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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 %;+Q0 e9  
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第一章 名词 {Muw4DV  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 NMYkEz(&R  
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第一节 可数名词 gZQ,br*  
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考点一 单复数 5yO %|)  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 %,Fx qw  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 vr#_pu)f4  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) m:@-]U@ 6  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 yj!4L&A  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: 'LY.7cW  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes ;<qv-$P  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories :p^7XwX%w  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives JGjqBuz#A*  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs W| S{v7[l  
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例题: 0. _)X  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. Z["[^=EP  
   A         B           C       D at_~b Ox6X  
答案:A 7Ddo ^Gtx  
应改为:Flowers ,[6N64fy  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 u;$g1 3  
5(F @KeH>  
8 /3`rEW  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic @"[xX}xK;  
   A               B   C          D ":t'} Eg=6  
pain. |L XYF$  
答案:A ~V,~' W  
应改为:Doctors tBSHMz  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 >^vyp!  
考点二 复数形式特例 u(W%snl  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 *Mu X]JK  
1.单复数词形相同 j*uc$hC"  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 -[\+~aDH,  
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: pwq a/Yi  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises -rC_8.u :  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula ";:"p6?  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena yk1.fxik'  
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: \F_~?$  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), !U}dYB:O  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), oA_T9uh[  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: ZbS* zKEW  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) & ,KxE(C  
$+#Lq.3,  
5 不规则的名词复数 0FL PZaRP  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice 7WuhYJbf  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet ~Q  q0  
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 lRIS&9vA3  
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例题: }Xn5M&> ?  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading Oy> V/  
       A            B           C A^  :/*  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. a!n |/9 6  
            D 8OYw72&  
@Yv+L)  
(2) 5Z2tTw'i  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed K6C@YY(  
  A      B           C           Y|NL #F  
feet. @qszwQav$  
 D h x _,>\@  
答案:D  3,x|w  
应改为:foot @k"Q e&BQ  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 QX1rnVzg0  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 ~Ogtgr  
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第二节 限定词 A7|CG[wZ  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: st|;] q9?  
1.之后肯定接单数: E{Gkq:  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. ;w\7p a  
例句: Each of them has two books. `|{6U"n  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) -uE2h[X|  
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2.之后肯定接复数: u]D>O$_ s  
these, those, many, such, other, Ezvm5~<  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), PYOU=R%o`8  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several O%w"bEr)N  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of G>3]A5  
li U=&wM>  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc 0<,Q7onDD:  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 0:,8Ce  
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考点一 否定限定词no -w0U }Te^  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: l$i^e|*  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. 7 Q`'1oE?  
No one is here. ?=UIx24W  
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: d1MVhE  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; nDdF(|Qt  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 NXwlRMbo  
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例题: 2EHeQ|#  
(1) G)I lkA@  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. X j'7nj  
(A) none R* C  
(B) no 3$R^tY2UU  
(C) not qU'O4TWZ  
(D) nor W6Os|z9&|  
Vd8BQB,Q  
答案: C B!Ss 35<  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 nFVQOr;  
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(2) 6j]pJ]F6  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when c8o $WyO  
A                B           C 0A~zu K  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. ]LvpYRU$P  
        D \#bk$R@  
ar0y8>]3  
答案: A -O o7]8  
应改为: No 4= VAJ  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 !MOgM  
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考点二 their等物主代词 y<|vcg8x  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars 4v+4qyMyE  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 HvWnPh1l  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. qg;[~JZYKi  
这里用their 而不用 the mWUo:(U  
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例题: kan?2x  
(1) tUXq!r<'dT  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten ';buS -|6  
              A      B        C [XA  f=x  
the lives. dP(*IOO.  
 D H26'8e  
|V2+4b,  
答案: D Wq!n8O1  
应改为: their :^mfTj$  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 J[:3H6%`  
.7-Yu1{2  
(2) gk+$CyjJ  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any T,h,)|:I^  
      A        B              C L3 M]06y  
specific way. t 7D2k2x9  
    D v_*E:E  
@b=b>V[d6  
答案: B %=J<WA6\  
应改为: its zmI?p4,  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 ` `o:N`  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 .$>?2|gRv  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 h3.wR]ut  
/U[Y w)  
例题: ]@bo;.  
(1) r=dFk?8XbC  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or VIL #q  
        A        B        C B[F,D  
relating those objects. vB, X)  
 D j r6)K;:.  
1c  S{3  
答案: B VmrW\rH@  
应改为: is a set QnikgV  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 +` B m  
F(/^??<5  
(2) D .| h0gU  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. VF=$'Bl|  
A       B     C           D +u*WUw! %  
uj_u j!  
答案: D d; \x 'h2  
应改为: responses BuI&kU,WY  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few }Tn]cL{]C  
GOHRBV  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别  ' -[  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) (`gqLPx[  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) rixNz@p'%  
^r7 3(8{)  
第三节 冠词作限定词 M~;Ww-./  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 IZeWswz  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an T<~NB5&f  
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: 30g-J(Zg  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university VWd=7  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour ~j",ePl  
fLAOA9  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). 'x lK_Z  
?%(8RQ  
例题: bl(rCbj(w  
(1)       W1M<6T.{7  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever zS18Kl  
   A                 B           C XKLkJZN  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. i1ur>4Ns  
                 D phwk0J]2  
答案: B有错 Uaog_@2n,  
应改为: puzzle. v/\l  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle ]$!-%pNv  
(2) { :'#Ts<  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a BZ<Q.:)  
   A        B       C          D gI6./;;x  
question of physiology and of culture. E(*RtOC<W  
答案: D有错 /=A^@&:_#  
应改为: day a,x-akZWf  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day +DaP XZ5.  
(3) cU?A|'  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the M%5qx,JQY  
  A      B       C ?<bByxa  
nonprofessional metal worker. b=horvs/!  
    D f1y3l1/  
答案: C A 'rfoA6  
应改为: still a practical pca `nN!  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 !E8y!|7$  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 A}?n.MAX>  
例题: Y^Y |\0  
(1) NK;%c-r0v7  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. 1p=^I'#  
   A     B    C           D =v]\{ .  
答案: A X*hY?'Rp  
应改为: An emotion Fy37I/#)r&  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an ^0p y  
(2) )0 U VT[7  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine Vw :.'-Oi  
   A    B                       C 5&Al  
chemically with other atoms. `ECT8  
         D y:u7*%"  
答案: A kk#%x#L[  
应改为: an atom EK`}?>'  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an +A%|.;  
"`HkAW4GZa  
考点二 定冠词the [Z9 lxZ|  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: $2uk;&"?A=  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: >L[n4x\  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower 36"-cGNr{  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: ,yc_r= _  
the first woman, the nineteenth century Nc;cb  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby San3^uX   
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: HXV4E\JA  
the largest city, the most advanced technology t 7GK\B8:  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: mD@*vq  
the development of the watch, cG!\P :re  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: wr);+.T9R  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun oVlh4"y#Lf  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: PgOOFRwP  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: 0b=1Ce+0q  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) xf2|9Tqt  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the $[f-{B{>*  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) 4# +i\H`  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: 9-:\ NH^;  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) /=5:@  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: }ejZk bP  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… $'*q]]  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: +/+>:  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed a gk w)#  
乘车的词组: L2\<iJA}c  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), LX'z7fh  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) b- 8}TTL>  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), jw5ldC>U  
打球的词组: 0RZ[]:(  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball X'uQr+p^  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. sHqa(ynK  
例题: OLS/ 3c z  
(D)       {gz-w|7  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. !S~0T!afF  
(A) it was the {8* d{0l  
(B) that the "5HSCl$r%  
(C) there was a j:2TicHD C  
(D) the (kTu6t*  
答案:D =&i#NSK  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 5OCt Q4u  
(2) D7r&z?  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of UgL FU#  
           A            B /\{emE\]  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. _\8jnpT:  
     C      D !bCSt?}@u  
答案:D <Umr2Vw-  
应改为:of >0z`H|;  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 d6a3\f  
(3) ypgM&"eR  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to -=cm7/X  
  A      B              C    hFo29oN  
nineteenth century. h'HI92; [  
  D Y&1N*@YP  
答案:D >8ryA$  
应改为:to the nineteenth nG";?TT  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the HC} vO0X4  
第四节 不可数名词 jEE!H /  
b}DC|?~M  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 h\p!J-V  
c4u/tt.)  
抽象名词如: Y0Tad?iC  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: kia[d984w  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), k33\;9@k  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), SXP(C^?C  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) ? )h8uf4  
还有表达学科类的名词如: (uDAdE5  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, w\MWr+4  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) HE35QH@/`  
}AA">FF'y4  
物质名词如: I`(53LCqo  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), Pro?xY$E)  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) Xy%||\P{)  
2Mk;r*FT  
bZ1*:k2  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 AmHj\NX$  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, <$yA*  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), Arg/ge.y  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) I5q $QQK  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 D{s87h  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice e)wi}\:q_  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, ( ne[a2%>  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 F$)l8}  
例题: V \Gs&>  
(1) )][U6e  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and 4WvW11q8U  
       A      B    C          D ?).;cG:<  
trade. mFF4qbe  
答案:C -DdHl8  
应改为:advertising 3~T ~Bs  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 qg& /!\  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 $KbZ4bB[Bo  
#+1|O;PB#  
考点二 限定词 yuZLsH  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: <4; nq~  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) IqYJ  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 p[JIH~nb  
例题: E`oA(x7l  
(1) 7A\`  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear YbU8 xq  
        A              B         C t`z"=S  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. FE\E%_K'n7  
                     D M!J7Vj?Ps  
答案:D ri{*\LV*@  
应改为:little. k`m7j[A]l  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little  Y${'  
(2) 9m M3Ve*  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge w w^\_KGu7  
      A                    B 2'?'dfj  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. 309 pl  
           C         D aj` &ca8  
答案:B 77@N79lqO  
应改为:much evidence 3%+ ~"4&  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 *&I>3;~%^}  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 ~</FF'Xz  
例如: '3b\d:hN  
a lot of students , a lot of money ^&?,L@ fW  
the rest of the students, the rest of money '|IcL1c=I  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. :oIBJ u%/  
?Zb+xNKJ(  
第五节 所有格及of结构 &!8 WRJ  
L0g+RohW  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 XGSFG ~d  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, x?wvS]EBg  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office -%` ~3*L  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , [Fr](&Tx  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room EsGu#lD2  
例题: &ys>z<Z  
(1) -8n 1y[  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. ;b{#$#`=  
(A) of the drop arL>{mj  
(B) the drop's [ inlxJD  
(C) drop of DhM=q  
(D) drops their xWG@<}H  
答案: (B) kOQ )QX  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 64/ZfXD  
(2) *$eH3nn6g  
Over a very lar 9lYKG ^#D  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. gRY#pRT6d  
(A) occurs =2p?_.|'  
(B) will occur Z@Rm^g]o  
(C) can occur W>pe-  
(D) occurring &nm Bsl3Q.  
答案:D \}b2 oiY  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 #kW=|8X  
_BewaI;w  
考点二 of结构 5eTA ]  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) >#G%2Vp  
如: the title of the passage IO\1nB$0nb  
例如: NljpkeX'  
(1) I*-\u  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names Ij#mmj NW  
          A     B     C wiN0|h>,  
of some works years after their completion. ;dzy 5o3  
       D r8m}B#W7  
答案: C t1Ts!Q2  
应改为: paintings $>/d)o  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 _`?0w#> 0  
(2) #ZZe*B!s_  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and c^W;p2^  
      A         B     C         D ?AFb&  
spinal cord. BwHJr(n  
答案: B dy6zrgxygP  
应改为: stimulation !td!">r46e  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 VN)WBv  
w[z=x  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 .<t{saToU  
6[t<g=  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 29:2Xu i  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 1L <TzQ  
例题: _f!ko<52  
(1) xC< )]  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. @ 51!3jeu  
(A) was a major collection ;W{z"L;nX  
(B) that a major collection !/}4_s`,  
(C) a collection was major UA.Tp[u  
(D) a major collection B>i%:[-e  
答案: (D) 8g=O0Gb  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 w^L`"  
(2) <~| n}&  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of *$7^.eHfdd  
    A         B        C     D Z*Ffdh>*:&  
medieval alchemists. Q^{TcL8  
答案:A _CNXyFw.7  
应改为:beginnings. /,:cbpHsu  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 nWelM2  
ky !Z JR  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 . x$V~t  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 lsV>sW4]Z  
例题: t_^cqEr  
(1) J|xXo  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. <2*+Y|Lk2  
(A) new dance, the twist ]>)}xfL &,  
(B) twist, was the new dance WA}'[h   
(C) twist, the new dance that wPghgjF{  
(D) new dance is the twist ';eAaDM  
答案: (A) W[QgddR  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 R?:K\  
(2) heF'7ezv#  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep {(-TWh7V  
     A                B         :SFf}  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. >CCy2W^W  
 C               D /_< _X 7  
答案: D j.Y!E<e4]  
应改为: promise. MXVCu"g%  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 $xvwnbq#y  
R "W=V  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 ]$K58C  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, %Y`)ZKh  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. ke*&*mx"L  
例题: n\JSt}A  
(1) ;X Y#Jl>tg  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. yj,+7[)  
(A) that institutes "=f,4Zbj  
(B) while instituted O6-"q+H)  
(C) was an institution NnZ_x>R  
(D) an institute blV'-Al  
答案: (D) {flxZ}  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 nNM)rW  
(2) mpCKF=KL.  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. =>C3IR/  
(A) is the great modern choreographer b|Ed@C  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers $_Lcw "xO  
(C) that the great modern choreographers ]kkH|b$[T  
(D) the modern choreographers were great ;#D:S6 L  
答案:B }WkR-5N  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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