改错题常考要点 {G:dhi
一、代词 w%(Ats
代词中主要讲解六个问题 |;XkU`G
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 i$GL]0
主格、宾格、所有格 uAd4Zz
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) &Ff#E?Y4|
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(二) 反身代词 hmfO\gc}y
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 B:-qUuS?R
He killed himself. (他自杀了) R!mFMw"
He killed him. (他杀了他) $e
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating `1AVw]k
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a series of indicators that could help zGDLF`
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themselves to predict earthquakes. op\'T;xIu
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ZtS>'W8l
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 !'y9/
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 r#svj*dn
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies `\}Ck1o
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the zEHX:-f8
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Pacific. Zb p+b;
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 Yo 0wufbfV
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 /0.m|Th'm
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: M<nKk#!+h
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 `#/0q*$
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined S2;u!f
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the word“normalcy”to express social and ]AB<OjF1c|
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economic conditions they promised the nation. zwL
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 nzcXL
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important IonphTcU!
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John w
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Keats, published the year of her death. tgR4C#a
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. v@&UTU
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(四) Who和which的区别 K Y=$RO
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 vWs#4JoG
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 6?BV J
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 4#Bzq3,|
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. u]766<Z
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 nu6p{_M
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 F*Y]^9]
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(五) that和which的区别 r+W;}nyf
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 ^&z3zFTp
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it nw
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. TB%NHq-!
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 H?4t\pSS
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 Htm;N2$d
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, #ULzh&yO
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when #PGpB5vnaA
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. #GfM!<q<
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which zLSha\X
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly 6[3>[ej:x
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. lhBu?q
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 u):Nq<X
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has IWT
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affected the way people in the United States----. _ YcIGOL
(A) living and working ,aU8.
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(B) they live and work We@wN:
(C) live and work *XkgwJq
(D) to live and to work :OD-L)Or
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 %g7B*AX]
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二、介词 ]owcx=5q%'
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 T1A/>\Ns
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(一) 介词搭配 |6w{%xC?"
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those vPET'Bf(YV
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. ?Vc/mO2X
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 &&TAX
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. "[2D&\$
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分析:B错改为be rich in 9@ 8)ZHf
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the wiM-TFT~
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. S!R:a>\
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 I#:,!vjn
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 csms8J
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 ~.<}/GP] _
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. V6tUijz
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 ziG]BZ
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has d<>jhp5el
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on %^<A`Q_
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. -%g{{'9B
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。
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2、介词by ^]1M8R,
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by #>(h!lT_
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing XCku[?Ix
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States x#&%lJT
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. ]2'{W]m
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 _+x&[^gjP
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils U0t~H{-H
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to }!0nb)kL
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supply moccasins and field rations. =_Y#uE$
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 ILq"/S.
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with Uq}-<q
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements .}zpvr8YP
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that are often represented at symbols. m?=9j~F*
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 auP6\kpMe
三、谓语动词 muqIh!nn
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 ".R5K
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①、主谓分割原则 L_WVTz?`
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, dJ0qg_ U&
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. l;gj],*
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 LVj62&,-
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②、与后者一致原则 e~,/Z\i
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, z<rYh96uA
not only…but also }m6j6uAR6)
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③、与前者一致原则 V\V:uo(C
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, %hu] =
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 #iot.alNA
例:The athlete, together with his coach and L8FLHT+R-
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. Gu3'<hTlxd
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ,DT=(
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④、就近原则 79>8tOuo
or, either…or, neither…nor, p?X`f#
单数名词+or+复数名词+are 2_ x~y|<9
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 0-^wY8n-=
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 hupYiI~
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 c !ybz{L
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are H:ar&o#(
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. p[QF3)9F
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 /#PEEN
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 MK]S205{
There are five apples that are red. 5Dy800.B2
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 &8Cuu$T9)
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets XV2f|8d>
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. ?Rl?Pp=>
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 LB1.N!q1
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 ~9qDmt,i
The rich are not always happier than the poor. +:2(xgOP.V
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 ~ e[)]b3
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 ZYBNS~Q
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: dL")E|\\k
a. there be 句型 VLtb16|
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 SZc6=^$
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 )zt*am;
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. <