改错题常考要点 Gi7RMql6Q
一、代词 PW)aLycPK
代词中主要讲解六个问题 *%A}x
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 m,tXE%l
主格、宾格、所有格 L`3n2DEBf
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) ([LIjaoi
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(二) 反身代词 OJ,m1{9$}
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 9l
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He killed himself. (他自杀了) #n7Yr,|Z
He killed him. (他杀了他) 5H
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating d2jr8U
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a series of indicators that could help PT_KXk
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themselves to predict earthquakes. "wM1 qX
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 )K0i@hM(n
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 APSgnf
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 f8n
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在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 <hvRP!~<)
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies ?<%=:
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that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the i[nF.I5*f
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Pacific. Poy^RpnX
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 46x.i;b7
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 MDO$m g
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 'Pd(\$ZY
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 nzsl@1s
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined "v]%3i.*
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the word“normalcy”to express social and t~p
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economic conditions they promised the nation. 0Y+FRB]u
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 4g` jd
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important -1%OlKC
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John >s EjR!
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Keats, published the year of her death. #5ax^p2*~
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. kdrod [S
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(四) Who和which的区别 F2I 5qC/
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 PGn);Baq
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 PX
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who %j,iAUE<
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. $W
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 :' #\
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 8/%6@Y"Y*
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(五) that和which的区别 8;g
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介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 Q(7ob}+jQ
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it X"asfA[6K
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. Z9`TwS@x[
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 *s4\\Wb=
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 A&5:ATQ/|
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, q1VH5'p@
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when P A;6$vqX
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. ;\;M =&{}
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which 1eS_
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly is^pgKX
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. ]88];?KS}
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 _banp0ywS
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has `\u;K9S6
affected the way people in the United States----. E-5_{sc
(A) living and working sJx+8
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(B) they live and work m^~ S
(C) live and work >gll-&;t
(D) to live and to work %(/!ljh_
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 |R/.r_x,V?
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二、介词 TJ8E"t*)
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 >O9o,o/6R
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(一) 介词搭配 BKa-
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those "[p@tc?5
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. J<gJc*Q
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 s pLZ2]A
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. <WXzh5D2
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分析:B错改为be rich in c H-@V<
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the X1[CX&Am
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. }),w1/#5u8
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 TvNY:m6.%
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 Uw-p758dD
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 @`-[;?>
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. 133I.XBU
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 S~qZr
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has #QvMVy
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on zPEg
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. jNwjK0?
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 ES <1tG
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2、介词by _$<
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一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by >Sa*`q3J
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing `<
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例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States nfb]VN~(
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. ?EMK8;
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils %zC[KE*~
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to Zn:R
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supply moccasins and field rations. !.7udYmB
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 8pM
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with CZ2`H[8
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements (-7ZI"Ku
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that are often represented at symbols. P7r'ffA
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 N;F)jO
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三、谓语动词 y$Zj?Dd#
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 CR4rDh8z a
①、主谓分割原则 "re-@Baw
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, +5<k-0v
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. Ue5O9;y]u
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 J}spiVM
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②、与后者一致原则 !}TMiCK
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, p?(L'q"WK
not only…but also .W\ve>;
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③、与前者一致原则 t
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名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, ux2013
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中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 |fsm8t<~8
例:The athlete, together with his coach and UgHf*m
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 3&&+YX
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is (ClhbfzD
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④、就近原则
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or, either…or, neither…nor, %n$^-Vc&
单数名词+or+复数名词+are <)m%*9{
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is B:oF;~d/,
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 M8W# io
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 x/TGp?\g
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are TYS\95<
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. /lD?VE
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 2hOPzv&B
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 BA+_
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There are five apples that are red. 1M5 -pZ[D
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 F|eu<^"$ H
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets 3]}'TA`v
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. !oMt_k X
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 vA?_-. J
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 'DAltr<
The rich are not always happier than the poor. km>o7V&4G
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 *SZ>upg
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 3%IWGmye4
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: |=3 *;}
a. there be 句型 G[6=u|(M
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 <xF?~7
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 3
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. M[,^KJ!
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is +{ab1))/
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific $K=z
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 ?M<|r11}
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miles in width. 73#9NZR
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分析:倒装句,are改为is lMPbLF%_
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and 2X +7bM
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film <m9JXO:5
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. akY6D]M
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 3pzOt&T|w
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 p@`4 Qz
fifty percent of + 名词 $jDD0<F.#
one percent of + 名词 >EyvdX#v
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: ]*;RHy9
one percent of my students + are W>UjUq);
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. qRWJ-T:!F
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这里要强调两个结构 uV#-8a5!
half of =fifty percent Cf.WO %?P
most of + 可数名词 + are UX+?0 K
most of + 不可数名词+ is /<Gyg7o0
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 8yNRxiW:
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found in central and eastern Canada. /6?tgr
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 sf=%l10Fk#
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized =+kvL2nx-
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. {3_F
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 T=iZ9w
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 W_Ws3L1;N
①、主要考察时间状语 Vf#oKPP1
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. {g23[$X]N
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was 8=u+BDG
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②、For和since的区别 O_%PBgcJr
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 SFXfo1dqH
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 <LOx.}fv
I has been a teacher for three years. dcc%G7w
I has been a teacher since 1996. 6#lC(ko'
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 A(!ZZ9Wc
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became ~*Sbn~U
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the primary responsibility of the president. h(N9RJ}
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 ~jCpL@rS
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of ?H86Wbz
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. GVHfN5bTqn
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 Pk?%PB?Z
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. D``NQ`>A
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live i,b7Ft:F&
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(三) 谓语的语态 Y"
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语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 dK(%u9v
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: $^D(%
①、prove }ok
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My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 huD\dmQ:]
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; WQmiG=Dw^
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming wj5s5dH
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be f(MHU
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. M |kDys
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 pC.4AkEO
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②、Locate,Situate <21^{ yt1
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 Gz5@1CF
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 2Xs < 1rF
这两个词也可以用作被动 >#n-4NZ;p9
My school was located near the river. &r%^wfp
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 n
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例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. ^52R`{
(A)locates oOSyOD
(B)locating N ^`Efpvg
(C)to locate x&b-Na