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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 7%Q?BH7{  
一、代词 Mkj`  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 1[g -f ,  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 ? +q(,P@*  
  主格、宾格、所有格 $Sx(vq6(  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) j^V r!y  
ye-EJDZN  
(二) 反身代词 hT0[O  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 .yF@O w  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) 5OR2\h!XZt  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) ,Hzz:ce  
,'nd~{pX"(  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  jGSY$nt9  
    A                 B    n?[JPG2X  
  a series of indicators that could help (\8~W*ej"  
             C      X>la!}sV  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. aob+ _9o  
    D W0 n?S "  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 C$+z1z.!  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物   L* 0$x  
Xt .ca,`U  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 9 zL(PkC%\  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 $SOFq+-T  
f'oO/0lx  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies j%`% DQ  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the 0z =?}xr  
     A   B      C          D :u9OD` D  
  Pacific. # E{2 !Z  
;xl0J*r  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 hjgB[ &U>  
ib\_ MNIb  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 q21l{R{Y  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: }WV}in0  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 PrKH{nyJk  
8-PHW,1@a3  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined X=KC +1e  
                       A   mz|p=[lR|  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and ~Jh1$O,9o  
             B dLfB){>S  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. sR4B/1'E  
   C       D 6Vj=SYK  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 {[)n<.n[g  
1N}vz(0"  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important NZ"nG<;5  
        A     |[)n.N65 =  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John v&qL r+_7  
   B        C      aH?+^f"D  
  Keats, published the year of her death.   b]gVZ-  
      D FuM:~j v  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. }/lyrjV  
bXi!_'z$  
b_X&>^4Dkl  
(四) Who和which的区别 bq2f?uD-}  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 TM5 Y(Q*  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物  P1R5}i  
LS$zA>:  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 2?{'(i ay  
              A            B e%lxRN"b  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. Z (t7QFd  
   C                  D 4f&"1:  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 \zc R7 5  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 pMJm@f  
@,j ,GE%  
(五) that和which的区别 = N;5T  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 d'"|Qg_'  
ve+bR   
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it <F8e? xy  
              A        B j9rxu$N+  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. ap8q`a{j^  
      C              D ):_@i  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 Q:|W/R D~  
?5jLN&A3 G  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 ;?k<L\zaw  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, e_|Z&  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when x5CMP%}d  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. :G6aO  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which |lcp (u*u  
B]H8^  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly 7nPcm;Er  
              A         B   ] j8bv3  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. co~NXpqg  
         C      D _-lE$ O  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 s[sv4hq  
,~=]3qmbR  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  cFt&Efj  
  affected the way people in the United States----. ^Fh*9[Zf$  
   (A) living and working Scx!h.\5  
   (B) they live and work m$_b\^we  
   (C) live and work ol*,&C:{  
   (D) to live and to work N<8\.z5:<  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 $L 8>Ha}  
'.1P\>x!]  
二、介词 ":8\2Qp  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 W~0rSVD$<z  
aZ4?! JW.  
(一) 介词搭配 HWsV_VAw}  
mmbe.$73  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those W`_JERo  
    A         B   C      F5qA!jZ1]  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. DPjs? M<  
                D m~5 unB9  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 a1~|?PCbY  
XZb=;tYo  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. {#qUZ z-  
A       B     C  D 2+rT .GFc  
分析:B错改为be rich in G;}WZy  
qC> tni%  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the <rj 'xv  
    A         B      C Qdq;C,}Ai.  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. KU,SAcfR7  
             D 1~c\J0h)d  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 {&,p<5o  
d\JaYizp  
|@u2/U9  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 \Nt 5TG_  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 ?.SGn[  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. (p[#[CI9  
          A      B  C     D ;_I>`h"r  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 ->b5" {t  
wHj 1+W  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has * @4@eQF  
                 A  B     Wlhh0uy  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on vTK%4=|1}!  
      C $pES>>P  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. l<+ [l$0#  
      D &s+l/;3  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 { LvD\4h"  
'5BD%#[  
2、介词by hik.qK  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by [Arf!W-QG  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing VvyRZMR  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States = x8[%+  
    A         B       Y"mFUW4  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. Zk=,`sBC  
   C     D <gF]9%2E  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 wb$uq/|  
4-y K!LR  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils e34>q:#5l  
   A                      (03/4*g_s  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to M`cxxDj&j  
     B    C       D 3+6Ed;P  
   supply moccasins and field rations. EV?}oh"x  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 0vv~G\yM  
Ek L2 nI  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with ;M3 %t=KV  
        A                _9h$8(wjn  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements }^&S^N 7  
        B          C   tJ^p}yxO  
  that are often represented at symbols. 8}0wSVsxV$  
              D $r!CQ 2S  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 ["3dr@T9Z  
三、谓语动词 `;UWq{"  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 q/ljH_-  
①、主谓分割原则 8&2 +=<Q~  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, yD3}USw  
     A     ;XN|dq  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. gQeQy  
        B      C      D /J R +WmO  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 "`% ,l|D  
3x[C pg ,  
②、与后者一致原则  (Q8!5s  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, {+67<&g  
not only…but also &aRL}#U  
Z*k(Q5&U  
8US#SI'x  
③、与前者一致原则 A*OqUq/H`;  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, ,6>3aD1w~q  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 w ,j*I7V  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ~q ^o|?  
     A      B  C     EZ<:>V-_D  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. MJGT|u8O&  
         D zH]oAu=H  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is O(-p md,  
6}6Q:V|  
④、就近原则 '-v:"%s|  
or, either…or, neither…nor, [^"*I.Z_  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are +YvF+E  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is =ANr|d  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 @;4;72@O  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 P*&[9 )d6  
DsMo_m/"1  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are j-K[]$  
        A      B        :+"4_f0  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. *p(_="J,  
    C              D uz!8=,DFw  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 #Pg#\v|7#>  
3'uXU<W!  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 Ji nh#iar  
There are five apples that are red. $4{sP Hi)I  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 _m9k2[N!  
IS]A<}j/-  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets d~<$J9%  
      A            d ~ M;  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 4~ }NB%,  
   B   C    D O!"K'Bm  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 ~<_#%R!  
x;W!sO@$  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 ]2-Qj)mZ]  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. h?TIxo:6/  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 uYebRCdR  
S5JM t;O  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 :0@0muo  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: f_ MK4  
a. there be 句型 o135Xh$_>'  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 UI=v| <'-  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 {U-z(0  
uVgA <*0  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. p@78Xmu?q  
   A     B      C    D    ;X+0,K3c  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is Z+V%~C1  
H^Pq[3NQ  
l8E))oz1T  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ;jxX/c  
             A     B    O$z"`'&j#  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 G>pedE\  
     C         ;r2DQg"#@  
  miles in width. SkV pZh  
     D  k|xmZA*  
分析:倒装句,are改为is #_\**%,<  
H.?`90IQ  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and &LM@xt4"^[  
   A    B       C         -0a3eg)Z*  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film MZV bOcSAd  
                    D /7B3z}rd  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. s]yZ<uA  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 4qDa: D"5  
<.g)?nj1  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 8;~,jZ s  
fifty percent of + 名词 HziQ%QR  
one percent of + 名词 y-@`3hYM@  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: Up-^km  
  one percent of my students + are {<IHiB35q  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 6jMc|he  
7.{+8#~nV  
这里要强调两个结构 6k')12~'  
half of =fifty percent c9gm%  
most of + 可数名词 + are  pb<eg,  
most of + 不可数名词+ is Z>`frL  
vzAY+EEx  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been REc90v2"  
   A       B         C   Ai%Wt-  
  found in central and eastern Canada. {niV63$m  
           D (eT9N_W  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 "@+Z1k-8U  
3kr. 'O  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized 5[6{o$I  
                 A   B   ^~B#r#  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. gT fA]  
              C     D &4t=Y`]SL  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 \= 6dF,V  
6[Mu3.T  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 0CeBU(U+|R  
①、主要考察时间状语 7 A{R0@  
0 4ceDe  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. >.g T9  
   A        B  C     D #cl|5jm+m#  
skLr6Cs|  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was i:R_g]  
d ~CZ9h  
a{I(Qh!}  
②、For和since的区别 UN6nh T  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 B%co`0$  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 F{17K$y  
  I has been a teacher for three years. yEL5U{  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. F PAj}as  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 eeUEqM$7EX  
VPDd*32HC  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became }(UU~V  
   A      B              =W '{xG}  
  the primary responsibility of the president. KupQtT<  
     C    D I|P#|0< 2  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 )O6_9f_  
Ly T[  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of X./7b{Pax  
             A  B  C   LeXk l=CC  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. sTzt  
            D 8| S}!P"  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 :}~B;s0M\  
k %sh ;1.  
Cq%1j[  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  ~&8 bVA= .  
   A       B        C     D a*UxRi8  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live E<4'4)FHuQ  
>}!})]Xw9  
(三) 谓语的语态 >0jg2vqt  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 :"~n` Q2[  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: $n9Bp'<  
①、prove T.#Vma  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 + Awo\;@,  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; <(dg^;  
ZuVucP>>_d  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming rh 7%<xb>  
                      A   |$.`4h?  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be %Ig3udcY?  
    B                  C 5"I8ric  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. tU >?j1  
                  D -}Q^A_xK  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 8k -l`O~  
N3QDPQ  
X) xeq  
②、Locate,Situate E)utrO R  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 c*HWH$kB  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 z~O:w'(g  
这两个词也可以用作被动 M7g6m  
  My school was located near the river. [5sa1$n96G  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 zKX|m-i|2  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. [,As;a*o  
   (A)locates 2 rx``,7Q  
   (B)locating TuX9:Q  
   (C)to locate E- J<%+  
   (D)is located nN$aZSb`  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 EQ> ]~  
1a>TJdoa  
③、表示需要概念的动词 (nLT 8{>0  
need, want, require等 t,vj)|:  
u[G`_Y{=EM  
My watch needed repairing TZYz`l+v  
My watch needed to be repaired. P{gy/'PH,  
nb,+!)+  
④、表示人的情感的动词 95%QF ;h  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 +JrbC/&  
n+9rx]W,  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 *N!>c&8  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 deVbNg8gs  
TM2pE/P  
主动和被动技巧总结: t0-)\kXcA  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 &h _do8R  
BA(PWX`H  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the QssU\@ / Q  
                 A      Z.rR)   
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, LOX}  
                 B LZF %bJv  
  power structures, and flood-control works along NUp,In_  
                    C Kp)H>~cL  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. |h(05Kbk  
                D O/1:2G/`  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 %=EN 3>,  
VS ?npH  
四、非谓语动词 .Mb<.R3  
"B3&v%b  
(一) 分词 S&Szc0-|k  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 PRQEk.C  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 *iwV B^^$  
}$E341@  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then wJ Qm7n-+  
   A zPn 2  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. vn(ji=  
     B      C            D %]1.) j  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning & @rXt!  
7*I:cga  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 +]dh`8*8>1  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in G% FLt[  
      A               B   (N[R`LN  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. -XNawpl`  
               C         D s9aa _Th  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living a4E{7c  
PL|zm5923  
I3, 0vnE@  
一些动词后面必须用doing -50Qy[0."  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 YU,fx<c  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, a>8&B  
 advocate, suggest J5"d|i  
 delay, quit _MLbJ  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, /hp [ +K  
 avoid, escape(逃避) U~I y),5  
 spend+名词+doing; nI7v:h4  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing I#UL nSJ3  
8Ao-m38  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their <IO@Qj1*  
   A     B    C              D :`B70D8ku  
  crops. Y. Uca<{.[  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 w\lc;4U   
Bg.  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, ~A03J:Yc7  
               A        B Xf{ht%b  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. SQT]'  
        C          D h!J|4Q a  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing zK>}x=  
$EG9V++b3  
(二) 不定式 X:mm<4  
A. 动词不定式的省略 3FG'A[x3O  
①、help后面可以省略to _%KRZx}  
  help to do $CDRIn50  
  help sb. to do #H;1)G(/  
$6]1T>  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid [L=M=;{4  
              A      B   *nB-] w/  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. *X uIA-9  
         C     D - ND1+`yD  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 VE)) `?  
pfQ3Y$z  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 J"K(nKXO_?  
  make,  Y-+JDrK  
  let, S2 MJb  
  have sb. do sth xoQ(GrBY  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. kG u{[Rh  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians vi]cl=S  
        A               B <B!DwMk;.  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. kAs=5_?I  
   C     D |3g'~E?$  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know 7n*"9Ai(  
|>b;M ,`OO  
③、感官动词 K/_"ybR7  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe =s9*=5r8  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 X6=o vm  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 Zr(eH2}0D  
Ii!{\p!  
a% /D~5Z  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 `6(Zc"/ \m  
(1)表示第一人 '7g]@ Q7  
the first woman to do sth. c]"w0a-`^@  
tJ .Ln  
(2)表示迫使的动词 )4N1EuD6  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do R ^ZOcONd-  
YF>1 5{H  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis o#>Mf464I  
     A                 B    KwgFh#e  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. t{,e{oZx  
       C           D ]x(6^:D5  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 y6Ez.$M  
FAX[| p  
I@IE0+ [n  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 wc-v]$DW  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 DK20}&RQ  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 ]wfY<Z  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 JeF $ W!!{  
  be apt to do rjj_]1?K  
5,-:31(j\  
(4)表示目的的名词, brG!TJ   
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 gk;hpO  
固定的句式: ym_as8A*Q  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. `\'V]9wS  
the objective 目标 *!E~4z=  
aim tx)$4v  
goal *.KVrS<B1  
reason理由 rz&'wCiOO  
function功能 \En"=)A  
intension意图 hwA&SS  
u /DE  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing k~3\0man  
                       A  PKC0Dt;F.  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. o^Lq8u;i*  
           B          C     D f~/hsp~Hp  
分析:the function to provide, A错 #`!mQSK  
k+*pg4 '  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure `& '{R<cL  
                  A       C`.eJF  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds q2'}S A/  
     B  (:O6sTx-hE  
  that make up various components of a living cell. Lusd kc7  
    C    D VW*?(,# j{  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 kjB'W zZ8  
bsr]Z&9rrk  
(5) 其他同根名词 {QaO\{J=  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 !]E ]Xd<  
 attempt to do 企图 r:$*pC&{  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 iSR"$H{  
 ambition, *3!r &iY  
 be ambitious to do  kFY2VPP~  
 effort d*VvQU8C  
!#WQ8s!?o  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation "Da-e\yA  
  A                    B   eThFRU3 F  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. Rm}5AJ  
          C       D 'DNxc  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 <DPRQhNW]  
F$jy~W_  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great - 0q263z  
  A                   B   at {p4Sl  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. =Ul"{T<  
       C            D ?e4H{Y/M  
分析:efforts to register, C错 &JKQH  
=nc;~u|]  
K(lSR  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 /k K!xe  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 9-q> W  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. cYe2 a "  
,}@4@ >?K  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 &+A78I   
I am glad to see you. J$5 G8<d>  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. `q* p-Ju'  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. U^ , !  
!.q99DB  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 8Dt pb7\o  
It is difficult to decide. Ayg^<)JWh  
qm_m8   
?PTXgIC  
五、句子的结构 cF=WhP*f  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 |[mmEYc  
sR83e|4I  
(一) 主语的重复 E@xrn+L>-  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 5p}j{f  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any 4r ~K`)/S'  
          A      B      %kop's&?C  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the z,E`+a;  
          C          D 7)[Ve1;/N  
  League of Nations. i/'bpGrQ(  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 Br}@Vvq@  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson WwZ3hd  
pU !:  
:;+_<pk  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are ~&RrlFh  
        A        B  Nb !i_@m%s  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. Wu|MNB?M  
    C         D un~`|   
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 D]*|Zmr+}  
b-#{O=B  
(二)谓语的重复 %s+'"E"E  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 Nj2l>[L;  
bfoTGi  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  #>)z}a]  
    A            B    wf]?:'}  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. 1 /{~t[*.  
         C   D NNqvjM-  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 c"lwFr9x7  
F_R\  
(三)谓语的缺少 "p;tj74O9  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body 'V:MppQVZ.  
          A     B    SZ[?2z  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. SDE+"MjBY  
         C               D &}P#<"Fo8Q  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 p~8O6h@J  
9XDSL[[  
(四)主句的重复 3ddw'b'aQ  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 =0EKrG  
_, (s  
I9+h-t  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite JmR2skoV,  
      A         B        C   Hqs-q4G$  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. P,)D0i  
     D H3R{+7  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 p\;8?x  
rL"]m_FK  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow 08^f|K  
        A   B       dz/@] a  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. g7hI9(8+  
      C    D !=,zy  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 >/4[OPB0R  
/"A=Yf  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided FT6CKsM"  
   A                     B  ZLKbF9lo  
  names for towns, only George Washington hwe6@T.#  
      C mUP!jTF  
  is remembered in the name of a state. RZ{O6~VH  
          D ]C"?xy  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 ZoJq JWsd  
六、比较级和最高级 ~PyS;L}  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 `.~S/$a.&  
QwG_-  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 tpA-IL?KQw  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 0 !%G #~th  
      A               /]J\/Z>  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. kGnT4R*E  
     B       C           D d42Y `Wu  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 5 Slz ^@n  
1I'Q{X&B  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 f &NX~(  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. -"'+#9{h  
     A      B     C  D g^|R;s{  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 g&w~eWpk  
oKz! Xu%Hl  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere ( 6zu*H)  
     A       B     C   D n;=FD;}j+  
  is the grizzly bear. R87@.  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 fH9"sBiO  
xuqG)HthRS  
T ?A3f]U  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 &|'yq zS3  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 CflyK@  
rrgOp5aV"  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with 6/g 82kqpk  
   A           B  rzie_)a Y%  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. jFKp~`/#  
   C                 D 0x*|X@ 6\  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。  FY)]yz  
B9 ?58v&  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 DS @Yto  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as SQ+r'g  
dSTyx#o  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 @U?&1.\  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词  o4yl3o  
the taller boy 16@<G  
eAP 8!  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 L|s\IM1g  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed $7Z-Nn38  
          A            B 3gJZlH5IR  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is 5f0g7w =-  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. X+u1p?  
    C          D 3PLA*n+%  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they B2LXF3#/  
p0CPeH  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 8sI$  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, ~@@$-,}X   
  A  B         C     k5Q1.;fW76  
  the Navajos form largest group. }?6;;d#  
         D 1#AxFdm1  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 b *0uxvLu  
>X:!Y[N  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, \4<|QE  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language Sj/v:   
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the ?-9uf\2_  
:mLXB75gH  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many '?_~{\9<  
            A      B         C ^liW*F"UY  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. )~nieQEZQ  
            D 1# +|RL4o  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 vE#8&Zq  
1L7^g*  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the ]Z=al`-  
例如:my best friends ~mK +Q%G5  
|:2B)X  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial c1y+k vv  
            A    B     C B~& }Mv  
  and banking center. n6Z!~W8  
        D R4k+ .hR  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。  KPjAk  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 U: c 0s  
^~b d AO81  
w5/6+@}  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary Z6Kp-z(l3  
                 A         CW/L(RQ  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. ^\J-LU|"B  
    B   C     D s&$e}yxVO  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 D~M R)z_p~  
hy$VG%b;#  
七、平行结构 -O-?hsV)y  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 )<_qTd0`  
|m@>AbR5dk  
w &J_c8S  
(一) 对等连接词 ,]]IJ;: w  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 8HIX$OX>2  
单一式: and, or ,but )ZrB-(u~k  
相关式: both…and, not … but, fy|I3  
     either …or, neither…nor 3/]FT#l]i  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as BB(v,W  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, KMQPA>w#  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also `s Pk:cNz~  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, #)[.Xz:U  
~82 {Y _{/  
短语式: as well as oj)(.X<8N  
     rather than (而不是) 9nFWJn  
     other than (除…之外) -"H0Qafm  
     instead of (代替) Ze#DFe$  
e+4Eiv  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 :)tsz;  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  |GsMLY:0  
       A     B   `Lavjmfr2V  
  but he is now living in Detroit. l+hOD{F4pS  
       C   D iDhC_F|  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 &?Q^i">cZ  
t+]1D@hv  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics Q7<VuXy  
       A         B 6KXW]a `  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford 1\Pjz Lj  
  remained active in city and regional planning. - _6`0  
          C    D  UX<-jY#'V  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 iSW<7pNq0  
(二)平行的内容 ;FF+u K  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 n"D` =  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of r)K5<[\r  
             A         B   V3r)u \ o'  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, la!U  
         C            D dGkw%3[  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. b09xf"D  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 q5'G]j{,Z  
WVOj ;c  
NqNU:_}  
第二、名词单复数的平行 ' ]+!i a  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 o|c6=77043  
Hs:zfvD  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, H-v[ShE  
  A     B          C   F'|e:h  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. ^H1m8=  
                 D   QJrXn6`  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 C<I?4WM  
Jvsy 6R  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, d,(q 3  
                   A         B Haekr*1%  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. \ERxr   
      C          D {B k` Zlki  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have i$@xb_  
&B[*L+-E  
第三、时态的平行 S#B%[3@  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated bPP@  
                A     X{, mj"(w  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops z~3ubta8(@  
                   B U]vUa^nG  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. Y9<[n)>+  
          C    D |9]-_a  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 T&>65`L  
Z$KyK.FUU  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- ~/-SKGzo-  
  spread from its home in Central America and [ij) k@.  
  now grows throughout the tropics. {nUmlP=mS  
   (A) to be    (B) it   D})/2O p   
   (C) the     (D) its Kb<c||2Nh5  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? % R25,  V  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow kwT)j(pp<  
|^UQVNJ  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- OEjX(F3=  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. I5l%X{u"N  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised #TR!x,Hc  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised qg`ae  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 !wpK +.D  
f['lY1#V1  
第四、排列位置的平行 ri59LYy=  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. l{C]0^6>i  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode H@wjZ;R  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  O4oN)  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes VpHwc!APq  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes l6w\E=K  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 ,~Xe#e M  
lg$aRqI29  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: iz/CC V L  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 TK' 5NM+4  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 a1I-d=]  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 y4p"LD5%^  
PP'5ANK  
八、词序的颠倒 v*GS>S  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 F1$XUos9  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 @"fv[=Xb  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage eza"<uBr  
              A    B        7lwI]/ZH*  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. DIQ30(MS  
      C       D    iN'T^+um=  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 iExKi1knx  
9x4z m  
]SU)L5Dt;  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 'J &R=MD  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only P(8Yz W  
          A      B     `&fW<5-  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. GR*sk#{  
    C         D ]=-=D9ZS3  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 a6z0p%sIZ  
ET9tn1  
BWYv.&=(  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 0#Ug3_dfr  
S#p_Y^ A  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were sXPva@8_  
          A   B     C   Kzq^f=p  
  in what is now the United States. s1Wn.OGR4  
    D 3*%+NQIj  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 Kg<~Uf=1  
>+i+_^]  
所有的系动词分为三大类: _/P;`@  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, V[WZ#u-p  
    is, remain, keep, stay, &_;=]t s  
    lie, exit(表示位于) p</t##]3ks  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 Iy*Q{H3[  
    become, turn, grow, .HY,'oC.  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) dly -mPmP  
RJDk7{(  
第三种,感官动词 aG =6(ec.  
    seem(好像是) h|'|n/F  
    look(看起来好像是) B!)9 >  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste h'G  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 IR2Qc6+{  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe #!TlalV  
    A               B     oIj/V|ByK  
   to cause numerous deaths. bY,dWNS:  
        C   D  G;/> N'#  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 ^P [#YO  
]1GyEr:  
九、词性的混用 o( v7&m;  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 W>{&" 5  
0%\fm W j  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 t^6ams$  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; ^l ;Bo3^_  
lQ [JA[  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high Mjl,/-0 w  
          A        B      >U4bK ^/Bp  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and %Y|AXx R  
              C u0[O /G  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. _q@lP|  
          D e+2lus,u6t  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) +Ezl.O@z  
R[vX+d!7  
 _ qQ  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 ~xPetkl@  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 vj#m#1\ f  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds s1%2({wP  
         A       B      >E,/|K*  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to QqeF   
          C        3%x-^.  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. [c=![ *}/  
            D P=9sP:[f6  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 |NjyO>@Pa  
FklO#+<:  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, ]@}@G[e#[  
            A       k5 )IBO  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of lrMkp@ f.  
      B      C R3BK\kf&  
   urban Black people in the United States. |IWm:[H3  
   D PCKx o;bD  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 o3OJI_ v &  
$@dPIq4o;}  
CTX%~1 _`O  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 ` -<S13  
表示时间有两种可能, f5nAD  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 rV I-Yb  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, 5pE@Ww  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 Oo %%f+  
"9H#pj -  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence _1\H{x  
       A     B     d[ce3':z  
  were made while the American Civil War. UW BR5  
   C    D 6rAenK-%  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 As#/ln$nE  
LS1}j WU!  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the s3gT6  
   A      B           C    G9> 0w)r  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. {E>(%v D  
          D )$FwB6^  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 *wz62p  
9t0NO-a  
-XtDGNH F  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 r5N.Qt8  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 0 lsX~d'W  
op|/_I$  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social [1{uK&$e  
                   A     A~Ov(  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. #^fDKM  
     B   C    D !B &%!06  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 m#a0HH  
4:p+C-gs  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples w8df-]r  
   A        B   C       Wq1%  
  easily under the stress of compression. yY$:zc"J  
   D 3-5X^!C  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 <Prz >qL$  
syYe0~  
H_<X\(  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 P=%' 2BQ{{  
A[@xTq s{{  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine q;p:)Q"  
    A         B b]X c5Dp{  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. 7]w]i5  
          C            D D@5AI ](  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 Qyr^\a;k'  
?,J'3nZ'  
 1 U|IN=  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, e==} qQ  
         A I'M,p<B  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. k/&~8l.$  
   B      C      D E{m\LUd^ :  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 "[[9i  
M~Tx 4_t  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 u!FX 0Ip  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; Ov$_Phm:  
two hundred diligent students
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