D) so early that 9UD @MA  
答案:C P(ZQDTbM :  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as @8gEH+r  
-[]';f4]M  
考点三 the same…as rC }}r!!  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, !B^K[2`)N  
如:She looks just the same as before. 7z'h a?  
  I got the same feeling as you did. :.&{Z"  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 U[||~FW'  
例题: x"\qf'{D  
(1) I>n g`  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, 4#BRx#\O  
         A       B          C )=_ycf^MC  
shorter tails, and longer bills. _>_j\b  
            D VKuAO$s$  
答案:B O<N#M{kc.  
应改为:as. d3^7ag%  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” I=rwsL  
(2) nk@atK,38^  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of BIMKsF Zt  
  A                 B    \l,rpVv5m  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. _vl}*/=Hc  
   C          D p>kq+mP2bc  
答案:D hIU(P Dl4  
应改为:as O4|2|sA  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 2<r\/-#pU  
-x]`DQUg  
考点四 the more…,the more… pIO4,VL;W  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, !Q %P %P<$  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. 0(\+-<  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. JUt7En;XE  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 %1}6q`:w  
例题: M$S]}   
(1) j^SZnMQf  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. ;L"!I3dM)  
(A) the greater the need there is ^&[+H8$  
(B) greater need [EZYsOr.  
(C) is there great need HuI`#.MpWE  
(D) the great need {"}V&X160o  
答案:A ?6N3tk-2  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, =1hr2R(V  
}DjYGMrTB  
,.mBJ SE3  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. nzsl@1s  
(2) jAhP> t:  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. @wN G  
(A) the stress it is greater < n?=|g  
(B) greater is the stress dt,3"J  
(C) greater stress is _elX<o4  
(D) the greater the stress >lzA ]aM$c  
答案:D m5c&&v6%"b  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D B#l?IB~  
+ ,4" u  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer c:4P%({  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, uh3) 0.nR  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. `'4)q}bB  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 +]wuJSxc  
例题: -1%OlKC  
(1) QWO]`q`|  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio Y "jE'  
          A           B      x4kWLy7Sz  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. S-F o  
    C                           D ^Z,q$Gp~P  
答案:A ZCui Fm  
应改为:no longer. D]03eu  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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