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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 Q*9Y.W.8  
|4Os_*tRKU  
第一章 名词 }(#;{_  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 e'3y^Vg  
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第一节 可数名词 P\$%p-G  
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考点一 单复数 cE*d(g  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 pvdCiYo1r  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 C|S~>4`  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) x.q"FXu  
,a ":/ /[  
下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 #?DoP]1Y  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: %vRCs]  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes =DXN`]uN  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories 8M7Bw[Q1  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives vSwRj<|CF  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs ,b t j6hg  
m(^nG_eX  
例题: 7DWGYvv[  
 =tc!"{  
(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. xk s M e  
   A         B           C       D ]3L/8]:  
答案:A pzeCdHF  
应改为:Flowers ,:qk+  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 CsN^u H  
f8)fm2^09  
f%rZ2h)  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic pz]! T'  
   A               B   C          D v4, Dt  
pain. 0@Z}.k30  
答案:A W@D./Th  
应改为:Doctors &W{v(@  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 5 &0qr$  
考点二 复数形式特例 sEi9<$~R@0  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 WJN) <+d  
1.单复数词形相同 6!wk5#  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 \susLD  
R$;TX^r'o&  
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: ,( N N)Oj  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises %a!gN  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula :TkMS8  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena L[! ||5y  
q}W})  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: I{=Yuc  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), .h(iyCxP  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), ABcB-V4  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: 9*r^1PRc  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) uF<?y0t  
Eihn%Esa  
5 不规则的名词复数 _<=h#lH  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice Sb(OG 6  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet [v\m)5  
ILqBa:J  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 AREjS $  
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例题: dT[JVl+3=  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading 216$,4i  
       A            B           C y G3aF(  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. v*%52_   
            D b` va\ '&3  
2_y]MXG+%  
(2) >H ?k0M`L  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed K6sXw[VC[  
  A      B           C           @\o"zU  
feet. |Wjpnz  
 D UtP|<]{  
答案:D FSn3p}FVa  
应改为:foot ex6R=97uA  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 g5lb3`a3  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 :mW< E  
/;Hr{f jl{  
第二节 限定词 mEsb_3?#+  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: Od)y4nr3~  
1.之后肯定接单数: .Z  67  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. S_/S2(V"  
例句: Each of them has two books. &N._}ts  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) h<TZJCt  
%,~?;JAj  
2.之后肯定接复数: ".N+n M~  
these, those, many, such, other, ;RRw-|/Wm  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), zX4RqI  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several ^'0N%`bY!  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of !*Eu(abD  
sQac%.H;`U  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc ]B?M3`'>  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 C5Q!_x(  
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PPr Pj^%z=  
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考点一 否定限定词no t4[q :[1  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: ekL;SN  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. A*?PH`bY  
No one is here. A5TSbW']+5  
45 sEhs[$  
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: n@RmH>"  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; i7XY3yhC  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 R ~kO5jpW  
Sv{n?BYq  
例题: s@@Km1w  
(1) Ee2P]4_d  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. !SW0iq[7j  
(A) none <&l$xn  
(B) no z7bJV/f  
(C) not Lz.khE<  
(D) nor |p&EP2?T  
CF{b Yf^%  
答案: C $qQYxx@  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 M/=36{,w-  
a+cMXMf  
(2) >nghFm  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when ZyUcL_   
A                B           C g2|Myz)  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. f47]gtB-  
        D pD%(Y^h?  
5;/n`Bd  
答案: A P[ :_"4U  
应改为: No ~DInd-<5  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 8@m$(I +  
~i5YqH0  
考点二 their等物主代词 CLrX!JV>  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars XGx[Ny_A2  
(?|M'gZ  
2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点  LgNIb  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. u1%URen[x  
这里用their 而不用 the .xsfq*3e5  
\;X7DK2  
例题: 2 |je{  
(1) LORcf1X/  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten e3p|g]  
              A      B        C faQmkO  
the lives. ~5N}P>4 *  
 D _? gCOr  
h !^= c  
答案: D 5?7AzJl>  
应改为: their 8<6H2~5<  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 L^sjV/\oW  
?_NKyiu95  
(2) N[e,){v  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any o!M8V ^vW  
      A        B              C  /|0-O''  
specific way. <CyU9`ye  
    D AQ~ xjU  
U) J 5K  
答案: B UY',n,  
应改为: its w' 7sh5  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 T`&zQQ6F'  
']M/'CcM  
考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 M-o'`e'  
2*: q$c  
a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 U+Y(:  
.xRdKt!p  
例题: f"ezmZI  
(1) @-$8)?`q  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or \9?[|m z  
        A        B        C 7UfNz60+~  
relating those objects. KdVKvs[  
 D 2JfSi2T  
%* "+kw Z  
答案: B a1Fx|#! mq  
应改为: is a set kKX' Y+  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 zHJCXTM  
owAO&"C  
(2) z(|^fi(  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. ">H*InF  
A       B     C           D t<H"J__&  
 .U1wVIM  
答案: D zx.qN  
应改为: responses Itl8#LpLM  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few |2(q9j  
dOhSqx56  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别  384n1?  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) {2\Y%Y'}*  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) SI7rTJ]/  
`[/#, *\  
第三节 冠词作限定词 _7Y h[I4  
#ArrQeO 5_  
冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 n Bu!2c  
H/,KY/>i  
考点一 不定冠词a / an aKI"<%PNn  
iJs~NLCgVu  
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: 0z8(9DlTc  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university [txOh!sxD  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour B,>02EZ  
T.bFB+'E|  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). ]N>ZOV,>  
eg[EFI.h  
例题: >AJ/!{jD*  
(1)       bt}8ymcG  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever 'Ru(`" 1|  
   A                 B           C I%T+H[,  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. !3b& S 4  
                 D )nN!% |J  
答案: B有错 >"W^|2R  
应改为: puzzle. LU3pCM{  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle &PMQ]B  
(2) k+QGvgP[4@  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a wE .H:q4&  
   A        B       C          D w{ja*F6  
question of physiology and of culture. DB}Uzw|  
答案: D有错 % km <+F=~  
应改为: day /T _M't@j  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day t3L>@NWG  
(3) >X~B1D,SV7  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the /|EdpHx0  
  A      B       C **q8vhJM  
nonprofessional metal worker. prJd'  
    D ]E9iaq6Z  
答案: C ,,H5zmgA  
应改为: still a practical 196aYLE  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 geQ!}zXWi  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 *HrEh;3^J  
例题: r8:r}Qj2w[  
(1) .@H:P  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. `KQx#c>'  
   A     B    C           D XIcUoKg^  
答案: A & SXw=;B  
应改为: An emotion 1/$PxQ  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an .n\JY;"  
(2) @eYpARF  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine Y3 $jNuV  
   A    B                       C "uH>S+%|b  
chemically with other atoms. !2t7s96  
         D -y.cy'$f  
答案: A V60L\?a  
应改为: an atom {!Qu(%  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an :qm\FsO  
f:-)S8OJ  
考点二 定冠词the "7cty\  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: ;yNc 7Vl  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: \%7*@&  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower (Yewd/T  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: ` GF w?G  
the first woman, the nineteenth century 8maWF.xq  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby 'jt7H{M  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: rXB;#ypO  
the largest city, the most advanced technology '#6e Ub  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: 3=enk0$  
the development of the watch, DI\=udN  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: wfo,r 7  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun $zP5Hzx  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: Pb&tWv\ql  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: -6[DQB  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) {/QVs?d  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the B4.: 9Od3  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) z+MH co"  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: 8lusKww  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) ACyK#5E  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: 7 $y;-[E[  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… atyvo0fNd  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: !!C/($  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed -8l<5g7  
乘车的词组: C]!2   
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), SwOW%o  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) }$_@yt<{W@  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), C hF~  
打球的词组: &jJu=6 U B  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball v0DDim?cc  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. aqON6|6K  
例题: @j|E"VYY  
(D)       Tz1^"tx9  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. =Dn <DV  
(A) it was the KQr+VQdq>  
(B) that the E0ED[d,  
(C) there was a KW:N 6w  
(D) the #Y=^4U`  
答案:D hhU _kI  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 R,3cJ Y_%  
(2) d"XZlEV  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of @1*^ttC  
           A            B JV~ Dly>  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. 9tHK_),9  
     C      D ei5YxV6I  
答案:D 6*Z7JiQ 0  
应改为:of IAO5li3  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 Qj^Uz+b  
(3) }y6|H,t9  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to *^-AOSVt,  
  A      B              C    c,@Vz 7c  
nineteenth century. J j=qC{]  
  D g}W`LIasv  
答案:D T?RY~GA  
应改为:to the nineteenth V#Wy` ce  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the v.]{b8RR  
第四节 不可数名词 ,-6Oma -  
-m^- p  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 'APx  
"WKOlfPa  
抽象名词如: "AagTFs(i  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: RiTL(Yx  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), #&.Znk:@.f  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), nL?P/ \  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) 2G8w&dtu  
还有表达学科类的名词如: ,N GHv?.N  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, +<Gp >c  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) =K: [26  
Z#}sK5s  
物质名词如: $q\"d?n  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), 8-<F4^i_i  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) uUjjAGZ  
vhF9|('G  
IT NFmD  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 L"jA#ULg  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, 2{j$1EdI@-  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), &-*l{"7p+%  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) R([zlw~B5  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 ! \s}A7  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice 6c!F%xU}  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, hj1;f<' U  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 F%V|Aa  
例题: `!cdxKLR  
(1) Y%/RGYKh  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and V<5. 4{[G  
       A      B    C          D NlF*/Rs  
trade. K1X-<5]{  
答案:C h 8$.m Qr  
应改为:advertising ~0,v Q   
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 jvQ^Vh!mC  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 ~j[?3E4L}  
5 Y&`ZJ  
考点二 限定词 b; of9hY  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: KGOhoiR9:C  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) (^W}uDPCB  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 W!HjO;  
例题: P]m{\K  
(1) gH7  +#/  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear SOG(&)b  
        A              B         C 8\;, d  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. !r.-7hR$  
                     D &FmT T8"l  
答案:D  pF6u3]  
应改为:little. '?$@hqQn  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little ,W+=N"`a'  
(2)  gwIR3u  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge :V6 [_VaF  
      A                    B D0 k ,8|  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. M>=@Z*u/+  
           C         D j8Mt"B  
答案:B ]4B;M Ym*  
应改为:much evidence zATOFV  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 DCa[?|Y  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 \ P6 !  
例如: Ma\%uEgTD  
a lot of students , a lot of money t0cS.hi  
the rest of the students, the rest of money "E7<S5 cr  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. Vc(kw7  
5f_x.~ymA  
第五节 所有格及of结构 prM)t8SE  
/)v+|%U  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 #5y+gdN  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, ({Yfsf,  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office D4"<suU|.  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , S7j(4@  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room k]gPMhe  
例题: Ax|'uvVAPT  
(1) **-rPonM[  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. dVq9'{[3  
(A) of the drop q%bFR[p<*  
(B) the drop's 8S#&XS>o  
(C) drop of < %^WZ:c  
(D) drops their `"'u mIz  
答案: (B) ekfa"X_  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 _&G_SNa  
(2) 73 1RqUR  
Over a very lar VJA/d2Oys  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. !iHC++D  
(A) occurs RwK6u-u#9  
(B) will occur nIlx?(=pu  
(C) can occur ,d!@5d&Zi  
(D) occurring 08AD~^^  
答案:D Xsn M}  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 zNGUll$  
|gk4X%o6  
考点二 of结构 AW_YlS  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) *\+oe+3  
如: the title of the passage  EAr;  
例如: J 7dHD(R8  
(1) L|D9+u L  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names  $AZ=;iP-  
          A     B     C DIP%*b#l$\  
of some works years after their completion. M d Eds|D  
       D K5<2jl3S  
答案: C s LDEa  
应改为: paintings 3DCR n :  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 m'G=WO*%  
(2) RV]QVA*i  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and M/xm6  
      A         B     C         D  D5Jg(-  
spinal cord. fQ.S ,lMe  
答案: B ,9F3~Ryt(  
应改为: stimulation gQ{<2u  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 xIb{*)BUwc  
DHhty qm  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 J?E!\V&U  
+?QHSIQo  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 Hit )mwfYE  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 SEu:31k{o  
例题: ::GW  
(1)  *ni0.  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. #K`[XA  
(A) was a major collection cdI"=B+C\  
(B) that a major collection t82*rC IB{  
(C) a collection was major >$3 =yw%  
(D) a major collection ]|IeE!6  
答案: (D) OzH\YN  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 uzp\<\d-t  
(2) z>=;Xe8P8n  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of Fy>g*3  
    A         B        C     D wXYT(R  
medieval alchemists. C.}ho.} r  
答案:A w8KxEV=  
应改为:beginnings. ZXbq5p_  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 4VA]S  
A~s6~  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 dJb7d`  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 11!4#z6w  
例题: d(5j#?  
(1) @}%kSn5y:  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. zR=g<e1xe  
(A) new dance, the twist 6Tq2WZ}<'  
(B) twist, was the new dance # M Y4Mr  
(C) twist, the new dance that =wl0  
(D) new dance is the twist #m'+1 s L  
答案: (A) 'Rv.6>xqc  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 \x _$Pu  
(2) 7=A @P  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep |g\CS4$  
     A                B        tU8aPiUl  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. L_=3`xE _  
 C               D ,(+ZD@Rg  
答案: D 2%pe.s tQ  
应改为: promise. n8&x=Z}Xs  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 7z8   
hLyV'*}  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 HDhG1B"NL  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, r"lh\C|  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. l-'\E6grdH  
例题: }sfv zw_  
(1) G?+]BIiL  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. )U2%kmt  
(A) that institutes ,0 n=*o@W  
(B) while instituted g^k=z:n3,  
(C) was an institution O$Dj_R#  
(D) an institute :-b-)*TC;  
答案: (D) .zdmUS :  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 \j vS`+  
(2) S ^@# %>  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. u$1^=  
(A) is the great modern choreographer l @r`NFWD@  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers Lor__ K  
(C) that the great modern choreographers *18J$  
(D) the modern choreographers were great M`@Es#s  
答案:B G*^4 CJ  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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