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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 5 k3m"*  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 @GQfBV |3  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 X%IqZ{ {  
例题: D~ Y6%9  
(1) bAZoi0LR  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, a- rR`  
 A                       B pS ](Emn`.  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. nWIZ0Nde'  
   C         D }]o8}$&(  
答案: D <lf692.3  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. CE`]X;#y  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 &`l\Q\_[@  
(2) #:gl+  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. zY_J7,0g  
   A  B      C         D 5+M,X kg  
答案: D EyA ny\"  
应改为: color c#{lXS^  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 V&nB*U&s"  
nD BWm`kN  
{S{%KkAV  
第二章 形容词  O>]i?  
*HR pbe2  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 M\m:H3[  
FE!jN-#  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 ? ;CIS$$r  
\s*UUODWK  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 UXBWCo;-  
例题: +fXwbZ?p  
(1) P! +Gwm{  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. hE {";/}J  
       A  B   C          D aG }oI!  
答案:C #4bT8kq  
应改为:certain. + kKanm[!v  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 'z8FU~oU  
(2) T5u71C_wmt  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. ^5E9p@d"J  
  A       B         C   D i`gM> q&  
答案:C }"TQ\v$  
应改为:visual. U~][ ph  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 y{@\8B]  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: `Jc/ o=]  
The man was awake. P$U" y/  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) Wz' !stcp  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable =\.*CY|;N  
例题: V gMgeja  
(1) m:h6J''<Z*  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means 4tCM 2it%  
     A                 B        C 8+[Vo_]  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. @KL&vm(F$  
       D 5c]:/9&  
答案: D E\!X$  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) <{cY2cx~3  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) %FYhq:j  
(2) *,Bm:F<m  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also d2UidDU5qa  
 A              B               C ? #rXc%F  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. wL8j i>"  
                 D L4Jm8sy{  
答案: A \eKXsO"d  
应改为:like 3l?|+sU >O  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 tG$O [f@U6  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 2%WeB/)9  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, C<J*C0vQO  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, QWOPCoUet  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: z)C}}NH*!@  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 X6 B IZ  
如: two young American students >;4q  
    my three red pencils <CVX[R]U  
第二节 比较级 W$`v^1M2o  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: DD=X{{;D\"  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; r[V%DU$dj  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 /^xv1F{  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), vE )N6Ss  
l{7}3Am6  
*}89.kCBF  
考点一 含有标志词than 8j>V?'Szk  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, 1!^BcrG.  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train.  G06;x   
  She possesses more books than I do. ]z'L1vQl7  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. o?}dHTk7  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, %q|* }l  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, >!1] G"U  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 1K3XNHF  
例题: q,ie)`  
(1) u;9iuc` *  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. Xd:{.AXW  
(A) coolest SlB`ktcfI  
(B) the coolest H'3 pHb  
(C) cooler z+.G>0M  
(D) the cooler Jy:*GW6  
答案:A O83J[YuzjN  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 I7Kgi3  
(2) )*}\fmOv{  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. 4e>f}u 5  
           A   B              C     D G h+;Vrx  
答案:A 8*8Y\"  
应改为:more hvTc( 0;mB  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 xytWE:=  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: \ &|xMw[  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, !jl^__ .DR  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. e;=R8i  
   (that 指代the population) pWzYC@_W  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. D A=LR  
   (those 指代 designs) 8Q/cJ+&  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) %62|dhl6  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may d KPXs-5  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. R{brf6,  
例题: Z]LP18m9kl  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. v89tV9O)  
(A) than do sifj mNP  
(B) that are having (~\HizSl  
(C) which have 9ox5,7ZQ  
(D) that do zfUj%N  
答案:A -"yma_  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 nUq@`G  
68~]_r.a  
考点二 (not) so /as…as hHMp=8J7  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, 7KC2%s#7  
如:It is as good as it looks. H RahBTd(z  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. 4UL"f<7 T  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 f 4K)Z e  
例题: %j2:W\g:  
(1) KxmB$x5-=8  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. "OP$n-*@%  
(A) possibly little nourishment {IB4%,qT  
(B) nourishment possibly little NSRY(#3  
(C) little as possible nourishment _Nu Hz  
(D) little nourishment as possible !Y^B{bh  
答案:D *Q [%r  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. IH=%%AS  
(2) a#Z#-y!  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. xjDaA U,  
(A) so early v~^*L iP+  
(B) the earliest {R~L7uR @O  
(C) as early as ;cv\v(0  
(D) so early that 's8LrO(=  
答案:C c@O7,y:`I  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as )Zyw^KN^  
%[?{H} y  
考点三 the same…as I7#+B1t  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, }N3Ur~X\  
如:She looks just the same as before. Ag]Hk %  
  I got the same feeling as you did. <~5$<L4  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 sc EE$:  
例题: Zg ;Ht  
(1) V+y:!t`  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, &2Cu"O'.i  
         A       B          C SI l<\  
shorter tails, and longer bills. ;Uj=rS`Q  
            D TSd;L u%hr  
答案:B :B_ itl0{e  
应改为:as. 7[7Sm^Tw  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” [~ rBnzb  
(2) ~Ywto  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of r`=!4vY2  
  A                 B    OY#=s!] M  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. 5zI I4ukn*  
   C          D gcs8Gl2  
答案:D !*|`-w oE  
应改为:as sJ/?R:  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 R<-(  
k*xgF[T 8  
考点四 the more…,the more… 4#@zn 2l  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, 2f@gR9T  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. HveOG$pT  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot.  ^'c[HVJ  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 \lpR+zaF  
例题: ~I)\d/7o  
(1) b]U%|bp  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. q6v%HF-q4  
(A) the greater the need there is PYz^9Ud 6g  
(B) greater need h"G#} C]  
(C) is there great need K%A:W  
(D) the great need R nf$  
答案:A QGnBNsAh  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, ' Nv*ePz  
\a8<DR\@O  
EBN'u&zX  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. !bG%@{WT  
(2) jn9KQe\3  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. Jtxwt[  
(A) the stress it is greater | Tp>,\:5  
(B) greater is the stress P'6eK?  
(C) greater stress is u<l[S  
(D) the greater the stress C-abc+/  
答案:D dk9'C  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D ~P85Or  
*94<rlh{"  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer Eh)PZvH  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, 2R2ws.}  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. .>0j<|~  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 CD'.bFO^+T  
例题: ~e5hfZv|w  
(1) P"LbWZ6Nj  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio B`x rdtW  
          A           B      db%o3>>e  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. mjDaus59  
    C                           D xG JX~)  
答案:A ]kQ*t{\  
应改为:no longer. 'a`cK;X9F  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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