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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 "yH?df24  
一、代词 t8Pf~v  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 3]1 ! g6  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 ue3 ].:  
  主格、宾格、所有格 }],l m  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) ( !@gm)#h  
LS*L XC  
(二) 反身代词 kj2qX9 Ms  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 \V'fB5  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) ;m] nl_vg  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) a9&[Qv5-/  
M5RN Z%  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  ta.Lq8/  
    A                 B    N1Xg-u?ul#  
  a series of indicators that could help #3ZAMV  
             C      < - sr&  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. G "+[@|  
    D X`<z5W] !  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 _=x*yDPG}  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 WyV,(~y  
V1P]pP  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 A/9<} m  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 pno}`Cer  
i+QVs_jW  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies z( ^?xv  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the MZ0cZv$v!~  
     A   B      C          D ~Ih` ayVq  
  Pacific. `tO t+>YWn  
:xmj42w>^  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 s`Z.H5V>\  
[< 9%IGH  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 yL<u>S0  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: GLub5GrxR  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 F~fN7<9R  
r 25VcY  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined [ZG>FJDl8  
                       A   |61ns6i!  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and Dg~m }La  
             B 3J8>r|u;1'  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. Qru&lAYc<  
   C       D C:AV?  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 r1. zURY  
|gk4X%o6  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important AW_YlS  
        A     *\+oe+3  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John  EAr;  
   B        C      1QhQ#`$<1  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  ,[N(XstI  
      D zSMM?g^T  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. @b2?BSdUp  
rT-.'aQ2t  
K5<2jl3S  
(四) Who和which的区别 s LDEa  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 y_Gs_xg  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 f;+.j/ +  
iz[IK%K  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who B4zuWCE@  
              A            B grI#'x  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. &_@M 6[-  
   C                  D ())_4 <  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 @^# 9N!Fj]  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 5yJ~ q  
S<*1b 6%D  
(五) that和which的区别 :vS/Lzk  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 /r&4< @  
5>H&0> \  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 9N2.:<so  
              A        B #K`[XA  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen.  YO fYa  
      C              D RZ9_*Lq7+  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 >$3 =yw%  
]|IeE!6  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 OzH\YN  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, uzp\<\d-t  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when d;3f80Kd*  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. .G<Or`K^i  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which 'Vhnio;qC  
sP9{tk2K  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly Pc+,iK>  
              A         B   `$J OFLa  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. ePSD#kY5  
         C      D hA`9[58/  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 Tjj27+y*\  
QdD@[  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  F"tM?V.|  
  affected the way people in the United States----. xi.QHKBZaH  
   (A) living and working d%! yFix;<  
   (B) they live and work x;4m@)Mu  
   (C) live and work c(3c|n  
   (D) to live and to work D{+D.4\  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 [H2su|rBI`  
\ov]Rn  
二、介词 B\dhw@hM  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 mm | *  
Xs2B:`,hh  
(一) 介词搭配 `y1,VY  
H_l>L9/\  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those fKs3H?|  
    A         B   C      (<|1/^~=  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. <1U *{y  
                D ]/mRMm9"3h  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 6U] "i  
!:D,|k\m  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. uVw|jj  
A       B     C  D [} %=& B  
分析:B错改为be rich in uD`Z\@Z  
.R@euIva  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the c+<gc:#jy  
    A         B      C W6yz/{Rf  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. cdfnM%`>\  
             D ,\PTn7_  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 j<vU[J+gx~  
GS!1K(7  
Nbm$ta  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 U9//m=_  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 0h"uJco,  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. p/jAr+XM  
          A      B  C     D i,$n4  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 zvbz3a  
&_Gu'A({J  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has aDX4}`u  
                 A  B     <kWNx.eci  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on 7FP @ vng  
      C JU-eoB}m  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. + oN r c.  
      D +PHuQ  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 `AEL e_  
h,2?+}Fn  
2、介词by g);.".@"  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by [N*`3UZk"  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 4yRX{Bl|  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States g+u5u\k  
    A         B       ~ePtK~,dv  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. VN<baK%]  
   C     D ltXGm)+  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 6)#%36rP  
A,GJ6qp3  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils P, SI0$Z  
   A                      aW$))J)0  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to C~VyM1inD  
     B    C       D wHhIa3_v  
   supply moccasins and field rations. ,koG*sn  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 F[U0TP@&*  
x\6i(k-  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with 0'tm.,  
        A                m?D k(DJ  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements .2STBh.;  
        B          C   b 'yW+  
  that are often represented at symbols. %Z6\W; (n  
              D N`i`[ f  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 u:O6MO9^  
三、谓语动词 Z~Z+Yt;,9a  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 'O]J a-  
①、主谓分割原则 AZjj71UE  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, 'QEQyJ0EB  
     A     @V# wYt  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ,4z?9@wQ  
        B      C      D .TWX,#  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 )VCRbz"[g  
; +E@h=?  
②、与后者一致原则 |MXv  w6P  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, wC[Bh^]  
not only…but also -,# LTW<.  
,\ RxKSU  
0^{?kg2o_  
③、与前者一致原则 &OSyU4r  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, zE NlL  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 vVi))%&S(  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and :-kXZe  
     A      B  C     B>&eciY  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. J]| lCwF  
         D :+>:>$ao  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is %L9A6%gr  
.%4{zaB  
④、就近原则 ;hLne0|)}  
or, either…or, neither…nor, W<D(M.61A  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are qm)KO 4  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is .1F^=C.w  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 =Gq 'sy:h  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 ~xg1mS9d  
~=,|dGAa$  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are I!;#Nk>  
        A      B        SdfrLdi}Y  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. GBZx@B[TY  
    C              D ZK[S'(6q  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 ;mLbJT   
Tdr^~dcQ  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 "]nbM}>  
There are five apples that are red. uv2!][  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 4565U  
%Iv0<oU  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets 1b'1vp  
      A            8<t?o'9I  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. %Ya-;&;`  
   B   C    D h(I~HZ[K&T  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 d%9r"=/  
G2kr~FG  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 ujcNSX*  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 6!i0ioZzi0  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 (*%+!PS  
,h1r6&MEY  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 #TUsi,jG  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: UJ)\E ^Hp  
a. there be 句型 Z$,1Tk"O/s  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 S&V5zB""n  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 WW;S  
8*)zoT*A  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 5jg^ 12EP  
   A     B      C    D    $xS `i-|  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is xGqe )M>8?  
D|Z,eench  
HF5aU :M  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ,KIa+&vJW@  
             A     B    ~?6V-m{>#  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 d<qbUk3;  
     C         ,_Fq*6  
  miles in width. \x x<\8Qr_  
     D  :%A1k2  
分析:倒装句,are改为is $Kb-mFR  
GA6Z{U{XS  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and NeHR% a2~  
   A    B       C         u3 ?+Hu|*T  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film F)_Rs5V:(  
                    D h.4;-&  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. & HphE2 h  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 QKZm<lUL  
ui70|  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 N!"GwH  
fifty percent of + 名词 q&Q* gEFK  
one percent of + 名词 VrO$SmH  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: F^T7u?^)  
  one percent of my students + are HC4ad0Gs+{  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. vo uQ.utl  
'iMI&?8u  
这里要强调两个结构 w*#k&N[X  
half of =fifty percent 52l|  
most of + 可数名词 + are ?8! 4!P%n  
most of + 不可数名词+ is A~nq4@uj  
Qh/yPOSm:  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been +Z$X5Th  
   A       B         C   @/anJrt  
  found in central and eastern Canada. A[ /0on5r  
           D $hn_4$  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 pVt-7 AgW  
yn!LJT[~2  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized t ~U&a9&Z  
                 A   B  z~o%U&DO}  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. }#EiL !Pv  
              C     D u33+ikYv  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 9N=Dls  
]wa?~;1^&  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 =kZPd>&L  
①、主要考察时间状语 >4~{ CXZ  
:$/lGIz  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. C"IPCJYn  
   A        B  C     D _jU6[y|XLh  
zMtK_ccQ  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was X?4tOsd  
C&<f YCwG  
8C4 Tyms  
②、For和since的区别 lP9a*>=a  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 mtmBL 2?  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 m>zUwGYEu  
  I has been a teacher for three years.  @tDVW *!  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. :8Q6=K87  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 0Lc X7gU>  
Sm+Ek@Ax  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became tBrd+}e2*  
   A      B              ru'Xet  
  the primary responsibility of the president. TrkoLJmB  
     C    D P>4(+s  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 tJHzhH)  
l<7 b  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of C +y:<oo)  
             A  B  C   apGf @b  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. "28x-F+J  
            D 2+"#  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 >-y'N.l^  
.]v8W51Y  
)2bPu[U  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  A`X$jpAn&  
   A       B        C     D zpg*hlv   
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live H~||]_ q|  
p_P'2mf  
(三) 谓语的语态 _5.7HEw>/  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 $[FO(w@f  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: l)XzU&Sc~  
①、prove q'K=Ly+  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 {:{NK%  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; #MOEY|6  
5OKbW!  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming #G9S[J=xe  
                      A   7z F29gC  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be ,pf<"^li  
    B                  C NbG3^(  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 8Jxo;Y  
                  D Ej6vGC.,  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 x\x>_1oP  
g<}K^)x  
Z4E:Z}~''  
②、Locate,Situate #Q$9Eq8"[  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 bnUd !/;  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置  R:i7Rb2C  
这两个词也可以用作被动 `C] t2^  
  My school was located near the river. ETjlq]@j  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 8BLtTpu  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. *>S\i7RET  
   (A)locates Tfs7SC8ta  
   (B)locating [<f\+g2ct  
   (C)to locate ,$W7Q  
   (D)is located hD # Yz<  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 A[=)Zw "  
>!`T=(u!  
③、表示需要概念的动词 7(Y!w8q&^  
need, want, require等 M/ R#f9W  
!t~S.`vF  
My watch needed repairing l"b 78n  
My watch needed to be repaired. q9ic j  
QfT&y &  
④、表示人的情感的动词 KuE 2a,E4  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 :6N{~[:4  
\W}?4kz  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 aq,&W q@  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 i n F&Pv  
yxLGseD  
主动和被动技巧总结: Xk(c2s&  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 @j5W4HU  
AEOo]b*&d  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the 2syKYHV  
                 A      ;:8_H0X'K  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 6hAeLlU1  
                 B %L<VnY#%u  
  power structures, and flood-control works along `3/,-  
                    C :}o0Eb  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. #CHsH{d  
                D 6>SP5|GG  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 -Ufd+(   
L8/o9N1  
四、非谓语动词 \SA5@ .W  
DZRk K3  
(一) 分词 dkLc"$( O  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 .LN&EfMenF  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 zp , f}  
9 qqy(H  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then s80:.B  
   A Ga+\b>C  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. !94& Uk(O  
     B      C            D +\\*Iy'xK  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning "|.>pD#0&  
.A&Ey5  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 )p(5$AR7  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in %pt ul_(s'  
      A               B   hy3[MOD$G  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. /n/U)!tp  
               C         D 7.hVbjy'-  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living 05=O5 <l  
Kg~<h B6  
%*oz~,i  
一些动词后面必须用doing ^qIp+[/'  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 %R7Q`!@8  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, |\XjA4j  
 advocate, suggest  C!Y|k.`p  
 delay, quit [WRs1$5  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, V%<<Udu<  
 avoid, escape(逃避) 7$8z}2  
 spend+名词+doing; J ihI1C  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing .%U~ r2Y(  
dV<M$+;s]  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their  !|9$  
   A     B    C              D 5#80`/w^U  
  crops. one^XYy1%  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 F$ZWQ9&5U0  
SL hki)|  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, N`8!h:yL  
               A        B wTf0O@``6H  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. E:D1ZV  
        C          D prlB9,3|C  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing x/[i &Gkv  
7. G   
(二) 不定式 >QE^KtZ  
A. 动词不定式的省略 %, K|v  
①、help后面可以省略to W ;P1T"*A  
  help to do Gqk"%irZ  
  help sb. to do [9BlP  
AU^Wy|i5Q  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 6KnD(im  
              A      B   6 N~ jt  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. J}._v\Q7P  
         C     D smIZ:L %  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 7/PHg)&  
K[~Wj8W0  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 pqMv YF  
  make, [cXu<vjFM  
  let, 2mu~hJ  
  have sb. do sth ])m",8d&T  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. e&; c^Z  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians &0(2Z^Z>fw  
        A               B "sT`Dhr  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. k`oXo%  
   C     D _9!Ru!u~  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know M?[lpH3  
;2L=WR%  
③、感官动词 EF"ar  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe 5Hr(9)  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 <i]%T~\Af)  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 F<V zVEx  
s3J T1TX  
v|{*y  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 f\r$T Nd6  
(1)表示第一人 + %U@  
the first woman to do sth. De>pIN;B>  
*2:)Rf  
(2)表示迫使的动词 B@iIj<p~  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do Rx`0VQ  
l\$C)q6O  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 1d\K{ 7i#  
     A                 B    B5I(ai7<M  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. tmb0zuJ&C!  
       C           D p%3';7W\  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 b]|7{yMV  
FfD2 &(-R  
}DZkCzK  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 e;!<3b  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 Uj!L:u2b  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 N#[/h96F  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 \ g0  
  be apt to do 7kJ,;30)  
b%)a5H(  
(4)表示目的的名词, ,9A[o`b  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 ?^"S%Vb  
固定的句式: @l;f';+  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. \lY26'  
the objective 目标 OKf/[hyu  
aim [n:R]|^a  
goal lT(MywNsg  
reason理由 SQz>e  
function功能 .d8~]@U!<  
intension意图 UhEnW8^bz1  
kwyvd`J8  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing sX**'cH  
                       A  |bBYJ  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. !D6@\  
           B          C     D TI*uNS;-  
分析:the function to provide, A错 n=yFw\w'  
@0)bY* njj  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure 7,(:vjIXd  
                  A       )P,jpE8  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds "1l d4/  
     B  {WC{T2:8  
  that make up various components of a living cell. Uh9$e  
    C    D Uq[NO JC  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 4K4?Q+?  
g@S"!9[;U  
(5) 其他同根名词 hZyz5aZ)K  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 Y=Bk;%yT=  
 attempt to do 企图 H(""So7L  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 G8<,\mg+  
 ambition, \a}%/_M\  
 be ambitious to do  Rr:,'cXGi  
 effort 0h#' 3z<  
R[Pyrs!H  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation N.3M~0M*  
  A                    B   *%Q!22?6F  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 2AU_<Hr6  
          C       D K72U0}$B  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 b~cN#w #  
$%sOL( r  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great !R4`ihi1  
  A                   B   qf+I2 kyS  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. 3;#v$F8R  
       C            D DmPp&  
分析:efforts to register, C错 ~u-mEdu3C  
_kgw+NA&-H  
k%Jw S_F  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 R~;<}!Gtx  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 V[A uw3)  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. )CEfG  
!SEg4z  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 ;aWH`^{i  
I am glad to see you. X >C*(/a  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. {_l@ws   
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. quVTqhg"  
yw$er?  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 wjQu3 ,Cj  
It is difficult to decide. jBarYg  
DNC2]kS<  
LZ}C{M{=5A  
五、句子的结构 V- Oy<  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 h /@G[5E  
W{Ine> a'  
(一) 主语的重复 TE3A(N'  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 v&D^N9hy9  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any yk,o*g  
          A      B      ^#9 &Rk!t  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the n0:'h}^  
          C          D nM>oG'm[n  
  League of Nations. %!mJ nc%  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 s(o{SC'tt  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson 2I* 7?`  
hjtkq .@  
b*\K I  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are 2Xys;Dwx  
        A        B  [k M)K'-  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. Ep>3%{V  
    C         D w$MFCJ:p&  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 `lX |yy"  
<Wn={1Ts"  
(二)谓语的重复 {>PN}fk2QP  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 Dvbrpn!sk  
=@q 9,H  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  5 #3/  
    A            B    +RW P;rk  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. &/R`\(hEA  
         C   D ^PA >t$  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 K(@QKRZ7[  
Whp;wAz  
(三)谓语的缺少 R1OC7q  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body +EK(r@eV  
          A     B    XHU&ix{Od  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. GO0Spf_Gh  
         C               D o>* vG  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 b Lag&c)  
l}od W  
(四)主句的重复 Hbwjs?Vq?]  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 _%^t[4)q  
;]YQ WK  
.I\)1kjX  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite b[p<kMTir  
      A         B        C   DwM4 /m  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. pgT XyAP{  
     D y\0<f `v6  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 R{{d4=:S  
iC- ?F cA  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow .C=&` ;Vs  
        A   B       2_Me 4  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. qZRx,^gd  
      C    D @?ntMh6  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 cy)b/4h@  
[XFZ2 'OO  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided [?TQ!l}8A  
   A                     B  ONQp-$  
  names for towns, only George Washington - bL 7M5  
      C cGSoAK  
  is remembered in the name of a state. )Y':u_Lo  
          D d5<@WI:wz  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 cyUNJw  
六、比较级和最高级 FI@2K M  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个  b:fy  
 |u 8hxa  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 pNpj , H*4  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which g;en_~g3j  
      A               9R.IYnq  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. AfvTStwr  
     B       C           D ]*a)'k_@[  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 Y+N^_2@+C  
}8Wp X2U  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 |E @Gsw  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. J)(H-xvV  
     A      B     C  D &B3Eq 1A  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 :K{`0U&l5  
8 g'9( )&  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere lD2>`s 5  
     A       B     C   D v}dt**l  
  is the grizzly bear. 9,5v%HZ  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 M0o=bYI  
pfg"6P  
q ,d]i/T  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 R@>R@V>c  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 #Q6wv/"Ub  
'xZxX3  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with _5M!ec  
   A           B  {d(PH7R  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. tZ>>aiI3  
   C                 D ;~z>GJox  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 U._ U!U  
_ %&"4bm.  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 SiojOH  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as w;H  
cv:nlq)  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 2 T{PIJg3  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 oiO3]P]P  
the taller boy b9|F>3?r>  
KtEM H  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 pRc(>P3;  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed 0x^$q? \A  
          A            B cdU2ph _  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is  aSHZR  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. l0D.7>aj  
    C          D }J`{g/  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they w0/W=!_  
idO3/>R [  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 ?2EzNNcS  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, jn}6yXB  
  A  B         C     (-dJ0!  
  the Navajos form largest group. mSQ!<1PM  
         D Arp4$h  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 CQ,r*VAw  
/u:Sn=SPd  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, fE7WLV2I>  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language 7KM!\"PM  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 0l 3RwWj  
KMbBow3o*~  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many Ds}6{']K  
            A      B         C |=%$7b\C  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. ZN4&: 9M  
            D C i*TX  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 ~o # NOfYi  
z0Zl'  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the |g;XC^!%=o  
例如:my best friends T >-F~?7Sv  
>LLzG  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial T2(+HI2  
            A    B     C y4?>5{`W  
  and banking center. ?5GjH~  
        D *v5y]E%aW  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 #F{|G:\@[  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 jcG4h/A  
l{pF^?K  
dl;A'/(t  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary (f.A5~e  
                 A         VI+Y4T@  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. d[Fsp7U}  
    B   C     D 0WPxzmY  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 4Sl^cKb$7  
3&*%>)  
七、平行结构 @v'<~9vG  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 JC+VG;kcs  
\C6m.%%={R  
50Jr(OeU<  
(一) 对等连接词 |JDJ{;o  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 UM]wDFn'E  
单一式: and, or ,but qqAsh]Z  
相关式: both…and, not … but, }hf*Jw  
     either …or, neither…nor x SUR<  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as ";xEuX  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, -Tt}M#W   
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also 3_>1j  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well,  lu}[XN  
WT)")0)[  
短语式: as well as 0k>&MkM\^  
     rather than (而不是) oF^BJ8%Lm  
     other than (除…之外) SM<kE<q#  
     instead of (代替) q8lK6p\:W  
n" ~*9'  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 &Y>u2OZ  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  Rb0{t[IU  
       A     B   4ca-!pI0  
  but he is now living in Detroit. 4tU~ ^z  
       C   D ,+RO 5n  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 K6U>Qums  
>KPJ7 4R  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics SMFW]I2T/  
       A         B ["M >  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford a3 x~B=E  
  remained active in city and regional planning. {;E/l(HNI  
          C    D  ,Ai i>D]  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 h"ylpv+  
(二)平行的内容 >C[1@-]G%7  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 bAiw]xi  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of G= cxc_9  
             A         B   ->8q, W2A  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, mW-W7-JhO7  
         C            D G,-OH-M!  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. xW =$j|  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 jVIpbG4 4  
njMy&$6a##  
]Qr8wa>Z  
第二、名词单复数的平行  uN 62>  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 1,QZnF!.x  
F*}Q^%  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, XB-|gPk  
  A     B          C   2 H[a Y%1T  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. xUi!|c  
                 D   9Oyi:2A  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 3SDWR@x&  
rVy\,#|  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, v6?\65w,|  
                   A         B "n }fEVJ,  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. tQ JH'YV  
      C          D t[,T}BCy.  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have y=xe<#L  
0DIM]PS  
第三、时态的平行 8'"/gC{  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated FR^wDm$  
                A     KH>sCEt  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops \Ntdl:fSw  
                   B +1jqCW  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. /{ MH'  
          C    D b%f2"e0g  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 w^E]N  
4*XP;`  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- nQ!#G(_nO  
  spread from its home in Central America and Y_3YO 2K]  
  now grows throughout the tropics. FJ,\?ooGf  
   (A) to be    (B) it   "jJdUFN  
   (C) the     (D) its b;`#Sea  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? ^=Tu>{uD  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow ySK Yqt z  
xiOrk  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- -5,y 1_M  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. WlRZ|.  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised ^_S-s\DW  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised }Oh'YX#[  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 Ysc|kxLb  
M|E 2&ht  
第四、排列位置的平行 A"<)(M+kG  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. (zro7gKked  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode (VXx G/E3  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  p<0kmA<B/  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes pT; -1c%:  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes &0 )xvZ  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 3| '#n[3  
zTBi{KrZ  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: CWe>jlUQ  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 yc%E$g  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 seqF84 Xd<  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 mA] 84zO  
hzuMTKH9  
八、词序的颠倒 cH*/zNp  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 qnk,E-  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 G_,t\  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage .M53, 8X  
              A    B        qp~4KukL  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. x+*L5$;h  
      C       D    qJFgbq4-  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 [,o5QH\Etq  
ox\B3U%`p}  
5Du>-.r  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 X.T\=dm%v  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only !.2CAL  
          A      B     ej"o?1l@  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. (4{ C7  
    C         D UU;-q_H6  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 R Z<+AX9R  
r_V2 J{B  
7k`*u) Q  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 SP D 207  
g@k#J"Q '[  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were Dc&9emKI  
          A   B     C   7{K i;1B[w  
  in what is now the United States. S`W'G&bCj  
    D 35%[D Ukb  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 d Ik8TJ  
k binf  
所有的系动词分为三大类: B \_d5WJ<  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, 20.-;jK  
    is, remain, keep, stay, y ;{^Ln4{  
    lie, exit(表示位于) l?o-!M{  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 5M<' A=  
    become, turn, grow, l}Q"Nb)  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) j]!7B HC  
l\T!)Ql  
第三种,感官动词 "W &:j:o  
    seem(好像是) qLQ <1>u  
    look(看起来好像是) Z{,GZT  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste MG7 ?N #  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 S' (cqO}=F  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe .pS&0gBo\  
    A               B     L25kh}Q#7  
   to cause numerous deaths. c-4m8Kg?L  
        C   D  JQKC ;p  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 mQd4#LJ_  
]^J+-c  
九、词性的混用 e/"yGQu  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 >lD;0EN  
 G"o!}  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 C5O5S:|'  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; eu# ,WwlG  
N$\ bg|v  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high doP$N3Zm  
          A        B      Ds%9cp*6  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and "w}-?:# j  
              C 403[oOj  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. :ozV3`%$(  
          D a q3~!T;W  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) z]^+^c_  
Vy-28icZ`  
(GCG/8s  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 |u@+`4o  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 \HAJ\9*w)  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds J,f/fPaf7  
         A       B      <f N; xIB  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to C:]s;0$3'9  
          C        4&Byl85q  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. Vy__b=ti?  
            D 9A~>`.y  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 =I2@/,  
!O|ql6^;  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, KU-'+k2s;p  
            A       ipobr7G.SD  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of 8".2)W4*  
      B      C  EIr@g  
   urban Black people in the United States. ~.J,A\F  
   D zh\$t]d<I  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 Gqb])gXpl  
.}q]`<]ze  
kY"KD22a  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 "+)K |9T#  
表示时间有两种可能, g+xw$A ou  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 t2- ^-g6  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, ks*Y9D*=  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 `5q ;ssu  
?c]n^GvG  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence .h4\{|  
       A     B     kZLMtj-   
  were made while the American Civil War. P ZxFZvE  
   C    D XM/vDdR  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。  |t))u`~  
%y&]'A  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the YuQ~AE'i  
   A      B           C    Ye5jB2Z  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. (&[[46   
          D e4` uVq5  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 {^}0 G^  
/*$hx@ih  
@*>Sw>oet  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 c3)C{9T](  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 4nqoZk^R  
j}:~5|.  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social ,+`HQdq  
                   A     %0,-.(h  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. CSTI?A"P  
     B   C    D R"AUSO|{  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 uuNR?1fS  
80pid[F  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples rJJ[X4$  
   A        B   C      =IU*}>#  
  easily under the stress of compression. #]]Su91BA  
   D ytz SAbj  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 @U{<a#  
::5E8919  
6KZf%)$  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 1f'Hif*r_X  
I$t3qd{H&  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine 2@=IT0[E\  
    A         B MJ` 3ta  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. R\|lt)h  
          C            D laKuOx}  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 "=. t 36#  
V'Kgdj  
cO2& VC  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, x NK1h-t  
         A wC_l@7 t  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. #H?t!DU  
   B      C      D ~[WF_NU1y  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 #oeG!<Mn  
|{r$jZeE  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 ?~"bR%  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; PNOGN|D  
two hundred diligent students
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