改错题常考要点 V8?}I)#(7
一、代词 *gbK
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代词中主要讲解六个问题 +2~kHrv
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 \*x
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主格、宾格、所有格 k9^Hmhjw
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) 2@&r!Q|1vR
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(二) 反身代词 ~Iu! B
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当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 \hB BG8=&
He killed himself. (他自杀了) +K57. n{
He killed him. (他杀了他) La26"C"X
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating )ZJvx%@i
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a series of indicators that could help nV;'UpQw
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themselves to predict earthquakes. Y?T{>"_
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 mo0\t#jA
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 `2~>$Tr
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 1gEH~Jmj
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 ^4y]7p
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies )
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that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the v\0 G`&^1
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Pacific. ,b+NhxdZ
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 "cH RGJG#
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 R#(0C(FI^
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: W+XWS
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Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 =bC
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined
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the word“normalcy”to express social and ]n ?x tI
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economic conditions they promised the nation. JuRoeq.
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 `h}eP[jA
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important IS C.~q2
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John A 'qe2]
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Keats, published the year of her death. 4.6$m
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. [^>XRBSm
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(四) Who和which的区别 UuG%5 ZC
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 t2&kGf"
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 GqFx^dY4*
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 3WV(Ok
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. AZ:7_4jz
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 IQQv+af5
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 ~G@NWF?7
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(五) that和which的区别 ~f QrH%@
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 MB}nn&u#
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 68%aDs
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. s"L&y <?)
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 UhB+c
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 9#E *o~1
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, fif;n[<
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when }2
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I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. UlXm4\@
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which (6,:X
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly " <bjS
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. L
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 L
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has qxRsq&_
affected the way people in the United States----. Ff<cY%t
(A) living and working 3G// _f
(B) they live and work ui]iO
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(C) live and work 4S(G366
(D) to live and to work ? Fqh
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分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 He_O+[sc
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二、介词 +=WBH'
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 k?cX fj&
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(一) 介词搭配 ft"-
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those <XL%*
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. Zf M]A)
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 j)ic7b
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. c((
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分析:B错改为be rich in zkt~[-jm}
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the R0M>'V?e
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. CXUF=IE
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 m.P
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 |A4B4/!
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 !fs ~ >
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. $7X;FmlG&
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 }[%F
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has hz bvR~rn
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on W'Gh:73'}
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. *7*_QW%?A
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 .aL%}`8l?
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2、介词by /&?ei*z
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ~#EXb?#uS
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing SFzoRI=qG
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States AU*]D@H
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. (*2
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 5Bcmz'?!
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils AB!({EIi
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to GNG.N)q#C
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supply moccasins and field rations. 9<Zm}PE32
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 EZ Q!~
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with *nM.`7g*[
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements 8Z@O%\1x6
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that are often represented at symbols. ,!~U5~
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 g2lv4Tiq-
三、谓语动词 lr,i5n{6
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 Qe<c@i"
①、主谓分割原则 HV3D$~g F
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, _i"[m(ABj1
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. 7_7^&.Hh
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 j%0g*YI
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②、与后者一致原则 LZ9IE>s
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not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ]_)=xF19
not only…but also Kib?JRYt
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③、与前者一致原则 T\HP5&
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, \RP=Gf
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ~oBSf+N
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 5h(]S[Zf3
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 7~q'3 N
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is l:kF0tj"
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④、就近原则 Ts:pk
or, either…or, neither…nor, 2\!.w^7'^T
单数名词+or+复数名词+are PFIL)D
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如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is [! :.9
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 0) lG~_q
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 VuW&CnZ
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are p.1|bXY`
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. VL<)d-
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 ODM<$Yo:d
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 B: uW(E
There are five apples that are red. Kc\0-3
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apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 zn3i2MWS
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets 15gI-Qb
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. H1=R(+-s
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 4Kt?; y
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致
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The rich are not always happier than the poor. Vo(d)"m?
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 =J?<M?ugf
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 Mi'eViH
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: <v[,A8Q
a. there be 句型 "v~w#
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there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 &2#x(v
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 )kgy L,9
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. D@4hQC\
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is [>?B`1;@
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 3r^i>r8B
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 &sWq SS
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miles in width. K-_e' )22.
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分析:倒装句,are改为is KH2a 2
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and {
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film `Nu3s<O7CF
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. t~ Q{\!
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 .azdAq'r&\
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 1|n,s-
fifty percent of + 名词 RNp3lXf O
one percent of + 名词 d^WVWk K
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: e [3sWv
one percent of my students + are :%)l*[
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. x"5/1b3aq
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这里要强调两个结构 xAQ=oF
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half of =fifty percent *w59BO&M4
most of + 可数名词 + are ^ ,U9N
most of + 不可数名词+ is "M6:)h9jV
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been RBJgQ<j8
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found in central and eastern Canada. M8:gHjwsx
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 b qEwi[`
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized y 7|x<Z
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. x'+lNlv
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 +kd88Fx
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 Gyk>5Q}}
①、主要考察时间状语 `)*
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. 5qGRz"\p~
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was UsNr$MO
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②、For和since的区别 <bDjAVq
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 KIps{_J[<
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 u 3wF)B{
I has been a teacher for three years. fJtJ2x i
I has been a teacher since 1996. FZ6.
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I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 WOZf4X`[
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became ?<YtlqL
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the primary responsibility of the president. S)p{4`p%
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 |xG|HJm,
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of |{k;pfPV
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. D9B?9Qt2[
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 )#l &F$
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. Xw!eB?A
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live v_J\yW'K
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(三) 谓语的语态
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语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 -N(y+~wN
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: XA5gosq
①、prove
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My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 =L{lt9qQz
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ^ ]SS\=7
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming )I9AF,K
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be n=MdbY/k(
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. N*$<Kjw
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 kEf}yTy
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②、Locate,Situate .21%~"dxJ
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 6_
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Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 ^LaI{UDw%h
这两个词也可以用作被动 Nt,)5_K <
My school was located near the river. 5)'
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区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 =xQ7:TB
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 6%H8Qv
(A)locates VQU [5C
(B)locating L~x3}o$-o
(C)to locate OYzt>hdH
(D)is located QG?7L_I
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 7s;<5xc
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③、表示需要概念的动词 G]E$U]=9r:
need, want, require等 Vo+d3
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My watch needed repairing `!S5FE"-
My watch needed to be repaired. `IOp*8
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④、表示人的情感的动词 gGw6c" FRQ
move, annoy, surprise, please等 Fx4C]S
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 OHssUt
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 )b
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主动和被动技巧总结: $Rv}L' L
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 {k1s@KXtd
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the Oh6;o1UI
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, Ox?LVRvxI
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power structures, and flood-control works along FR
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. j8?$Hk
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 (*&6XTV
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四、非谓语动词 E?y0UD[8J
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(一) 分词 d`StBXG!
现在分词和过去分词的区别 +
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①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 9XT6Gf56
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then $MKx\qx}
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. XT{1!I(
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning uWx/V+w
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 cIl^5eE^Pq
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ?-#w [J'6
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. GuM-H$,
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living 2r?g|<
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一些动词后面必须用doing lxbbyy25
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 Ng'f u|
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, l3-KswU
advocate, suggest ?e3q0Lg3|
delay, quit m\1*/6oV
forgive(原谅),tolerate, L2{to f
avoid, escape(逃避) L4Nk+R;
spend+名词+doing; 'G-VhvMv
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing vm8QKPy
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their
V }8J&(\
A B C D S_?}H
crops. ]d$)
G4X1
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 %3xH<$Gq5
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks,
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A B >#!n"i;
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. c?q#?K
aF
C D z W+wtYV4
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing 4RTEXoXs
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(二) 不定式 'J!P:.=a>
A. 动词不定式的省略 ShCAkaj_
①、help后面可以省略to F!fxA#
help to do :dLS+cTC
help sb. to do uO"@YX/
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid Gc@ENE f
A B N.&)22<m9
the habits that might shorten the lives. ^~(bm$4r
C D .Ta$@sP h}
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 4{fi=BA
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uh;
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 oxGOn('
make, ]t#,{%h
let, 2H]&3kM3X
have sb. do sth Yt|{l
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. kP[ Y
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians F}sfk}rp
A B c&'T By
to know when to play various parts of a composition. %kVpW&
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C D \f
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know {a(YV\^y|H
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③、感官动词 T[<9Ty'^
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe "J[Cr m
see sb do sth. 强调过程 rJ<v1Yb
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 ;PLby]=O
/B1NcRS
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 ZEApE+m
(1)表示第一人 eb:u h!
the first woman to do sth. tWc!!Hf2j
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(2)表示迫使的动词 t@!oc"z}@
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do 1[B?nk
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis pT[C[
h:
A B #M8"b]oh6
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. ,gRsbC
C D 1Rwk}wL
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 V-I_SvWv\
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 =DF7l<&km
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 (5'qEi
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be inclined to do倾向于做某事 Y+WOU._46I
be lieable to do 易于…的 59ro-nA9v
be apt to do 6K*7%8Y/G
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(4)表示目的的名词, )2FS9h.t
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 n; !t?jnf.
固定的句式: XlB`Z81j
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. KVqQOh'_T
the objective 目标 %.[GR
aim |\Qr
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goal ggX'`bK
reason理由 l<^#@S H
function功能 3Jk;+<
intension意图 >*Y~I0>
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing UAH} ])U
A
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large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. !]5F2~"v
B C D B||^sRMX
分析:the function to provide, A错 UZ&bT'>;9g
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9
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure r"J1C
A K3'`!K a*
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds _<kE32Bb
B jw#'f%*
that make up various components of a living cell. /3rt]h"
C D WynH
cxC
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 -\AB!#fh
(a]'}c$X9`
(5) 其他同根名词 .|KxQn}
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 GVn7#0x
attempt to do 企图 ;STO!^9~
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 6$@Pk<w
ambition, 'Ys"yY@
be ambitious to do ?nj _gL
effort +JBhw4et;.
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ~>xn9vb=
A B +6uun
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. u\&oiwSIP
C D Vg6?a
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 RYS]b[-xZz
9v0.]
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great @MAk/mb
&
A B oQWS$\Rr.
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. 4
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C D
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分析:efforts to register, C错 nLQ
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z=BX-)
DU]MMR
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 2,q^O3F
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 f![x7D$
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. z`>a,X
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 W q F(
I am glad to see you. +lO
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I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. T*-*U/
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. e0(loWq]
=
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 4-ZiKM
It is difficult to decide. <LzN/I aJ
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五、句子的结构 PrDvRWM
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 _GI [SzD
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(一) 主语的重复 lOI(+74
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 O0WzDD
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any ,yAvLY5P
A B 8
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compromises concerning the establishment of the sJt&`k Z
C D 1,,o_e\nn3
League of Nations. TcO@q ]+S
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语
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A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson sBZKf8 @/
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Uu
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are <`H:Am`
A B &P[eA
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lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. 1wE~dpnx
C D uH65DI<
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 +)L
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(二)谓语的重复 @"'1"$
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 N}>`Xm5'
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例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of :HMnU37m W
A B LPO3B W
one or more sentences related to the same idea. i7cMe8
C D .OX.z~":y
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 /NMd GKr
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(三)谓语的缺少 cDm_QYQ
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body _Bb/~^
A B D!TS/J1S;u
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be.
/DQoM@X
C D 1;]cYIq
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 1i$9x$4~E
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(四)主句的重复 Nyow:7p
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 &N[~+"
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite k
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A B C aq oT
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. |A8xy#
D q,PB;TT
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 m%qah>11
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例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow &
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A B o'D{ql
sweeps across the face of the Earth. ^7.864
C D .B6$U>>NS^
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 neoT\HV
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided J2v=b?NE
A B RI')iz?
names for towns, only George Washington r[Qk-}@vp
C kK16+`\+
is remembered in the name of a state. B&0-~o3WP
D B+`m
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 "qu%$L
六、比较级和最高级 ;v[F@O~*)
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 E;@`{ v
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 <ij;^ygYD
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which c}U&!R2p{
A C8
m8ys
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. E@}t1!E<
B C D #6 e
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 Gm}ecW
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 g|9'Lk
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. 8*V3g_z
A B C D -|~6Zf"
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。
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例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere /VgA}[%y
A B C D l`:M/z6"
is the grizzly bear. ;_@u@$=~
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 qSlC@@.>
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 E
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改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 : P>Wd3m
:rnn`/L
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with 8{Bcl5]<
A B
4nmc(CHQ:
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. aze}koNE
C D h$)+$^YI
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 FaYD
a
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 +Em+W#i%?
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as 494"-F 6
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 Nih8(pbe
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词
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the taller boy |_@ '_
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 w#_/CUL
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed g)c<\%
A B [1K\
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prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is
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abundant, and humidity is moderate. |dcRDOTe
C D l ?RsXC
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they FvQ>Y')R7Z
.Az'THD}
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 'o;>6u<u
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, ejP273*ah
A B C
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the Navajos form largest group. Loo48
D T<1*R>el
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 I/:M~ b
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陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, ^GMM%
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language \@8j&],dl
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the Nr 5h%<`I
?Ho~6q8O@
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many 7@iyO7U
A B C Plpt7Pa_
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. _
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D 7` AQn],
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 5H8]N#Y&
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the rBR,lS$4
例如:my best friends Fv_rDTo
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial (prqo1e@
A B C p1
^k4G
and banking center. P")duv
D i%RN0UO^
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 OX|nYTp
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 ;oL`fQyr
o\ss
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例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary Cbw@:+%
J{
A `rt?n|*QF
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. t\&u
B C D '#JC 6#X
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 6KT]3*B
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七、平行结构 JQSp2b@'H
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 Ih_2")d
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(一) 对等连接词 Zp:(U3%
一共有三类连接平行结构的词
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单一式: and, or ,but 4rpx
相关式: both…and, not … but, =}SH*xi6
either …or, neither…nor 53vnON#{*
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as "DWw]\xO](
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, vR;?~^{*s
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also ]I
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not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, 3}U {~l!K
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短语式: as well as `TugtzRU
rather than (而不是) (f Gmjx
other than (除…之外) e
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instead of (代替) km%c0:
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 }@+3QHwYU
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, '{e9Vh<x
A B n2e#rn
but he is now living in Detroit. ihv=y\Jt
C D Rv-`6eyAA
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 HNFG:t9
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics @/(\YzQvp]
A B 2N)siH
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford ef
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remained active in city and regional planning. !c 3c%=W
C D -'
q#u C
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 H K]-Q
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(二)平行的内容 ?%QWpKO7X
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 D90.z"N\i9
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of 6\9
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A B *-.{->#Y
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, HITw{RPrW
C D vZ&{
or yearly periods of light and darkness. [Dzd39aKr
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 )U2cS\k'7n
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第二、名词单复数的平行 x>C_O\
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 /i[1$/*
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, ?o>JX.Nl&7
A B C k=^~\$e
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. O4 +a[82
D 6_&uYA<8pE
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 )R+26wZ|n*
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例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, _nn
\O
3TB
A B Q>%{Dn\?
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. $2kZM4
C D ?D\6@G:,#@
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have lihV! 1
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第三、时态的平行 rL KwuZ
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated ((AsZ$[S
A C/JFb zVx
with the imagist movement , but later develops b}-/~l-:
B =>0
G
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. g[%iVZ
C D &tjv.t
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 ~
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例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- j@guB:0
spread from its home in Central America and ExW3LM9(
now grows throughout the tropics. 3
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(A) to be (B) it Z37%jdr
(C) the (D) its g,O3\jjQ
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? .B? J@,
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow a*N<gId
FWb`F&
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- B s {n
commercially for their meat and eggs. ixjhZk i<
(A) raised (B) and are raised m`lxQik
(C) raised as (D) are raised Cu,#w3JR
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 >$/PfyY7@#
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)
第四、排列位置的平行 FJC}xEMcN
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. ,^m;[Dl7
(A) Not only does rust corrode IS[&V&.n
(B) Not only rust corrodes ?c0@A*:o
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes ,b!]gsds
(D) Rust not only corrodes rd0[(-
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 eI:;l];G9
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: wx*)7Y*
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 Yd>ej1<
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 p J#<e
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 j%TcW!D-_
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八、词序的颠倒 -A3>+G3[
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 nLjc.Z\Bl
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 4.o[:5'
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage U|YIu!^
A B lRr ={
>s
that can be given to any individual in the United States. r!WXD9#
C D r_?i l]l
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 ??g `c=R!V
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 %Tvy|L
,
例:Certain types of computers work properly only ^N2N>^'&1.
A B ~V?3A/]
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. 0//B+.#
C D 1~_&XNb&
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 tMnwY'
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 S`
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g XThdNU4G
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were :!nBTw
A B C w\f>.N
in what is now the United States. RLtIn!2OU
D XDM~H
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 NIasce
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所有的系动词分为三大类: 8 ta`sNy9
第一种:表示保持某种状态, R]8^
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is, remain, keep, stay, SF#Rc>v
lie, exit(表示位于) 'CkN
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 y5AJ1A6?E
become, turn, grow, Q*h%'oc`
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) f} _d`?K
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第三种,感官动词 vs|_l!n3
seem(好像是) ~BJ~]~0P`
look(看起来好像是) pHpHvSI
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste c'8a)j$$+
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 *w[\(d'T
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe ZKT~\l
A B Q'mLwD3>
to cause numerous deaths. S5$sB{\R
C D rWXw/a
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 ,*w
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九、词性的混用 yXdJ5Me(T
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 0D*uZ,oBEw
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 ;N FTdP
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; Z_F}Y2-w9
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high clwJ+kku@
A B UOg4
E
mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and /0J1_g
C v\UwL-4[
when they are in captivity they breed poorly. |4F3Gu
D EpO5_T_
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) dK45&JHoW^
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 jb~/>I^1
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 TyCMZsvM,
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds >+ZD 6l/
A B N1LZ XXY{
and keeping the soil in the best condition to {[&_)AW6m%
C ^:0epj7
help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. 2A+I8/zRG
D +P&;cCV`S3
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 {iv!A=jld
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, +;}XWV
A 9*@K l`\
was concerned with the depicting the experience of j]#-DIL
B C 88dq8T4
urban Black people in the United States. 6E!C xXUX
D Daa2.*
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 y<G@7?
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(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 dz',
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表示时间有两种可能, 7kBULeBn|
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 T5eXcI0t
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, kpM5/=f/@
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 w,\#)<boyb
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence #-9;Hn4x
A B 8
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were made while the American Civil War. vG'JMzAm
C D W9{>.E?
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 ELp @/c=Wr
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the *g^U=t
A B C (mvAEN+y
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. (;o,t?:d
D !b"#`O%`
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 3_Su5~^
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 eUYd0L!
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 bJD2c\qoc
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social @Z.s:FV[
A .(tga&]
work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. r
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B C D 8>
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分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 8CxC`*L(
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples !GcH )
A B C @x">e][B
easily under the stress of compression. *<2+tI
D D+/27#
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 _dY6Ip%
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 2HBYReQ
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine IiV:bHUE}0
A B s5>=!yX
article that gives personal comments on current events. H
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C D >Liv].
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, [)|P-x-<
A s{#ZRmc2B
which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. FA?xp1E
B C D ]?tsYXU j
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 |l(rR06#.]
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 `<2y
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nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; IB:Wh;_x
two hundred diligent students