考点四 名词(词组)作定语 oCK
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名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 iP?lP= M
这样的词语有：word order（词序）， taxi driver（出租车司机）等 n,p \~Tu,
例题: :x!'Eer
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(1) <fD bz1Q;l
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, c}2"X,
A B &qm:36Y7Xg
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. raZ0B,;eFu
C D }5u; '>$
答案: D hN F, sA
应改为: distribution/ distributing. v2 >Dn
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解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center，可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 ?1H>k<Jp
(2) 0fa8.g#I$
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. M:%Ll3
A B C D rTeADu_vf
答案: D (U*Zz+ R
应改为: color 8qs 8QK
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 p49 T3V
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第二章 形容词 [Ib17#74
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇，在句中主要作定语修饰名词，同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 !jN$U%/,%.
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 /O $)m[
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词，如：modern art, electric current, great responsibility；这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例，几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词，主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 @Hst-H.l<l
例题： z9^_5la#
(1) ~# iAW@
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. +9_E+H'?!
A B C D fU4{4M+9"
答案：C liVDBbS_A?
应改为：certain. q<A,S8'm
解释：certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 GoG_4:^#h
(2) ^4>Icz^ F
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. V;]U ]
A B C D 6 bt{j
答案：C %gXNWxv
应改为：visual. IV$2`)[A&X
解释：vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 iTeFy -Ct
注意1：大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话： bl;v^
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The man was awake. O}"fhM k
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) `jCq`- .
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable s&qr2'F+z
例题： v:@ud,d <
(1) M.}QXta
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means =_H)5I_\
A B C Jl,\^)DSw
of on-the-spot, alive reports. iMOf];O)
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答案： D z50f$
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应改为：live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) WjMP]ND#c
解释：alive不能做定语, 只能做表语，所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) U*em)/9
(2) -< B{?D
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also
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A B C X+XbIb
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gather data from documentary and oral sources. ecy41 y'~:
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答案： A k~b8=$
应改为：like
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解释：alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 ZI#Xh5
注意2：形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. XG}pp`{o
如：a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等， 7 }sj &
注意3：形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, )hai?v~g
一般来说：这个排序的规则是: %;9 +`U
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词
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如: two young American students C \dlQQ
my three red pencils >#\&%0OZw
第二节 比较级 JP<Z3
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英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级，主要有两种形式： <
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在词尾加-er (单音节形容词)，如：fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等； 1"CbuV
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或在词前加more (多音节形容词)，如：more useful, more complex等 ~X
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少数词比较级形式特殊，如：good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的)， (_ lc< Bj
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考点一 含有标志词than OAQ'/{~7
1．最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象， XJ;J Dch
如：It takes less time to go there by air than by train. q
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She possesses more books than I do. o* u A+7n
He is more intelligent than I expected. =>CrZ23B "
than可视为比较级的标志词，在填空题中， ~U~4Q Q V
空后含有than的， 通常空格处需要填比较级， xf@D<}~1
空格前含有比较级的，通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 rLcQG
例题： <ZNa`
(1) &7X0 ;<
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. C6
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(A) coolest !m1 pL0
(B) the coolest w`VmN}pR
(C) cooler |[TH
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(D) the cooler 2Xgw7`
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答案：A 0nz
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解释：标志词than意味着应用比较级，A, B可先排除；D多the; 只有A正确 I=^%l7
(2) 4f"a/(>*
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. b,G+=&6u
A B C D b
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答案：A Y^S0K'N
应改为：more R< xxwjt
解释：标志词than表明此句应用比较级，而不是最高级 $zz=>BOk
2．为避免重复，than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略，只把相比的部分突出出来: sa+ :c{
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, Z#;ieI\
如：The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. mXF
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(that 指代the population) zAB-kE\ )
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. ;Xgy 2'3
(those 指代 designs) kZGhE2np
情况2: 在省略的过程中，若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) x)vYc36H
如：The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may
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probably contribute more to the success of a play. p|Rxy"}
例题： dt3Vy*zL
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. J(/
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(A) than do >cM U<'&
(B) that are having _W#27I
(C) which have |Be.r{l
(D) that do 9f l !CG
答案：A YN>#zr+
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解释：空格前出现了形容词比较级，空格后是比较对象，应由than连接，选项中只有A符合条件，其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 /e{Oqhf[n
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考点二 (not) so /as…as 'T|.<u@~
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思，其结构和than句式相仿，但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形，而且as…as必须搭配使用， J;_JH lK
如：It is as good as it looks. 9
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The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. Tu/JhP/g,`
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as)，要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as)，一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 053W2Si
例题： V">Uh@[J_
(1) +Qc^A
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. {8B \-LUR
(A) possibly little nourishment =$`DBLX
(B) nourishment possibly little ] &G5/ ]f
(C) little as possible nourishment BxZop.zwE(
(D) little nourishment as possible ?4lAL
答案：D G0]n4"~+?
解释：空格处需要动词have的宾语，同时包含as…as句式，A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构，C语序有误，均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. BgpJ;D +N4
(2) U.^)|IHW
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. >$Fc=~;Ba
(A) so early U<6k!Y9ny
(B) the earliest 'g=yJ
(C) as early as 'Yd%Tb|*
(D) so early that M3t_!HP}!
答案：C ToMX7x z6
解释：依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达，只有C符合题意，用的是比较级特殊句式as...as =V,'f
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考点三 the same…as #63/;o:l$
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”，the same和as既可连用，也可分开使用， l.34
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如：She looks just the same as before. VmUM _Q~
I got the same feeling as you did. n]$vCP
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 |@@mq!>-
例题： tm|lqa
(1) R/Y/#X^b
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, hx2C<;s4
A B C `?D_ =Gw
shorter tails, and longer bills. -DuiK:mp
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答案：B qIqk@u
应改为：as. O)5PUyC:H
解释：the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与．．．一样” 2s4=
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(2) a:| 4q
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of 7 IHD?pnZ
A B ( Lu.^
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. dI
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C D hZ 'oCRM
答案：D 28)TXR
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应改为：as #VOjnc/rW
解释：与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 _eQ P0N
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考点四 the more…，the more… cV{ZD q
此句式常表示“越……越……”，more在此处泛指比较级，此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开，句子结构平行，而且谓语动词一致时，为避免重复常进行省略， pNqf2CnnT
如：The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. ommKf [h%i
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. 5 i/E=D
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一，因此看到the more结构，要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 HEuM"2{DMM
例题： {\aSEE /'
(1) jSFN/C.9 h
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. #c^Q<&B
(A) the greater the need there is zkp
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(B) greater need Ke ?uE
(C) is there great need b S<@Rd{g
(D) the great need }K>H S\e
答案：A H< ;Fb;b
解释：这是典型的 “the more…, 5|R2cc|"9
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 7rSUSra
(2) VM]IL%AN
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. s3-ktZ@
(A) the stress it is greater >'6GcnEb4.
(B) greater is the stress %;Z bQ9
(C) greater stress is #eC;3Kq#-
(D) the greater the stress
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答案：D Uk:.2%S2
解释：此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行，当谓语一致时，后面的可省略，符合要求的只有D _g 4 /%
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer *yaX:,'\$
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, VxN64;|=
如：He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. 0 s d-s~;
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用，no more /not…any more同理，这一句式在改错题中出现。 h)_Gxe
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例题： Y_@"v#
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(1) =u8D!AxT
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio 5Vi]~dZu7
A B n`)7Y`hBhP
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. ch>Vv"G>
C D X
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答案：A 4C1FPrh
应改为：no longer. 0i\',h }9
解释：根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ．．．”，英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
