加入VIP 上传考博资料 您的流量 增加流量 考博报班 每日签到
   
主题 : 高分语法讲解2
级别: 中级博友
显示用户信息 
楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 +l7Bu}_?  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 lb"T'} q  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 v yP_qG  
例题: G~Y#l@8M+  
(1) U[#q"'P|l  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, K:pG<oV|}  
 A                       B 5pRVA  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. )%!X,  
   C         D $ WWi2cI;  
答案: D sn@)L~$V  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. -OfAl~ 4  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 #KtV4)(  
(2) #`"B YFV[E  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. \nQEvcH  
   A  B      C         D v\kd78,  
答案: D >rh<%55P`  
应改为: color CR|>?9V  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 %';DBozZ   
H {Na'_sL  
<5sfII  
第二章 形容词 m(WVxVB  
b55G1w  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 s|"4!{I t  
jH4Wu`r;m  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 'wTJX>  
sF#t{x/sW  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 z7lbb*Xe  
例题: ;{cl*EN  
(1) 6IM:Xj  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. 0 f"M-x  
       A  B   C          D \G1(r=fU  
答案:C .ZH5^Sv$vp  
应改为:certain. m^,3jssdA  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 RjX#pb  
(2) 3bB%@^<  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. ^KFwO=I@PV  
  A       B         C   D R )e^H  
答案:C .'N#qs_  
应改为:visual. Q|cA8Fn  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 ' 9  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: Jz\'%O'  
The man was awake. HnfTj5J@  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) h%@#jvh?4  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable BLhuYuON  
例题: pG:)u cj  
(1) DnPV Tp(>  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means ^zaN?0%S33  
     A                 B        C \7,'o] >M-  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. pF"ID C  
       D m,]M_y\u  
答案: D K&noA  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 'H,l\i@"  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) nS1 D&;#Y  
(2) n _*k e  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also Gwkp(9d  
 A              B               C /fc@=CO  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. [(N<E/m%B  
                 D P1ab2D  
答案: A 4<&`\<jZ  
应改为:like 5<ycF_  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 zW^@\kB0D  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. *^u5?{$l(  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, jM90 gPX>,  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, ,tL<?6_  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: o3l_&?^  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 OPwj*b:-m  
如: two young American students j>Htaa  
    my three red pencils ~$i36"  
第二节 比较级 / %U+kW  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: :_Y@,CpIEg  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; #^v|u3^DD  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 ;Z"6ve4  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), 1G+42>?<1  
|}\et ecB  
eUA6X ,I  
考点一 含有标志词than t3b%f`D  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, R I"A'/56  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. W9?Vh{w  
  She possesses more books than I do. Qe=!'u.nL  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. { CkxUec  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, <ok/2v  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, {|6(_SM|  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 Dm[4`p@IY\  
例题: q7C>A`w  
(1) 0I4RZ.2*Y  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. )G0a72  
(A) coolest <5A(rDij  
(B) the coolest mh!;W=|/"  
(C) cooler h \b]>q@  
(D) the cooler ~&=-*  
答案:A HKCM KHR  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 "8aw=3A  
(2) C$xU!9K[+  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. z1?7}9~`0c  
           A   B              C     D T+m`a #  
答案:A 2Tt@2h_L  
应改为:more ;GO>#yg4Eh  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 . Yg)| /  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: &)OX*y  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, `(<XdlOj  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. [L8Bgw1  
   (that 指代the population) L{;q ^  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. BDyOX6  
   (those 指代 designs) ~oh=QakW  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) eXWiTi@  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may )Fk%, H-1  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. a0Cf.[L  
例题: iV[g.sP-  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. &96I4su  
(A) than do qdr k.~_  
(B) that are having UHF.R>Ry  
(C) which have |AW[4Yn>  
(D) that do [s"3g\L';  
答案:A Glcl7f"<^  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 0: R}  
~T9%%W[  
考点二 (not) so /as…as u[d R*o0'  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, aR ao\Wp|  
如:It is as good as it looks. Tk9u+;=6$  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. }x`W+r  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 N&U=5c`Q'  
例题: r.0IC*Y  
(1) aG}ju;  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. ilEWxr;,  
(A) possibly little nourishment )uiYu3 I  
(B) nourishment possibly little 1w/1k6`0  
(C) little as possible nourishment \dTX%<5D  
(D) little nourishment as possible W# E`h  
答案:D 4=td}%  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. pw" !iG}  
(2) mufi >}  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. :jB~rhZ~  
(A) so early j+"i$ln+s  
(B) the earliest Q{T6t;eH  
(C) as early as &[ $qA  
(D) so early that a7s+l=  
答案:C qk;*$Q  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as oa$-o/DhB  
6z=h0,Y}  
考点三 the same…as 5wYYYo=  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, v=e`e68U~  
如:She looks just the same as before. jh0``{  
  I got the same feeling as you did. pQAG%i^mF  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 ["Mq  
例题: Dn~r~aR$g  
(1) k=1([x  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, a3D ''Ra  
         A       B          C ]=\vl>W  
shorter tails, and longer bills. wZB:7E%  
            D jN 9|q  
答案:B uvR9BL2=  
应改为:as. 4j^- n_T  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” X^;[X~g  
(2) D#Qfa!=g  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of M &`ZF  
  A                 B    /Iht,@%E  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. ,{DZvif   
   C          D {p3VHd#  
答案:D CR8a)X4j#  
应改为:as =P'33) \ )  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 Z9P rw/8P  
X 'D~#r  
考点四 the more…,the more… ;VM',40  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, &%J+d"n(  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. ~q0g7?}&  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. { a2Y7\C/  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 9 {&APxm  
例题: 5W hR |  
(1) BC!n;IAe  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 9J>b6   
(A) the greater the need there is /P_1vQq  
(B) greater need RSL%<  
(C) is there great need jC_7cAsl  
(D) the great need "F_o%!l  
答案:A 1X-KuGaD  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, >)5=6{x  
z^(6>U ?  
$lJu2omi1  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. #Bo/1G=  
(2) @3D8TPH  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. XD1 x*#  
(A) the stress it is greater iQ[0d.(A  
(B) greater is the stress [,GXA)j  
(C) greater stress is i&cH  
(D) the greater the stress XTIRY4{ d  
答案:D ~&E|;\G  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D K?l1Gj  
m7:E7 3:  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer Sr7+DCr  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, *%0f^~!G<p  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. WIwbf|\  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 eYL7G-3  
例题: YK# QH"}  
(1) V/j]UK0$  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio C,C=W]G  
          A           B      lYd#pNN  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. `I$qMw,@  
    C                           D  m8rz i:  
答案:A &`7~vA&c  
应改为:no longer. nsyg>=j  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
评价一下你浏览此帖子的感受

精彩

感动

搞笑

开心

愤怒

无聊

灌水

  
级别: 中级博友
显示用户信息 
沙发  发表于: 2007-09-22   
周一继续
描述
快速回复

验证问题:
2+6=? 正确答案:8
按"Ctrl+Enter"直接提交