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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 V8?}I)#(7  
一、代词 *gbK :*_J  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 +2~k Hrv  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 \*x B<mq  
  主格、宾格、所有格 k9^Hmhjw  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) 2@&r!Q|1vR  
dj0; tQ=C  
(二) 反身代词 ~Iu!B Y  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 \hB BG8=&  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) +K57. n{  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) La26"C"X  
<B"sp r&1  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  )ZJvx%@i  
    A                 B    [I $+wWW_  
  a series of indicators that could help nV;'UpQw  
             C      U@lc 1#  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. Y?T{>"_ W  
    D %`vzQt`>  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 m o0\t#jA  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 `2~>$Tr  
3dShznlf_*  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 1gEH~Jmj  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 ^4y]7 p  
])x1MmRg\  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies ) nfoDG#O  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the v\0G`&^1  
     A   B      C          D  6 K $mW  
  Pacific. ,b+NhxdZ  
CUA @CZ6{  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 "cH RGJG#  
B{-7  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 R#(0C(FI^  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: W+XWS ,(  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 =bC +1 C  
<O x[![SR  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined gwZ<$6  
                       A   .J#'k+>  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and ]n ?x tI  
             B 0MQ= Rt  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. JuRoeq.  
   C       D 0r]n 0?x  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 `h}eP[jA  
e_BG%+;G,  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important IS C.~q2  
        A     BT_]= \zi  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John A'qe2]  
   B        C      -"(*'hD  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  4.6$m  
      D D+8d^-:  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. [^>XR BSm  
_8K+iqMZG  
7GA8sK  
(四) Who和which的区别 UuG%5 ZC  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 t2&kGf"  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 GqFx^dY4*  
2:+8]b3i  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 3WV(Ok  
              A            B =;Id["+  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. AZ:7_4jz  
   C                  D QxT'\7f  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 IQQv+af5  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 ~G@NWF?7  
Da^q 9,|  
(五) that和which的区别 ~f QrH%@  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 MB}nn&u#  
v|?@k^Ms  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 68%aDs  
              A        B !0 7jr%-~  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. s"L&y <?)  
      C              D , 3R=8  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 UhB +c  
F)P:lvp<r  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 9#E *o~1  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, fif;n[<  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when }2 S.  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. UlXm4\@  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which (6,:X  
% $BRQ-O  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly " <bjS  
              A         B   =dm9+ff  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. L K&c~ Uy  
         C      D =^"Sx??V  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 L 3]J8oEmU  
&oL"AJU  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  qxRsq&_  
  affected the way people in the United States----. Ff<cY%t  
   (A) living and working 3G// _f  
   (B) they live and work ui]iO  p  
   (C) live and work 4S(G366  
   (D) to live and to work ? Fqh i  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 He_O+[sc  
>^8O:.  
二、介词 +=WBH'  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 k?cX f j&  
bbL\xq^  
(一) 介词搭配 ft"-  
}3 /io0"D  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those <XL%*  
    A         B   C      Z@Rqm:e  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. ZfM]A)  
                D s$y_(oU,D  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 j)i c7 b  
PvKGB01_  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. c(( 3B  
A       B     C  D qMaO1cE\  
分析:B错改为be rich in zkt~[-jm}  
Zl_sbIY  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the R0M>'V?e  
    A         B      C e {6wFN  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. CXUF=IE  
             D S 1k*"><  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 m.P F'_)/  
o. $ 48h (  
ErN[maix#  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 |A4B4/!  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 !fs ~ >  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. $7X;FmlG&  
          A      B  C     D /A5=L<T6F  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 }[%F  
mAH7; u<  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has hzbvR~rn  
                 A  B     [voc_o7AI  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on W'Gh:73'}  
      C 0MT?}D&TL  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. *7*_QW%?A  
      D :Gz$(!j1.'  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 .aL%}`8l?  
FoIK, MdJ  
2、介词by /&?ei*z  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ~#EXb?#uS  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing SFzoRI=qG  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States AU*]D@H   
    A         B       HJr*\%D}1  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. ( *2 6aMp  
   C     D %jUZc:06  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 5 Bcmz'?!  
b%VBSNZ  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils AB!({EIi  
   A                      +=`w  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to GNG.N)q#C  
     B    C       D Z(E .F,k  
   supply moccasins and field rations. 9<Zm}PE32  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 EZQ!~  
E?0RR'  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with *nM.`7g*[  
        A                yYC\a7Al4  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements 8Z@O%\1x6  
        B          C   d76C ]R5L  
  that are often represented at symbols. ,! ~U5~  
              D +'e3YF+'  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 g2lv4Tiq-  
三、谓语动词 lr,i5n{6  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 Qe<c@i"  
①、主谓分割原则 HV3D$~gF  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, _i"[m(ABj1  
     A     6Hpj&Qm  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. 7_7^&.Hh  
        B      C      D atFu KYI  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 j%0 g *YI  
=1kjKE !  
②、与后者一致原则 LZ9IE>s j  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ]_)=xF19  
not only…but also Kib?JRYt  
|B*`%7{+  
"Zicac@N  
③、与前者一致原则 T\HP5&  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, \RP=Gf  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ~oBSf+N  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 5h(] S[Zf3  
     A      B  C     [+y/qx79  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 7~q'3 N  
         D 0r\hX6 k  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is l:kF0tj"  
mk~Lkwl  
④、就近原则 Ts:pk  
or, either…or, neither…nor, 2\!.w^7'^T  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are PFIL)D |G  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is [ !:.9  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 0)lG~_q  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 VuW&CnZ  
%lPF q-  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are p.1|bXY`  
        A      B        7QRtNYo#\  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. VL<)d-  
    C              D r,b-c  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 ODM<$Yo:d  
%P9Zx!i>  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 B: uW(E  
There are five apples that are red. Kc\0-3 Z  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 zn3i2MWS  
!/$BXUrd  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets 15gI-Qb  
      A            =RUKN38  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. H1=R(+-s  
   B   C    D I\DT(9 'E  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 4Kt?; y ;  
TZ Z qV8  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 <  v_?}  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. Vo(d)"m?  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 =J?<M?ugf  
iygdX2  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 Mi 'eViH  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: <v[,A8Q  
a. there be 句型 "v~w# \pz7  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 &2#x(v  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 )kgy L,9  
!OWV* v2  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. D@4hQC\  
   A     B      C    D    1/w['d4l!  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is [>?B`1;@  
I%*o7"  
)X| uOg&|  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 3r^i>r8B  
             A     B    |n67!1  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 &sWq SS  
     C         ;U}lh~e11  
  miles in width. K-_e' )22.  
     D  a*S4rq@  
分析:倒装句,are改为is KH2a 2  
7=mU["raz`  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and { b+!0[  
   A    B       C         tX Z5oG7  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film `Nu3s<O7CF  
                    D ep,kImT  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. t~ Q {\!  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 .azdAq'r&\  
(K>5DU  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 1|n,s-  
fifty percent of + 名词 RNp3lXf O  
one percent of + 名词 d^WVWk K  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: e [3sWv  
  one percent of my students + are :%)l* [  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. x"5/1b3aq  
K  )1K ]  
这里要强调两个结构 xAQ=oF +  
half of =fifty percent *w59BO&M4  
most of + 可数名词 + are ^ ,U9N  
most of + 不可数名词+ is "M6:)h9jV  
ft4J.oT  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been RBJgQ<j8  
   A       B         C   4U~[ 8U}g  
  found in central and eastern Canada. M8:gHjwsx  
           D Mfuw y  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 b qEwi[`  
}*hY#jo1  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized y 7|x<Z  
                 A   B  g(>;Z@Y  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. x'+lNlv  
              C     D C5\bnk{  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 +kd88Fx  
Ma: xxsH.  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 Gyk>5Q}}  
①、主要考察时间状语 `)*   
's8NO Xlj  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. 5qGRz"\p~  
   A        B  C     D ,i;kAy)  
c_)vWU  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was UsNr$MO {  
6I.N:)=  
5- 0  
②、For和since的区别 <bDjAVq  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 KIps {_J[<  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 u 3wF)B{  
  I has been a teacher for three years. fJtJ2xi  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. FZ6. <wN  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 WOZf4X`[  
^VR1whCrx  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became ?<YtlqL  
   A      B              L~cswG'K  
  the primary responsibility of the president. S)p{4`p%  
     C    D IvTtQq  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 |xG|HJm,  
=3?t%l;n  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of |{k;p fPV  
             A  B  C   g^26Gb.  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. D9B?9Qt2[  
            D B!K{y>|.  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 )#l &F$  
s03 DL  
RXkE"H{  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  Xw!eB?A  
   A       B        C     D l7Y^C1hM  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live v_J\yW'K  
u|<Z};a  
(三) 谓语的语态 0|9(oP/:  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 -N(y+~wN  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: XA5gosq  
①、prove  ,G S8Gu  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 =L{lt9qQz  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ^ ]SS\=7  
7qt<C LJ  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming )I9AF,K  
                      A   t*5d'aE`/  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be n=MdbY/k(  
    B                  C w~afQA>  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. N*$<Kjw  
                  D 2/sD#vC  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 kEf}yTy  
`sQ\j Nu  
L^yQb4$&M  
②、Locate,Situate .21%~"dxJ  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 6_ =qpP-?  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 ^LaI{UDw%h  
这两个词也可以用作被动 Nt,)5_K <  
  My school was located near the river. 5)' _3r  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 =xQ 7:TB  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 6%H8Q v  
   (A)locates VQU[5C  
   (B)locating L~x3}o$-o  
   (C)to locate OYzt>hdH  
   (D)is located QG?7L_I  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 7s; <5xc  
|Yh-`~~A"  
③、表示需要概念的动词 G]E$U]=9r:  
need, want, require等 Vo+d3  
0&=2+=[c  
My watch needed repairing `!S5FE"-  
My watch needed to be repaired. `IOp*8  
>hoIJZP,  
④、表示人的情感的动词 gGw6c" FRQ  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 Fx4C]S  
jV\M`=4IC  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 OHssUt  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 )b m|],'  
1)/B V{n  
主动和被动技巧总结: $Rv}L'L  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 {k1s@KXtd  
SW (7!`  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the Oh6;o1UI  
                 A      B3O^(M5W  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, Ox?LVRvxI  
                 B &YO5N4X~o  
  power structures, and flood-control works along FR F3V>  
                    C Yk(OVl T  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. j8?$Hk  
                D w!:u|  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 (*&6XTV (  
nuw90=qj!]  
四、非谓语动词 E?y0UD[8J  
_E)xR  
(一) 分词 d`StBXG!  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 + h`: qB   
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 9XT6Gf56  
.}ohnnJB0  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then $MKx\qx}  
   A JQ+4 SomK  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. XT{1!I(  
     B      C            D ?Y ) Qy,  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning uWx/V+w  
3, ,Z  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 cIl^5eE^Pq  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ?-#w [J'6  
      A               B   U(W#H|  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. GuM-H $,  
               C         D GJ%It .  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living 2r?g|< :  
?U|~h1   
x9Gm)~  
一些动词后面必须用doing lxbbyy25  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 N g'f u|  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, l3-Ksw U  
 advocate, suggest ?e3q0Lg3 |  
 delay, quit m\1*/6oV  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, L2{tof  
 avoid, escape(逃避) L4Nk+R;  
 spend+名词+doing; 'G-VhvM v  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing vm8QKPy  
T%P 0M*  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their  V}8J&(\  
   A     B    C              D S_?}H  
  crops. ]d$) G4X 1  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 %3xH<$Gq5  
Ao{wd1  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, >kC@7h5)  
               A        B >#!n"i;  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. c?q#?K aF  
        C          D z W+wtYV4  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing 4RTEXoXs  
4`Fbl]Q   
(二) 不定式 'J!P:.=a>  
A. 动词不定式的省略 ShCAkaj_  
①、help后面可以省略to F!fxA#  
  help to do :dLS+cTC  
  help sb. to do uO"@YX/  
?\c*DNM'  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid Gc@ENE f  
              A      B   N.&)22<m9  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. ^~(bm$4r  
         C     D .Ta$@sPh}  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 4{fi=BA   
VLQf uh;  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 oxGOn('  
  make, ]t #,{%h  
  let, 2H]&3kM3X  
  have sb. do sth Yt|{l  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. kP [ Y  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians F}sfk}rp  
        A               B c&'T By  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. %kVpW& ~  
   C     D  \f  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know {a(YV\^y|H  
/D~z}\k  
③、感官动词 T[<9Ty'^  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe "J[Crm  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 rJ<v1Yb  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 ;PLby]=O  
/B1NcRS  
Kq.)5%~>  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 ZEApE+m  
(1)表示第一人 eb:uh!  
the first woman to do sth. tWc!!Hf2j  
*4r;H2%c  
(2)表示迫使的动词 t@!oc"z}@  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do 1[B?nk  
Kb4u)~S:  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis pT[C[ h:  
     A                 B    #M8"b]oh6  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. ,gRsbC  
       C           D 1Rwk}wL  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 V-I_SvWv\  
<Ep P;  
4Jo:^JV  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 =DF7l<&km  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 (5'qEi ea  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 Y+WOU._46I  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 59ro-nA9v  
  be apt to do 6K* 7%8Y/G  
mqtl0P0  
(4)表示目的的名词, )2FS9h.t  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 n;!t?jnf.  
固定的句式: XlB`Z81j  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. KVqQOh'_T  
the objective 目标 %.[GR  
aim | \Qr cf  
goal ggX'`bK  
reason理由 l<^#@SH  
function功能 3Jk;+<  
intension意图 >*Y~I0>  
e 0!a &w  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing UAH} ])U  
                       A  sx(yG9  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. !]5F2~"v  
           B          C     D B||^ sRMX  
分析:the function to provide, A错 UZ&bT'>;9g  
Z\O , 9  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure r"J1C  
                  A       K3'`!Ka*  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds _<kE32Bb  
     B  jw#'f%*  
  that make up various components of a living cell. /3rt]h"  
    C    D WynH cxC  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 -\AB!#fh  
(a]'}c$X9`  
(5) 其他同根名词 . |KxQn}  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 GVn7#0x  
 attempt to do 企图 ;STO!^9~  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 6$ @Pk<w  
 ambition, 'Ys"yY@  
 be ambitious to do  ?nj _gL  
 effort +JBhw4et;.  
eJ$?T7aUf  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ~>xn9vb=  
  A                    B    +6uun  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. u\&oiwSIP  
          C       D Vg6?a  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 RYS]b[-xZz  
9v 0.]  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great @MAk/mb &  
  A                   B   oQWS$\Rr.  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. 4 lJ@qhV  
       C            D 6bo,x  
分析:efforts to register, C错 nLQ 3s3@1>  
z=BX-)  
DU]MMR  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 2,q^O3F  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 f![x7D$  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. z`>a,X  
'rp(k\ pY  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 Wq F(  
I am glad to see you. +lO Y IQ  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. T* -*U /  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. e0(loWq]  
= fuF]yL%  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 4-ZiKM  
It is difficult to decide. < LzN/I aJ  
D@>P%k$$s>  
!i.`m-J*  
五、句子的结构 PrDvRWM  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 _GI [SzD  
1p+2*c  
(一) 主语的重复 l OI(+74  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 O0WzDD  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any ,yAvLY5 P  
          A      B      8 E.u3eS  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the sJt&`kZ  
          C          D 1,,o_e\nn3  
  League of Nations. TcO@q ]+S  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 OHp 121  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson sBZKf8@/  
Zo-s_6uC  
Uu }ai."iB  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are <`H:Am`  
        A        B  &P[eA u  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. 1wE~dpnx  
    C         D uH65DI<  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 +)L 'qbCSM  
M2my>  
(二)谓语的重复 @"'1"$  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 N}>`Xm 5'  
Ur?a%]  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  :HMnU37m W  
    A            B    LPO3B W  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. i7cMe8  
         C   D .OX.z~":y  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 /NMd GKr  
MFiX8zwhx+  
(三)谓语的缺少 cDm_QYQ  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body _Bb/~^  
          A     B    D!TS/J1S;u  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. /DQoM@X  
         C               D 1;]cYIq  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 1i$9x$4~E  
bn~=d@'  
(四)主句的重复 Nyow:7p  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 &N[~+"  
F1w~f <  
q 1Rk'k4+  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite k .KN9=o  
      A         B        C   aqoT  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. |A 8xy#  
     D q,PB; TT  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 m%qah>11  
{y`afuiB  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow & WYIfx{  
        A   B       o'D{ql  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. ^7.864  
      C    D .B6$U>>NS^  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 ne oT\HV  
D?) "Z$  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided J 2v=b?NE  
   A                     B  RI')iz?  
  names for towns, only George Washington rk-}@vp  
      C kK16+`\+  
  is remembered in the name of a state. B&0-~o3WP  
          D B+`m  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 "qu%$L  
六、比较级和最高级 ;v[F@O~*)  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 E;@` { v  
`-hFk88  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 <ij;^ygYD  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which c}U&!R2p{  
      A               C8 m8ys  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. E@}t1!E<  
     B       C           D #6 e  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 Gm}ecW  
%i]q} M  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 g|9' Lk  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. 8*V3g_z  
     A      B     C  D -|~6Zf"  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 OHdC t  
5%rD7/7N  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere /VgA}[%y  
     A       B     C   D l`:M/z6"  
  is the grizzly bear. ;_@u@$=~  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 qSlC@@.>  
fLa 7d?4  
npkE [JE:  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 E EEYNu/4/  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 : P>Wd3m  
:rnn`/L  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with 8{Bcl5]<  
   A           B  4nmc(CHQ:  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. aze}ko NE  
   C                 D h$)+$^YI  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 FaYD a  
&> tmzlww  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 +Em+W#i%?  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as 494"-F6  
y#!8S{  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 Nih8(pbe  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 M<hX !B  
the taller boy |_@ '_  
Tp2` eY5  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 w#_/CU L  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed g)c<\%  
          A            B [1K\ _  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is e~w-v"'  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. |dcRDOTe  
    C          D l ?RsXC  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they FvQ>Y')R7Z  
.Az' THD}  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 'o;>6u<u  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, ejP273*ah  
  A  B         C     MA1.I4dm  
  the Navajos form largest group. Loo48  
         D T<1* R>el  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 I/:M~ b  
OP>rEUtj  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, ^GMM%   
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language \@8j&],dl  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the Nr 5h%<` I  
?Ho~6q8O@  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many 7@iyO7U  
            A      B         C Plpt7Pa_  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. _ T ;+*  
            D 7`AQn],  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 5H8]N#Y&  
67<Ym0+ =  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the rBR,lS$4  
例如:my best friends Fv_rDTo  
 {oQ.y  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial (prqo1e@  
            A    B     C p1 ^k4G  
  and banking center. P")duv  
        D i%RN0UO^  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 OX|nYTp  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 ;oL`fQyr  
o \ss  
PU| X+V>  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary Cbw@:+% J{  
                 A         `rt?n|*QF  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. t\& u  
    B   C     D '#JC 6#X   
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 6KT]3*B   
M3>c?,O)J  
七、平行结构 J QSp2b@'H  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 Ih_2")d  
mR JX,  
|"7F`M96I  
(一) 对等连接词 Zp:(U3%  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 vE4ce  
单一式: and, or ,but 4rpx  
相关式: both…and, not … but, =}SH*xi6  
     either …or, neither…nor 53vnON#{*  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as "DWw]\xO](  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, vR;?~^{*s  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also  ]I pLF#  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, 3}U {~l!K  
#2&DDy)B f  
短语式: as well as `TugtzRU  
     rather than (而不是) (f Gmjx  
     other than (除…之外) e N]AJ%Ig  
     instead of (代替) km%c0:  
! };OL Q  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 }@+3QHwYU  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  '{e9Vh<x  
       A     B   n2e#rn  
  but he is now living in Detroit. ihv=y\Jt  
       C   D Rv-`6eyAA  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 H NFG:t9  
6a_MA*XK  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics @/(\YzQvp]  
       A         B 2N)siH  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford ef !@|2  
  remained active in city and regional planning. !c 3c%=W  
          C    D  -' q#u C  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 H K]-Q TEn  
(二)平行的内容 ?%QWpKO7X  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 D90.z"N\i9  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of 6\9 Zc-%  
             A         B   *-.{->#Y  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, HITw{RPrW  
         C            D vZ&{   
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. [Dzd39aKr  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 )U2cS\k'7n  
x/<eY<Vgm?  
z(o zMH  
第二、名词单复数的平行 x>C_O\  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 /i[1$/*  
3dl#:Si  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, ?o>JX.Nl&7  
  A     B          C   k=^~\$e  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. O4+a[82  
                 D   6_&uYA<8pE  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 )R+26wZ|n*  
w%3*T#tp  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, _nn \O 3TB  
                   A         B Q>%{Dn\?  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. $2kZM4  
      C          D ?D\6@G:,#@  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have lihV! 1  
i&di}x  
第三、时态的平行 rLKwuZ  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated ((AsZ$[S  
                A     C/JFb zVx  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops b}-/~l-:  
                   B =>0 G  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. g[%iVZ  
          C    D &tjv.t  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 ~ %D=\iE  
o9JZ -biH  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- j@guB:0  
  spread from its home in Central America and ExW3LM9(  
  now grows throughout the tropics. 3 {OZdl|  
   (A) to be    (B) it   Z37%jdr  
   (C) the     (D) its g,O3\jjQ  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? .B?J@,  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow a*N<gId  
FWb`F&  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- B s{n  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. ixjhZki<  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised m`lxQik  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised Cu,#w3JR  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 >$/PfyY7@#  
?E|be )  
第四、排列位置的平行 FJC}xEMcN  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. ,^m;[Dl7  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode IS [&V&.n  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  ?c0@A*:o  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes ,b!]gsds  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes rd0[(-  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 eI:;l];G9  
ns}"[44C}l  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: wx*)7Y*  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 Yd>ej1<  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 p J#<e  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 j%TcW!D-_  
j{: >"6  
八、词序的颠倒 -A3>+G3[  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 nLjc.Z\Bl  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 4.o[:5'  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage U|YIu!^  
              A    B        lRr={ >s  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. r!WXD9#  
      C       D    r_?il]l  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 ??g`c=R!V  
o9 g0fC  
Im0#_ \  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 %Tvy|L ,  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only ^N2N>^'&1.  
          A      B     ~V?3A/]  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. 0//B+.#  
    C         D 1~_&XNb&  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 tMnwY'  
*LZ^0c:r  
%I>-_el  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 S` v+rQjW  
gXThdNU4G  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were :!nBTw  
          A   B     C   w\f>.N  
  in what is now the United States. RLtIn!2OU  
    D XDM~H  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 NIasce e  
Z.v2 !u  
所有的系动词分为三大类: 8ta`sNy9  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, R]8^ @i1  
    is, remain, keep, stay, SF#Rc>v  
    lie, exit(表示位于) 'CkN  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 y5AJ1A6?E  
    become, turn, grow, Q*h%'oc`  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) f}_d`?K  
sHwn,4|iY  
第三种,感官动词 vs|_l!n3  
    seem(好像是) ~BJ~]~0P`  
    look(看起来好像是) pHpHvSI  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste c'8a)j$$+  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 *w[\(d'T  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe ZKT~\l  
    A               B     Q'mLwD3>  
   to cause numerous deaths. S5$sB{\R  
        C   D  rW&# Xw/a  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 ,*w  
tg X},OU^  
九、词性的混用 yXdJ5Me(T  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 0D*uZ,oBEw  
8% ;K#,>  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 ;N FTdP  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; Z_F}Y2-w9  
x`# |8  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high clwJ+kku@  
          A        B      UOg4 E  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and /0J1_g  
              C v\UwL-4[  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. |4F 3Gu  
          D EpO5 _T_  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) dK45&JHoW^  
Ve1O<i  
(xJZeY)-b^  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 jb~/>I^1  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 TyCMZsvM,  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds >+ZD 6l/  
         A       B      N1LZXXY{  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to {[&_)AW6m%  
          C        ^:0e pj7  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. 2A+I8/zRG  
            D +P&;cCV`S3  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 {iv!A=jld  
H@uCbT  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, +;}XWV  
            A       9*@Kl`\  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of j]#-DIL  
      B      C 88dq8T4  
   urban Black people in the United States. 6E!CxXUX  
   D Daa2.*  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 y<G@7?   
b ;Vy=f  
Lmy ^/P%  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 dz', !|>  
表示时间有两种可能, 7kBULeBn|  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 T5eXcI0t  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, kpM5/=f/@  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 w,\#)<boyb  
p7"o:YSQ  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence #-9;Hn4x  
       A     B     8 0>qqz  
  were made while the American Civil War. vG'JMzAm  
   C    D W9{>.E?  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 ELp @/c=Wr  
xGQ958@  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the *g^U=t  
   A      B           C    (mvAEN+y  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. (;o,t?:d  
          D !b"#`O%`  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 3_Su5~^  
*/Oq$3QGsV  
^ ~HV`s  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 eUYd0L!  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 bJD2c\qoc  
8X`Gm!)  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social @Z.s:FV[  
                   A     .(tga&]  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. r '/7kF- 5  
     B   C    D 8> Hnv ]p  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 8CxC`*L(  
sgDlT=c'  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples !GcH )  
   A        B   C      @x">e][B  
  easily under the stress of compression. *<2+tI  
   D D +/27#  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 _dY6Ip%  
d#.9!m~.  
o'@VDGS`  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 2HBYReQ  
Bry\"V"'g  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine IiV:bHUE}0  
    A         B s5>=!yX  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. H d6g0  
          C            D >Liv].  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 ^1M:wX r  
a_/\.  
>h/J{T(P>h  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, [)|P-x-<  
         A s{#ZRmc2B  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. FA ?xp1E  
   B      C      D ]?tsYXU j  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 |l(rR06#.]  
Ob2H7 !  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 `<2y [<y  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; IB:Wh;_x  
two hundred diligent students
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