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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 J|j;g!fK  
一、代词 ToU.mM?f^  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 z}APR@?`n8  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 %x2b0L\g  
  主格、宾格、所有格 sc xLB;  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) 8R/ *6S=&  
k^*$^;z  
(二) 反身代词 euZ(}+N&  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 M_&4]\PkCy  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) C_-E4I Z)  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) xwLy|&  
S:Xs '0K_  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  #: hVF/  
    A                 B    pTET%)3  
  a series of indicators that could help kIM C~Z  
             C      d Uz<1^L  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. ,9vJtP+T+!  
    D \3j)>u,r  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 b7v dk  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 Z:^3Fm->+  
Mdm0g  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 `]&*`9IK{  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 -$L(y@%X^  
>;}] pI0T  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies `oPLl0  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the tQf!|]#J  
     A   B      C          D MLeX;He  
  Pacific. {g@A>  
*o 2#eI  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 \bRy(Z)  
ex0oAt^  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 G{O\)gf  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: DUo0w f#D^  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 \ %_)_"Q  
Kt6C43]7  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined t .L4%1OF  
                       A   uZ<%kV1B  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and r hZQQOQ  
             B Mb~~A5  
   economic conditions they promised the nation.  0QM aM  
   C       D |yU3Kt  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 A{M+vsL  
=kF? _KN  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important !^]q0x  
        A     f!EOYowW  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John pqOA/^ar  
   B        C      |;~nI'0O])  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  )p h30B  
      D K,G,di  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. Mc!2mE%47m  
Xn PJC'  
A%P 8c  
(四) Who和which的区别 R/ Tj^lM  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 r)c+".0d^  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 ,cPkx~w0  
pmoGudaRF  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 5"$e=y/  
              A            B >,kL p|gA  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 3Hy%SN(  
   C                  D N/(ofy  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 ?rAi=w&c  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 v^<<[I2 C  
SgyqmYTvZw  
(五) that和which的区别 E1^aAlVSD  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 !?S5IGLOj  
ful]OLV+  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it <zfO1~^  
              A        B Tavtr9L0XY  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. K3a>^g  
      C              D UIO6|*ka  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 0@o;|N"i  
*uk \O]  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 9nP*N`  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, >qSO,$  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when Z\ "Kd  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. j<. <S {  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which >=.ch5h3J)  
&6|6J1c8  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly *Y| lO  
              A         B   V Z4nAG  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. C=xo&I7  
         C      D VZ9e~){xA  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 $i1>?pb3  
<8F->k1"3  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  r9p?@P\:[  
  affected the way people in the United States----. g4BwKENM  
   (A) living and working DYy@t^sC  
   (B) they live and work brp N >\  
   (C) live and work A;/Xt  
   (D) to live and to work VfJX<e=k  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 VC_3ll]vr  
;n:H6cp  
二、介词 W2X+ N acD  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 9fr&Yb=_o@  
 ^qSf  
(一) 介词搭配 h:US]ZC^Z  
]%ZjD  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those f6/\JVi)-  
    A         B   C      MRxo|A{  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. do :RPZ!  
                D 4F 6ju6w  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 $)i"[  
Fr E/K_L  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. S4uR \|  
A       B     C  D 9R t(G_'  
分析:B错改为be rich in +$pO  
(t"YoWA#m  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the Qg8eq_m(  
    A         B      C Ov{B-zCA  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. iR4,$Nn>  
             D v2dSC(hRZ  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 L 52z  
s#8{:ko  
Snvj9Nr  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 X#\P.$  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 W0C$*oe!_i  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. ^dp[ Z,[1z  
          A      B  C     D nq w*oLFQ  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 S3[oA&  
C^ k3*N  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has hc~#l#  
                 A  B     tZ6v@W  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on F^[Rwzv>c  
      C v+, w{~7RH  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. ^SES')x  
      D ~o\]K  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 -Z#]_C{Y-)  
;R-Q,aCM}  
2、介词by X$Qi[=L  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by iS^^Z ZyR  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing dXr !_)i  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States MZ#2WP)F  
    A         B       I5 7<0  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. Lzb [%?  
   C     D SF}L3/C&h  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 >w'?DV>u|  
{`SGB;ho  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils <Ucfd G&Lp  
   A                      v6(l#,  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to )e$-B]>7z  
     B    C       D s#CEhb  
   supply moccasins and field rations. )eVDp,.^  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 A&|(%  
4zvU"np  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with 9U%}"uE  
        A                Q14;G<l-  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements ;C@^wI  
        B          C   0hr)tYW,G  
  that are often represented at symbols. gG| 1$  
              D m(Xr5hw:6  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 oEf^o*5(  
三、谓语动词 7o%|R2mL}  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 JN|#   
①、主谓分割原则 o%s}jBo}  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, 6aK2 {-+  
     A     ty8!"-V1  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. m|?J^_  
        B      C      D {dH<Un(4Z  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 im%3*bv-  
9O_N iu0  
②、与后者一致原则 / 1@m#ZxA:  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, vWga>IGM  
not only…but also uw&,pq  
QiL  
!S}Au Mw  
③、与前者一致原则 +F6_P  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, xJ.!Q)[  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 G+p>39P   
例:The athlete, together with his coach and s$G8`$+i1  
     A      B  C     RlL,eU$CS  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. K?I&,t_*R  
         D t9l7 % +y  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is i`s pM<iR.  
C T`X~y10  
④、就近原则 IH}L1i A)  
or, either…or, neither…nor, o\gQYi   
单数名词+or+复数名词+are Wuz~$SU  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is ApBThW *E  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 I'YotV7  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 uwzT? C A6  
p$ <qT^]&  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are hdb4E|'A  
        A      B        (o\~2e:  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. .9 QQ]fLs  
    C              D x=)$sD-3  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 '+wTrW m~j  
9\2&6H  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 h#nQd=H<g#  
There are five apples that are red. ]^<~[QK_C  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 Awh)@iTL  
eW%jDsC  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets cGKk2'v?  
      A            89bKnsV  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. UJ:B:hh''  
   B   C    D IgL8u  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 Po3W+; @  
AtI,& S#{  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 R2@u[  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. <Vb{QOgc;  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 =KLYR UW  
D.?gV_  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 yk/XfwQ5  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: u.6%n. g  
a. there be 句型 T* m_rDDt  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 ?%(*bRV -  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 }=gGs  
0P42C{>'w  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. hkG<I';M?M  
   A     B      C    D    `Ec+i  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is C'ZU .Y  
G)Y!aX  
szHUHW~;J  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 0/$sr;  
             A     B    UpILr\3U  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 9EEHLx"  
     C         _PF><ODX2  
  miles in width. aO1cd_d6x_  
     D  a$ }^z  
分析:倒装句,are改为is jolCR-FDu  
N@}U;x}  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and /.r($S g^  
   A    B       C         1K>4 i. X  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film \ iFE,z  
                    D L@wnzt  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. F&0rI8Nr  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 m<E7cY3mX  
,3wo  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 rTH@PDk>)  
fifty percent of + 名词 7 ?Fl [FW$  
one percent of + 名词 f: R h9  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: aD4ln]sFxG  
  one percent of my students + are gU`QW_{  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. k@w&$M{tPF  
, Le_PJY)  
这里要强调两个结构 HBt?cA '  
half of =fifty percent Z5\6ca  
most of + 可数名词 + are | c;S'36  
most of + 不可数名词+ is 7Qo*u;fr  
'@$?A>.cj  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been Ct B> s7  
   A       B         C   W?@ ;(k  
  found in central and eastern Canada. $1axZ~8sS  
           D H:|y u  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 |Oo WGVc  
WYq, i}S  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized wtZe\ h  
                 A   B  (F @IUbnl  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. }Iu6]?|'  
              C     D 7|{QAv  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 C ZJW`c/  
zP5HTEz  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 =~R 0U  
①、主要考察时间状语 &R 0BuFL8  
[9w8oNg0  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. [x@iqFO9  
   A        B  C     D poM VB{U  
Z rvb %  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was xEbcF+@  
U2G\GU1 X  
Jr#ptf"Wu  
②、For和since的区别 J H6\; G6  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 k+_pj k  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 !W8$-iq  
  I has been a teacher for three years. [~$9n_O94  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. K !`tEW[  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 :c c#e&BO  
Qp{{OjD  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became =T9QmEBm  
   A      B              `^RpT]S  
  the primary responsibility of the president. S?;&vs9j  
     C    D BsR xD9r  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 zxXm9zrLo  
e3&R3{  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of k|1/gd5  
             A  B  C   7?e*b(vd  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. uT ngDk  
            D C}#JvNyQ  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 &Zd! |u  
  "Qm  
:4/RB%)"  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  Ee d2`~  
   A       B        C     D Wfz&:J#  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live Fd9ypZs  
le`fRq8f&  
(三) 谓语的语态 K'Wg_ihA  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 gm\P`~+o  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: ma,H<0R  
①、prove D!+d]A[r  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 D `c YQ-  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; JT#jJ/^  
a^>0XXr}Y  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming +QGZ2_vW  
                      A   -J[*fv@  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be &;DK^ta*P  
    B                  C mfc\w'  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 1Ue )&RW  
                  D 8GgZAu'X  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 j}ywdP`a  
f .-b.nNf  
7j| ^ZuI+  
②、Locate,Situate %F_)!M;x  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 :c)N"EJlI2  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 )O*\}6:S  
这两个词也可以用作被动 h fZY5+Z<  
  My school was located near the river. gqJSz}'  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 R~ n[g  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. N@6+DHt  
   (A)locates yq]=+X>(  
   (B)locating Zawnx=  
   (C)to locate 0vR gmn  
   (D)is located tqbY rF )  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 xU<WUfS1  
DXA<m2&64N  
③、表示需要概念的动词 ?TTtGbvU  
need, want, require等 W'lejOiw  
89n\$7Ff9  
My watch needed repairing ETZE.a  
My watch needed to be repaired. @%iZT4`Ejf  
O?,Grn%'.  
④、表示人的情感的动词 M18 >%zM  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 P! cfe@;<4  
u-</G-y  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 9!} ?}`'_  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 <tUl(q+ty  
T8^`<gr.  
主动和被动技巧总结: Z=R 6?jU*n  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 ~t+T5`K  
E)>.2{]C>  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the u~c75Mk_v  
                 A      LUaOp "  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, wE~&Y? ^  
                 B x3AAn,m8  
  power structures, and flood-control works along B)/L[ )S  
                    C w`YN#G  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. =0t<:-?.-  
                D 3QI.|;X  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 ' nIKkQ" N  
O,PTY^  
四、非谓语动词 I|x? K>  
Y6 <.]H  
(一) 分词 6%^A6 U  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 Ev Ye1Y-  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 m)l'i!Y  
-{XDQ{z<%  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then Y{d-k1?s5  
   A tdsfCvF= a  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. + mPVI  
     B      C            D @?JFqwq!  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning oTJ^WePZQ  
s^>  >]  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 %At. nlss  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in +'/C(5y)0X  
      A               B   :85QwN]\  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. '':MhRb  
               C         D s:K'I7_#@  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living [sNvCE$\]  
NTo[di\_  
Q?V+ 0 J  
一些动词后面必须用doing sd9b9?qiu  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 8<x& Xd  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, 4,0 8`5{  
 advocate, suggest 6 w'))Z  
 delay, quit *xjP^y":  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, aoQ$"PF9  
 avoid, escape(逃避) S,EL=3},=  
 spend+名词+doing; ,^7] F"5  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing $<9u:.9xf  
yDJy'Z_F{  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their ~ 0h@p4  
   A     B    C              D _K&Hiz/'  
  crops. dBwoAq`'  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 q65]bs4M  
cF_`QRtO  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, peHjKK  
               A        B FQ> kTm`d  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. h$}PQ   
        C          D t(dVd%   
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing E%( s=YhW  
0@[*~H0{n  
(二) 不定式 'oK o F  
A. 动词不定式的省略 B;S'l|-?  
①、help后面可以省略to w3 kkam"  
  help to do B`t/21J  
  help sb. to do yZ[=Y  
\#xq$ygg  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid g ?xD*3 <  
              A      B   //;(KmU9  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. vcsSi%M\U  
         C     D W/%hS)75  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 1r};cY6  
-EE'xh-zD  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 M PDRMGR@i  
  make, ]8fn1Hx\  
  let, Kc95yt  
  have sb. do sth ?AD- n6  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. iCA-X\E  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians KS<@;Tt  
        A               B ;ne`ppz0  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. 1 z~|SmP1  
   C     D vBO Y[ >=  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know {lH'T1^m  
>Oj$ Dn=  
③、感官动词 {hJCn*m_   
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe !yPy@eP~  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 u<uc"KY=  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 MH#"dGGu  
8b.k*,r>  
z,$uIv}'@  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 Tx~w(A4:  
(1)表示第一人 Q-V8=.  
the first woman to do sth. ?4U4o<   
LdH1sHy*d`  
(2)表示迫使的动词 K= HLMDs  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do $x`HmL3Sb  
>;1w-n  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis HEbL'fw^s  
     A                 B    V\x'w*FP  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. C5-u86F  
       C           D d@g29rs  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 L=qhb;  
i_Q1\_m!  
&hkD"GGe  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 hBX.GFnw  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 U5N|2  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 >QvqH 2  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 SQ> Yf\  
  be apt to do ^i#0aq2}  
1="]'!2Is  
(4)表示目的的名词, )cRHt:  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 nw- -  
固定的句式: gizY4~ j  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. JUA%l  
the objective 目标 .wd7^wI^S  
aim (*\&xRY|C  
goal GY-4w@Wl  
reason理由 #aC&!Rei{  
function功能 EeQ8Uxb7  
intension意图 [_xOz4`%  
/ ];N1  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing *8a[M{-X  
                       A  /_cpS q  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. rjcH[U(  
           B          C     D ?:60lCqj  
分析:the function to provide, A错 E#m^.B-}  
_?{KTgJG  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure bHSoQ \  
                  A        !vl1#@  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds -M]/Xv]  
     B  jzDPn<WQ  
  that make up various components of a living cell. *B&i`tq  
    C    D md{1Jn"  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 6@^ ?dQ  
kH0kf-4\  
(5) 其他同根名词 2i6P<&@  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 <]S M$) =D  
 attempt to do 企图 %:l\Vhhz  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 , 82?kky  
 ambition, d<\X)-"  
 be ambitious to do  L-|7 &  
 effort vy5{Vm".4  
?5d[BV   
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation S,+|A)\#  
  A                    B   M#],#o*G  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 2+(SR.oGq  
          C       D % kBrxf  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 uZ1G,9  
]Ah<kq2sk  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great $I4J Kh  
  A                   B   'OYnLz`"6  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. A:sP%c;  
       C            D H0lAu]~R_W  
分析:efforts to register, C错 pi*?fUg!W  
G"<} s mB  
,}OQzK/"mP  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 =p!Hl#  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 R /c-sV  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. NydoX9  
h5H#xoCXp  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 +r =p ,leb  
I am glad to see you. Bd13p_V"6  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. {1wjIo"ptg  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. :?gk =JH:  
~{yQsEU  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 fJG!TQJ[Y  
It is difficult to decide. ]: ]w+N%7  
b;(BMO,(  
#J c)v0_  
五、句子的结构 N^tH&\G\m  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 ^pa -2Ao6  
p8u -3  
(一) 主语的重复 jJY!;f  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 W\yaovAt  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any >_?Waz %  
          A      B      1|\/2  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the )eSD5hOI)  
          C          D > 1 &_-  
  League of Nations. {d,~=s0T  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 A@lY{e  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson s3l:S T  
mo3HUXf}8  
FY;R 0+N  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are A Pu cA  
        A        B  |nj,]pA  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. >) PcK  
    C         D )o8]MWT\;  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 G+xd h  
qBIKJ  
(二)谓语的重复 ]p2M!N,?  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 o=VDO,eS  
?5g0#wqI  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  H#;-(`F  
    A            B    ?N*|S)BN  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. -NyfW+T={  
         C   D zLiFk<G@Xi  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 ^/kn#1H 7&  
+MfdZD  
(三)谓语的缺少 !h0#es\  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body 2= 6}! Y  
          A     B    80M"`6  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. 2%Y]M%P  
         C               D =i/7&gC  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 ,:QzF"MV  
A%pBvULH  
(四)主句的重复 (hn@+hc  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 OA_Bz"  
o7*z@R"  
zMkjdjb  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite :! h1S`wS  
      A         B        C   Tc DkKa  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. -4&SYCw  
     D =~i~SG/f  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 y-TS?5Dr]  
`H5n _km  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow >+w(%;i;  
        A   B       k#I4^  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. 6p X[m{  
      C    D v:MJF*/  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 &!uN N|W  
4|Dxyb>pS  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided s!Xj'H7K  
   A                     B  Ub%al D  
  names for towns, only George Washington !}D!_z,)u  
      C ;hz"`{(JY  
  is remembered in the name of a state. dsKEWZ =  
          D J 00%,Ju_  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 3le/(=&1  
六、比较级和最高级 +)C?v&N  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 5G@z l  
`c^ _5:euX  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 w z-9+VN6  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 2 jTP (b2b  
      A               N@$g"w  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. t{\FV@R  
     B       C           D #%4 -zNS  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 [:x^ffs  
}yup`R  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用  `)`J  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses.  =,q,W$-  
     A      B     C  D | I_,;c  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 %oas IiO  
58"Cn ||tF  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere A"t~ )  
     A       B     C   D hr&&"d {s  
  is the grizzly bear. gVM9*3LH6  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 /3F4t V  
c:0n OP  
?{W@TY@S  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 gF( aYuk  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 |^K-m42  
8X":,s!  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with .4c*  _$  
   A           B  lf4V; |!^  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. 1!,xB]v1Ri  
   C                 D 1|)l6#hOL  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 iR;Sd >)  
H79XP.TtE  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 (Zi(6 T\z  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as q_eGY&M  
Y!  e  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 vzl+0"  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 RIBj9kd  
the taller boy %~ uMa  
8Fy$'Zx'  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 yyke"D  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed M)td%<_  
          A            B +b_g,RNs!  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is l:v:f@M&  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. bF:]MB^VK  
    C          D cI)T@Zg_o+  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they mo1(dyjx  
g_?:G$1H  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 F(*~[*Ff  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, E6( OEC%,  
  A  B         C     a nK7j2  
  the Navajos form largest group. 2_@vSwC  
         D $ 2'AY  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 u^H:z0  
P?%kV  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, 0Lcd@3XL  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language &9b sTm  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the k$`~,LJp  
6.? Ke8iC  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many T1TKwU8l  
            A      B         C a f[<[2pma  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. )-$Od2u2c  
            D ycAQHY~n  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 fD1J@57  
`I+G7K K  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the uM"G)$I\  
例如:my best friends >r+Dl\R  
FoY_5/  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial a4HUP*  
            A    B     C v%O KOrJ  
  and banking center. }3sj{:z{  
        D r7w1~z  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 ~"eos~AuW  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 ]`%}Q  
.&O}/B  
s=0z%~H  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary |sd 0fTK  
                 A         N" d M+  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. 8,\toT7  
    B   C     D e>`+Vk^Jc  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 yPG,+uQ$.  
o' Q"  
七、平行结构 'p3JYRT$  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 D:`b61sWi_  
AD_RU_a9  
YlfzHeN1  
(一) 对等连接词 =7{n 2  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 sPMCN's  
单一式: and, or ,but  ~DYUI#x  
相关式: both…and, not … but, TEQs\d  
     either …or, neither…nor [(Z{5gK  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as QWL$F:9:  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, !S6zC >  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also  )l 0\TF  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, 38<!Dt+S(,  
^0oOiZs  
短语式: as well as TmI~P+5w  
     rather than (而不是) }HdibCAOf  
     other than (除…之外) H@ab]&  
     instead of (代替) WI@l2`X  
AlZ]UGf^  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 `h%(ZG ~  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  &y\7pAT\  
       A     B   [PXv8K%]p  
  but he is now living in Detroit. }Xa1K;KM{  
       C   D 6ZvGD}/  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 >;wh0dBe  
L !/Zw~  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics VsIDd}~C%  
       A         B _]oNbcbt(  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford i n $~(+  
  remained active in city and regional planning. l~",<bTc  
          C    D  r Uau? ?  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 ,> %=,x  
(二)平行的内容 l$1 ]  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 (:|g"8mQm  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of &/+LY_r'<I  
             A         B   Ms>CO7Nvy  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, luvxwved  
         C            D uV=ZGr#o  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. ,8Eg/  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 rt8"U <~  
kleE\ 8_  
!-tP\%'  
第二、名词单复数的平行 uO^,N**R#  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 c^F@9{I  
^55q~DP}>  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, b)(si/]\  
  A     B          C   u2o196,Ut  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. /#Gm`B T  
                 D   F2) \%HR  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 P*!~Z *"  
s=8$h:^9>  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, tNf_,]u  
                   A         B 1sNZl&  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. JTcE{i  
      C          D -/ YY.F-  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have 4p6\8eytq.  
qZ<|A%WQ  
第三、时态的平行 KN< KZM  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated v"x'rx#  
                A     0c GjOl  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops rD!UP1Nb  
                   B ALi3JU  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. 1 ~s$<  
          C    D ^!7|B3`  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 SU7 erCHX  
0?w4  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- F7&Oc)f"B  
  spread from its home in Central America and y{9<>28  
  now grows throughout the tropics. 8,&pX ga  
   (A) to be    (B) it   |>v8yS5  
   (C) the     (D) its a=r^?q'/  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? \~#$o34V  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow ' fka?lL  
=SK{|fBB  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 8z`Ne(h;  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. >U6 2vX"  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised ,3bAlc8D7  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised PbIir=  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 NGAjajB  
;T|hNsSt  
第四、排列位置的平行 ZJ'FZ8Sx  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. $@eFSA5k,7  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode 2|}KBny  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  :eL ja*  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes >OW>^%\!1  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes >-4kO7.V  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 5 u^;7 1  
O_|p{65  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: DtOL=m]s  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 3vRBK?Q.y  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 1ZRSeh  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 #( o(p  
FW,@.CX  
八、词序的颠倒 lArDOFl]x  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 Fy-|E>@]D  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 Y]9C8c)  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage PtT$#>hx]  
              A    B        % #-'|~  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. "&N1$$  
      C       D    a!*K)x,"<  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 )@\m0bn F  
7?EC kuSv  
Wz-7oP%;I  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 n ;0x\Q|S  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only @Yy']!Ju  
          A      B     Fc.1)yh.  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. BZ -)XF'4  
    C         D &s<'fSI  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 >2@ a\  
= *~Q5F  
(#%R'9R v  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 `Wy8g?d;bn  
/;\{zA$uC=  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were q'4qSu  
          A   B     C   u@eKh3!  
  in what is now the United States. K_t! P  
    D @N,I}_9-  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 Fu6~8uDV{{  
sPUn"7  
所有的系动词分为三大类: Vs~! \<?  
第一种:表示保持某种状态,  t_Rpeav  
    is, remain, keep, stay, *> f-UNV  
    lie, exit(表示位于) "f-z3kL  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 p.J+~s4G  
    become, turn, grow, :KL5A1{  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) dJYQdo^X  
|.c|\e z/  
第三种,感官动词 N&'05uWY}  
    seem(好像是) h,WF'X+  
    look(看起来好像是) %.3 ] F2_Q  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste 7)y9% -}  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 ,@*Srrw  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe i9%cpPrg8  
    A               B     lqe71](sK8  
   to cause numerous deaths. Q-,,Kn  
        C   D  aE'nW@YL.  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 <R>%DD=v^  
I||4.YT  
九、词性的混用 uqMe %  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 nC> 'kgRt  
b\^q9fy  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 O5?Gv??@  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; g.re`m|Aj  
erC)2{m  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high  T.{sO`  
          A        B      [c=T)]E1  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and 8A3 pYW-  
              C !u;r<:g!  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. I3wv6xZ2  
          D XA*sBf  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) ">pt, QV  
<7;AK!BH  
)GpH5N'EI  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 xc HG5bg |  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 D@cv{ _M/  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds ]U8VU  
         A       B      2W_p)8t> b  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to q|23l1 PI  
          C        Z.]=u(=a  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. pRAdo="  
            D Q0\tK=Z/  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 }zkMo ?  
 GT)63|  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, Z?#_3h$"T  
            A       !)}3[h0  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of *XCid_{(  
      B      C ![{>$Q?5  
   urban Black people in the United States. :RH0.5)  
   D BJdH2qREN  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 soH M5<U  
l|O)B #  
=ca<..yh[d  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 $p)7k   
表示时间有两种可能, bvuoo/  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 BDeX5/`U#  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, q Z,7q  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 h|MTE~   
$8{|25 *E  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence {x+"Ru~7,  
       A     B     Aj9Onz,Lg  
  were made while the American Civil War. 8+L,a_q-  
   C    D ),<E -Ub  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 '%u7XuU-]  
=*AAXNs@3  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the yN0!uzdW*  
   A      B           C    1;\A./FVv  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. "71,vUW  
          D A ?DgeSm  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 aX oD{zA  
ii.L]#3y  
aAlES< r  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 Lv`*+;1 K  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 Z$0+jpG_s  
,_JhvPWR,)  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social " 5KJ /7q!  
                   A     |M*jo<C  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. dF d^@b  
     B   C    D vZgV/?'z  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 <K~> :4c  
+h64idM{U  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples `]Uu`b  
   A        B   C      'f#i @$|]  
  easily under the stress of compression. gaK m`#  
   D 5wy1%/;  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 E&\dr;{7  
*4i)aj  
X{n7)kgL  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 b7 p D#v  
^w0V{qF{  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine Qy)+YhE  
    A         B |ZEZ@y^  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. [-Zp[  
          C            D 4G:I VK9  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 0_}^IiG  
1v)X]nW  
tSST.o3  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, O*hd@2hd  
         A Kn9O=?Xh;  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. y8Q96zi  
   B      C      D ;(a\F  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 M*DFtp<  
a,o>E4#c  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 '}3m('u  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; :NB,Dz+i  
two hundred diligent students
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