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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 %iME[| u&  
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第一章 名词 {2QP6XsJ  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 .XkD2~;  
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第一节 可数名词 j6};K ~N`  
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考点一 单复数 "'GhE+>Z  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 {-Mjs BR  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 y<wd~!>Ubu  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) _yX.Apv]  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 34[TM3L].  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: [clwmx  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes 'x<oILOG  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories : 2$*'{mM  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives sekei6#fi  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs (+cZP&o  
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例题: Qca3{|r`  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. ~'0ZW<X.  
   A         B           C       D r{84Y!k~*  
答案:A R*FDg;t4  
应改为:Flowers Lfdg5D5.P  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 !4FOX>|L@  
Q$ Dx :  
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic H?a $o(  
   A               B   C          D Q<g >WNb  
pain. 3& 5b!Y  
答案:A ?8?vBkz~  
应改为:Doctors ~:U`^wtQ  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 ?*yB&(a:8  
考点二 复数形式特例 q86}'dFw{  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 }&v-<qC^  
1.单复数词形相同 GvgTbCxnN  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 N{&Lo}6F  
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: <?}pCX/O  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises S@S4<R1{\  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula Z!^>!' Z  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena CDXN%~0h  
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: .boB b<  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), 8 l)K3;q_  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), c}|.U  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: "aI)LlyCY  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) Scm45"wB+  
vV$^` WY4  
5 不规则的名词复数 $'_Q@ZBq  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice T+zhj ++  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet 5mpql[v3P  
2RF3pIFrm  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 f(eXny@Y  
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例题: cJ@fJ|  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading skan1wQ  
       A            B           C wb(S7OsMO  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. dhxzW@'nIL  
            D 4g2`[<S  
DbB<8$  
(2) d}Guj/cx,  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed pO5j-d *  
  A      B           C           KehM.c^  
feet. ]+a~/  
 D T+E wC)Ll  
答案:D R[m{"2|,Lc  
应改为:foot btnD+O66<  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 u$zRm(!RB  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 y4|<+9<7  
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第二节 限定词 @6+_0^  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: +aM[!pW(e  
1.之后肯定接单数: a'Odw2Q_  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. ;/wH/!b  
例句: Each of them has two books. <8? F\x@  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) Bfo#N31F}  
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2.之后肯定接复数: RyukQY~<W  
these, those, many, such, other, 6)Za K  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), :*[mvF  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several v5pkP  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of F;_o `h  
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc aZ{l6  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 5izpQ'>  
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考点一 否定限定词no %`$:/3P$U  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: NJd4( P  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. $6 Hf[(/e  
No one is here. m1]/8{EC7  
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: qRcg|']R  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; j"TEp$x  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 ^qBm%R(  
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例题: +8 \?7,FY  
(1) z(O*DwY#  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. A0;{$/  
(A) none =s'H o  
(B) no "7Kw]8mRR  
(C) not HpUJ_pZ  
(D) nor ;"EDFH#W  
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答案: C =F/R*5:T  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 fMW=ss^fu-  
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(2) mAIl)mq|g  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when 6MU;9|&  
A                B           C l6xqc,h!K  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. F >n_k  
        D \7xc*v [  
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答案: A k`[>B k%b  
应改为: No  myOW^  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 &,l7wK  
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考点二 their等物主代词 Dq!YB[Z$ :  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars xZV|QVY;  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 AtAu$"ue  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. {Q]7!/>>  
这里用their 而不用 the K h&a#~c  
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例题: `r\/5|M  
(1) SwrzW'%A  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten bsI?=lO  
              A      B        C SST@   
the lives. kqC7^x  
 D dOg c%(kz  
UK@hnQU8`  
答案: D 6Ol)SQE,  
应改为: their G(hnrRxn  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 < r b5'  
a][T b0Ox  
(2) 4!'4 l=jO  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any poi39B/Vt  
      A        B              C *tDxwD7  
specific way. |hu9)0 P  
    D H}1XK|K3#H  
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答案: B /9-kG  
应改为: its nC9x N  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 UX ?S#:h  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 IU]@%jA_:A  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 {8~xFYc:  
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例题: R&L^+?  
(1) G\r>3Ys  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or c 9zMI  
        A        B        C 'd<1;Ayw  
relating those objects. Aq&H-g]s  
 D \ 3l3,VYH  
Jn1(-  
答案: B (V8lmp-F  
应改为: is a set 7{u1ynt   
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 Uv=hxV[7y  
f9b[0L  
(2) d@<~u,Mt&F  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. _/a8X:[(  
A       B     C           D _ n3"  
FZJ sZeO  
答案: D EY.Z.gMZI(  
应改为: responses lRA!  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few 2S_7!|j  
7D)i]68E  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 B pl(s +  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) t3FfPV!P"  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) ZHOh(  
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第三节 冠词作限定词 1 c4I`#_v  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 `]l*H3+hg  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an V|zatMHs  
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: 9..! g:  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university v`KYhqTUl  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour *u`[2xmuYf  
I^yInrRh5  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). YU24wTe;k  
Wk&g!FR  
例题: SLMnEtyTS  
(1)       ~xaPq=AH  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever Y )]x1I  
   A                 B           C f-/zR%s{  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. %I6c}*W  
                 D @u}1 S1  
答案: B有错 'WLh D<  
应改为: puzzle. b )mU9   
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle 3BWYSJ|  
(2) :#=XT9  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a iw ==q:$  
   A        B       C          D <; (pol|  
question of physiology and of culture. Q(J6;s#b  
答案: D有错 =u#xPI0:  
应改为: day [b<AQFh<c  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day P5^<c\Mr,Y  
(3) @3F4Lg6H|  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the tEXY>=  
  A      B       C } JePEmj  
nonprofessional metal worker. c0%.GcF0{  
    D "}(g3Iy  
答案: C 8 qY\T0  
应改为: still a practical 3h-C&C  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 )Kw Gb&l&  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 @d]a#ypU  
例题: nA#FGfZ{Ge  
(1) O4mSr{HCp  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. RZ#~^5DiO  
   A     B    C           D dO{a!Ca  
答案: A G(~ s(r{%I  
应改为: An emotion muc>4!Q  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an n\ yDMY  
(2) )Zcw G(o0  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine 1D6F WYV8  
   A    B                       C B7 ^*xskH  
chemically with other atoms. ]N\J~Gm  
         D #@#/M)  
答案: A t69C48}15  
应改为: an atom ,'E+f%  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an CSC sJE#4  
srbU}u3VZ  
考点二 定冠词the Z?7XuELKV  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: BO3#*J5S\  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: ;U02VguC  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower _.ny<r:g  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如:  m,,FNYW  
the first woman, the nineteenth century VOj{&O2c  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby / p_mFA]@  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: zO)>(E?  
the largest city, the most advanced technology &K1\"  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: <K$X>&Ts  
the development of the watch, errT7&@,A  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: x2^Yvgc-  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun 80p?qe  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: A 11w{`EM  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: 'q#$^ ='o  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) C;u8qVI  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the Y55Yo5<j/+  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) jK[~d Y  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: _;;'/rs j  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) "1<>c/h  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: |Ew~3-u!  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… Auq)  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: xHA6  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed w $\p\}~,  
乘车的词组: nK@RFU6  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), 2WP73:'t  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) @AXRKYQ{t  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), F~Nm Lm  
打球的词组: D[m+= -  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball k *a?Ey$  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. DrG9Kky{  
例题: (XQBBt  
(D)       Ft7{P.g  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. mSw$? >  
(A) it was the 0@FZQ$-  
(B) that the *PXlb b  
(C) there was a 7*!h:rg  
(D) the ;1S~'B&1Q  
答案:D @~4Q\^;NX  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 m&GxL T6  
(2) sH//*y  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of SR,id B&i  
           A            B >dnH  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. o%!8t_1mR  
     C      D (*.t~6c?5  
答案:D HFJna2B`  
应改为:of eYQq@lrWv  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 -h5yg`+1N\  
(3) q/ x(:yol  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to nqG9$!k^t  
  A      B              C    dQ4VpR9|;  
nineteenth century. 6} DGEHc1  
  D y*Egt`W  
答案:D =")}wl=s  
应改为:to the nineteenth ? o@5PL  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the &kR+7  
第四节 不可数名词 A]fN~PR  
Yx- 2ux  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 jOJ$QT  
s "KPTV  
抽象名词如: [@!.(Hp  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: [dG&"%5vD  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), 9:|z^r  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), p0 @ ,-  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) 'z=WJV;Vs  
还有表达学科类的名词如: <qG4[W,[  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, 3F5Y#[L`  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) 8dg \_H_  
c/l%:!A  
物质名词如: m `"^d #  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), k A`Z#yu  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) `6`p~  
?hpT"N,hF9  
mR3 )$!  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 :}QBrd  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, ?C( ' z7  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), Vu @2  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) EV1x"}D A_  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 3AKT>Wy =  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice W62 $ HI  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, RCXm< /  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 PI KQ}aq=  
例题: :O`7kZ]=n  
(1) ~UrKyA  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and ]} D^?g^  
       A      B    C          D 2nNBX2 o&_  
trade. U_s3)/'  
答案:C h |Ofi  
应改为:advertising g YeKeW3)  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 K|i:tHF ]@  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 8Zj=:;  
&cZQ,o  
考点二 限定词 QO1pwrX<  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: |PGF g0li  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) u|;?FQ$M  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 r6.`9  
例题: TLcev*  
(1) ~]sj.>P  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear X8}m %  
        A              B         C mu#I F'|b  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. XmZs4~\K$G  
                     D ]=gNA  
答案:D Vy.gr4Cm  
应改为:little. 'CQ~ZV5  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little 0W_oln Z  
(2) Kw%to9 eh)  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge CpE LLA<  
      A                    B Abw=x4d(i  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. G '1K6  
           C         D OO?;??  
答案:B A#o ~nC<  
应改为:much evidence \m xi8Z w  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 {6I)6}w!k  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 ut*sx9l  
例如: < `Xt?K  
a lot of students , a lot of money  JT,[;  
the rest of the students, the rest of money #\zC|%2+z  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. +vr|J:  
o8 B$6w:_  
第五节 所有格及of结构 67tB 8X  
QmKEl|/{u  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 Z[ 53cVT^  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, !MyCxM6  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office p!o?2Lbiw  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , yC:C  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room I&J>   
例题: j5: /Gl8  
(1) 9 d f GV!Z  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. $=9g,39  
(A) of the drop O<`N0  
(B) the drop's 1YtbV3  
(C) drop of [*K.9}+G_  
(D) drops their hnnVp_<]  
答案: (B) $xqX[ocor  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 YXLZ2-%ohZ  
(2) Pb}Ii q=  
Over a very lar Kgw, ]E&7  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. n`X}&(O  
(A) occurs c $8M}q:X  
(B) will occur 'j9x(T1M1  
(C) can occur E#~J"9k98  
(D) occurring P r2WF~NuO  
答案:D Q"s]<MtdS  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 u\3=m%1  
2AXf'IOqE  
考点二 of结构 Y~B-dx'V  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) Ys>Z=Eky  
如: the title of the passage ckkm}|&m  
例如: )@],0yL  
(1) sdBB (  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names 2f5YkmGc";  
          A     B     C X- j@#Qb  
of some works years after their completion. b"y4-KV  
       D ;TL>{"z`x  
答案: C t+#vcg,G  
应改为: paintings :{ Lihe~\  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 -VvN1G6.x?  
(2) ;0o% hx  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and 0*,] `A=  
      A         B     C         D 9z+ZFIf7d  
spinal cord. g f<vQb|  
答案: B Mu@(^zW  
应改为: stimulation  V*W H  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 \;1nEjIA  
5nXmaj  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 V6& 6I  
L]E.TvM1*  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 24k;.o  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 \F14]`i  
例题: 6$t +Q~2G!  
(1) ~En]sj  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. U2 Cmf  
(A) was a major collection B D [<>Wm  
(B) that a major collection k{ulu  
(C) a collection was major L-Mf{z  
(D) a major collection l)f 2T@bHl  
答案: (D) w3M F62:  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 cvC 7#i[G  
(2) ywj'O e41  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of 19i=kdH  
    A         B        C     D Bqw/\Lxwlf  
medieval alchemists. J I E0O`  
答案:A rxOv Y F  
应改为:beginnings. &X,6v  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 6%MM)Vj+u  
NYeL1h)l  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 =00 sB  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 ->W rBO  
例题: u6 4{w,  
(1) !gi3J @  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. tcD5"ALJ  
(A) new dance, the twist q& esI  
(B) twist, was the new dance pwl7aC+6d  
(C) twist, the new dance that < Q6  
(D) new dance is the twist "YN6o_*]  
答案: (A)  5s<.qDc  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 H<   
(2) D 1(9/;9  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep !3\( d{  
     A                B        Mr@{3do$  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. gyob q'o-  
 C               D [pSQ8zdF"  
答案: D `m\ ?gsw7  
应改为: promise. "F?p Y@4  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 tY60~@YO&  
l?KP /0`  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 XXb,*u 3  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, Rc}#4pM8  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. c  
例题: D"P<;@ef  
(1) =9A!5  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. GX N:=  
(A) that institutes XW*d\vDun  
(B) while instituted *!,k`=.([#  
(C) was an institution `9 1?^T;\F  
(D) an institute F "-GhjK  
答案: (D) i7`/"5I  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 <#lNi.?.  
(2) Fb^,%K:  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. wfM|3GS+.  
(A) is the great modern choreographer }5y ]kn  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers ":L d}~>  
(C) that the great modern choreographers {QT:1U \.  
(D) the modern choreographers were great Oma G|2u  
答案:B !-8y;,P  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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