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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 oY<R[NYKu  
一、代词 j t`\n1q)  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 DkJ "#8Yl=  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 +rFAo00E|  
  主格、宾格、所有格 %CIRN}  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) AMre(lgh  
%4,v2K  
(二) 反身代词 #p7K2  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 gT{WH67u  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) <^d a-b>C  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) s2`Qh9R  
hl$X.O  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  A-f, &TO  
    A                 B    F[)5A5+:Y  
  a series of indicators that could help YhQ%S}  
             C      {1;R&  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. tA8O( 9OV  
    D sR;u#".  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ({0:1*lF@  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 L%HFsuIO-  
<j}A=SDZ)  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 $pJw p{kN  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 (v}4,'dS  
_=_<cg y1u  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies Z=dM7Lj*  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the Qs,4PPEg  
     A   B      C          D -*$ s ;G#  
  Pacific. hQ (84u  
C7Fx V2  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 C`=YGyj=TL  
[`kk<$=,&  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 \}71p zw(  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: u N4e n,  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 #%g>^i={ky  
G|YNShK4=9  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined {zalfw{+  
                       A   a"&cm'\lL  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and K3k{q90   
             B Lp) P7Yt-  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. saTS8p z  
   C       D S,x';"  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 =~>g--^U  
SBI *[  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important EbG&[v  
        A     03c8VKp'p  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John ^J;rW3#N8  
   B        C      ^YJ%^P  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  2u$rloc$b  
      D h5(OjlMC  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. { [3xi`0-  
p-r[M5;-^Q  
p|?FA@ 3  
(四) Who和which的区别 4fL`.n1^  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 A"z9t#dv@  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 d^f rKPB  
fm L8n<1  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who hI 9q);g  
              A            B ^qzH(~g{M  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. P) cEYk  
   C                  D f!#+cM  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 a|j Zg  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 " :f]egq -  
{xH?b0>  
(五) that和which的区别 ]T '7+5w  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 3)OQgeKU  
L ^r & .N\  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it P8Wv&5A  
              A        B XT4Gz|k  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. TkJ[N4'0  
      C              D aHVzBcCPh  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 TDUY&1[  
Io |D u  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 !=A;?Kdq  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, ~USt&?  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ?^M,Mt  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. 0y6M;"&~E  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which g `%in  
&w#!   
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly 6pSi-FH  
              A         B   E5$]0#jB  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. ;AE-=/<  
         C      D nYFrp)DLK  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 |K"Q>V2y  
d&[RfZ`  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  2o zh!8aL  
  affected the way people in the United States----. m3gv %h  
   (A) living and working W3:Fw6v  
   (B) they live and work ~/]]H;;^u  
   (C) live and work 8.[F3Tk=  
   (D) to live and to work B* ,)@h  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 d<6F'F^w.7  
) ](ls@*  
二、介词 /\c'kMAW!  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 <;6{R#Tuh  
jYFJk&c  
(一) 介词搭配 a:fP  
&ASR2J  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those  ch8a  
    A         B   C      Gv_~@MN  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. #GE]]7:Na  
                D N2v/<  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 IT1YF.i  
.9r YBy  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. @ph!3<(In,  
A       B     C  D #$I@V4O;#  
分析:B错改为be rich in .|Huz k+  
@up,5`  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the q(?+01  
    A         B      C m&:&z7^p  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. mGjB{Q+  
             D 7nek,8b  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 Vx h39eW  
>fH0>W+!  
6ZqU:^3  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 @>)VQf8s1  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 w+g29  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. >}+{;d  
          A      B  C     D `tkoS  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 )`DVPudiy  
?woL17Gt  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has rwRZGd *p  
                 A  B     c/|{yp$Ga>  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on i#[8I-OtN/  
      C h>/teHy /  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. ;@wa\H[3v2  
      D  b`jR("U  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 g3:@90Ba  
D+]mKPB  
2、介词by >C0B!MT?3%  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by cNWmaCLN$  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing kR<sSLEb  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States aTvyz r1  
    A         B       JtFq/&{i  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. {7:1F)Pj  
   C     D w <r*&  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 xV>  .]  
G_F_TNO  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils Q9bnOvKe|  
   A                      K)'[^V Xh  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to {sw|bLo|+  
     B    C       D Ua}R3^_)a  
   supply moccasins and field rations. v}DNeIh~  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 F'uqL+jVO  
RuHDAJ"&a  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with rmjuNy=(  
        A                +L09^I  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements Es[3Ppz  
        B          C   J_)F/S!T  
  that are often represented at symbols. #VhdYDbW  
              D q,[;AHb  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 jZ~girA  
三、谓语动词 Mc?_2<u-  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 YIN* '!N  
①、主谓分割原则 }0&Fu?sP  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, tar/no  
     A     Wps ^wY  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. "/R?XCBZsb  
        B      C      D Ea4zC|;  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 UR^r>  
X}GX6qAdt  
②、与后者一致原则 =bp'5h8_  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ~vYFQKrb  
not only…but also LDegJer-v  
O=K0KOj  
7b~uU@L`  
③、与前者一致原则 bM'F8 Fi  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, /Igz[P^\9  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 blomB2vQ  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and g8/ ,E-u  
     A      B  C     e=##X}4zZ  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. ?* +>T@MH  
         D #y&5pP:@  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ;~1xhpTk  
|Fx *,91  
④、就近原则 # a4OtRiI  
or, either…or, neither…nor, C\{ KB@C\*  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are &CQ28WG X  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is yd VDjE Y  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 *|q{(KX  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 ,5U[#6^  
qQf NT.   
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are $J<WFDn9  
        A      B        fJNK@F  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. oumbJ7X=L  
    C              D cD9U ^SOS  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 ;I@\}!%H  
| oOAy  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 p5"pQe S  
There are five apples that are red. `'3&tAy  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 EXbZ9 o*  
fVZ9 2Xw B  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets W8x&:5Fc)3  
      A            +2tFX  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. l['p^-I  
   B   C    D TC2%n\ GH*  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 @0 x   
J8@.qC'!  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 u e?3;BF 5  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 0t(c84o5  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 EUh_`R  
U8gj \G\`  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 G$KQgUN~[  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: cL%"AVsj >  
a. there be 句型 RX_f[  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 r9! s@n  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 =z"8#_3A  
8mLW^R:`  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. bJ9*z~z)e  
   A     B      C    D    r| ]YS6  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is >z /.8!#Q  
=j~:u.hc'  
H2Z e\c  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific }CZw'fhVWO  
             A     B    5}_=q;sZ  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 oclU)f.,  
     C         9LBZMQ  
  miles in width. <]DUJuF-M  
     D  ux!YVvTPd  
分析:倒装句,are改为is  <I2ENo5?  
yH43Yo#Rk  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and z$~F9Es9  
   A    B       C         Ol h{<~Fv  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film ZQ*Us*9I  
                    D Uey'c1  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. (dQ=i  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 wsH_pF  
IFS_DW  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 hOj+z?  
fifty percent of + 名词 0WSZhzNyY  
one percent of + 名词 gGMQRRq  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: jf)l; \u  
  one percent of my students + are &|RTLGwX  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. y@LiUe5  
xh9$ZavB*  
这里要强调两个结构 m_Q&zp["  
half of =fifty percent <Up ?w/9  
most of + 可数名词 + are bJD$!*r\%!  
most of + 不可数名词+ is x{<l8vL=-c  
y35~bz^2  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 0{8L^ jB/  
   A       B         C   gM=:80  
  found in central and eastern Canada. qnj'*]ysBC  
           D iT,7jd?6#  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 btq 4diW  
Q% d1n*;+  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized Q3&q%n|<  
                 A   B  kC 6*An_f  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. 2xX:Q'\2  
              C     D >X05f#c"v/  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 GbL1<P$V  
.1{{E8Fj  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 Km%L1Cd]  
①、主要考察时间状语 @v#P u_  
vI5lp5( -3  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. 6:Z8d%Z  
   A        B  C     D 15<? [`:6  
F!0iM)1o  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was JDE_*xaUV  
_"yA1D0d_  
u ij^tN %  
②、For和since的区别 kv3Dn&<rJ  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 0C/ZcfFU~  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 p T8?z  
  I has been a teacher for three years. Wx{E\ l  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. }>0>OqvF  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 %(lO>4>|  
$%cc[[/U  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became NSB6 2  
   A      B              `/P/2{,~  
  the primary responsibility of the president. &R_7]f+%)  
     C    D A:r?#7 Ma  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 "/i$_vl  
_f^KP@^j  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of +ZOiL[rS  
             A  B  C   rXX>I;`&  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 1I9v`eT4  
            D LJ(WU)CPc  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 -o6rY9\_!  
!-f Bw  
{G:y?q'z  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  _]>1(8_N  
   A       B        C     D p%"dYH%]&0  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live M`Er&n Qs  
Y$r78h=4  
(三) 谓语的语态 ~hLan&T  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 // o.+?S  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: d]l8ei@>h  
①、prove -Ks>s  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 m.e]tTe  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; v~P,OP("c  
NXY jb(4:  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming d,"LZ>hNY*  
                      A   z*eBjHbF  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be EiW|+@1  
    B                  C u]J@65~'b  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. Pd*[i7zhC  
                  D w )R5P[b  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 x%G3L\ 5  
bmfM_oz  
'YNaLZ20  
②、Locate,Situate y/lF1{}5  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 \c=I!<9  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 (\9`$   
这两个词也可以用作被动 Ej(J j\  
  My school was located near the river. ff"wg\O4  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语  P#,u9EIJ  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. #o.e (C  
   (A)locates z$32rt8{`v  
   (B)locating 1j<(?MT-  
   (C)to locate K}V CFV  
   (D)is located VM"cpC_8  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 a|aVc'j  
^QB[;g.O  
③、表示需要概念的动词 RpHl q  
need, want, require等 h vd}l8  
ie}O ZM  
My watch needed repairing R?2sbK4Cz  
My watch needed to be repaired. t8Zo9q>  
%\As  
④、表示人的情感的动词 W .7rHa  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 '=\}dav!  
d"$8-_K  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 S;Bk/\2  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 e%4?-{(  
z3fv}_\z  
主动和被动技巧总结: QFyL2Xes/  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 X'9.fKp  
E-MPFL  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the +Q*`kg'  
                 A      TBh M^\z  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, e _vsiT  
                 B [}X|&` 'i  
  power structures, and flood-control works along .=_p6_G  
                    C -wl j;U  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. e5 =d Ev  
                D D)_ C@*q  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 k_=SDm a  
?I.9?cQXZ  
四、非谓语动词 @nxo Bc !P  
MatXhP] Fi  
(一) 分词 K,f:X g!:  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 0QQss  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 TFVQfj$r  
k<1yv$/mW  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then @|!4X(2  
   A 8$Q`wRt(%  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. O-- p)\   
     B      C            D G#iQX`  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning WlL(NrVA@@  
wAMg"ImJ  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 " T(hcI   
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in Re%[t9 F&  
      A               B   )W@u g,y  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. wNONh`b  
               C         D h\RX/C!+  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living r)(5,*v  
dQut8>0&  
|5@Ra@0  
一些动词后面必须用doing ,|%KlHo^  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 G1:}{a5i_  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, D?|D)"?qb  
 advocate, suggest 9O[IR)O~  
 delay, quit 01bCP  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, Rq4; {a/j  
 avoid, escape(逃避) u ExLj6  
 spend+名词+doing; ,n|si#  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing F?L]Dff  
, c.^"5  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their zcpL[@B  
   A     B    C              D mY|c7}>V;  
  crops. G T>'|~e  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 T/$ gnn  
_K5<)( )  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, / "m s  
               A        B fif;n[<  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. x0 7 =  
        C          D opX07~1  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing ^Z ( cV g  
f5}afPk  
(二) 不定式 \ %-<O  
A. 动词不定式的省略 DJ ru|2  
①、help后面可以省略to +'H[4g`  
  help to do "$BkO[IS  
  help sb. to do *oO%+6nL  
g%2G=gR$?z  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid zD_5TG M=  
              A      B   a )O"PA}2  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. L03I:IJ  
         C     D u5CSx' h]  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 T! }G51  
Owp]>e  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 v]JET9hY  
  make, eDd& vf  
  let, T*p7[}#  
  have sb. do sth lw=kTYbq  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. g}9 ,U&$]y  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians .+7n@Sc  
        A               B DLwlA !z  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. .M6. ]H  
   C     D tmGhJZ2j  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know }#zL)+XI  
RqROl!6  
③、感官动词 ?MDo. z3  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe Hc/7x).  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 h!B{7J  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 .)*&NY!nsl  
c{ 'Z.mut  
51:5rN(_  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 n%r>W^2j  
(1)表示第一人 lB}?ey   
the first woman to do sth. y9}qB:[bR  
uVYn,DB`  
(2)表示迫使的动词 <B%wq>4S  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do 03?ADjO  
ImQ -kz?b  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 5REH`-  
     A                 B    r6j[C"@  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. b$w66q8  
       C           D )t~ad]oM  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 HubG>]  
l>jrY1u  
!,- 'wT<v  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 9u~C?w  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 zt2#K  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 wgDA b#Zuk  
  be lieable to do 易于…的  H#F"n"~$  
  be apt to do wz+mFf  
06NiH- 0O  
(4)表示目的的名词, !:d\A  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 EQnU:a  
固定的句式: 7<kr|-  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. [p\xk {7Y  
the objective 目标 &2@"zD  
aim 0?R$>=u  
goal 0$XrtnM  
reason理由 yR F+  
function功能 qPN  
intension意图 2AqcabI9  
m:EYOe,w  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing c5CxR #O  
                       A  `,  |l  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. )`=N+k]  
           B          C     D | rpMwkR  
分析:the function to provide, A错 'o_ RC{k2"  
(^=kV?<  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure Pi&\GMzd  
                  A       p<VW;1bt5  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds 4yu=e;C wy  
     B  9Up> e  
  that make up various components of a living cell. Yv*i69"  
    C    D (yu0iXZY  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 sx9[#6~{Y  
fQU_A  
(5) 其他同根名词 '?|.#D#-c  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 Qe<c@i"  
 attempt to do 企图 :Ea ]baM"  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 _i"[m(ABj1  
 ambition, v^IMN3^W  
 be ambitious to do  $L"-JNS  
 effort <>1*1%m  
/3vj`#jD  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation nYY'hjZ  
  A                    B   I'cM\^/h  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. $r)nvf`\  
          C       D cW $~86u"C  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 -E!V;Tgc%U  
rNHV  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great w<4){ .dA  
  A                   B   hmd,g>J:<  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. _nnl+S>K  
       C            D Y)4D$9:  
分析:efforts to register, C错 7<ES&ls_  
jZY9Lx8o  
ph1veD<ZZ  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 Ol@ YSkd  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 pRdO4?l  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. h:+>=~\  
hMx/}Tw wt  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 j&?NE1D>I  
I am glad to see you. A d7=JzV  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. iyhB;s5Rgw  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. o'  DXd[y  
',* 6vbII  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 !$+J7\& 7p  
It is difficult to decide. Lp/]iZ@  
A]vQ1*pnk  
|v{ a5|<E  
五、句子的结构 j:,*Liz  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 2{h9a0b  
@ B3@M  
(一) 主语的重复 ' gE_xn7j  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 G\IH b |  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any [w~1e)D  
          A      B      5,qfr!hN,  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the Wm.SLr,o0  
          C          D F:M3^I  
  League of Nations. *4[3?~_B#6  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 PxK  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson QkzPzbF"  
w >rglm&  
./ib{ @A.  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are A0WQZt!FEN  
        A        B  t/S~CIA  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. 4(YKwY2_L  
    C         D 8N8B${X  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 o,Ew7~u  
T0RgCU IV  
(二)谓语的重复 M6|Q~8$  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 K#F~$k|1B  
Jp5~iC2d  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  X'[S  Cs  
    A            B    XX}RbE#4  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. (g~&$&pa  
         C   D ";",r^vr\  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 }N4=~'R  
~`mOs1d  
(三)谓语的缺少 ;U}lh~e11  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body t91v%L   
          A     B    pU`Q[HOs  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. aCFO ]  
         C               D cD2}EqZ 9  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 0xC{Lf&  
bv$)^  
(四)主句的重复 `Nu3s<O7CF  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ep,kImT  
t~ Q {\!  
.azdAq'r&\  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite (K>5DU  
      A         B        C   1|n,s-  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. FrB}2  
     D j$A~3O<e"  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 +@AN+!(  
+!dIEt).U  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow pvP|.sw5G  
        A   B       (?I8/KYR  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. |z Gwt Z  
      C    D "+r8izB  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 W<u63P  
P0 DvZV8  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided n4qj"x Q  
   A                     B  =MRg  
  names for towns, only George Washington 9]Uvy|  
      C S;MS,R  
  is remembered in the name of a state.  [9~Bau  
          D W$v5o9\Px  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 0^5SL/2  
六、比较级和最高级 2 Do^N5y  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 a(NN%'fDD  
%=S~[&8C  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 wH3FCfvm  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which oXK`=.\  
      A               OTl\^!  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. KaZ*HPe(  
     B       C           D cx&jnF#$  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 5qGRz"\p~  
L/1?PM  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 \Rn GKQ"4  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. :\NqGS=<  
     A      B     C  D !O-q13\Y  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 z%Op_Ddp  
tV9BVsN  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere B)Hs>Mh|W  
     A       B     C   D E%:!* 9  
  is the grizzly bear. `^-?yu@  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 1c(1 YGuH  
+M /04  
6+_)(+ c  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 ? }|;ai  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 c (O+s/  
LS{g=3P0  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with OY*BVJ^  
   A           B  a\$PqOB!  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. 1 M7=*w,  
   C                 D y@ J\h8_  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 Ash"D~  
z%Ywjfn'  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 J*F-tRuEw  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as $g$~TuA w  
2mP| hp?  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 =i~/.Nu&  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 !s/ij' T  
the taller boy f(=yC} si  
1b+ B  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 CsS0(n(x  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed _tS<\zy@y  
          A            B 6Ii2rEzD  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is 1wmS?  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. =<s+ cM  
    C          D cpz}!D  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they )p4o4 aM  
"tBdz V  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 9-eYCg7C|  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, G5egyP;  
  A  B         C     X0^gj>GI|  
  the Navajos form largest group.  s$YKdtR  
         D :T" !6;  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 Wznz  
H@bra~k-  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, + _rjA_  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language l %=yT6  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the }]>[FW  
,RKBGOz?f  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many L7_(KCh  
            A      B         C 9xP{#Qa  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 7f8%WD)  
            D TyD*m$`y  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 Q~G+YjM3  
10_eUQ N  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the x9xb4ZW  
例如:my best friends LG'JQGl5  
vP^]Y.6  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial `I,A7b  
            A    B     C m(q6Xe:Vc  
  and banking center. h?j;*|o-  
        D Bwjd/id q  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 !CtY.L p  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 \=Af AO@  
V9-pY/v 9  
p^Ca-+R3  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary ;38W41d{  
                 A         Re5m  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. & d\`=e  
    B   C     D d8<Lk9H9R  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 6#T?g7\pyR  
auAST;"Z8  
七、平行结构 F +*>q  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 WLiY:X(+|  
rtvuAF iH  
< Xm5re.  
(一) 对等连接词 &UP@Sr0D7  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 T~s/@*y9  
单一式: and, or ,but -))>7skc  
相关式: both…and, not … but, iN*d84KTP  
     either …or, neither…nor +1Si>I  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as >4ebvM 0|  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, Vm'ReH  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also l"}W $3]u$  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, 9r+`j  
$^IuE0.  
短语式: as well as JnhHV(H  
     rather than (而不是) B5#a 4G.  
     other than (除…之外) .Y_RI&B!L  
     instead of (代替) ?8-e@/E#x  
YM3o qS D  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 6TfL|W<  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  eWqJ2Tt  
       A     B   "M7ry9dDH  
  but he is now living in Detroit. H b]    
       C   D 1dfA 8=L,s  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 s?~Abj_  
TT .EQv5  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics uFSgjWJ#~  
       A         B U~Ni2|}\C9  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford 85 "DS-+e  
  remained active in city and regional planning. /,Ln)?eD  
          C    D   =!U{vT  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 w#Nn(!VR  
(二)平行的内容 kt[#@M!}  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 TQ=\l*R(A  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of ji A$6dZU  
             A         B   jt3s;U*  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, c1|o ^eZ  
         C            D e6s L N  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. 4$IPz7  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 C9gF2ii|?  
ywq{9)vq  
&\0LR?Nh  
第二、名词单复数的平行 .4_ ~ku  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 ]YevO(  
_<t3~{qUT  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, H@G7oK  
  A     B          C   s4~c>voQB  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. ik&loM_  
                 D   QREIr |q'  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 @q^WD_k  
gkBat(Uc  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, K\?vTgc(  
                   A         B v]VIUVd  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. *:\QD 8^  
      C          D 4`Fbl]Q   
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have 'J!P:.=a>  
ShCAkaj_  
第三、时态的平行 o"[qPZd>  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated +pf 7  
                A      vtL)  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops 6 _73  
                   B :$P < e~z'  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. |nm,5gPNC  
          C    D hfEGkaV._3  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 <Xl G:nmY  
!_x-aro3<  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- iT.hXzPzr*  
  spread from its home in Central America and +d#ZSNu/  
  now grows throughout the tropics. .bpxSU%X  
   (A) to be    (B) it   _k ~bH\(  
   (C) the     (D) its N|7._AR2  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? N k^#Sa?  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow F~* 5`o  
> ]6Eb`v  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- [8)Zhw$  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. 0|4XV{\qT$  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised %PkJ7-/b|^  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised a<vCAFQ  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 a nIdCOh  
)9@Ftzg|  
第四、排列位置的平行 noL<pkks~R  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. M4')gG;  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode #]:nQ (  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  fmloh1{4  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes n{U B^-}5  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes (c[|k  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 \/lS!+~'']  
V1"+4&R^T_  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: }0f[x ?V  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 =_v_#;h&  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 ) 8LCmvQ  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 x2K.5q>  
!xa,[$w(^  
八、词序的颠倒 %JiA,  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 0~^opNR  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 nc l-VN  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage ~W`upx)j  
              A    B        >Wy@J]Y#  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. @^%zh   
      C       D    (5'qEi ea  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 @gs Kb* ,  
Ym0Xl(Se  
2:2rwH }e  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 |QxDjL<&t4  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only \ Fc"Q@.u  
          A      B     v>0xHQD*<M  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. @\[&_DZ  
    C         D Ok O;V6`  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 cH"M8gP#  
:9K5zD  
o),i2  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 m"@M~~bh  
$Ne#F+M9x  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were v)J6}H}e  
          A   B     C   `@=}5 9+|  
  in what is now the United States. %VSST?aUvX  
    D g4%x7#vz0  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 :S?'6lOc(  
E jBEZL|_  
所有的系动词分为三大类: 4z[Z3|_V  
第一种:表示保持某种状态,  j}S  
    is, remain, keep, stay, PX(Gx%s|  
    lie, exit(表示位于) !^G+@~U  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 ToDN^qE+  
    become, turn, grow, 3}n=od=  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) ;c<:"ad(  
S1%{/w  
第三种,感官动词 / gXli)  
    seem(好像是) -twIF49  
    look(看起来好像是) QQ1+uY  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste A$fd 6+{  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 &=t$ AIu  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe 7f[nNng  
    A               B     E{ Y0TZ+  
   to cause numerous deaths. y|iZuHS}  
        C   D  x\;`x$3t  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 Yy>%dL  
@5Ril9J[b  
九、词性的混用 rm(<?w%'?  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 GAtK1%nPD  
W{ @lt}  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 E9%xSMS8@  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; fx%'7 /+  
M1Od%nz3  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high SU2 (XP]5  
          A        B      4 lJ@qhV  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and u|BD%5+J  
              C z=BX-)  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. l yO_rZT  
          D B58H7NH ;G  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) p0`Wci  
"{qhk{  
wToz{!n  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 qC.jXU?rO  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 |3Oe2qb  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds >xJt&jW-  
         A       B      0 6 K8|K  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to </:f-J%U/  
          C        n?!.r c  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. 4h:Oo  
            D ;7tOFsV  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 G*\wu&7!  
>^D"%Oj y  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, }1z= C<  
            A       {BY`Wu:w  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of mK@\6GOMYP  
      B      C q6\z]8)  
   urban Black people in the United States. " *kW M  
   D P,CJy|[L  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 7{v0K"E{  
j)'V_@  
q qS-0U2  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 \dbpC Z  
表示时间有两种可能, +qD4`aI   
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 K ,f1c}  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, <W|{zAyv  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 E)#3*Wlu$  
?u'JhZ  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence |X~T</{8i  
       A     B     PrDvRWM  
  were made while the American Civil War. k-b_ <Tbo|  
   C    D yr[iAi"  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 a!Z,~ V8  
,UH`l./3DX  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the }P-9\*hlm  
   A      B           C    67/hhO  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. 0 (@8   
          D lv&<kYWY  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。  i\},  
YOP=gvZq  
D GOc!  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 Zhz.8W  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 CuT[V?^iD  
&R\ .^3  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social 'ZT E"KT  
                   A     Fg5>CppH  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. )q&uvfQ1(  
     B   C    D p`33`25  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 b==<7[8  
o LuGW5wzj  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples 5c3 )p^ ]g  
   A        B   C      bYgrKz@uK  
  easily under the stress of compression. oxHS7b  
   D $N+a4  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 .QRQvtd.  
3MNo&0M9  
B=u@u([.  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 z)]_(zZ^  
[=S@lURzm@  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine Ol{)U;, `  
    A         B pW waN4  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. %]r@vjeyd  
          C            D d_1w 9 F A  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 bkLm]n3  
T AwA)Zg  
najd~%?Rs  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, m~(]\  
         A aOyAP-m,  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. O292JA  
   B      C      D NVcL9"ht*@  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 a^,6[  
mI@E>VCV[  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 ?VCb@&*  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; R1{ "  
two hundred diligent students
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