高分语法讲解 %iME[| u&
GIT"J}b}
第一章 名词 {2QP6X sJ
'r(g5H1}gi
正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 .XkD2~;
WgG$ r
第一节 可数名词 j6};K ~N`
%!AzFL
J|Z
考点一 单复数 "'GhE+>Z
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 {-MjsBR
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 y<wd~!>Ubu
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) _yX.Apv]
FC~%G&K/q^
下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 34[TM 3L].
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: [c lwmx
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes 'x<oILOG
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories : 2$*'{mM
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives sekei6#fi
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs (+cZP&o
+]zRn
例题: Qca3{|r`
~R~.D
(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. ~'0ZW<X.
A B C D r{84Y!k~*
答案:A R*FDg;t4
应改为:Flowers Lfdg5D5.P
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 !4FOX>|L@
Q$ Dx
:
5~T+d1md
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic H?a $o(
A B C D Q<g
>WNb
pain. 3&
5b!Y
答案:A ?8?vBkz~
应改为:Doctors ~:U`^wtQ
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 ?*yB&(a:8
考点二 复数形式特例 q86}'dFw{
zK1]o-wSAT
这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 }&v-<qC^
1.单复数词形相同 GvgTbCxnN
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 N{&Lo}6F
yzT1Zg_ER
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: <?}pCX/O
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises S@S4<R1{\
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula Z!^>!'Z
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena CDXN%~0h
ov H'_'
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: .boBb<
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), 8 l)K3;q_
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), c}|.U
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: "aI)LlyCY
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) Scm45"wB+
vV$^`
WY4
5 不规则的名词复数 $'_Q@ZBq
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice T+zhj
++
tooth - teeth foot - feet 5mpql[v3P
2RF3pIFrm
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 f(eXny@Y
5
S
!j$_(
例题: cJ@fJ|
bma.RCyY<
(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading skan1wQ
A B C wb(S7OsMO
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. dhxzW@'nIL
D 4g2`[< S
DbB<8$
(2) d}Guj/cx,
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed pO5j-d*
A B C KehM.c^
feet. ]+a~/
D T+E
wC)Ll
答案:D R[m{"2|,Lc
应改为:foot btnD+O66<
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 u$zRm(!RB
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 y4|<+9<7
>@cBDS<6R
第二节 限定词 @6+_0^
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: +aM[!pW(e
1.之后肯定接单数: a'Odw2Q_
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. ;/wH/!b
例句: Each of them has two books. <8?
F\x@
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) Bfo#N31F}
J1cz
D |(
2.之后肯定接复数: RyukQY~<W
these, those, many, such, other, 6)Za
K
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…),
: *[mvF
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several v 5pkP
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of F;_o `h
%(6+{'j~#
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc aZ{ l6
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 5izpQ'>
U=j`RQ 9,
>FHx],
eNi#% ?=WB
考点一 否定限定词no %`$:/3P$U
ht6}v<x.eA
(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: NJd4( P
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. $6 Hf[(/ e
No one is here. m1]/8{EC7
RL]$"
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: qRcg|']R
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; j"TEp$x
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 ^qBm%R(
-Q
Mwtr#q}
例题: +8 \?7,FY
(1) z(O*DwY#
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. A0;{$/
(A) none =s'H o
(B) no "7Kw]8mRR
(C) not HpUJ_pZ
(D) nor ;"EDFH#W
fwzyCbks
答案: C =F/ R*5:T
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 fMW=ss^fu-
}7{(o-
(2) mAIl)mq|g
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when 6MU;9|&
A B C l6xqc,h!K
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. F>n_k
D \7xc*v [
5RO6YxQ
答案: A k`[>Bk%b
应改为: No myOW^
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 &,l7w K
4-'0# a
考点二 their等物主代词 Dq!YB[Z$
:
-{
d(~XIo
1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars xZV|QVY;
+[S<"}ls7
2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 AtAu$"ue
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. {Q]7!/>>
这里用their 而不用 the Kh&a# ~c
PqyR,Bcx0
例题: `r\/5|M
(1) SwrzW'%A
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten bsI?=lO
A B C SST@
the lives. kqC7^x
D dOgc%(kz
UK@hnQU8`
答案: D 6Ol)SQE,
应改为: their G(hnrRxn
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 <
r b5'
a][T
b0Ox
(2) 4!'4 l=jO
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any poi39B/Vt
A B C *tDxwD7
specific way. |hu9)0P
D H}1XK|K3#H
6?0QzSpfC#
答案: B /9-kG
应改为: its nC9xN
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 UX?S#:h
5VLC\QgK^
考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 IU]@%jA_:A
>T29kgF2
a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 {8~xFYc:
0'` #I
例题: R&L^+?
(1) G\r>3Ys
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or c 9zMI
A B C 'd< 1;Ayw
relating those objects. Aq &H-g]s
D \ 3l3,VYH
Jn1(-
答案: B (V8lmp-F
应改为: is a set 7{u1ynt
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 Uv=hxV[7y
f9b[0L
(2) d@<~u,Mt&F
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. _/a8X:[(
A B C D _
n3"
FZJ sZeO
答案: D EY.Z.gMZI(
应改为: responses lRA!
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few 2S_7!|j
7D)i]68E
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 Bpl(s
+
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) t3FfPV!P"
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) ZHOh(
rtgu{m02
第三节 冠词作限定词 1
c4I`#_v
W*NK-F[
冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 `]l*H3+hg
RS1c+]rr
考点一 不定冠词a / an V|zatMHs
@G>Q(a*,
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: 9..! g:
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university v`KYhqTUl
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour *u`[2xmuYf
I^yInrRh5
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). YU24wTe;k
Wk&g!FR
例题: SLMnEtyTS
(1) ~xaPq=AH
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever Y
)]x1I
A B C f-/zR %s{
been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. %I6c}*W
D @u}1 S1
答案: B有错 'WLh
D<
应改为: puzzle. b
)mU9
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle 3BWYSJ|
(2) :#=XT9
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a iw==q:$
A B C D
<;
(pol|
question of physiology and of culture. Q(J6;s#b
答案: D有错 =u#xPI0:
应改为: day [b<AQFh<c
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day P5^<c\Mr,Y
(3) @3F 4Lg6H|
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the tEXY>=
A B C }JePEmj
nonprofessional metal worker. c0%.GcF0{
D "}(g3Iy
答案: C 8
qY\T0
应改为: still a practical 3h-C&C
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 )Kw
Gb&l&
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型
@d]a#ypU
例题: nA#FGfZ{Ge
(1) O4mSr{HCp
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. RZ#~^5DiO
A B C D dO{a!Ca
答案: A G(~
s(r{%I
应改为: An emotion muc>4!Q
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an n\ yDMY
(2) )ZcwG(o0
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine 1D6F
WYV8
A B C B7^*xskH
chemically with other atoms. ]N\J~Gm
D #@#/M)
答案: A t69C48}15
应改为: an atom ,'E+f%
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an CSC
sJE#4
srbU}u3VZ
考点二 定冠词the Z?7XuELKV
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: BO3#*J5S\
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: ;U02VguC
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower _.ny<r:g
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: m,,FNYW
the first woman, the nineteenth century VOj{&O2c
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby / p_mFA]@
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: zO)>(E?
the largest city, the most advanced technology &K1\"
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: <K$X>&Ts
the development of the watch, errT7&@,A
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: x2^Yvgc-
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun 80p? qe
在下列情况下,一般不用the: A 11w{`EM
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: 'q#$^='o
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) C;u8qVI
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the Y55Yo5<j/+
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) jK[~dY
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: _;;'/rs
j
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) "1<>c/h
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: |Ew~3-u!
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… Au q)
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: xHA6
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed w
$\p\}~,
乘车的词组: nK@RFU6
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), 2WP73:'t
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) @AXRKYQ{t
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), F~Nm
Lm
打球的词组: D[m+=-
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball k *a?Ey$
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. DrG9Kky{
例题: (XQBBt
(D) Ft7{P.g
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. mSw$?
>
(A) it was the 0@FZQ$-
(B) that the *PXlb
b
(C) there was a 7*!h:rg
(D) the ;1S~'B&1Q
答案:D @~4Q\^;NX
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 m&GxLT6
(2) sH//*y
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of SR,id B&i
A B
>dnH
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. o%!8t_1mR
C D (*.t~6c?5
答案:D HFJna2B`
应改为:of eYQq@lrWv
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 -h5yg`+1N\
(3) q/
x(:yol
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to nqG9$!k^t
A B C dQ4VpR9|;
nineteenth century. 6} DGEHc1
D y*Egt `W
答案:D =")}wl=s
应改为:to the nineteenth ?o@5PL
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the &kR +7
第四节 不可数名词 A]fN~PR
Yx- 2ux
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 jOJ$QT
s
"KPTV
抽象名词如: [@!.( Hp
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: [dG&"%5vD
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), 9:|z^r
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), p0 @,-
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) 'z=WJV;Vs
还有表达学科类的名词如: <qG4[W,[
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, 3F5Y#[L`
mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) 8dg\_H_
c/l%:!A
物质名词如: m `"^d #
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), kA`Z#yu
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) `6`p ~
?hpT"N,hF9
mR3
)$!
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 :}QBrd
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, ?C('
z7
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), Vu
@2
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻) EV1x"}D A_
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 3AKT>Wy =
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice W62 $ HI
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, RCXm</
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 PI
KQ}aq=
例题: :O`7kZ]=n
(1) ~UrKyA
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and ]} D^?g^
A B C D 2nNBX2o&_
trade. U_s3)/'
答案:C h |Ofi
应改为:advertising g
YeKeW3)
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 K|i:tHF
]@
词汇:barter: 实物交易 8Zj=:;
&cZQ,o
考点二 限定词 QO1pwrX<
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: |PGF g0li
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) u|;?FQ$M
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 r 6.`9
例题: TLcev*
(1) ~]sj.>P
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear X8}m
%
A B C mu#IF'|b
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. XmZs4~\K$G
D ]=gNA
答案:D Vy.gr4Cm
应改为:little. 'CQ~ZV5
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little 0W_oln
Z
(2) Kw%to9eh)
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge CpE LLA<
A B Abw=x4d(i
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. G '1K6
C D OO?;??
答案:B A#o ~nC<
应改为:much evidence \m xi8Z
w
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 {6I)6}w!k
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 ut*sx9l
例如: <`Xt?K
a lot of students , a lot of money JT,[;
the rest of the students, the rest of money #\zC|%2+z
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun.
+vr|J:
o8B$6w:_
第五节 所有格及of结构 67tB
8X
QmKEl|/{u
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 Z[ 53cVT^
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, !MyCxM6
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office p!o?2Lbiw
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , yC:C
如: the students' union, the ladies' room I&J>
例题: j5:
/Gl8
(1) 9
d
f GV!Z
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. $=9g,39
(A) of the drop O<`N0
(B) the drop's 1YtbV3
(C) drop of [*K.9}+G_
(D) drops their hnnVp_<]
答案: (B)
$xqX[ocor
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 YXLZ2-%ohZ
(2)
Pb}Ii
q=
Over a very lar Kgw,]E&7
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. n`X}&(O
(A) occurs c
$8M}q:X
(B) will occur 'j9x(T1M1
(C) can occur E#~J"9k98
(D) occurring P
r2WF~NuO
答案:D Q"s]<MtdS
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 u\3=m%1
2AXf'IOqE
考点二 of结构 Y~B-dx'V
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) Ys>Z=Eky
如: the title of the passage ckkm}|&m
例如: )@],0yL
(1) sdBB
(
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names 2f5YkmGc";
A B C X- j@#Qb
of some works years after their completion. b"y4-KV
D ;TL>{"z`x
答案: C t+#vcg,G
应改为: paintings :{ Lihe~\
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 -VvN1G6.x?
(2) ;0o%
hx
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and 0*,]`A=
A B C D 9z+ZFIf7d
spinal cord. g f<vQb|
答案: B Mu@(^zW
应改为: stimulation V*W H
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 \;1nEjIA
5nXmaj
第六节 名词在句中的作用 V6&
6I
L]E.TvM1*
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 24k;.o
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 \F14]`i
例题: 6$t
+Q~2G!
(1) ~En]sj
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. U2
Cmf
(A) was a major collection BD [<>Wm
(B) that a major collection k{ulu
(C) a collection was major L-Mf{z
(D) a major collection l)f 2T@bHl
答案: (D) w3M F62:
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 cvC 7#i[G
(2) ywj'O
e41
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of 19i=kdH
A B C D Bqw/\Lxwlf
medieval alchemists. J
IE0O`
答案:A rxOvY
F
应改为:beginnings. &X,6v
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 6%MM)Vj+u
NYeL1h)l
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 =00sB
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 ->W rBO
例题: u6
4{w,
(1) !gi3J @
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. tcD5"ALJ
(A) new dance, the twist q&esI
(B) twist, was the new dance pwl7aC+6d
(C) twist, the new dance that < Q6
(D) new dance is the twist "YN6o_*]
答案: (A) 5s<.qDc
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 H<
(2) D 1(9/;9
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep !3\(
d{
A B Mr@{3do$
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. gyobq'o-
C D [pSQ8zdF"
答案: D `m\ ?gsw7
应改为: promise. "F?p Y@4
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 tY60~@YO&
l?KP/0`
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 XXb,*u 3
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, Rc}#4pM8
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. c
例题: D"P<;@ef
(1) =9A!5
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. GX N:=
(A) that institutes XW*d\vDun
(B) while instituted *!,k`=.([#
(C) was an institution `9
1?^T;\F
(D) an institute F "-GhjK
答案: (D) i7`/"5I
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 <#lNi.?.
(2) Fb^,%K:
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. wfM|3GS+.
(A) is the great modern choreographer }5y]kn
(B) one of the great modern choreographers ":L d}~>
(C) that the great modern choreographers {QT:1U\.
(D) the modern choreographers were great OmaG|2u
答案:B
!-8y;,P
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句