改错题常考要点 oY<R[NYKu
一、代词 j
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代词中主要讲解六个问题 DkJ "#8Yl=
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 +rFAo00E|
主格、宾格、所有格 %CIRN}
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) AMre(lgh
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(二) 反身代词 #p7K2
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 g T{WH67u
He killed himself. (他自杀了) <^d
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He killed him. (他杀了他) s2`Qh9R
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating A-f,&TO
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a series of indicators that could help YhQ%S}
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themselves to predict earthquakes. tA8O(9OV
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ({0:1*lF@
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 L%HFsuIO-
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 $pJw
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在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 (v}4,'dS
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies Z=dM7 Lj*
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the Qs,4PPEg
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Pacific. hQ (84u
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 C`=YGyj=TL
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 \}71pzw(
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: uN4e n,
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 #%g>^i={ky
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined {zalfw{+
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the word“normalcy”to express social and K3k{q90
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economic conditions they promised the nation. sa TS8p z
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 =~>g--^U
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important EbG&[v
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John ^J;rW3#N8
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Keats, published the year of her death. 2u$rloc$b
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. {[3xi`0-
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(四) Who和which的区别 4fL`.n1^
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 A"z9t#dv@
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 d^f rKPB
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who hI9q);g
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. P)cEYk
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 a|j
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人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 ":f]egq
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(五) that和which的区别 ]T
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介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 3)OQgeKU
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it P8Wv&5A
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. TkJ[N4'0
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 TDUY& 1[
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 !=A;?Kdq
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, ~USt&?
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ?^M,Mt
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. 0y6M;"&~E
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly 6pSi-FH
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. ;AE-=/<
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 |K"Q>V2y
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has 2o
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affected the way people in the United States----. m3gv %h
(A) living and working W3:Fw6v
(B) they live and work ~/]]H;;^u
(C) live and work 8.[F3Tk=
(D) to live and to work B*
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分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 d<6F'F^w.7
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二、介词 /\c'kMAW!
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 <;6{R#Tuh
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(一) 介词搭配 a:fP
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those ch8a
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. #GE]]7:Na
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 IT1YF.i
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. @ph!3<(In,
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分析:B错改为be rich in .|Huzk+
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the q(?+01
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. mG jB{Q+
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 Vxh39eW
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 @>)VQf8s1
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 w+g29
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. >}+{;d
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 )`DVPudiy
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has rwRZGd *p
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on i#[8I-OtN/
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. ;@wa\H[3v2
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 g3:@90Ba
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2、介词by >C0B!MT?3%
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by cNWmaCLN$
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing kR<sSLEb
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States aTvyzr1
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. {7:1F)Pj
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 xV>
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils Q9bnOvKe|
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to {sw|bLo|+
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supply moccasins and field rations. v}DNeIh~
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 F 'uqL+jVO
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with rmjuNy=(
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements Es[3Ppz
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that are often represented at symbols. #VhdYDbW
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 jZ~girA
三、谓语动词 Mc?_2<u-
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 YIN* '!N
①、主谓分割原则 }0&Fu?sP
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, tar/n o
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. "/R?XCBZsb
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 U R^r>
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②、与后者一致原则 =bp'5h8_
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ~vYFQKrb
not only…but also LDegJer-v
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③、与前者一致原则 bM'F8Fi
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, /Igz[P^\9
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 blomB2vQ
例:The athlete, together with his coach and g8/ ,E-u
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. ?*
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ;~1xhpTk
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④、就近原则 # a4OtRiI
or, either…or, neither…nor, C\{ KB@C\*
单数名词+or+复数名词+are &CQ28WG X
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is ydVDjE
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所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 *|q{(KX
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 ,5U[#6^
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are $J<WFDn9
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. oumbJ7X=L
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 ;I@\}!%H
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 p5"pQeS
There are five apples that are red. `'3&tAy
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 EXbZ9 o*
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets W8x&:5Fc)3
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. l['p^-I
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 @0
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 u
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The rich are not always happier than the poor. 0t(c84o5
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 EUh_`R
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 G$KQgUN~[
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: cL%"AVsj
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a. there be 句型 RX_f[
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 r9!s@n
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 =z"8#_3A
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. bJ9*z~z)e
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is >z
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific }CZw'fhVWO
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 oclU)f.,
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miles in width. <]DUJuF-M
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分析:倒装句,are改为is
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and z$~F9Es9
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film ZQ*Us*9I
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. (dQ=i
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 wsH _pF
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 hOj+z?
fifty percent of + 名词 0WSZhzNyY
one percent of + 名词 gGM QRRq
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: jf)l; \u
one percent of my students + are &|RTLGwX
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. y@LiUe5
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这里要强调两个结构 m_Q&zp["
half of =fifty percent <Up?w/9
most of + 可数名词 + are bJD$!*r\%!
most of + 不可数名词+ is x{<l8vL=-c
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 0{8L^
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found in central and eastern Canada. qnj'*]ysBC
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 btq4diW
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized Q3&q%n|<
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. 2xX:Q'\2
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 GbL1<P$V
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 Km%L1Cd]
①、主要考察时间状语 @v#P u_
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. 6:Z8d%Z
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was JDE_*xaUV
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②、For和since的区别 kv3Dn&<rJ
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 0C/ZcfFU~
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 p T 8?z
I has been a teacher for three years. Wx{E\ l
I has been a teacher since 1996. }>0>OqvF
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 %(lO>4>|
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became NSB6 2
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the primary responsibility of the president. &R_7]f+%)
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 "/i$_vl
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of +ZOiL[rS
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 1I9v`eT4
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 -o6rY9\_!
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. _]>1(8_N
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live M`Er&n
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(三) 谓语的语态 ~hLan&T
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 // o.+?S
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: d]l8ei@>h
①、prove -Ks>s
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 m.e]tTe
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; v~P,OP("c
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming d,"LZ>hNY*
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be EiW|+@1
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked.
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 x%G3L\5
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②、Locate,Situate y/lF1{}5
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 \c=I!<9
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 (\9`$
这两个词也可以用作被动 Ej(Jj\
My school was located near the river. ff"wg\O4
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 P#,u9EIJ
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. #o.e
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(B)locating 1j<(?MT-
(C)to locate K}VCFV
(D)is located VM"cpC_8
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 a|aVc'j
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③、表示需要概念的动词 RpHl
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need, want, require等 h
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My watch needed repairing R?2sbK4Cz
My watch needed to be repaired. t8Zo9q>
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④、表示人的情感的动词 W.7rHa
move, annoy, surprise, please等 '=\}dav!
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 S;Bk/\2
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 e%4?-{(
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主动和被动技巧总结: QFyL2Xes/
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 X'9.fKp
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, e_vsiT
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power structures, and flood-control works along .=_p6_G
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. e5=d
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 k_=SDm a
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四、非谓语动词 @nxo Bc !P
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(一) 分词 K,f:X g!:
现在分词和过去分词的区别 0QQss
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 TFVQfj$r
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then @|!4X(2
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. O--p)\
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning WlL(NrVA@@
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 " T(hcI
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in Re%[t9F&
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. wNONh`b
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living r)(5,*v
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一些动词后面必须用doing ,|%KlHo^
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 G1:}{a5i_
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, D?|D)"?qb
advocate, suggest 9O[IR)O~
delay, quit 01bCP
forgive(原谅),tolerate, Rq4;{a/j
avoid, escape(逃避) u ExLj6
spend+名词+doing; ,n|si#
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing F?L]Dff
, c.^"5
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their zcpL[@B
A B C D mY|c7}>V;
crops. GT>'|~e
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 T/$gnn
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, /"m s
A B fif;n[<
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. x07 =
C D opX07~1
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing ^Z (
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(二) 不定式 \%-<O
A. 动词不定式的省略 DJ ru|2
①、help后面可以省略to +'H[4g`
help to do "$BkO[IS
help sb. to do *oO%+6nL
g%2G=gR$?z
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid zD_5TGM=
A B a )O"PA}2
the habits that might shorten the lives. L03I:IJ
C D u5CSx'
h]
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 T!
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 v]JET9hY
make, eDd&vf
let, T*p7[}#
have sb. do sth lw=kTYbq
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. g}9,U&$]y
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians .+7n@Sc
A B DLwlA!z
to know when to play various parts of a composition. .M6. ]H
C D tmGhJZ2j
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know }#zL)+XI
RqROl!6
③、感官动词 ?MDo. z3
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe H c/7x).
see sb do sth. 强调过程 h!B{7J
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 .)*&NY!nsl
c{'Z.mut
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 n%r>W^2j
(1)表示第一人 lB}?ey
the first woman to do sth. y9}qB:[bR
uVYn,DB`
(2)表示迫使的动词 <B%wq>4S
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do 03?ADjO
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 5REH`-
A B r6j[C"@
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. b$w66q8
C D )t~ad]oM
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 HubG>]
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!,-'wT<v
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 9u~C?w
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 zt2#K
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 wgDA
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be lieable to do 易于…的 H#F"n"~$
be apt to do wz+mFf
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(4)表示目的的名词, !:d\A
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 EQnU:a
固定的句式: 7<kr|-
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. [p\xk
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the objective 目标 &2@"zD
aim 0?R$>=u
goal 0$XrtnM
reason理由 yR F+
function功能 qPN
intension意图 2AqcabI9
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing c5CxR
#O
A `,
|l
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. )`=N+k]
B C D |rpMwkR
分析:the function to provide, A错 'o_ RC{k2"
( ^=kV?<
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure Pi&\GMzd
A p<VW;1bt5
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds 4yu=e;C wy
B 9 Up>e
that make up various components of a living cell. Yv*i69"
C D (yu0iXZY
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 sx9[#6~{Y
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(5) 其他同根名词 '?|.#D#-c
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 Qe<c@i"
attempt to do 企图 :Ea]baM"
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 _i"[m(ABj1
ambition, v^IMN3^W
be ambitious to do $L"-JNS
effort <>1*1%m
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation nYY' hjZ
A B I'cM\^/h
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions.
$r)nvf`\
C D cW $~86u"C
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 -E!V;Tgc%U
rNHV
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great w<4){.dA
A B hmd, g>J:<
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. _nnl+S>K
C D Y) 4D$9:
分析:efforts to register, C错 7<ES&ls_
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 Ol@
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(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 pRdO4?l
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. h:+>=~\
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 j&?NE1D>I
I am glad to see you. Ad7=JzV
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. iyhB;s5Rgw
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. o' DXd[y
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 !$+J7\&7p
It is difficult to decide. Lp/]iZ@
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五、句子的结构 j:,*Liz
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 2{h9a0b
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(一) 主语的重复 '
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名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 G\IH
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例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any [w~1e)D
A B 5,qfr!hN,
compromises concerning the establishment of the Wm.SLr,o0
C D F:M3^I
League of Nations. *4[3?~_B#6
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语
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A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson QkzPzbF"
w
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./ib{ @A.
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are A0WQZt!FEN
A B t/S~CIA
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. 4(YKwY2_L
C D 8N8B${X
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 o,Ew7~u
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(二)谓语的重复 M6|Q~8$
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 K#F~$k|1B
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例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of X'[S
Cs
A B XX}RbE#4
one or more sentences related to the same idea. (g~&$&pa
C D ";",r^vr\
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 }N4=~'R
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(三)谓语的缺少 ;U}lh~e11
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body t91v%L
A B pU`Q[HOs
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. aCFO]
C D cD2}EqZ 9
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 0xC{Lf&
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(四)主句的重复 `Nu3s<O7CF
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ep,kImT
t~ Q{\!
.azdAq'r&\
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite (K>5DU
A B C 1|n,s-
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. FrB}2
D j$A~3O<e"
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 +@AN+!(
+!dIEt).U
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow pvP|.sw5G
A B (?I8/KYR
sweeps across the face of the Earth. |zGwt Z
C D
"+r8izB
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 W<u63P
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided n4qj"xQ
A B =MRg
names for towns, only George Washington 9] Uvy|
C S;MS,R
is remembered in the name of a state. [9~Bau
D W$v5o9\Px
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。
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六、比较级和最高级 2Do^N5y
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 a(NN%'fDD
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 wH3FCfvm
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which oXK`=.\
A OTl\^!
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. KaZ*HPe(
B C D cx&jnF#$
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 5qGRz"\p~
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 \Rn
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例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. :\NqGS=<
A B C D !O-q13\Y
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 z%Op_Ddp
tV9BVsN
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere B)Hs>Mh|W
A B C D E%:!* 9
is the grizzly bear.
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分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 1c(1
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级
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改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 c
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with OY*BVJ^
A B a\$PqOB!
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. 1M7=*w,
C D y@ J\h8_
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 J*F-tRuEw
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as $g$~TuA
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 =i~/.Nu&
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 !s/ij'T
the taller boy f(=yC}si
1 b+B
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 CsS0(n(x
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed _tS<\zy@y
A B 6Ii2rEzD
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is 1wmS?
abundant, and humidity is moderate. =<s+
cM
C D cpz}!D
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they )p4o4aM
"tBdz V
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 9-eYCg7C|
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, G5egyP;
A B C X0^gj>GI|
the Navajos form largest group.
s$YKdtR
D :T"!6;
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 Wz nz
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陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, + _rjA_
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language l %=yT6
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the }]>[FW
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many L7_(KC h
A B C 9xP{#Qa
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans.
7f8%WD)
D TyD*m$`y
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 Q~G+YjM3
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the x9xb4ZW
例如:my best friends LG'JQGl5
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial `I ,A7b
A B C m(q6Xe:Vc
and banking center.
h?j;*|o-
D Bwjd/id q
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 !CtY.L
p
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 \=Af AO@
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例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary ;38W41d{
A Re5m
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. &
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B C D d8<Lk9H9R
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 6#T?g7\pyR
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七、平行结构 F
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改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 WLiY:X(+|
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(一) 对等连接词 &UP@Sr0D7
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 T~s/@*y9
单一式: and, or ,but -))>7skc
相关式: both…and, not … but, iN*d84KTP
either …or, neither…nor +1Si>I
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as >4ebvM
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such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, Vm'ReH
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also l"}W $3]u$
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, 9r+ `j
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短语式: as well as JnhHV(H
rather than (而不是) B5#a
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other than (除…之外) .Y_RI&B!L
instead of (代替) ?8-e@/E#x
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 6TfL|W<
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, eWqJ 2Tt
A B "M7ry9dDH
but he is now living in Detroit. H b]
C D 1dfA
8=L,s
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 s?~Abj_
TT.EQv5
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics uFSgjWJ#~
A B U~Ni2|}\C9
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford 85"DS-+e
remained active in city and regional planning. /,Ln)?eD
C D
=!U{vT
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 w#Nn(!VR
(二)平行的内容 kt[#@M!}
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 TQ=\l*R(A
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of ji A$6dZU
A B jt3s;U*
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, c1|o
^ eZ
C D e6sL N
or yearly periods of light and darkness. 4$IPz7
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 C9gF2ii|?
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第二、名词单复数的平行 .4_~ku
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 ]YevO(
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, H@G7oK
A B C s4~c>voQB
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. ik&loM_
D QREIr |q'
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 @q^WD_k
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例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, K\?vTgc(
A B v]VIUVd
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. *:\QD 8 ^
C D 4`Fbl]Q
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have 'J!P:.=a>
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第三、时态的平行 o"[qPZd>
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated +pf 7
A
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with the imagist movement , but later develops 6 _73
B :$P <e~z'
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. |nm,5gPNC
C D hfEGkaV._3
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 <Xl G :nmY
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例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- iT.hXzPzr*
spread from its home in Central America and +d#ZSNu/
now grows throughout the tropics. .bpxSU%X
(A) to be (B) it _k
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(C) the (D) its N|7._AR2
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? Nk^#Sa?
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow F~*
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- [8)Zhw$
commercially for their meat and eggs. 0|4XV{\qT$
(A) raised (B) and are raised %PkJ7-/b|^
(C) raised as (D) are raised a<vCAFQ
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 a
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第四、排列位置的平行 noL<pkks~R
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. M4')gG;
(A) Not only does rust corrode #]:nQ(
(B) Not only rust corrodes
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(C) Rust, which not only corrodes n{U
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(D) Rust not only corrodes (c[|k
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 \/lS!+~'']
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: }0f[x
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1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 =_v_#;h&
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 )8LCmvQ
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 x2K.5q>
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八、词序的颠倒 %JiA,
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 0~^opNR
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 nc l-VN
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage ~W`upx)j
A B >Wy@J]Y#
that can be given to any individual in the United States. @^%zh
C D (5'qEi
ea
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 @gs
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 |QxDjL<&t4
例:Certain types of computers work properly only \Fc"Q@.u
A B v>0xHQD*<M
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. @\[&_DZ
C D Ok
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分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 cH"M8gP#
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 m"@M~~bh
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were v)J6}H}e
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in what is now the United States. %VSST?aUvX
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。
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所有的系动词分为三大类: 4z[Z3|_V
第一种:表示保持某种状态,
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is, remain, keep, stay, PX(Gx%s|
lie, exit(表示位于) !^G+@~U
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 ToDN^qE+
become, turn, grow, 3}n=o d=
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) ;c<:"ad(
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第三种,感官动词 /
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seem(好像是) -twIF49
look(看起来好像是) QQ1+uY
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste A$fd
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enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 &=t$
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例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe 7f[nNng
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to cause numerous deaths. y|iZuHS}
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 Yy>%dL
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九、词性的混用 rm(<?w%'?
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 GAtK1%nPD
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 E9%xSMS8@
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; fx%'7
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high SU2(XP]5
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and u|BD%5+J
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. l
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) p0`Wci
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 qC.jXU?rO
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 |3Oe2qb
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds >xJt&jW-
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to </:f-J%U/
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. 4h:Oo
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分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 G*\wu&7!
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, }1z=
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of mK@\6GOMYP
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urban Black people in the United States. "*kW
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 7{v0K"E{
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(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 \dbpCZ
表示时间有两种可能, +qD4`aI
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 K
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另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, <W|{zAyv
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 E)#3*Wlu$
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence |X~T</{8i
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were made while the American Civil War. k-b_
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 a!Z,~ V8
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the }P-9\*hlm
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history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. 0(@8
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分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用
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连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 CuT[V?^iD
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social 'ZTE"KT
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. )q&uvfQ1(
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分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 b==<7[8
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples 5c3)p^]g
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easily under the stress of compression. oxH S7b
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 .QRQvtd.
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 z)]_ (zZ^
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine Ol{)U;,`
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article that gives personal comments on current events. % ]r@vjeyd
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分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 bkLm]n3
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, m~(]\
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings.
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分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 a^,6[
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 ?VCb@&*
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; R1{"
two hundred diligent students