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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 t-EV h~D1p  
一、代词 lC{L6&T  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 8p,>y(o  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 *`.LA@bHU  
  主格、宾格、所有格 1 ypjyu  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) $i%HDt|  
 2}!R T  
(二) 反身代词 sL mW\\kA>  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 -x?Hj/  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) .b~OMTHuvM  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) ?o>6S EGW  
_Q^y_f  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  m9I(TOw  
    A                 B    !p"Kd ~  
  a series of indicators that could help l]>!`'sJL  
             C      b<\GI 7  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. .W-=x,`hY4  
    D `>y[wa>9r  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 lXw;|dGF  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 'N|2vbi<  
Ltl]j*yei  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 3U>S]#5}  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 A` =]RJ  
eoC<a"bJ>  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies Qw}xGlF,  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the iPz1eUj  
     A   B      C          D z(jU|va{_1  
  Pacific. %qONJP  
"wF*O"WQo  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 65uZ LsQ  
83B\+]{hD  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 qPp]K?.  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: +OKA_b"wB  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 xL|?(pQ/BK  
+Z )`inw  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined DCz\T wzU  
                       A   ,I("x2  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and NuHL5C?To  
             B R,uJK)m  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. < JGYr 4V  
   C       D kWI]fZ_n  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 kVy"+ZebK  
* .oi3m  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important R%Kl&c  
        A     W=q?tD~V  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John <?{ SU   
   B        C      *{HGLl|=  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  >:="?'N5l!  
      D V=:,]fTr  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. Kv(Y }  
0^-z?Kb<}  
3 t~X:  
(四) Who和which的区别 F j '\v#h  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 QSO5 z2|  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 %w;1*~bH  
=f/avGX  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who `PXoJl  
              A            B O%r S;o  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. Z?.:5#  
   C                  D \Qe'?LRu{  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 ZYpD8u6U  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 Ke'YM{  
N9~'P-V  
(五) that和which的区别 D_L'x "  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 O% j,:t'"  
b@UF PE5jy  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 0~LnnD N  
              A        B l%vhV&  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. r-Xjy*T  
      C              D oW` *FD  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 4kN:=g  
_A# x&<c  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 5Lo==jHif  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, i1kh@s~8UC  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when &QHA_+88W  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. #d XZA>b9  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which Av\ 0GqF  
0.3[=a4 3  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly W"DxIy  
              A         B   `s]zk {x  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. y[Fw>g1`q  
         C      D <{P^W;N7  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 `OF g.R|  
$(!D/bvJ  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  2T {-J!k  
  affected the way people in the United States----. iKCTYXN1(  
   (A) living and working Y=#mx3.  
   (B) they live and work #6#BSZ E  
   (C) live and work m/"=5*pA  
   (D) to live and to work M`f;-  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 1+y6W1m^R  
X _Of k  
二、介词  ;#Bh_f  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 AF{7<v>/P  
[sh"?  
(一) 介词搭配 -p]`(S%  
R2Fh^x  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those j,V$vKP  
    A         B   C      0OoO cc  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. #+5mpDh  
                D D -\'P31  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 Hi 0df3t  
dzC&7 9$  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. B7QtB3bn  
A       B     C  D Bo\dt@0;  
分析:B错改为be rich in 8f`b=r(a>  
)@&?i.  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ?;=Y1O7N(  
    A         B      C {UVm0AeUq  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. ,h(+\^ ?,  
             D EG:WE^4  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 i1H80m s  
q\Io6=39x  
Nb, H8;  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 sV4tu(~  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 %<o$ J~l~  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. /8-VC"   
          A      B  C     D Ej 3hdi)  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 GP k Cgb(  
>Ti2E+}[M  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 5x'y{S<  
                 A  B     Xr6 !b:UX  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on gd,%H@3  
      C p?NjxQLA  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. P+|8MT0  
      D )'CEWc%  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 _o"3gfH&sJ  
:|mkI#P.  
2、介词by ?B!ZqJ#  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ASU\O3%%  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing {mitF  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States 3^UsyZS)  
    A         B       >RnMzH/9  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. nEEGO~e  
   C     D J0! E@   
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 L=FvLii.  
@O @yJ{(I  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils MW>28   
   A                      !QspmCo+  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to ay|{!MkQ  
     B    C       D )eMh,r  
   supply moccasins and field rations. GP'Y!cl  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 28yxX431S  
wKbymmG  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with -y.AJ~T  
        A                B '/ >Ax&  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements Q0_W<+`  
        B          C   Rw 8o]  
  that are often represented at symbols. Lc?O K"[m  
              D ybO,~TQ  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 lHqx}n@e  
三、谓语动词 VAt9JE;#  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 uJ\Nga<?  
①、主谓分割原则 GA}^Rh`T-  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, f|0QN#$  
     A     V5 r7eC  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. oy: MM  
        B      C      D ?!oa15  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 0&@ pX~h:  
i@L2W>{P  
②、与后者一致原则 q+~CA[H5K  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, "|SE#k  
not only…but also K6 7? d  
W<o0Z OO  
c O&9(.d  
③、与前者一致原则 G1 t p  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, q2vz#\A?  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 q/79'>`|ai  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and RC%r7K f  
     A      B  C     l.l~K%P'h  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 0 B/a$NC  
         D #jiq Rhm  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is _<Yo2,1^  
]5/U}Um  
④、就近原则 qCN7i&k,  
or, either…or, neither…nor, ZQA C &:  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are yG$@!*|  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 4'&BpFDUb  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 38i,\@p`9$  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 I3Xh[% -!  
p5VSSvV\K  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are ~W{h-z%q  
        A      B        uiA:(2AQ  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. x~tQYK   
    C              D :/%xK"  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 t'x:fO?cp  
d2yHfl] 3  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 Gi4dgMVei  
There are five apples that are red. h xJgxM  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 ?Zp!AV  
CT%m_lN  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets ~ O=|v/]  
      A            =2)t1 H  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. V_622~Tc/[  
   B   C    D IF}c*uGj}  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 $50"3g!Y  
]GKx[F{)  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 <>Ddxmw  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. JMl hBh  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 &})d%*n  
rGGepd  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 \OT)KVwO  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: B &k T#  
a. there be 句型 | 8Egw-f  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 *oX]=u&  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 _s-HlE?C  
|aAWW d5  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. U3+ _'"  
   A     B      C    D    3]OP9!\6  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is V0 +k3H  
n!eqzr{  
mQ60@_"Y=,  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific j[J@tM#  
             A     B    cm 9 oG  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 }A)36  
     C         Xm=^\K3  
  miles in width. m9<%v0r  
     D  .4C[D{4  
分析:倒装句,are改为is !Xx<~l IC  
^c0$pqZ}r  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and VXc+Wm*W  
   A    B       C         U|Z>SE<k  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film vMZ7uO  
                    D <[y$D=n  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. Q f+ p0E;  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 >4|c7z4  
i2FD1*=/?  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 :e&n.i^  
fifty percent of + 名词 &8Jg9#  
one percent of + 名词 JIP+ !2  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: <K ,% y(]  
  one percent of my students + are *TM;trfz  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. +=6RmId+X  
~3'RW0  
这里要强调两个结构 +^4BO`   
half of =fifty percent zNV!@Yr  
most of + 可数名词 + are P.LuF(?$  
most of + 不可数名词+ is @e! Zc3  
+}7E a:K   
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been %NT`C9][  
   A       B         C   ^)f{q)to  
  found in central and eastern Canada. F l_dzh,E  
           D n#+%!HTh  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ~A`&/U  
V#'26@@  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized hWD !  
                 A   B  7P<r`,~k-  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. M.ZEqV+k  
              C     D mje<d"bW  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 << 3 a<I  
1~}m.ER  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 .:}.b"%m  
①、主要考察时间状语 <y@,3DD3A9  
yicO!:bM  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. j/)"QiS*?  
   A        B  C     D $_Y/'IN`k  
g%`i=s&N%  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was :GU,EDps  
&qJPwO  
-O'{:s~  
②、For和since的区别 FH)t:!#  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 >(hSW~i~  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 Dc08D4   
  I has been a teacher for three years. `AWy!}8  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. Lj}>Xy(7<  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 kmryu=  
|#{-.r6Y]  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became gfi AK%  
   A      B              M70c{s`w5  
  the primary responsibility of the president. @.'z* |z  
     C    D !RS9%ES_?  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 wZ#Rlv,3Wa  
*c{wtl@  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of OFA{ KZga  
             A  B  C   q#MM  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. %m9CdWb=w  
            D g& k58{e  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 'l~6ErBSg  
#/|75 4]]  
n|Pr/ddL   
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  ;6ky5}z  
   A       B        C     D ,|+Gls  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live 6xoq;=o  
2#3^skj  
(三) 谓语的语态 D==Mb~  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 nU(DYHc+l  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: RsW9:*R  
①、prove Jic}+X*0  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 K^zDNIQU  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; 1S0pd-i  
][d,l\gu+s  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming @m~RtC-Q  
                      A   QK; T~ _k  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be Q$ri=uB;+  
    B                  C &3Z?UhH  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. A5fwAB  
                  D dRI^@n  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 y#v"GblM  
~GJN@ka4%  
[u M-0t  
②、Locate,Situate K>2#UzW  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 @]HXP_lyD/  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 p'n4)I2#  
这两个词也可以用作被动 %O%=rUD  
  My school was located near the river. 1mH%H*#  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 !}KqB8;  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. (k`{*!:1a  
   (A)locates !k&Q 5s:  
   (B)locating ;heHefbvvd  
   (C)to locate 8K9$,Ii  
   (D)is located RDM`9&V!jp  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 <#+44>h  
($nrqAv4  
③、表示需要概念的动词 FG@ -bV  
need, want, require等 :_kAl? eJ  
5 BtX63  
My watch needed repairing up '  
My watch needed to be repaired. $2~\eG=u H  
s;flzp8  
④、表示人的情感的动词 6t'l(E +  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 D4JLtB'=  
p&-'|'![l  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 llV3ka^!  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 dsx]/49<  
D}C,![   
主动和被动技巧总结: z+a%5J  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 ?E%ELs_Dl  
jw}}^3.  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the "P-lSF?T  
                 A      klgy;jSEr  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, h:zK(;  
                 B -x8nQ%X  
  power structures, and flood-control works along 5]I|DHmu  
                    C mkh"Kb*{  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. uEyH2QO  
                D )*;zW! H  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 Y{v(p7pl  
=[\s8XH,  
四、非谓语动词 r:&` $8$  
ay "'#[  
(一) 分词 -/{ 4Jf Wf  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 K7Rpr.p  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 c|F[ .;cR  
:1t~[-h^  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then P=3RLL<l  
   A ~%?`P/.o  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. ? (*t@ {k  
     B      C            D ~4P%%b0,o  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning '13ZX:  
[,2|Flf e  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 h/B>S  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in \U|ZR  
      A               B   l; y7]DO  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. vSi_t K4  
               C         D "#(T  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living `tjH<  
1x,[6H  
h3dsd  
一些动词后面必须用doing JaB<EL-9r2  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 @?YRuwp L  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, bdGIF'p%  
 advocate, suggest GnP|x}YM  
 delay, quit $Of0n` e  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, (@iMLuewK  
 avoid, escape(逃避) l}$ U])an#  
 spend+名词+doing; V+I|1{@i0  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing Gs3LB/8?  
a{{g<< H  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their TDd{.8qf  
   A     B    C              D * S=\l@EW  
  crops. F<!)4>2@  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 Zh_|m#)  
hAHq\  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, irN6g#B?  
               A        B P;k0W>~k  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. It{;SKeo  
        C          D Ot]Ru,y->+  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing c+2FC@q{l  
{'U Rz[g  
(二) 不定式 }<dRj  
A. 动词不定式的省略 -&<Whhs.@  
①、help后面可以省略to a{[x4d,z  
  help to do ATR!7i\|  
  help sb. to do  =|9H  
Zfyo-Wk  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid s+Q~~]HJM  
              A      B   [ :zO}r:  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. +Z85HY{  
         C     D /Ml.}7&  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 !%c'$f/  
8O Soel  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 Dq)j:f#QM  
  make, ]8T!qS(UJd  
  let, P LueVz  
  have sb. do sth O9r>E3-q  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. -Y='_4s  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians k2AJXw  
        A               B A* um{E+   
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. W16,Alf :  
   C     D DoeiW=  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know S*n@81Z  
65Cg]Dt71  
③、感官动词 PP!SK2u "L  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe yUp,NfS]o  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 )LyojwY_g  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 -UD\;D?$  
9[^g A R  
}6@pJ G  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 WoBo9aR  
(1)表示第一人 R [;z X(y  
the first woman to do sth. B4mR9HMh  
 ?!`=X>5  
(2)表示迫使的动词 ^Y iJV7  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do dS<C@(  
+*hm-lv?  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis YxP@!U9dE,  
     A                 B    zNIsf "  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. [!U?}1YQ  
       C           D )kkhJI*v  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 x*Y@Q?`>5W  
9s_,crq5  
$n^gmhp  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 E,f>1meN=  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 G3 {=@Z1  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 sn?]n~z  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 &Ky_v^  
  be apt to do A21N|$[  
ti<;7Yb  
(4)表示目的的名词, U8G%YGMG.4  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 -P]sRl3O;  
固定的句式: q| LDo~H  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. ;j)FnY=:-  
the objective 目标 R?p00  
aim b@2J]Ay E*  
goal | a# f\  
reason理由 dF~8XYo  
function功能 HX 6Ma{vBk  
intension意图 Kk{< @v)  
p+Y>F\r&w  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing j8sH#b7Z  
                       A  P(K>=O  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. wW%4 d  
           B          C     D v%RP0%%{s  
分析:the function to provide, A错 0]jA<vLR  
H~E(JLcU  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure E~ a3r]V/  
                  A       Y9`5G%  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds m-jHze`D3  
     B  hnznp1[#@  
  that make up various components of a living cell. ?]4>rl}  
    C    D B)QHM+[= F  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 %b^OeWip  
xrN &N_K#  
(5) 其他同根名词 #-GJ&m8  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 LB.c o4  
 attempt to do 企图 1DA1N<'  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 T_lsGu/  
 ambition, _Um d  
 be ambitious to do   <Tot|R;  
 effort 2mq$H_  
Rtjqx6-B;  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation Y1arX^Zb  
  A                    B   Z'k|u4ZC  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. NxLXm,  
          C       D x[Wwq=~  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 c1xrn4f@a  
Gxa x2o  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great MJ\eh>v&  
  A                   B   Cz8f1suO4  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. Z,X'-7YkU  
       C            D !(t,FYeH  
分析:efforts to register, C错 uZi.H G{<)  
h},oF!,  
Rl6\#C*  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 7FF-*2@  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 m5D"A D  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. =@)d5^<5F  
5ZY)nelc  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 <A.W 8b7D  
I am glad to see you. /Ky__l!bu  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. }Up.){.%  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. _Zc%z@}  
pZZf[p^s|  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 !JBae2Z  
It is difficult to decide. )J(q49  
|7@O( $b  
Yif*"oO  
五、句子的结构 _P?\.W@  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 j!z-)p8hy  
g-vg6@6  
(一) 主语的重复 voe7l+Xk  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 N:"C+ a(  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any /VHi >  
          A      B      MEiRj]t  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the bqx0d=Z~[  
          C          D OJ4 SbI  
  League of Nations. N]YtLa,t  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 kVS?RHR  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson 9tg)Mo%  
K^t?gt@k}  
W0cgI9 =9  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are R \s!*)  
        A        B  ;pRcVL_4  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. eX l=i-'  
    C         D cyd~2\Kv~  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 =sOo:s  
Z"I/ NGiU  
(二)谓语的重复 [{&jr]w`|  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 Rn+4DcR  
Me:{{-V4  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  @\Js8[wS9@  
    A            B    +1;'B4  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. hh.Q\qhubB  
         C   D 8)0 L2KL'  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 ~0- g%C?R  
RHNk%9  
(三)谓语的缺少 kB\kpW  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body `EMi0hm&H  
          A     B    (%< 'A  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. }C(5-7  
         C               D hRTMFgO  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 E(L<L1:"  
Nw](".  
(四)主句的重复 S_8r\B[>P  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 !Ua&0s%  
hG Apuy  
KAb(NZK  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite V_a)jJ  
      A         B        C   F=&;Y@t  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. Q_}/ Pn$1  
     D uu}-"/<~7  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 3eg5oAZ)G8  
H=. K  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow am:.NG+  
        A   B       ')nnWlK  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. ]*ov&{'  
      C    D $A?}a  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 pT=2e&  
="B n=>  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided Kpg:yrc['  
   A                     B  sb'p-Mj  
  names for towns, only George Washington R`Qp d3  
      C %CT!$Y'n  
  is remembered in the name of a state. 2X_>vIlEm  
          D +k rFB?>`  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 Ed=}PrE  
六、比较级和最高级 jYdV? B  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 .&(8(C  
#{w5)|S#JD  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 D-iUN  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which "%kG RHq  
      A               #PH#2/[  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. NUu;tjt:  
     B       C           D  h,hL?imD  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 irmwc'n]  
@Mr}6x*  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 fKYKW?g;)Z  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. sU*3\  
     A      B     C  D p5`ZyD ]+  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 Z^+a*^w~{  
*2#FRA#q  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere z'e1"Y.  
     A       B     C   D =g[H]-Ee  
  is the grizzly bear. UU"d_~pp  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 *XOS.$zGz  
i&1U4q  
`:R-[>5P8  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 W'd/dKU x  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 u IF$u  
,?fN#gc :  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with H}(=?} +  
   A           B  ^xmZ|f-  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. +=Yk-nJ  
   C                 D a2[ 8wv1  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 q?1yE@th  
G1p43  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 _>;&-e  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as `)LIVi"(D  
}]tFz}E\  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 Wf_CR(  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 8>2&h  
the taller boy #i@ACAgn;6  
M9h<}mh\  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 OA!R5sOz"  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed $R8 >u#K!  
          A            B R&]c"cO L8  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is d\\r_ bGW  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. OuMco+C  
    C          D r(pwOOx  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they ,0BR-#  
poTl|y @  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 -3u@hp_  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, kboizJ p  
  A  B         C     {qJHL;mP:8  
  the Navajos form largest group. =DGn,i9  
         D a|8| @,  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 [0h* &  
bl$+8 !~  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, XulaPq  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language e 4 p*51ra  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the dMey/A/VYt  
t |go5DXz4  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many  )GB3=@  
            A      B         C ~gSwxGT7d  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. _! CK   
            D aQ32p4C  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 R;0W+!fE  
aQl?d<|+lk  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the L 2[Ei|9_  
例如:my best friends gJ<@;O8zu0  
HXD*zv@ *6  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial qf_h b  
            A    B     C 04I6 -}6  
  and banking center. d9`3EP)n  
        D VQ1?Db(_2  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 f?/|;Zo4  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 B, QC -Tn  
LFk5rv'sM0  
c%q}"Y0oh  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary Qh)|FQ[s$r  
                 A         QV nO  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. &*jxI[  
    B   C     D I}*]m%'-Y  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 y8< lp+  
w,M1`RsK  
七、平行结构 4 +da  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 sf.E|]isW  
LU-#=1Q  
:0J-ek.;  
(一) 对等连接词 H$k![K6Uj  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 JL" 3#p}  
单一式: and, or ,but ,xAM[h&  
相关式: both…and, not … but, $Nt=gSWw5  
     either …or, neither…nor 4=?Ok":8  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as 9 NGeh*`  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, pO-s@"j]  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also vWnHC  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, [I+)Ak5  
c~^]jqid]  
短语式: as well as Y\z^\k  
     rather than (而不是) g6[/F-3Qlf  
     other than (除…之外) SU_] C+  
     instead of (代替) e B(S+p?  
v$.JmL0^J  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 'y+bx?3Z  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  6KIjq[T^  
       A     B   K=!ZI/+ju  
  but he is now living in Detroit. q[y,J  
       C   D bG?WB,1  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 7tf81*e  
bgzT3KZ  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics C%95~\Ds  
       A         B 0?5%  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford :YRzI(4J  
  remained active in city and regional planning. J1c& "Oh  
          C    D  V\rIN}7  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 _Pfx_+  
(二)平行的内容 l_Y dIUl  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 mP5d!+[8  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of oQ-|\?{;A  
             A         B   a' >$88tl  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, +Qi52OG  
         C            D ik1L  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. FSYjp{z5  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 d_W nK{  
$5Y^fwIK  
:AqnWy  
第二、名词单复数的平行 xo)?XFM2  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 a`@<ZsR  
ev;5 ?9\E  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, ;@ll  
  A     B          C   9a~BAH,j  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. XvzV lKL  
                 D   #Zavdkw=d  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 c@o/Cv  
G$x["  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, MBYD,v&  
                   A         B {z[HNSyRs  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. MlC-Aad(  
      C          D 1:{O RX[;  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have _KkVI7a  
^%*{:0'  
第三、时态的平行 BE2\?q-  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated c"sw@<HG  
                A     ]kplb0`  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops k#=leu"I  
                   B U5ud?z()OA  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. p_40V%y^  
          C    D 8s5ru)  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 (zLIv9$  
z#E,96R  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- x]J-q5  
  spread from its home in Central America and \=G Xe.}4d  
  now grows throughout the tropics. VX>t!JP p  
   (A) to be    (B) it   VU'l~% ql  
   (C) the     (D) its }9Dv\"t5  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? u/:Sf*;?  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow ?o DfI  
1]3bx N  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- =cKk 3kJC  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. I8%'Z>E(  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised NizJq*V>  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised Joo)GIB  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 |2&mvjk@ H  
 p|8Fl  
第四、排列位置的平行 WI 4_4  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. .p0n\ $r  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode v%7JZ<I'A  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  9a Ps_|C  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes NGQIoKC  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes g(r'Y#U  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 u]-El}*[  
4_:e+ ql  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: VQ;- dCV  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 ZU@jtqq  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 h?tV>x/Fu  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 >Ez}r(QQ^  
so&3A&4cL  
八、词序的颠倒 F7Yuky  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 IX3 yNTW"L  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 ^O:RS g9  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage 2xBGs9_Y  
              A    B        s/^= WV  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. /!8:/7r+W  
      C       D    Ec/+9H6g  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。  cJ{ P,K  
mYRR==iDL  
8k% :w0H  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 sJYX[  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only 52Ffle8  
          A      B     p)] ^>-L  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. @d9*<>@:  
    C         D ~a)2 0  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 L )"w-,zy  
}E_zW.{!  
V:npcKpu  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 IiU|@f~k  
~$ Yuxo  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were 05DtU! 3O  
          A   B     C   y!Eh /KD  
  in what is now the United States. nI` 1@ vB&  
    D 0(.C f.B~  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 DvKMb-*S  
a#@ opUn-  
所有的系动词分为三大类: g:V6B/M&  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, <7h'MNf&  
    is, remain, keep, stay, z#ET-[ I  
    lie, exit(表示位于) HxAa,+k  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 WfI~l)  
    become, turn, grow, FL}8h/  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) x6]?}Q>>D  
0_)\e  
第三种,感官动词 @:8|tJu8b  
    seem(好像是) 3J{'|3x  
    look(看起来好像是) T!AQJ:;1  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste C8-q<t#SF  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 2^:nlM{u  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe ekXHfA!i%  
    A               B     owB)+  
   to cause numerous deaths. 'L7.a'  
        C   D  C.Yz<?;S  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 $$w 1%#F =  
n1V*VQV  
九、词性的混用 /fEXAk  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 ~5zh K:7c  
9lwg`UWl,  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 h&P[ 9:LH  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; N[%IrN3  
`K.yE0^i  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high /nNHI34  
          A        B      A}o1I1+  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and  lwlR"Z  
              C s5 BV8 M  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. 8dNJZoV  
          D b?l\Q Mvi  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) x :s-\>RcA  
4-AmzU  
wrWWXOZ 4  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 +|N"i~f>j  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 xo}hu %XL  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds bk|>a=o3  
         A       B      -Cl0!}P4I  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to ;C3](  
          C        sSxra!tv4  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. 3i<*,@CY  
            D V*)gJg  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 !^%b|=[  
fa )G$Q  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, I#0$5a},u^  
            A       :(Gg]Z9^8  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of SExd-=G  
      B      C BX?Si1c  
   urban Black people in the United States. ?6|EAKJ`lK  
   D DLVf7/=3~  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 ^K8Ey#T  
\;~>AL*  
$8b/"Qm  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 Q~`n%uYg\{  
表示时间有两种可能, u(P D+Gz  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 z}Q54,9m  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, nI-\HAX  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 VE!h!`<k  
N( Cfv3{  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence ibh!8"[  
       A     B     y5>H>NS  
  were made while the American Civil War. t>^An:xT  
   C    D 8[eH8m#~$  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 l =#uy  
~qRP.bV%f  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the Q\}5q3  
   A      B           C    m)&2zV/Q  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. |#"<{RS+w  
          D ">|fB&~A  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 .(D-vkz'  
P@)z Nik[  
b:oB $E  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 >Qr(#Bt)  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 Que-  
}k$2r3  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social VXQ~PF]z0  
                   A     !CUrpr/*  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. re:=fC:t5A  
     B   C    D EHmw(%a|+  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 XI@;;>D1=U  
z^bv)u  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples JHBX'1GQa  
   A        B   C      26?yEd6^Z  
  easily under the stress of compression. @ -)jU!  
   D sk6C/ '0:  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 v25]}9/C  
eh`n?C  
f5'Cq)Vw_  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 ?U$H`[VF}  
7S|nn|\Kp  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine =f4> vo}@k  
    A         B ,6J] oX  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. nB>C3e  
          C            D _HjS!(lMk  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 z$C}V/Ey  
j6}/pe*;;T  
j S~W cu  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, 3 vr T`  
         A f-$%Ck$%,  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. uf q9+}  
   B      C      D f_'#wc6  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 w8~B@}%  
\+3amkBe  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 ;l4 epN  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; mQwP-s  
two hundred diligent students
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