考点四 名词(词组)作定语 5 k3m"*
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 @GQfBV
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这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 X%IqZ{{
例题: D~ Y6%9
(1) bAZoi0LR
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, a- rR`
A B pS ](Emn`.
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. nWIZ0Nde'
C D }]o8}$&(
答案: D <lf692.3
应改为: distribution/ distributing. CE`]X;#y
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 &`l\Q\_[@
(2) #:gl+
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. zY_J7,0g
A B C D 5+M,X kg
答案: D EyA
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应改为: color c#{lXS^
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 V&nB*U&s"
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第二章 形容词 O>]i?
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 M\m:H3[
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 ?;CIS$$r
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 UXBWCo;-
例题: +fXwbZ?p
(1) P!+Gwm{
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. hE {";/}J
A B C D aG
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答案:C #4bT8kq
应改为:certain. + kKanm[!v
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 'z8FU~oU
(2) T5u71C_wmt
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. ^5E9p@d"J
A B C D i`gM> q&
答案:C }"T Q\v$
应改为:visual. U~][
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解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 y{@\8B]
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: `Jc/ o=]
The man was awake.
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There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) Wz'!stcp
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable =\.*CY|;N
例题: V gMgeja
(1) m:h6J''<Z*
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means 4tCM2it%
A B C 8+[Vo_]
of on-the-spot, alive reports. @KL&vm(F$
D 5c]:/9&
答案: D E\!X$
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) <{cY2cx~3
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) %FYhq:j
(2) *,Bm:F<m
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also d2UidDU5qa
A B C ? #rXc%F
gather data from documentary and oral sources. wL8ji>"
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答案: A \eKXsO"d
应改为:like 3l?|+sU>O
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 tG$O
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注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 2%WeB/)9
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, C<J*C0vQO
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, QWOPCoUet
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: z)C}}NH*!@
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 X6
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如: two young American students >;4q
my three red pencils <CVX[R]U
第二节 比较级 W$`v^1M2o
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: DD=X{{;D\"
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; r[V%DU$dj
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 /^xv1F{
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), vE)N6Ss
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考点一 含有标志词than 8j>V?'Szk
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, 1!^BcrG.
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. G06;x
She possesses more books than I do. ]z'L1vQl7
He is more intelligent than I expected. o?}dHTk7
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, %q|*}l
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, >!1]G"U
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 1K3XNHF
例题: q,ie)`
(1) u;9iuc`*
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. Xd:{.AXW
(A) coolest SlB`ktcfI
(B) the coolest H'3
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(C) cooler z+.G>0M
(D) the cooler
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答案:A O83J[YuzjN
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 I7Kgi3
(2) )*}\fmOv{
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. 4e>f}u5
A B C D G h+;Vrx
答案:A 8*8Y\"
应改为:more hvTc( 0;mB
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级
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2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: \
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情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, !jl^__
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如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. e;=R8i
(that 指代the population) pWzYC@_W
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. DA=LR
(those 指代 designs) 8Q/cJ+&
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) %62|dhl6
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may d
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probably contribute more to the success of a play. R{brf6,
例题: Z]LP18m9kl
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. v89tV9O)
(A) than do sifj
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(B) that are having (~\HizSl
(C) which have 9ox5,7ZQ
(D) that do zfUj%N
答案:A -"yma_
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 nUq@`G
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考点二 (not) so /as…as hHMp=8J7
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, 7KC2%s#7
如:It is as good as it looks. HRahBTd(z
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. 4UL"f<7 T
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 f
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例题: %j2 :W\g:
(1) KxmB$x5-=8
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. "OP$n-*@%
(A) possibly little nourishment {IB4%,qT
(B) nourishment possibly little NSRY(#3
(C) little as possible nourishment _Nu
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(D) little nourishment as possible !Y^B{bh
答案:D *Q [%r
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. IH=%%AS
(2) a#Z#-y!
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. xjDaA U,
(A) so early v~^*L iP+
(B) the earliest {R~L7uR@O
(C) as early as
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(D) so early that 's8LrO(=
答案:C c@O7,y:`I
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as )Zyw^KN^
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考点三 the same…as I7#+B1t
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, }N3Ur~X\
如:She looks just the same as before. Ag]Hk%
I got the same feeling as you did. <~5$<L4
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 sc
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例题: Zg
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(1) V+y:!t`
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, &2Cu"O'.i
A B C SI l<\
shorter tails, and longer bills. ;Uj=rS`Q
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答案:B :B_ itl0{e
应改为:as. 7[7Sm^Tw
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” [~
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(2) ~Ywt o
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of r`=!4vY2
A B OY#=s!]
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perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. 5zII4ukn*
C D gcs8Gl2
答案:D !*|`-w
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应改为:as sJ/?R:
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 R<-(
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考点四 the more…,the more… 4#@zn 2l
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, 2f@gR9T
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. HveOG$pT
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot.
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填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 \lpR+zaF
例题: ~I)\d/7o
(1) b]U%|bp
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. q6v%HF-q4
(A) the greater the need there is PYz^9Ud 6g
(B) greater need h"G#} C]
(C) is there great need K%A:W
(D) the great need R nf$
答案:A QGnBNsA h
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, '
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. !bG%@{W T
(2) jn9KQe\3
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. Jtxwt[
(A) the stress it is greater |
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(B) greater is the stress P'6eK?
(C) greater stress is u<l[S
(D) the greater the stress C-abc+/
答案:D dk9'C
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D ~P85Or
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer Eh)PZvH
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, 2R2ws.}
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. .>0j<|~
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 CD'.bFO^+T
例题: ~e5hfZv|w
(1) P"LbWZ6Nj
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio B`xrdtW
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continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. mjDaus59
C D xG JX~)
答案:A ]kQ*t{\
应改为:no longer. 'a`cK;X9F
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer