考点四 名词(词组)作定语 xxLgC;>[
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 a(}VA|l
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 _H4$$
例题: 'YZI>V*
(1) xm}q6>jRV
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, {
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is a prosperous trading and distribute center. ~T>jBYI0
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答案: D y:
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应改为: distribution/ distributing. #1QX!dK+
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 %aj7-K6:t
(2) f
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Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. %rpR-}j
A B C D ?%\mQmjas
答案: D '2|1%NSW9
应改为: color 1DEO3p
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 [2GXAvXsT
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第二章 形容词 "n{9- VEmN
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 Sk8%(JD7
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 !Oeq
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 b7,
例题: a`7%A H)
(1) N=>- Q)
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. +?qf`p.{
A B C D 90Xt_$_}s
答案:C B
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应改为:certain. f"Ost;7zg
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 ]}BB/KQy^
(2) uVN.=
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. tY{;
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A B C D 'b8R#R\P
答案:C Kn']n91m
应改为:visual. -Bj.hx*
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 $v FrU v
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: Y;8
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The man was awake. aw1P5aPmX
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) !]yQ1@)*'
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable .\$Wy$ d
例题: ;vMn/
(1) ~NxEc8Y
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means EY]a6@;
A B C Lj4&_
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of on-the-spot, alive reports. ]5N zK=2{
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答案: D s,w YlVYf!
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 0Su_#".-*
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) ~]4kkm7Y
(2) f7Zf}1|
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also _D-5}a"
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gather data from documentary and oral sources. NS Np
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答案: A Z9xR
应改为:like >&1um5K
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 ZY)%U*jWU
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. qp\BV #E
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, /tP7uVL
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注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, WV2~(/hX&
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: v~}5u
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冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 <Pio Q>~
如: two young American students (`pNXQ0n
my three red pencils ~5ubh2{
第二节 比较级 6Hwxx5>r
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: v
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在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; UQ~4c,
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 E+z18Lf?
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), C3)|<E
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考点一 含有标志词than {`F1u?l
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, ]`d2_mu
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. T(V8;!
She possesses more books than I do. b_=8!Q.:
He is more intelligent than I expected. _88QgThb
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, !}
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空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, 5B{k\H;
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 /EU;
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例题: SX+4HJB
(1) 9 mPIykAj8
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. l E^*t`+
(A) coolest U^rm:*f
(B) the coolest DjwQ`MA
(C) cooler 8;#AO8+U7)
(D) the cooler
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答案:A *d>vR1
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 aD ESr?
(2) /.$L"u
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. C),7- ?
A B C D FZXyfZw!|
答案:A
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应改为:more P+Z\3re
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 2*u.3,aW
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: [M:S`{SbY
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, ?2ItB `<(
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. !;dSC<
(that 指代the population) eOnTW4
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. } 0M{A+
(those 指代 designs) T'1gy
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情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) {Q~7M$
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may |nY~ZVTt/
probably contribute more to the success of a play. B4yh3cf
例题: {DBIonY];
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. /\E [
(A) than do Zw$
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(B) that are having #$'FSy#
(C) which have <>=mCZ2
(D) that do J%Mnjk^_\S
答案:A /P+q}L%
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 1R*=.i%W
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考点二 (not) so /as…as n?E}b$6
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, 5~r2sCDPk
如:It is as good as it looks. [B9 ;?G
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. GGnp Pp
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 usOx=^?=
例题: >ttuum12w
(1) n29(!10Px
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. NL!9U,h5|
(A) possibly little nourishment -MfQ&U
(B) nourishment possibly little yA;W/I4
(C) little as possible nourishment 8_Z/ o5s
(D) little nourishment as possible ^}>/n. %
答案:D #jS[
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. W3JF5*
(2) A';QuWdT
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. ^o eJKjJ
(A) so early ycX{NDGs
(B) the earliest Vb)zZ^va+
(C) as early as LE;g
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(D) so early that 9UD
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答案:C P(ZQDTbM
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解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as @8gEH+r
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考点三 the same…as rC }}r!!
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, !B^K[2`)N
如:She looks just the same as before. 7z'ha?
I got the same feeling as you did. :.&{Z"
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 U[||~FW'
例题: x "\qf'{D
(1) I>n
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Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies,
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A B C )=_ycf^MC
shorter tails, and longer bills. _>_j\b
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答案:B O<N#M{kc.
应改为:as. d3^7ag%
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” I=rwsL
(2) nk@atK,38^
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of
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A B \l,rpVv5m
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. _vl}*/=Hc
C D p>kq+mP2bc
答案:D hIU(P Dl4
应改为:as O4|2|sA
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 2<r\/-#pU
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考点四 the more…,the more… pIO4,VL;W
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, !Q%P
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如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. 0(\+-<
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. JUt7En;XE
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 %1}6q`:w
例题: M$S]}
(1) j^SZnMQf
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. ;L"!I3dM)
(A) the greater the need there is ^&