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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 8%,#TMOg  
2=_$&oT**  
第一章 名词 ~$u9  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 F^.A~{&L  
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第一节 可数名词 1Vu#:6%  
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考点一 单复数 uHKEt[PS$  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 I> ;{BYPV  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 3=d%WPgQ  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) ^sf,mM~D  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 Z<;W*6J  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: PuJ3#H T  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes a^%)6E.[,  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories b=5w>*  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives ]Kt@F0U<o  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs blQ&QQL  
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例题: xE 8?%N U  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. 'W(u.  
   A         B           C       D M 2hZ'  
答案:A 1'o[9-   
应改为:Flowers 9qftMDLZJ\  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 o-@01_j  
ZPH_s^  
g[(@@TiG  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic ?"Ez  
   A               B   C          D A;L ]=J  
pain. _3aE]\O[  
答案:A 4J5zSTw  
应改为:Doctors HS <Jp44  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 P gA<pfEHE  
考点二 复数形式特例 Ye3o}G9z  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 +bE{g@%@ +  
1.单复数词形相同 /F;2wT;  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 c  K\   
S=,czs3N  
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: }*(_JR4G  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises 2OJlE) .  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula 7n#-3#_mG  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena zwV!6xG  
08xo_Oysq  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: HDV-qYD|O~  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), .T3N"}7[  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), rci,&>L"  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: C4(xtSJSd!  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) \OVFZ D  
 ?^Aj\z>  
5 不规则的名词复数 =H)]HxEEM  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice BSMb(EnqX  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet ]_(hUj._  
@.7/lRr@bp  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 O4X03fUx  
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例题: wKpBH}  
hM]Z T5;<  
(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading ULt5Zi  
       A            B           C ?TpjU*Cxy  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. /}6I 3n  
            D 26/<\{q~  
`"65 _?B i  
(2) r\"R?P$y|  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed W7n^]~V  
  A      B           C           m+XHFU  
feet. lOcFF0'  
 D sAc1t`  
答案:D kFE9}0-   
应改为:foot -ZE YzZqY  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 {{G3^ysa  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 hk=[v7  
E@C.}37R  
第二节 限定词 {v0r'+`  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: d(|?gN^  
1.之后肯定接单数: jv.tg,c_6  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. i&H^xgm  
例句: Each of them has two books. w\i]z1  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) *eHa4I  
2z{B  
2.之后肯定接复数: ,j XK  
these, those, many, such, other, ]0T*# U/P  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), )w4U]inJ$"  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several zlP{1z;nV  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of :=*G7ZyW$  
8SRUqe[H]  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc +%TgX&a  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 ,EHLW4v  
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}&+,y<>   
h._eP.W`  
考点一 否定限定词no WYF8?1dt +  
6IRRRtO(  
(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: 8nBYP+t,e  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. s:l H4B  
No one is here. 4G:~|N.{p  
KWDH 35  
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: 517"x@6Q  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; ]v}W9{sY  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 G^ k8Or2  
423%K$710  
例题: |BM#rfQ  
(1) Lk]|;F-2i  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. ,j>FC j>  
(A) none wz3X;1l`c  
(B) no G~C-tAB  
(C) not T^] ]z}k  
(D) nor jA{B G_  
( PH7nW7  
答案: C >lM/\HO2  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 m4h)Wq  
c nv%J}wq  
(2) /,uxj5_cT  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Ga9iPv  
A                B           C >QJDO ]~V  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. i[LnU#+  
        D 3}g>/F ~  
G6{ PrV#  
答案: A aC=2v7*  
应改为: No 0TV16 --  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 m4W (h6  
yqK_|7I+  
考点二 their等物主代词 EP;ts  
b(mZ/2,B  
1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars Ff0V6j)ji  
U~sC%Ri-@U  
2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 K!(WcoA&2i  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. a}` M[%d7  
这里用their 而不用 the ubZuvWZ  
a'-xCV|^  
例题: ?nu<)~r53  
(1) 7}\AhQ, S  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten xzz@Wc^_  
              A      B        C $A74V [1^  
the lives. ;j;U9-oh  
 D M7Z&t'=  
gjK: a@{  
答案: D s$9ow<oi]  
应改为: their Q$'\_zV  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 4E!Pxjl3a  
Yx. t+a-  
(2) FB +nN5D/  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any z-0 N/?x1  
      A        B              C GQ.akA_(  
specific way. uGlz|C  
    D xXV15%&  
gi@&Mr)fS  
答案: B e6gj'GmY  
应改为: its 3\<(!yY8  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 bX`]<$dr3  
7S&O {Q7)  
考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 |SJ%Myy  
Bt\V1)  
a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 $:D L+E-}  
L(`q3>iC4.  
例题: ,tBc%&.f  
(1) y(K:,CI  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or <C*%N;F5R  
        A        B        C aJNsJIY+  
relating those objects. Tkf4`Gxd  
 D "Jyb?5  
<l9qhqHv&  
答案: B oB}rd9  
应改为: is a set T:j!a{_|  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 uUpOa+t  
);F /P0P  
(2) 3o__tU)B  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. $J:~jY/J  
A       B     C           D <J1$s_^`  
vi.q]$ohbV  
答案: D .Wci@5:3  
应改为: responses b9Ix*!Y  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few }JWk?  
m4T` Tg#P  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 ] yXrD`J!  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) w.0]>/C  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) y {1p #  
1(U\vMb  
第三节 冠词作限定词 aib)ItNb  
Y{#m=-h  
冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 BcTV5Wcr  
%g&i.2v  
考点一 不定冠词a / an A|U_$!cLZ  
vo DTU]pf  
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: r*l:F{  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university PizPsJ|&  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour [P_1a`b  
2L_ts=  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). "&/&v  
#nh;KlI 0  
例题: O8:,XTAN  
(1)       xcYYo'U  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever l;g8_uyjv7  
   A                 B           C az]S&\i7T  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. 9m fYB  
                 D S)*eA ON9  
答案: B有错 )#dP:  
应改为: puzzle. yVM 1W"Q  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle x+9aTsZ  
(2) b|*A%?m  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a rX#} 2  
   A        B       C          D f13%[RA9N  
question of physiology and of culture. z<jWy$Ta;  
答案: D有错 ^8nK x<&5  
应改为: day XoaBX2  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day %o +VZEH3  
(3) )*iSN*T8q  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the ,g$N  
  A      B       C s Hu~;)  
nonprofessional metal worker. r 8,6qP[  
    D ;#!`c gAh  
答案: C ~'HwNzDQc  
应改为: still a practical M*E4:A9_M  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 %u43Pj  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 c`y[V6q9  
例题: -[x^z5Ee`  
(1) yKa}U!$   
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. Ni GK| Z   
   A     B    C           D ?PSm) ~ Oa  
答案: A Q4Q*5>  
应改为: An emotion lvb0dOmY  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an z8mR< q%`  
(2) JB'q_dS}  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine BJk\p.BVN  
   A    B                       C ^C@uP9g  
chemically with other atoms. >NW /0'/  
         D 3`k 1  
答案: A _pKW($\  
应改为: an atom xue-5 '  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an 7^Jszd:c08  
.7Ys@;>B  
考点二 定冠词the As1Er[>  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: iH( K[F /  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: x"v5'EpL  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower Wb!%_1dER  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: i,FG?\x@  
the first woman, the nineteenth century 0:h;ots'  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby * C~  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: ,u{d@U^)3@  
the largest city, the most advanced technology s>"=6gb  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: YurK@Tq7  
the development of the watch, Zo;@StN3}T  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: ?qw&H /R  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun Nt&}T   
在下列情况下,一般不用the: //e.p6"8h  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: C\.?3  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) aAwnkQ$  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the doP4N6   
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) EFf<| v  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: _"a(vfl#  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) 8 :$kFy\A'  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: M$%aX,nk'  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… 0UWLs_k:  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: .+ai dWd  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed (Y, @-V  
乘车的词组: "KW\:uc /  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), 05DK-Wh?  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) ;{q7rsE  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), ECg/ge2  
打球的词组: A<9ZX=DAjw  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball ^%#v AS  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. WsJ3zZc  
例题: 3r+vpyu  
(D)       n9t8RcJS:  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. d|j3E  
(A) it was the A37Z;/H~k  
(B) that the 6;I&{9  
(C) there was a T9RR. ng  
(D) the ~6kEpa  
答案:D GLnj& Ve  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 w;}P<K  
(2) 9"=:\PE  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of j@ UIN3  
           A            B ud'r ?QDM  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. iW-w?!>|m  
     C      D ysGK5kFz  
答案:D %:N5k+}  
应改为:of SD8Q_[rY  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 HS="t3  
(3) 1 q}iUnR  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to +QtK "5M  
  A      B              C    %^2LTK(P  
nineteenth century. w/~,mzM"  
  D \n6#D7OV  
答案:D CbS- Rz:  
应改为:to the nineteenth XcR2]\  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the l<(MC R*  
第四节 不可数名词 pu0IhDMn  
S'9T>&<Kn  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 i Ne;h|  
i"0^Gr  
抽象名词如: )_,*2|b  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: ,gUSW  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), c/^} =t(  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), 8jMw7ti  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) Y]Vt&*{JV  
还有表达学科类的名词如: 7!]$XGz [  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, A Ns.`S  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) CJ8XKy  
}cn46 L%/  
物质名词如: K9njD#/  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), /a [i:Oa#  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) COH0aNp;  
:rk=(=@8`  
qg7.E+  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 47|Lk]+O  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, )D{L<.i_  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), MCZTeYnx  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) ` .|JTm[  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 ,|D_? D)U  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice ", !#7h  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, :.e`w#$7  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 \T `InBbf  
例题: k |k  
(1) # ` Q3Z}C  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and VgD z:j  
       A      B    C          D 2BZYC5jy  
trade. /2N'SOX  
答案:C "(zvI>A  
应改为:advertising DDxbIkt  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 YT'G#U1x~  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 $&& mGD;?K  
_0N=~`'  
考点二 限定词 -sO[,  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: s~ || Vv!  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) r<VZE bm)  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 C))5,aX  
例题: -AnQZy  
(1) l r80RL'_  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear R= ,jqW<  
        A              B         C \d"JYym  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. Tzr_K  
                     D ~tK4C|  
答案:D HYcLXhvgu  
应改为:little. "NEg]LB5  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little DJ_[{WAV  
(2)  ?QA![  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge q^!_jMN5  
      A                    B gJa48 pi  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. qt_ocOr  
           C         D q4u,pm,@  
答案:B 0s9-`nHen|  
应改为:much evidence 5k:SD7^b  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 (=A61]yB  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 (rKyX:Vsy  
例如: f3yH4r?;w  
a lot of students , a lot of money OBb m?`[  
the rest of the students, the rest of money s;brs}  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. f^JiaU4 [  
$4>(}  
第五节 所有格及of结构 ~7p!t%;$  
1G}f83yR  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 vHJOpQmt~  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, VSx9aVPkC  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office {c  : 7:  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , J\@|c.ws  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room ]ilQq~X  
例题: (@DqKB  
(1) 7xF)\um  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. w"`Zf7a{/  
(A) of the drop ?"F9~vx&G  
(B) the drop's ^ps6\>=0cW  
(C) drop of o3"Nxq"U  
(D) drops their ]OSq}ul  
答案: (B) ^4b;rLfk@  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 ~dO+kD  
(2) (himx8Uml2  
Over a very lar DsB30  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. YdZ9##IU3  
(A) occurs $:?Dyu(Il  
(B) will occur )3IUKz%\6p  
(C) can occur {q/;G!ON.S  
(D) occurring $@D*/@  
答案:D pCf9"LLer  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 Y{Ff I+  
f, '*f:(  
考点二 of结构 5tI#UBha  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) \0W0o5c$  
如: the title of the passage *@{  
例如: /F$E)qN7n  
(1) {Rdh4ZKh  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names 5DpvMhc_  
          A     B     C t~H0Qeb[v=  
of some works years after their completion. =]r2;014  
       D _dY5qW1p  
答案: C m-qu<4A/U|  
应改为: paintings ]K3bDU~  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 m-6&-G#  
(2) 67;6nXG0K  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and No8-Hm  
      A         B     C         D B^!-%_q  
spinal cord. cij8'( "+!  
答案: B <-mhz`^  
应改为: stimulation  @M OaXe  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 C;5`G *e  
[7Q%c!e$*  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 b9ud8wLE[  
qqJghV$Oj  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 JljCI@  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 ^D]J68)#a  
例题: Go!{@ xx>  
(1) p>O/H1US;  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. D66NF;7q  
(A) was a major collection &qK:LHhj  
(B) that a major collection t`'jr=e,~  
(C) a collection was major Y]*&\Ex"\  
(D) a major collection @ze2'56F }  
答案: (D) ,a?oGi  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 Zwz co  
(2) 6" <(M@  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of eX>*}pI  
    A         B        C     D ,NvXpN  
medieval alchemists. Kj"X!-  
答案:A ~#4FL< W  
应改为:beginnings. *`|xa@1v`  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 xkw=os  
!Vg=l[  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 +Z2XP76(4A  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 x@QNMK.7  
例题: k0O5c[ j  
(1) lz : :6}  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. MoQ\~/Z|  
(A) new dance, the twist |`Noj+T47I  
(B) twist, was the new dance cC>Svf[CzK  
(C) twist, the new dance that ;gZ/i93 :Q  
(D) new dance is the twist VH~YwO!x  
答案: (A) a;^lOU|L{  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语  F81EZ/  
(2) ~@Q ]@8Tv\  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep .4U*.Rf  
     A                B        ;1PJS_@rX  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. \>pm (gF  
 C               D H8[A*uYL  
答案: D >p@b$po  
应改为: promise. Osm))Ua(  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 rD4 umWi  
p%&$%yz$  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 'sH_^{V2  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, 2nC,1%kxhq  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. !OY}`a(z  
例题: e2N K7  
(1)  <=&$+3r  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. =#[oi3k  
(A) that institutes CX{6  
(B) while instituted %+Ze$c}X  
(C) was an institution bTrusSAl  
(D) an institute aK - x{  
答案: (D) {9}CU ~R  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 1u7D:h>#  
(2) tx>7?e8E  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. T\bP8D  
(A) is the great modern choreographer QCb%d'_w+  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers =hFY-~U  
(C) that the great modern choreographers l;@+=uVDHm  
(D) the modern choreographers were great 0>7Ij7\[8  
答案:B @QVg5  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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