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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 GJeP~   
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 Kn#CIFbBN  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 3<"!h1x5  
例题: 50E?K!  
(1) *mVQN1  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, D\@)*"  
 A                       B {0Jpf [.f  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. EjF2mkA*  
   C         D eE0'3?q(  
答案: D 3ss0/\3P  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. JjC& io  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 V/dL-;W;  
(2) ahmxbv3f=5  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. ;x|LB>.  
   A  B      C         D cAQ_/>  
答案: D 7W]0bJK+E  
应改为: color ny'wS  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 v1aE[Q  
%Mx c"% w  
$*S&i(z  
第二章 形容词 F5s`AjU  
C.(<IcSG  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分  % s),4  
k"pN  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 )TtYm3,  
r=4vN=:  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 {;^GKb+  
例题: KGP*G BZr  
(1) ?C` &*+  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. mFx \[S  
       A  B   C          D l\"wdS}  
答案:C -& T.rsp  
应改为:certain. ]x1o (~  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 y.,li<  
(2) &S9O:>=*  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. n>L24rL  
  A       B         C   D o! Y61S(  
答案:C kR]AW60OE  
应改为:visual. {D`_q|  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 /kc @ELl  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: !9]q+XefJ  
The man was awake. V[^ +lR  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) ~aL&,0  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable |gwGCa+  
例题: = 6.i.(L_S  
(1) }:1*@7eR  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means Lj Y@b  
     A                 B        C *f k3IvAXu  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. V1 {'d[E*  
       D &.chqP(|  
答案: D ~zc B@; :  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) "Ax#x  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) aSH =|Jnc  
(2) o) sX?IiC  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also ~=/.ZUQNX  
 A              B               C UdK+,k~m/  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. k56*eEc  
                 D ?V$@2vBVX4  
答案: A f,:2\b?.  
应改为:like [9,34/i  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 #/o1D^  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. n{E9p3i  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, l( uV@_3  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, jFG Y`9Zw0  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是:  Dac ,yW  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 9ve)+Lk  
如: two young American students an,JV0  
    my three red pencils #waK^B)<a  
第二节 比较级 Azag*M?  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: Py~N.@(:1u  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; Qo])A6$IU  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 )mE67{YJh~  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), 41^ $  
iuHs.k<z  
v.{I^=  
考点一 含有标志词than 7YQ689"J6B  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, b*dEX%H8sf  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. DPylc9[-  
  She possesses more books than I do. gtJCvVj>g  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. [J+]1hCZ|  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, HVaKy+RU  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, W kSv@Y,  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 Rv@( [rn+  
例题: kd+tD!:F(  
(1) D}L4uz?  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. 0;:AT|U/d  
(A) coolest t0+D~F(g  
(B) the coolest 'Z`fZ5q  
(C) cooler #u$ Z/,  
(D) the cooler ZA8FX  
答案:A X2to](\% X  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 .8/W_iC92  
(2) Zm#qW2a]P  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. xD4G(]d!  
           A   B              C     D ,7*-%05 [\  
答案:A  Wkc^?0p  
应改为:more >TddKR @C  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 P<s:dH"  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: -[-Ry6G  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, v m)'C C  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. }*R.>jQ+Y  
   (that 指代the population) u(P;) E"1  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. z{dn   
   (those 指代 designs) ,Z p9,nf  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) 5"8R|NU:\0  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may `8N],X  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. :z}  
例题: Mv^G%zg2  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. 8GFA}_(^R  
(A) than do +)7Yqh#$  
(B) that are having Lmw{ `R  
(C) which have txW<r8  
(D) that do SK_i 3?  
答案:A xtP=/B/  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 %Lwd1'C%  
_Q3Ad>,U  
考点二 (not) so /as…as Nd.Tda!Kg  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用,  %Jc>joU  
如:It is as good as it looks. VIjsz42C  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. niIjatT  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 m+/-SG  
例题: ]kd )j  
(1) %<Q ?|}  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. =2=n   
(A) possibly little nourishment 7VwL yy  
(B) nourishment possibly little h.W;Dmf6]  
(C) little as possible nourishment 044*@a5f  
(D) little nourishment as possible +=bGrn>h  
答案:D De*Z UN|<  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. ToHCS/J59  
(2) Sh_=dzM  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. 6T_Mk0Sf+  
(A) so early c=T^) ~$$  
(B) the earliest 3e g<)  
(C) as early as M7(vI4V  
(D) so early that 2\z"6  
答案:C )oSUhU26}  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as AE)<ee%\\  
X]Emz"   
考点三 the same…as .wD>0Ig  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, h !~u9  
如:She looks just the same as before. qYW{$K  
  I got the same feeling as you did. _= _]Yx  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 $+<X 1  
例题: .d5|Fs~B  
(1) W.ud<OKP90  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, ]rDf3_!m(  
         A       B          C dyjzF`H  
shorter tails, and longer bills. ~4wbIE_r N  
            D }B_n}<tjD  
答案:B _1c'~;  
应改为:as. )Xa`LG =|  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” Y]b5qguK  
(2) i_4FxC4  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of !GMb~  
  A                 B    Mz<4P3"H  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. 2|o6~m<pE  
   C          D >#R<*?*D}  
答案:D T IPb ]  
应改为:as pN&Dpz^  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 DT(A~U<y  
PDX^MYoN  
考点四 the more…,the more… N 40.GL0s  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, @5zL4n@w  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. >E?626*  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. !5 %c`4  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 Y-n* K'  
例题: lcvWx%/o@  
(1) ;,Sl+)@h  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. }Fyf?TZ$T  
(A) the greater the need there is ,g{`M]Ov  
(B) greater need Yv9(8  
(C) is there great need 1I KDp]SN  
(D) the great need Z KnEg2a  
答案:A s9qr;}U.`  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, \x)T_]Gcm  
8@Xq ,J  
FbJlyWND  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. d~O\zLQ;  
(2) A"#Gg7]tl'  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. ed2QGTgR  
(A) the stress it is greater G*mk 19Z  
(B) greater is the stress WWc{]R^D  
(C) greater stress is OYgD9T.8^  
(D) the greater the stress U8?QyG 2A  
答案:D )O"5dF1l  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D R.!'&<Svq  
|OUr=b  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer UOZ"#cQ  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, 6^s=25>p  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. n87B[R  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 zdzTJiY2[Z  
例题: 8{8J(~  
(1) 35?et-= w  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio =m:xf&r#  
          A           B      "b8<C>wY  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. `-"2(Gp  
    C                           D xJa  
答案:A (g`G(K_  
应改为:no longer. DFQp<Eq]7  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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