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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 2+=:pc^  
一、代词 uD4j.%  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 TD-o-*mO  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 1n!xsesSc  
  主格、宾格、所有格 oM(8'{S=  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) *!MMl]gU?  
de_%#k1:L  
(二) 反身代词 XiO~^=J  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 gP.PyYUV  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) ''Hx&  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) Q N]y.(S)y  
:Z&<5  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  2D2} *);eW  
    A                 B    <,*3Av  
  a series of indicators that could help 2ElZ&(RZJF  
             C      N/78Ub  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. .Ta(v3om%  
    D IU;a$  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 _tRRIW"Vx"  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 yA#nnu1  
Kay\;fXT  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 Wv||9[Rd  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 m*.+9 6  
tb4^+&.GS  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies x~Dj2 F]  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the <$u\PJF7_^  
     A   B      C          D /gn!="J  
  Pacific. yy Y\g  
wjfq"7Q  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 c\;_ jg  
m}7Nu  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 e%EO/ 2"  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 2 w6iqLr?  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 0xY</S  
JT&RaFX  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined a7685Y  
                       A   bz}-[W+  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and %/ctt_p0x  
             B +D2I~hC0'  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. %lD+57=  
   C       D eC94rcb}i{  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 +I?k8 ',pi  
rzs-c ?  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important +~~2OUL  
        A     2$ &B@\WY  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John skBD2V4  
   B        C      j wUX?`6jX  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  KK6n"&TVa  
      D p!5'#\^f  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. }8PO m#  
xK_oV+  
.T)wG;+  
(四) Who和which的区别 R1D ;  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 b]fx  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物  * k<@  
zg H(/@P  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 2:_6nWl  
              A            B Zazff@O *  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. |Fi5/$S.  
   C                  D Z %Ozzp/  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 DY 9]$h*y  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 +[<YE  
u*TC8! n  
(五) that和which的区别 Pc_aEBq  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 '3Lu_]I-  
m3TR}=n  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it : n QlS  
              A        B 7jgj;%  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. d 8DU[p  
      C              D Jjm#ofv  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 Vv45w#w;  
FO5a<6  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 ~/]]H;;^u  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, 8.[F3Tk=  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when B* ,)@h  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. TK fN`6  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which 1|(Q|  
L%T(H<G  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly !g9k9 l  
              A         B   MQQm3VaKS  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. `o JQA$UD  
         C      D #cu{AdK  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 `8ac;b  
[b:&y(  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  e @Lxduq  
  affected the way people in the United States----. 6 Rl[M+Q  
   (A) living and working TI4Hu,rc  
   (B) they live and work 9%"7~YCDas  
   (C) live and work wqb4w7%  
   (D) to live and to work l1)~WqhE}  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 >u?.gJm~  
C9!t&<\ }  
二、介词 q 84*5-  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 *M1GVhW(+  
HIXAA?_eh=  
(一) 介词搭配 YYv0cV{E  
"' JnFM  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those bj pruJ`=  
    A         B   C      -&Z!b!jN  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. hOY@vm&  
                D Q":_\inF  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 BNfj0e5b  
"do5@$p|  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. rwRZGd *p  
A       B     C  D YThVG0I =  
分析:B错改为be rich in %Mda<3P  
jeu'K vhe  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the FDMQ Lxf  
    A         B      C 0D(8-H  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. qyz%9 9  
             D >Xn,jMUW  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 q +?&w'8  
/Q1 b%C  
Jt_=aMY:7  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 OrkcY39"~a  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 x{1 v(n8+=  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. <Wn~s=  
          A      B  C     D \.i7( J]  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 j1_>>xB  
+^AdD8U  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 56Wh<i3  
                 A  B     56pj(}eq  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on L4po1  
      C ~VsN\!G  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 7ys' [G|}r  
      D LphCx6f,X  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 {]IY; cL  
z 0?MeH#  
2、介词by v[$e{Dz(  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by a j?ZVa6  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 4 $k{,  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States 4rhHvp  
    A         B       r*{.|>me  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. [vr"FLM|9  
   C     D Jq^[^  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 zTue(Kr  
4zs0+d +  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils ?8753{wk  
   A                      v} !lx)#  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to IR"C ?  
     B    C       D nzbVI  
   supply moccasins and field rations. +`flIG3RV  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 ?<J~SF Tt  
kiF}+,z"  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with );HhV,$n  
        A                O}C*weU  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements z&9ljQ iF  
        B          C   ,tXI*R  
  that are often represented at symbols. /Igz[P^\9  
              D blomB2vQ  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 *lDVV,T'}w  
三、谓语动词 e=##X}4zZ  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 yFm 88  
①、主谓分割原则 y=Eb->a){  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, 6# bTlmcg  
     A     (e;/Smol  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. zjH8 S  
        B      C      D 5ms]Wbh)  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 F^.]g@g.|  
a?ete9Q+  
②、与后者一致原则  "O# V/(  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, OGW3Pe0Z'  
not only…but also ~zZOogM<  
M:.+^.h  
O,7S1  
③、与前者一致原则 AP`1hz4].-  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, du0o4~-  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 8_wh9   
例:The athlete, together with his coach and e KuF7Oo  
     A      B  C     }T PyHq"  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. xxg/vaQt=s  
         D Z0M,YSnz  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is oP T)vN?  
$v_&j E  
④、就近原则 o[RwK  
or, either…or, neither…nor, |aU8WRq  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are O46v  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is Xe:rPxZf~  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 d"E3ypPK  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 = [: E  
FjizPg/|!  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are LPs5L E[Pm  
        A      B        ;"#yHP`  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 3.P7GbN  
    C              D g'w"U9tjO  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 E ?bqEW (  
k;JDVRL  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 C[jX;//Jiu  
There are five apples that are red. )FG/   
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 ai?N!RX%H  
yJ ]Va $M  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets {jwLVKT$  
      A            aO(iKlZ$  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. O0 Uh  
   B   C    D 0WKS  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 a9 q:e  
XHdhSFpm  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 O^6anUV0  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 5 }w   
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 E y9rH_  
|v : )9  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致  f}*:wj  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况:   !\BM  
a. there be 句型 f)a0!U 44  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 AOKC1iD%Y  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 ":s_ O.  
H[OgnnM  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. eV(9I v[  
   A     B      C    D    >mR8@kob<  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is  E]m?R 4  
T*=*$%  
|</)6r  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ; Ad5Jk  
             A     B    kQlwl9  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 R1w5,Zt  
     C         kcg\f@d$  
  miles in width. YOrq)_ l  
     D  gJrWewEe  
分析:倒装句,are改为is v3X M-+Z4  
) < U9  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and kmt1vV.9  
   A    B       C         ysp`(n=  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film E!mv}  
                    D a@q c?  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. rJCb8x+5a  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 yzzJKucVU:  
66" 6>  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 fbbbTZy  
fifty percent of + 名词 +0UBP7kn  
one percent of + 名词 NY^0$h  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: ,R<9yEWm  
  one percent of my students + are ~eoM 2XlW  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. u{\'/c7G  
zhFm2   
这里要强调两个结构  +)e|>  
half of =fifty percent YE{t?Y\5  
most of + 可数名词 + are `V\?YS}  
most of + 不可数名词+ is \y=oZk4  
NM![WvtjW  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been )rG4Nga5}  
   A       B         C   Kob,}NgqZ  
  found in central and eastern Canada. GjHR. p?-  
           D  G7a l@  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 LjG^c>[:m  
 L1 /`/  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized U{hu7  
                 A   B  I_u/  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. ;' uQBx}  
              C     D IyyBW2  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 R54[U  
V1V0T ,  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 '!Hs"{~{  
①、主要考察时间状语 crP2jF!  
Ms(xQ[#+  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. 8a P/vToa  
   A        B  C     D - Fbp!*. u  
r8Pd}ptPU  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was uD&B{c+a  
D'#Q`H  
.w.:o2L  
②、For和since的区别 &P|[YP37_  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 -Qn7+?P  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 Vi8A4  
  I has been a teacher for three years. YS9RfK/  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. zzQWHg]/  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 U4pIRa)S  
GrL{q;IO  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became Iv6 q(c  
   A      B              ump ~)?_B  
  the primary responsibility of the president. $>XeC}"x68  
     C    D `@h|+`h  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 F3qK6Ah.  
}9'`3vsJ  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of -1g :3'% P  
             A  B  C   fe?Z33V  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. `a& kD|Yh  
            D 2@D`^]]  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 u]J@65~'b  
Pd*[i7zhC  
_>;Wz7  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  fGo4&( U  
   A       B        C     D 6Xlzdt  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live 9)q3cjP{<  
SiratkP9n7  
(三) 谓语的语态 9E!le=>  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 7;"0:eX  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: HGDrH   
①、prove %BqaVOKJ"f  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 Ey46JO"  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; '$K E= Jy  
f!Q\M1t)  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming Sqo+cZ  
                      A   >qjV{M  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be mPV< a&U  
    B                  C *Z5^WHwg  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. )D)5 `n)  
                  D b'H'QY   
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 ;?-AFd\i  
{f!/:bM  
u2V-V#jS  
②、Locate,Situate a^|DD#5  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 Hd|l6/[xz  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 pm&TH d  
这两个词也可以用作被动 XH:*J+$O  
  My school was located near the river. \U~4b_aN  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 .1x04Np!  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. F qKJids-  
   (A)locates EP;/[O  
   (B)locating 1 SQATUV  
   (C)to locate 8!g `bC#%  
   (D)is located *dzZOe>,  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 mYBEjZ B  
p|4qkJK8  
③、表示需要概念的动词 }kbSbRH43  
need, want, require等 # kI>  
GN.O a$  
My watch needed repairing o<2GtF1"o  
My watch needed to be repaired. q!c(~UVw  
7*'/E#M  
④、表示人的情感的动词 k_=SDm a  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 jXcJ/g(X3  
FB=oGgwwq  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 MatXhP] Fi  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 :fRXLe1=  
h\m35'v!  
主动和被动技巧总结: NOz3_k  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 dWY%bb  
C3A WXO ^  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the x "W~m.y$h  
                 A      rvA>khu0/  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, ;#B(L=/  
                 B [)H 6`w  
  power structures, and flood-control works along )!y>2$20 r  
                    C N gNGq\!  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. }v(wjD  
                D "SF0b jG9C  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 :WhJDx`j  
U}v`~' K  
四、非谓语动词 3WV(Ok  
{+N< 9(O  
(一) 分词 }A9#3Y|F  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 3)OZf{D[  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 %cNN<x8  
5f0M{J,KC  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then \u=d`}E  
   A 8&QST!JGSX  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system.  <,.$U\W  
     B      C            D J,a&"eOZ  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning G  hM  
Jcw^Z,  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 +sNS  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in !_glZ*tL  
      A               B   zI88IM7/  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. l9p  6I  
               C         D iAd&o `C  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living / "m s  
fif;n[<  
S)CsH1Q  
一些动词后面必须用doing NP>v @jO  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 SX3'|'-  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, So5/n7  
 advocate, suggest O{:{P5  
 delay, quit 5- dt0I@<  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, wGHft`Z  
 avoid, escape(逃避) B'/U#>/  
 spend+名词+doing; ;W0J  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing *h^->+0n  
\e a*  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their 88Pt"[{1  
   A     B    C              D _/[qBe  
  crops. (ls G4&\0F  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 u5CSx' h]  
6v@Prw@.b  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, /%YW[oY{V  
               A        B H UJqB0D ?  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. kV-<[5AWW  
        C          D $.,PteYK  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing bbL\xq^  
~|u;z,\  
(二) 不定式 /cS8@)e4  
A. 动词不定式的省略 k_g@4x1y*  
①、help后面可以省略to 8%4;'[UV  
  help to do 1I;q@g0  
  help sb. to do '{`KYKLP+  
% :G78.  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid ?M90K)&g{  
              A      B   %+r(*Q+0$f  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. ;v8TT}R  
         C     D x ]VycS  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 5|0}bv O  
x. t< @y~  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 D(z#)oDr  
  make, W *0!Z:?  
  let, *g mc6xY  
  have sb. do sth b'( AVA  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. a,rXG  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians 4#t'1tzu#  
        A               B "'B DVxp'w  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. s?<F S@k  
   C     D *b;)7lj0h  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know l|842N@1  
^uo,LTq+  
③、感官动词 zGe =l;  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe [\F:NLjiUy  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 -0uGzd+m*  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 0MT?}D&TL  
H!NGY]z*  
(9bU\4F\  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 | {zka.sJ  
(1)表示第一人 0gyvRM@ x[  
the first woman to do sth. FoIK, MdJ  
$_%  
(2)表示迫使的动词 gISA13  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do uUl ;}W  
&WCVdZK:  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis YTgT2w  
     A                 B    (3 ,7  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. <)cmI .J3  
       C           D zBrIhL]95  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 <q MX,h2  
uA?a DjA  
C _W]3  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 fk#Ggp<  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 ^wIP`dn  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 PC=s:`Y}R  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 &=8ZGjR< }  
  be apt to do oOQan  
{ F0"U=  
(4)表示目的的名词, e mq%" ;.  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 Xp^>SSt:4  
固定的句式: 3e[k9`  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. /Wjf"dG}  
the objective 目标 wS2N,X/Y  
aim Mf:x9#  
goal wRWKem=  
reason理由 B@3>_};Ct  
function功能 z Hj_q%A  
intension意图 87V XVI  
iL IKrU+`  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing /Hc0~D4|x  
                       A  aG1[85:,\i  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. B gG+  
           B          C     D 64!V8&Ay  
分析:the function to provide, A错 )3_g&&  
h 9{'w  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure |B*`%7{+  
                  A       "Zicac@N  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds T\HP5&  
     B  fm% Y*<Y"  
  that make up various components of a living cell. z3}4 +~~  
    C    D q} R"  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 /9yA.W;  
=mk7'A>l  
(5) 其他同根名词 ?+#E&F  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 IF*k Ll?  
 attempt to do 企图 8eoDE. }  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 $}7WJz:  
 ambition, =M9Od7\J  
 be ambitious to do  m; LeaD}0  
 effort 9X{aU)"omQ  
STB=#z  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation WYE[H9x1?  
  A                    B   \*w*Q(&3  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. {/ _.]Vh  
          C       D ^Q_0Zq^H  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 O@_)]z?jUc  
FyQ^@@  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great lBTgI"n=eK  
  A                   B   !NYc!gYD  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. ;comL29l2`  
       C            D @*l}2W  
分析:efforts to register, C错 BiHBu8<  
X;p,Wq#D'  
F:M3^I  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 *4[3?~_B#6  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 ?P`]^#  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. QkzPzbF"  
eGLLh_V"  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 3!CI=(^IY  
I am glad to see you. q@u$I'`Bs  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday.  c:~o e  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. T.W/S0#j3  
8'#%7+ "=!  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 T cSj `-  
It is difficult to decide. BbiBtU  
K| Y r  
v?h#Ym3e<  
五、句子的结构 x_(B7ob  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 9}2I'7]  
Jp5~iC2d  
(一) 主语的重复 X'[S  Cs  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 XX}RbE#4  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any 9[6*FAFJPP  
          A      B      ^X0<ZI  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the vM\8>p*U  
          C          D D@d/O  
  League of Nations. AytHnp\H  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 U#,2et6  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson |'=R`@w~0  
='OPU5(;O  
}L@!TWR-Qu  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are cD2}EqZ 9  
        A        B  MF]s(7U4 `  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. gnB%/g[_  
    C         D M.!U;U<?  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 ]X4A)%i  
C8@SuJ  
(二)谓语的重复 !>;p^^e  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 0P\)L`cG  
0 Co_,"  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  VwHTtZ  
    A            B    2Wq)y1R<T  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. m/%sBw\rx  
         C   D RP z0WP  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 )5)S8~Oc  
`gD'q5.z;3  
(三)谓语的缺少 # TC x8]F  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body :kfl q  
          A     B    Nx;U]O6A  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. ,H1j &]E!  
         C               D z';p275  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 kOx2P(UAEx  
X@5!I+u\L  
(四)主句的重复 tlQ3 BKp  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 *pyi;  
b,$H!V *  
QO cB ]G  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite 'h.{fKG]ME  
      A         B        C   N3TkRJZ  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. x'+lNlv  
     D yfnqu4Cn  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 a RC >pK.  
mH}/QfUlq  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow .&T JSIx$  
        A   B       \@8$tQCZ  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. 8h78Zb&[  
      C    D 5 b( [1*  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 DAj@wn3K?  
<:W]uT  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided l&dHH_m3  
   A                     B  8G?'F${`  
  names for towns, only George Washington `f}}z5  
      C r3mB"("Z'  
  is remembered in the name of a state. & %ej=O  
          D !t3)j>h:  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 {  KE[8n  
六、比较级和最高级 ,]w -!I  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 !Ui3}  
Z=_p  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 7v}4 Pl,$4  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which S)p{4`p%  
      A               IvTtQq  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. v(3nBZHv_!  
     B       C           D 9t(B{S  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 iNZ'qMH22  
y@ J\h8_  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 !bFa\6]q  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. z%Ywjfn'  
     A      B     C  D w1F7gd  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 NIrK+uC.d  
[aU#"k)M  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere DZ?>9W{  
     A       B     C   D j0L9Q|s  
  is the grizzly bear. M@UkXA}  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 udX4SBq-pC  
',n;ag`c  
eC%.xu^  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 -iGt]mbJkP  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 oJVpNE[3]  
Ne,7[k  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with }UMg ph:2:  
   A           B  m{`O.6#O  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. =\e}fyuK  
   C                 D HuBG?4Qd  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 4JKB6~Y  
Qf0$Z.-  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 S;M'qwN  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as 38b%km#  
J4 .C"v0a  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 HWT0oh]  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 >~_y\  
the taller boy Ij(S"P@  
90|p]I%  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 ,w,>pO'[  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed vnMt>]w-}  
          A            B !I-+wc{ss  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is V^QKn+/  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. Q2cF++Q1  
    C          D R[LVx-e7'  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they D QP#h5O  
[6K2V:6:  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 v:B_%-GfOA  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, g9}u6q  
  A  B         C     (9*s:)zD-  
  the Navajos form largest group. 0a QtJ0e16  
         D D@uw[;Xb5  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 )MZ]c)JD^  
X_C9Z  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, H$KE*Wwq  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language Q-F'-@`(C  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the |xZDc6HDW  
FH)bE#4  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many auAST;"Z8  
            A      B         C )wP 0U{7?v  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. hghtF  
            D ?u"(^93f  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 l~Kn-S{  
, M/-lW  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the K_{x y#H  
例如:my best friends IE$x2==)  
_Jk-nZgn  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial jPP aL]  
            A    B     C 2]eh[fRQ  
  and banking center. >r{3t{  
        D 9r+`j  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 .2Q`. o)  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 4v3y3  
$ 8_t.~q  
\9Itu(<f  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary m{mK;D  
                 A         \>cZ=  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. Mki(,Y|1~  
    B   C     D &w2.b:HF  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 V?Lf& X?  
fL83:<R K  
七、平行结构 r NU,(htS  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 ^>GL<1 1  
aC]~   
uP|AP  
(一) 对等连接词 O~{Zs\u9  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 j V:U%  
单一式: and, or ,but gD=s~DgN)  
相关式: both…and, not … but, m oFK/5cJ  
     either …or, neither…nor Cd7 j G  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as YH':cze  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, *2 MUG h  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also N g'f u|  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, l3-Ksw U  
8x58sOR=  
短语式: as well as m\1*/6oV  
     rather than (而不是) L2{tof  
     other than (除…之外) L4Nk+R;  
     instead of (代替) ]P(Eo|)m  
htM5N m[g  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 8"oS1W  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  UY}lJHp0  
       A     B   =C`v+NPM)|  
  but he is now living in Detroit. E'MMhl o  
       C   D @D0Ut9)  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 @|-ydm0  
,Oxdqxu7  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics ]NTHit^EX  
       A         B #\`6ZHW  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford t$\]6RU  
  remained active in city and regional planning. ?[XH`c,  
          C    D  3D<P [.bS  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 "G`)x+<~Z8  
(二)平行的内容 {jk {K6 }  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 E (u [?  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of "B+M5B0Z  
             A         B   _ZR2?y-M  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, :Ur%.0  
         C            D s[xdID^3.  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. BJW;A>@Pj  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 oO= 6Kd+T  
(5Cm+Sy  
={zYcVI  
第二、名词单复数的平行 ky!'.3yoI  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 R \`,Q'3  
Dm4\Rld{  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, A1YIP rav(  
  A     B          C   Mb$&~!  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper.  Y9PG  
                 D   T[<9Ty'^  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 "J[Crm  
rJ<v1Yb  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ;PLby]=O  
                   A         B 8c~b7F \  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. E-! `6  
      C          D hg\$>W~ 2  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have q$H'u[KQ06  
%Xp}d5-  
第三、时态的平行 ,T1 t`  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated r!#a.  
                A     seq S*^7  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops WH'[~O  
                   B vH7"tz&RIp  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. =\_MJ?A$  
          C    D .\1XR  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 .!=g   
n]_8!NU  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- w"A'uFXLc  
  spread from its home in Central America and c: #1Aym  
  now grows throughout the tropics. BU])@~$  
   (A) to be    (B) it   h4.ZR={E  
   (C) the     (D) its LI(Wu6*Y  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? t ZF G`'/  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow +B*ygv:  
#msk'MVt  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- mJ Wl#3  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. }R.cqk\qa^  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised SRj|XCd  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised tS`fG;  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 KWhw@y-5j@  
n_?<q{GW  
第四、排列位置的平行 '&s:,o-p  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. dkRJ^~  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode }&;0:hw%  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  ,?i#NN5p  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes {v~&.|  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes `<+D<x)(3  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 sa*]q~ a  
TvMY\e  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: ^K&& O {  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 E%jOJA  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 A-.j v  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 [#uX{!q'  
E}\^ GNT  
八、词序的颠倒 ].2q.7Yur  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 lHz:Iibt  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 gwR ^Z{  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage 0XL x@FYn  
              A    B        0Q%'vBX\`  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. ma?569Z8~0  
      C       D    5GT,:0  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 %=\h=\wt  
)!p=0&z@{  
&RpQ2*4n  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 "t`r_Aw  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only |5$9l#e  
          A      B     0>VgO{X  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. ^/mQo`[G  
    C         D @+B .<@V  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 B,|M  
7Cp>iWV  
Af ^6  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 fx%'7 /+  
M1Od%nz3  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were SU2 (XP]5  
          A   B     C   ^=E 4~22q  
  in what is now the United States. dFo9O!YX[f  
    D {eqUEdC  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 A{mbL2AxwC  
(. 1<.PZp)  
所有的系动词分为三大类: v#YO3nD  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, RZm5[n  
    is, remain, keep, stay, @Mt6O _V  
    lie, exit(表示位于) UQ`%,D  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 0ydAdgD  
    become, turn, grow, # e+%;5\  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) \QHe0?6  
4xe:+sA.N  
第三种,感官动词 mL18FR N  
    seem(好像是) N;Hrc6nin^  
    look(看起来好像是) ;=*b:y Y  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste [UR+G8X21m  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 ~;wSe[  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe nU)}!` E  
    A               B     WI[6 l6  
   to cause numerous deaths. s2b!Nib  
        C   D  q|=tt(}G  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 -NiFO  
;9=9D{-4+  
九、词性的混用 QRgWzaI  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 JNuo+Pq  
k[A=:H1"  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 @UkcvhH  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; PPPRO.y  
\EUc17  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high D3;^!ln]D  
          A        B      AG/nX?u7)t  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and [-s0'z  
              C @l$cZi e  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. Itj|0PGd  
          D [~f%z(vI  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) X7NRQ3P@  
vh KA8vr  
 J@(*(oQb  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 d3 fE[/oU  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 F3,hx  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds XHlPjw  
         A       B      n KDX=73  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to S%mN6b~{  
          C        U/D\N0  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. N@?Fpmu/k  
            D SZ1+h TY7d  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 A}H)ojG'v  
c6E@+xU  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, N''9Bt+:  
            A       Eq~&d.j  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of DE."XSni  
      B      C DH)@8)C  
   urban Black people in the United States. W O|2x0K  
   D @xSS`&b  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 k2 k/v[60  
\qNj?;B  
w<-CKM3qe  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 vxk1RL*Xu  
表示时间有两种可能, l)a]V]oQ  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 B=u@u([.  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, z)]_(zZ^  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 [=S@lURzm@  
Ol{)U;, `  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 3xp%o5K  
       A     B     EG@*J*|S  
  were made while the American Civil War. ^qS[2Dy  
   C    D >9uDY+70I3  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 na(@`(j[  
M-T&K% /lW  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the &>*f J  
   A      B           C    5?kF'yksR  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. ~ 9^1m  
          D `GqS.O}C  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 k .KN9=o  
=HQH;c"  
CmY'[rI  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 "  F~uTo  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 7'J}|m{7  
fS w00F{T  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social :PY~Cws  
                   A     eH(8T  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. esLPJx  
     B   C    D ^7.864  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 *G.6\  
BN|+2D+S  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples 5A>W;Q\ 4  
   A        B   C      V`l.F"<L  
  easily under the stress of compression. &b iBm  
   D 1Ty{k^%  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 n-#?6`>a  
|F iL1_  
gX{V>T(<  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 15)=>=1mR.  
dScit!T"  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine wbU pD(  
    A         B :cnH@:  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. !BIq>pO%Ui  
          C            D cZe,l1$  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 DQ?'f@I& *  
|0vY'A)]  
'%. lY9D  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, 6w0/;8(_m  
         A W=M]1hy  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. w[^s) 1  
   B      C      D '&I.w p`^  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ?}D@{%O3T  
aW$sd)  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 a-MDZT<xA+  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; "]f0wLzh  
two hundred diligent students
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