高分语法讲解 %;+Q0
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第一章 名词 {Muw4DV
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 NMYkEz(&R
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第一节 可数名词 gZQ,br*
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考点一 单复数 5yO%| )
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 %,Fx qw
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 vr#_pu)f4
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) m:@-]U@6
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 yj!4L&A
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: 'LY.7cW
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes ;<qv-$P
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories :p^7XwX%w
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives JGjqBuz#A*
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs W|S{v7[l
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例题: 0. _)X
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. Z["[^=EP
A B C D at_~b Ox6X
答案:A 7Ddo^Gtx
应改为:Flowers ,[6N64fy
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 u;$g13
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic @"[xX}xK;
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pain. |L
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答案:A ~V,~'W
应改为:Doctors tBSHMz
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 >^vyp!
考点二 复数形式特例 u(W%snl
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 *Mu X]JK
1.单复数词形相同 j*uc$hC"
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 -[\+~aDH,
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: pwq a/Yi
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises -rC_8.u :
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula ";:"p6?
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena yk1.fxik'
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: \F_~?$
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), !U}dYB:O
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), oA_T9uh[
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: ZbS*zKEW
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) & ,KxE(C
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5 不规则的名词复数 0FL PZaRP
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice 7WuhYJbf
tooth - teeth foot - feet ~Q q0
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 lRIS&9vA3
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例题: }Xn5M&>
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading Oy>V/
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. a!n |/9
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(2) 5Z2tTw'i
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed K6C@YY(
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feet. @qszwQav$
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答案:D
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应改为:foot @k"Q e&BQ
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 QX1rnVzg0
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 ~Ogtgr
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第二节 限定词 A7|CG[wZ
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: st|;]q9?
1.之后肯定接单数: E{Gkq:
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. ;w\7p a
例句: Each of them has two books. `|{6U"n
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) -uE2h[X|
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2.之后肯定接复数: u]D>O$_ s
these, those, many, such, other, Ezvm5~<
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), PYOU=R%o`8
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several O%w"bEr)N
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of G>3]A5
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc 0<,Q7onDD:
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 0:,8Ce
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考点一 否定限定词no -w0U}Te^
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: l$i^e|*
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. 7 Q`'1oE?
No one is here. ?=UIx24W
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: d1MVhE
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; nDdF(|Qt
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 NXwlRMbo
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例题: 2EHeQ|#
(1) G)I lkA@
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. X j'7nj
(A) none R*
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(B) no 3$R^tY2UU
(C) not qU'O4TWZ
(D) nor W6Os|z9&|
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答案: C B!Ss
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解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 nFVQOr;
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(2) 6j]pJ]F6
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when c8o$WyO
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. ]LvpYRU$P
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答案: A -O
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应改为: No 4= VAJ
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 !MOgM
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考点二 their等物主代词 y<|vcg8x
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars 4v+4qyMyE
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 HvWnPh1l
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. qg;[~JZYKi
这里用their 而不用 the mWUo:(U
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例题: kan?2x
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A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten ';buS -|6
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the lives. dP(*IOO.
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答案: D Wq!n8O1
应改为: their :^mfTj$
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 J[:3H6%`
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(2) gk+$CyjJ
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any T,h,)|:I^
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specific way. t
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答案: B %=J<WA6\
应改为: its zmI?p4,
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 `
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 .$>?2|gRv
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 h3.wR]ut
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例题: ]@bo; .
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or VIL
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A B C B[F,D
relating those objects. vB, X)
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答案: B VmrW\rH@
应改为: is a set Q nikgV
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 +`Bm
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(2) D.|h0gU
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. VF=$'Bl|
A B C D +u*WUw!%
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答案: D d;\x 'h2
应改为: responses BuI&kU,WY
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few }Tn]cL{]C
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 ' -[
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数)
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A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) rixNz@p'%
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第三节 冠词作限定词 M~;Ww-./
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 IZeWswz
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考点一 不定冠词a / an T<~NB5&f
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: 30g-J(Zg
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university VWd=7
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour ~j",ePl
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). 'x
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例题: bl(rCbj(w
(1) W1M<6T.{7
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever zS 18Kl
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. i1ur>4Ns
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答案: B有错 Uaog_@2n,
应改为: puzzle. v/\l
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle ]$!-%pNv
(2) { :'#Ts<
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a BZ<Q.:)
A B C D gI6./;;x
question of physiology and of culture. E(*RtOC<W
答案: D有错 /=A^@&:_#
应改为: day a,x-akZWf
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day +DaPXZ5.
(3) cU?A|'
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the M%5qx,JQY
A B C ?<bByxa
nonprofessional metal worker. b=horvs/!
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答案: C A
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应改为: still a practical pca `nN!
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 !E8y!|7$
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 A}?n.MAX>
例题: Y^Y
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A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. 1p=^I'#
A B C D =v]\{.
答案: A X*hY?'Rp
应改为: An emotion Fy37I/#)r&
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an ^0py
(2) )0U
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If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine Vw:.'-Oi
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chemically with other atoms. `ECT8
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答案: A kk#%x#L[
应改为: an atom EK`}?>'
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an +A%|.;
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考点二 定冠词the [Z9
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定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: $2uk;&"?A=
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: >L[n4x\
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower 36"-cGNr{
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: ,yc_r=_
the first woman, the nineteenth century Nc;cb
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby San3^uX
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: HXV4E\JA
the largest city, the most advanced technology t7GK\B8:
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: mD@*vq
the development of the watch, cG!\P
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(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: wr);+.T9R
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun oVlh4"y#Lf
在下列情况下,一般不用the: PgOOFRwP
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: 0b=1Ce+0q
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) xf2|9Tqt
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the $[f-{B{>*
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) 4# +i\H`
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: 9-:\ NH^;
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) /=5:@
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: }ejZk
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Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… $'*q]]
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: + /+> :
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed a
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乘车的词组: L2\<iJA}c
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), LX'z7fh
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) b-
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on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), jw5ldC>U
打球的词组: 0RZ[]:(
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball X'uQr+p^
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. sHqa(ynK
例题: OLS/
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. !S~0T!afF
(A) it was the {8* d{0l
(B) that the "5HSCl$r%
(C) there was a j:2TicHD
C
(D) the (kTu6t*
答案:D =&i#NSK
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 5OCt Q4u
(2) D7r&z?
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of UgLFU#
A B /\{emE\]
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. _\8jnpT:
C D !bCSt?}@u
答案:D <Umr2Vw-
应改为:of
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解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 d6a3\f
(3) ypgM&"eR
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to -=cm7/X
A B C hFo29oN
nineteenth century. h'HI92; [
D Y&1N*@YP
答案:D >8ryA$
应改为:to the nineteenth nG";?TT
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the HC}vO0X4
第四节 不可数名词 jEE!H/
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 h\p!J-V
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抽象名词如: Y0Tad?iC
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: kia[d984w
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), k33\;9@k
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), SXP(C^?C
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) ? )h8uf4
还有表达学科类的名词如: (uDAdE5
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, w\MWr+4
mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) HE35QH@/`
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物质名词如: I`(53LCqo
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), Pro?xY$E)
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) Xy%||\P{)
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 AmHj\NX$
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, <$yA*
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), Arg/ge.y
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻) I5q$QQK
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 D{s87h
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice e)wi}\:q_
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, (ne[a2%>
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 F$)l8}
例题: V
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(1) )][U6 e
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and 4WvW11q8U
A B C D ?).;cG:<
trade. mFF4qbe
答案:C
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应改为:advertising 3~T ~Bs
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 qg& /!\
词汇:barter: 实物交易 $KbZ4bB[Bo
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考点二 限定词 yuZLsH
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: <4;
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much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) IqYJ
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 p[JIH~nb
例题: E`oA(x7l
(1) 7A\`
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear YbU8 xq
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image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. FE\E%_K'n7
D M!J7Vj?Ps
答案:D ri{*\LV*@
应改为:little. k`m7j[A]l
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little
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(2) 9m
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Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge ww^\_KGu7
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thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. 3 09
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C D aj`
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答案:B
77@N79lqO
应改为:much evidence 3%+~"4&
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 *&I>3;~%^}
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 ~</FF'Xz
例如: '3b\d:hN
a lot of students , a lot of money ^&?,L@
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the rest of the students, the rest of money '|IcL1c=I
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. :oIBJ u%/
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第五节 所有格及of结构 &!8 WRJ
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考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 XGSFG~d
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, x?wvS]EBg
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office -%`~3*L
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , [Fr](&Tx
如: the students' union, the ladies' room EsGu#lD2
例题: &ys>z<Z
(1) -8n
1y[
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. ;b {#$#`=
(A) of the drop arL>{mj
(B) the drop's [
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(C) drop of DhM=q
(D) drops their xWG@<}H
答案: (B) kOQ
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解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 64/ZfXD
(2) *$eH3nn6g
Over a very lar 9lYKG^#D
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. gRY#pRT6d
(A) occurs =2p?_.|'
(B) will occur Z@Rm^g]o
(C) can occur W> pe-
(D) occurring &nm
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答案:D \}b2oiY
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 #kW=|8X
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考点二 of结构 5eTA
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所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) >#G%2Vp
如: the title of the passage IO\1nB$0nb
例如: NljpkeX'
(1) I*-\u
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names Ij#mmj NW
A B C wiN0|h>,
of some works years after their completion. ;dzy5o3
D r8m}B#W7
答案: C t1Ts!Q2
应改为: paintings $>/d)o
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 _`?0w#>0
(2) #ZZe*B!s_
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and c^W;p2^
A B C D ?AFb&
spinal cord. BwHJr(n
答案: B dy6zrgxygP
应改为: stimulation !td!">r46e
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 VN)WBv
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第六节 名词在句中的作用 .<t {saToU
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考点一 名词(词组)作主语 29:2Xu i
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 1L<TzQ
例题: _f!ko<52
(1) xC<