改错题常考要点 "yH?df24
一、代词 t8Pf~v
代词中主要讲解六个问题 3]1 !g6
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 ue3 ].:
主格、宾格、所有格 }],l m
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) (!@gm)#h
LS*L XC
(二) 反身代词 kj2qX9Ms
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 \V 'fB5
He killed himself. (他自杀了) ;m]
n l_vg
He killed him. (他杀了他) a9&[Qv5-/
M5RN Z%
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating ta.Lq8/
A B N1Xg-u?ul#
a series of indicators that could help #3ZAMV
C <- sr&
themselves to predict earthquakes. G "+[@|
D X`<z5W] !
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 _=x*yDPG}
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 WyV,(~y
V1P]pP
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 A/9<} m
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 pno}`Cer
i+QVs_jW
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies z( ^?xv
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the MZ0cZv$v!~
A B C D ~Ih`
ayVq
Pacific. `tO t+>YWn
:xmj42w>^
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 s`Z.H5V>\
[<
9%IGH
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 yL<u>S0
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: GLub5GrxR
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 F~fN7<9R
r
25VcY
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined [ZG>FJDl8
A |61ns6i!
the word“normalcy”to express social and Dg~m
}La
B 3J8>r|u;1'
economic conditions they promised the nation. Qru&lAYc<
C D C:AV?
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 r1.
zURY
|gk4X%o6
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important AW_ YlS
A *\+oe+ 3
work is not poetry, but his biography, John EAr;
B C 1QhQ#`$<1
Keats, published the year of her death. ,[N(XstI
D zSMM?g^T
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. @b2?BSdUp
rT-.'aQ2t
K5<2jl3S
(四) Who和which的区别 s LD Ea
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 y_Gs_xg
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 f;+.j/ +
iz [IK%K
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who B4zuWCE@
A B g rI#' x
account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. &_@M
6[-
C D ())_4
<
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 @^#
9N!Fj]
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 5yJ~ q
S<*1b 6%D
(五) that和which的区别 :vS/Lzk
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 /r&4< @
5>H&0> \
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 9N2.:<so
A B #K` [XA
would affect society could not have been foreseen. YOfYa
C D RZ9_*Lq7+
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 >$3 =yw%
]|Ie E!6
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 OzH\YN
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, uzp\<\d-t
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when d;3f80Kd*
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. .G<Or`K^i
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which 'Vhnio;qC
sP9{tk2K
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly Pc+,iK>
A B `$J
OFLa
reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. ePSD#kY5
C D hA`9[58/
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 Tjj27+y*\
QdD@[
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has F"tM?V.|
affected the way people in the United States----. xi.QHKBZaH
(A) living and working d%!
yFix;<
(B) they live and work x;4m@)Mu
(C) live and work c[C(3c|n
(D) to live and to work D{+D.4\
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 [H2su|rBI`
\ov]Rn
二、介词 B\dhw@hM
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 mm
|*
Xs2B:`,hh
(一) 介词搭配 `y1,VY
H_l>L9/\
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those fKs3H?|
A B C (<|1/^~=
in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. <1U *{y
D ]/mRMm9"3h
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 6U] "i
!:D,|k\m
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. uVw|jj
A B C D [} %=&B
分析:B错改为be rich in uD`Z\@Z
.R@euIva
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the c+<gc:#jy
A B C W6yz/{Rf
alternation of periods of light and darkness. cdfnM% `>\
D ,\PTn7_
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 j<vU[J+gx~
GS!1K(7
Nbm$ta
(二) 最重要的两个介词 U9//m=_
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 0h"uJco,
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. p/jAr+XM
A B C D i,$n4
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 zvbz3 a
&_Gu'A({J
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has aDX4}`u
A B <kWNx.eci
starred in stage, television, and film productions on 7FP
@ v ng
C JU-eoB}m
both sides the Atlantic Ocean. +
oN
rc.
D +PHuQ
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。
`AEL
e_
h,2?+}Fn
2、介词by g);.".@"
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by [N*`3UZk"
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 4yR X{Bl|
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States g+u5u\k
A B ~ePtK~,dv
can be performed from a justice of the peace. VN<baK%]
C D ltXGm)+
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 6)#%36rP
A,GJ6qp3
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils P,SI0$Z
A aW$))J)0
could veto a declaration of war at refusing to C~VyM1inD
B C D wHhIa3_v
supply moccasins and field rations. ,koG*sn
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 F[U0TP@&*
x\6 i (k-
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with 0'tm.,
A m?Dk(DJ
operations on sets of numbers or other elements .2STBh.;
B C b'yW+
that are often represented at symbols. %Z6\W;
(n
D N`i`[ f
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 u:O6MO9^
三、谓语动词 Z~Z+Yt;,9a
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 'O]J
a-
①、主谓分割原则 AZjj71UE
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, 'QEQyJ0EB
A @V#
wYt
America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ,4z?9@wQ
B C D .TWX,#
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 )VCRbz"[g
;
+E@h=?
②、与后者一致原则 |MXv
w6P
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, wC[Bh^]
not only…but also -, #
LTW<.
,\RxKSU
0^{?kg2o_
③、与前者一致原则 &OSyU4r
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, zE NlL
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 vVi))%&S(
例:The athlete, together with his coach and :-kXZe
A B C B>&eciY
several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. J]|
lCwF
D :+>:>$ao
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is %L9A6%gr
.%4{zaB
④、就近原则 ;hLne0|)}
or, either…or, neither…nor, W<D(M.61A
单数名词+or+复数名词+are qm)KO 4
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is .1F^=C.w
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 =Gq
'sy:h
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 ~xg1mS9d
~=,|dGAa$
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are I!;# Nk>
A B SdfrLdi}Y
amazingly complex for single-celled animals. GBZx@B[TY
C D
ZK[S'(6q
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 ;mLbJT
Tdr^~dcQ
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 "]nbM}>
There are five apples that are red. uv2!][
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 4565U
%Iv0<oU
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets 1b'1vp
A
8<t?o'9I
carry a supply that last just a few seconds. %Ya-;&;`
B C D h(I~HZ[K&T
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 d%9r"=/
G2k r~FG
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 ujcNSX*
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 6!i0ioZzi0
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 (*%+!PS
,h1r6&MEY
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 #TUsi,jG
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: UJ)\E
^Hp
a. there be 句型 Z$,1Tk"O/s
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 S&V5zB""n
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 WW;S
8*)zoT*A
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 5jg^
12EP
A B C D $xS `i-|
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is xGqe )M>8?
D|Z,eench
HF5aU
:M
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ,KIa+&vJW@
A B ~?6V-m{>#
Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 d <qbUk3;
C ,_Fq*6
miles in width. \x x<\8Qr_
D :%A1k2
分析:倒装句,are改为is $Kb-mFR
GA6Z{U{XS
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and NeHR%a2~
A B C u3 ?+Hu|*T
Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film F)_Rs5V:(
D h.4;-&
presented on the five-story-tall screen. & HphE2 h
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 QKZm<lUL
ui7 0|
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 N!"GwH
fifty percent of + 名词 q&Q* gEFK
one percent of + 名词 VrO$SmH
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: F^T7u?^)
one percent of my students + are HC4ad0Gs+{
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. vo uQ.utl
'iMI&?8u
这里要强调两个结构 w*#k&N[X
half of =fifty percent 52l|
most of + 可数名词 + are ?8! 4!P%n
most of + 不可数名词+ is A~nq4@uj
Qh/yPOSm:
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been +Z$X5Th
A B C @/anJrt
found in central and eastern Canada. A[ /0on5r
D
$hn_4$
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 pVt-7AgW
yn!LJT[~2
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized t
~U&a9&Z
A B z~o%U&DO}
in the United States are for foods and beverages. }#EiL
!Pv
C D u33+ ikYv
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 9N=Dls
]wa?~;1^&
(二) 谓语动词的时态 =kZPd>&L
①、主要考察时间状语 >4~{CXZ
:$/lGIz
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. C"IPCJYn
A B C D _jU6[y|XLh
zMtK_ccQ
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was X?4tOsd
C&<f YCwG
8C4Tyms
②、For和since的区别 lP9a*>=a
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 mtm BL2?
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 m>zUwGYEu
I has been a teacher for three years.
@tDVW*!
I has been a teacher since 1996. :8Q6=K87
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 0Lc X7gU>
Sm+Ek@Ax
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became tBrd+}e2*
A B ru'Xet
the primary responsibility of the president. TrkoLJmB
C D P>4(+s
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 tJHzhH)
l<7 b
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of C
+y:<oo)
A B C apGf
@b
the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. "28x-F+J
D 2+"#
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 >-y'N.l^
.]v8W51Y
)2bPu[U
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. A`X$jpAn&
A B C D zpg*hlv
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live H~||]_
q|
p_P'2mf
(三) 谓语的语态 _5.7HEw>/
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 $[FO(w@f
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: l)XzU&Sc~
①、prove q'K=Ly+
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 {:{NK%
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; #MOEY|6
5OKbW!
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming #G9S[J=xe
A 7z F29gC
to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be ,pf<"^li
B C NbG3^(
mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 8Jxo;Y
D Ej6vGC.,
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 x\x>_1oP
g<}K^)x
Z4E:Z}~''
②、Locate,Situate #Q$9Eq8"[
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 bnUd !/;
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置
R:i7Rb2C
这两个词也可以用作被动 `C] t2^
My school was located near the river. ETjlq]@j
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 8BLtTpu
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. *>S\i7RET
(A)locates Tfs7SC8ta
(B)locating [<f\+g2ct
(C)to locate ,$W7Q
(D)is located hD # Yz<
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 A[=)Zw
"
>!`T=(u!
③、表示需要概念的动词 7(Y!w8q&^
need, want, require等 M/R#f9W
!t~S.`vF
My watch needed repairing l"b
78n
My watch needed to be repaired. q9ic
j
QfT&y &
④、表示人的情感的动词 KuE
2a,E4
move, annoy, surprise, please等 :6N{~ [:4
\W}?4kz
He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 aq,&W
q@
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 i n
F&Pv