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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 {G:dhi  
一、代词 w%(Ats  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 |;XkU`G  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 i$GL]0  
  主格、宾格、所有格 uAd4 Zz  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) &Ff#E?Y4|  
sYQ=nL  
(二) 反身代词 hmfO\gc}y  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 B:-qUuS?R  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) R!mFMw"  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) $e bx  
[8F1rZ&  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  `1AVw] k  
    A                 B    s4RqY*VK  
  a series of indicators that could help zGDLF`  
             C      qhFWQ1W  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. op\'T;xIu  
    D ID/=YG@  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ZtS>'W8l  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 !'y9/  
G?p !*7N  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 r#svj*dn  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 P!c.!8C$  
wZ&l6J4L  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies `\}Ck1o  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the zEHX:-f8  
     A   B      C          D V 6DWYs>  
  Pacific. Zb p+b;  
w"A.*8Iu  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 Yo 0wufbfV  
^Z dDs8j  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 /0.m|Th'm  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: M<nKk#!+h  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 `#/0q*$  
zJ"`40V*;  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined  S2;u!f  
                       A   uWtj?Q+M|  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and ]AB<OjF1c|  
             B ?M< q95pL  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. zwL J|>  
   C       D bfE4.YF  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 nzcXL =^r3  
Whd\Ub8(  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important IonphTcU!  
        A     5YZh e4R  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John w \U?64  
   B        C      rf ?\s/#OY  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  tg R4C#a   
      D H;1_"  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. v@&UTU  
M:5K4$>Kx  
6T9?C|q  
(四) Who和which的区别 K Y=$RO  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 vWs#4JoG  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 6?BV J  
~WW!P_wI,  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 4#Bzq3,|  
              A            B kgv29j?k;  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. u]766<Z  
   C                  D >53Hqzm&  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 nu6p{_M  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 F*Y]^9]  
` 'vNHY  
(五) that和which的区别 r+W;}nyf  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 ^&z3zFTp  
$ dR@Q?_{  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it n w  
              A        B _, r6t  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. TB%NHq-!  
      C              D B;A< pNT  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 H?4t\pSS  
0-~F%:x  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 Htm;N2$d  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, #ULzh&yO  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when #PGpB5vnaA  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. #GfM!<q<  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which zL Sha\X  
(o2.*x  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly 6[3>[ej:x  
              A         B   [2.;gZj  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. lhBu?q  
         C      D U}<'[o V  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 u):Nq<X  
C5^9D  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  IWT -)+  
  affected the way people in the United States----. _ YcIG OL  
   (A) living and working ,aU8. J_U  
   (B) they live and work We@wN:  
   (C) live and work *Xk gwJq  
   (D) to live and to work :OD-L)Or  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 %g7B*AX]  
.|/VD'xV"  
二、介词 ]owcx=5q%'  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 T1A/>\Ns  
xsRu~'f  
(一) 介词搭配 |6w {%xC?"  
" XlXu  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those vPET'Bf(YV  
    A         B   C      '=(@3ggA:  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. ?Vc/mO2X  
                D B i`m+ob  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 &&TAX  
g]PC6xr38  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. "[2D&\$  
A       B     C  D ,Ad{ k   
分析:B错改为be rich in 9@8)ZHf  
jWGX :XB  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the wiM-TFT~  
    A         B      C mO @Sl(9  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. S !R:a>\  
             D Ya ~ l Pc  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 I#:,!vjn  
86ml.VOR  
M6*8}\  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 csms8J  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 ~.<}/GP]_  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. V6tUijz  
          A      B  C     D ufXU  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 ziG]BZ  
ka[%p,H  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has d<>jhp5el  
                 A  B     1" #W1im  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on %^<A` Q_  
      C \ Q0-yNt  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. -% g{{'9B  
      D Avo"jN*<d  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 QTuj v<|  
D>I|(B!.p8  
2、介词by ^]1M8R,  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by #>(h!lT_  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing XCku[?Ix  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States x#&%lJT  
    A         B       Odj4)   
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. ]2'{W]m  
   C     D @Z%I g  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 _+x&[^gjP  
DeL7sU  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils U0t~H{-H  
   A                      VS_xC $X!S  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to }!0nb)kL  
     B    C       D  C`>|D [  
   supply moccasins and field rations. =_Y#uE$  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 ILq"/S.  
JYU0&nZl4  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with Uq}-<q  
        A                cWG?`6xU&  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements .}zpvr8YP  
        B          C   h(VF  
  that are often represented at symbols. m?=9j~F *  
              D V=|X=:fuih  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 auP6\kpMe  
三、谓语动词 muqIh!nn  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 ".R5K  ?  
①、主谓分割原则 L_WVTz?`  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, dJ0qg_ U&  
     A     \.7O0Q{  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. l;gj],*  
        B      C      D [rt+KA  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 LVj62&,-  
W~&PGmRI  
②、与后者一致原则 e~,/Z\i  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, z<rYh96uA  
not only…but also }m6j6uAR6)  
Tpv]c  
!Y3 *\  
③、与前者一致原则 V\V:uo(C  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, %hu] =  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 #iot.alNA  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and L8FLHT+R-  
     A      B  C     +AT!IZrB2i  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. Gu3'<hTlxd  
         D z mxrz[  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ,DT =(  
f V|Zh  
④、就近原则 79>8tOuo  
or, either…or, neither…nor, p?X`f#  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are 2_x~y|<9  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 0-^wY8n-=  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 hupYiI~  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 c !ybz{L  
(/c&#W  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are H:ar&o#(  
        A      B        bm{L6D E  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. p[QF3)9F  
    C              D $?OuY*ZeY9  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 /#PEEN  
; b2)WM:  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 MK]S205{  
There are five apples that are red. 5Dy800.B2  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 &8Cuu$T9)  
A#mf*]'  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets XV2f|8d>  
      A            t/,k{5lX  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. ?Rl?Pp=>  
   B   C    D a4 g~'^uC  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 LB1.N!q1  
^P-!pK*  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 ~9qDmt,i  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. +:2(xgOP.V  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 ~e[)]b3  
bQk5R._got  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 ZYBNS~Q  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: dL")E|\\k  
a. there be 句型 VLtb16|  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 SZc6=^$  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 )zt*am;  
Ssaf RK$  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. <4*7HY[  
   A     B      C    D    b/]C, P  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is G\TyXq_4  
lbg!B4,  
f&^K>Jt1@#  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific LP_ !g  
             A     B    Q=~e|  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 xgJ2W_  
     C         b#k$/A@  
  miles in width. ? _[gs/i}  
     D  XXmtpM8  
分析:倒装句,are改为is (q*T.   
s<z{(a  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and @<}, -u  
   A    B       C         "v jFL9  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film Dw;L=4F |  
                    D 62%. ddM4  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. R$(,~~MH  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 8Z/P<u  
athU  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 2}I1z_dq~  
fifty percent of + 名词 nd_d tsp#  
one percent of + 名词 +n^$4f  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: B4[onYU  
  one percent of my students + are "+ &|$*  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. bPOehvK/  
`<y2l94tL  
这里要强调两个结构 <G\q/!@_  
half of =fifty percent IR(JBB|xNQ  
most of + 可数名词 + are '`\\O:@C`  
most of + 不可数名词+ is q%Obrk  
~naL1o_FZ  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been ,V.X-`Y  
   A       B         C   0z_e3H{P27  
  found in central and eastern Canada. @aY 8VL7C0  
           D C:l /%   
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 C{-e(G`Yd  
zg0)9 br  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized pDCQ?VW  
                 A   B  l`~*" 4|/  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. m:)v>vu  
              C     D  $3W[fC  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 z6ArSLlZ  
x =5k74  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 xWU0Ev)4U  
①、主要考察时间状语 AWi~qzTZ  
t(/e~w  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. + ( `  
   A        B  C     D /3L1Un*  
k/u6Cw0/  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was (XX6M[M8  
>hJ$~4?  
cX> a>U  
②、For和since的区别 UMma|9l(i  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 .Xc, Gq{  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 8&IsZPq%l  
  I has been a teacher for three years. B-@6m  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. 4askQV &hj  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 q?nXhUD  
[V|,O'X ~  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became lF2im5nZ?  
   A      B              N/p9Ws  
  the primary responsibility of the president. 0~iC#lHO  
     C    D o8-BTq8  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 wc* 5s7_  
mS p -  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of wZJpSkcEx  
             A  B  C   GbFLu` Iu  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 5x(`z   
            D J;W(}"cFq  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 @zL)R b%P$  
"w9LQ=mW  
:9Zu&t  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  -wH#B<'  
   A       B        C     D 7g[m,48{  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live ^1s!OT Is  
M#LQz~E  
(三) 谓语的语态 7!+kyA\}r^  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 7-6Z\.-  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: l=8)_z;~D  
①、prove 5cO}Jp%PA  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 r(h&=&T6  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; a/;u:"  
v_)a=I%o&2  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming kT@RA}  
                      A   Rp `JF}~o  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be >y mMQEX`  
    B                  C /+l3 BeL  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 4!p ~Mr[E  
                  D \kqa4{7U(  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 |7,|-s[R^  
 *Dtwr  
R$' 4 d  
②、Locate,Situate py`RH )  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 ePdM9%  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 xoF]r$sC8  
这两个词也可以用作被动 !`q*{Ojx  
  My school was located near the river. 4o8uWS{`  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 nv1'iSEeOl  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. eZWN9#p2  
   (A)locates yn<H^c  
   (B)locating 8:;_MBt  
   (C)to locate b/Y9fQ n  
   (D)is located 3p{N7/z(  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 9PjL 4A  
<8Ek-aNNt  
③、表示需要概念的动词 9 P_`IsVK  
need, want, require等 lA {  
Tl5K'3  
My watch needed repairing 0Ge*\Q  
My watch needed to be repaired. !|_b}/  
jIJ Vl \i]  
④、表示人的情感的动词 Cbm  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 : Q X~bq  
E pj  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 | qtdmm  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 @*q WV*$h  
*F*c  
主动和被动技巧总结: dQ?4@  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 ?g% 5 d  
VTk6.5!8  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the <HM\ZDo@P  
                 A      u8qL?Aj^  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, _H}y7  
                 B y[[f?rxz>  
  power structures, and flood-control works along 0fA42*s;  
                    C ,!t1( H  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. 4"1OtBU3  
                D &[,g `S0  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 .z&V!2zp  
6g4CUP'Y  
四、非谓语动词 kRs[H xI3  
'&#`?\CXX  
(一) 分词 n4\6\0jq6  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 z1}YoCj1  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 c_clpMx=  
y_J~n 9R  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then  =<fH RX`  
   A uW%7X2K  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. *- $u\?$  
     B      C            D I8HUH* |)n  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning dVc;Tt  
HVz-i{M  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 MK9?81xd  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in Nge_ Ks  
      A               B   f^]( D'L?D  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 5~k-c Ua  
               C         D lMAmico  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living pC(AM=RY!  
hK tOh  
GbUcNROr  
一些动词后面必须用doing P]!$MOt  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 ASY uZ  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ;d G.oUk=  
 advocate, suggest RK(uC-l  
 delay, quit 'j#oMA{0  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, nQK@Uy5Yr  
 avoid, escape(逃避) /e Dah3%d  
 spend+名词+doing; %_u*5,w  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing U@yrqT@;AU  
OzBo *X/p  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their 9bgKu6-X  
   A     B    C              D ~c ;7me.  
  crops. ;nLQ?eS\  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 +f\tqucI3  
O8SX#,3^}  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, L6BHh_*E  
               A        B dDW],d}B;  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. g-mK(kY4p  
        C          D h 7kyz  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing W#e:rz8=  
v0X5`VV  
(二) 不定式 5<IUTso5h  
A. 动词不定式的省略 ec1snMY  
①、help后面可以省略to $f>WR_F  
  help to do Y~=5umNSX  
  help sb. to do )%;#~\A  
{eIE|   
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid ] 5P{*  
              A      B   v{H23Cfh:  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. )t&|oQ3sVG  
         C     D \'E_  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 &>I8^i  
:KX/`   
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 v8*ZwF  
  make, i=o>Bl@f  
  let, \_x)E]D  
  have sb. do sth "T}J| 28Z  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. C+5^[V  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians D:n0d fPU  
        A               B q6j]j~JxB  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. M*c\=(  
   C     D _tjFb_}Q  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know 4i~;Ql  
J\;~(: ~  
③、感官动词 Qs% f6rL  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe SI;G|uO;/  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 VKik8)/.  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 WM@uxe,  
Jr''S}@|x  
zv0RrF^  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 `M7){  
(1)表示第一人 FswFY7 8  
the first woman to do sth. x,7a xx6  
k*M{?4  
(2)表示迫使的动词 Ok:@F/ v  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do xE6y9"}!h  
PTePSj1N  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis uO^{+=;A =  
     A                 B    p!Gf ^  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. j|[s?YJl  
       C           D [ B (lJz  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 -%t0'cKn,  
qp{NRNkQ  
2j"%}&  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 #%{\59/w  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事  Mys;Il "  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 9J%>2AA  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 n `n3[  
  be apt to do d&ZwVF!  
/60[T@Mz  
(4)表示目的的名词, }pTj8Tr  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 }40/GW p<f  
固定的句式: NeK:[Q@je  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. #d l8+  
the objective 目标 3] @<.  
aim wR4P0 [  
goal 6F(yH4  
reason理由 m9q%l_  
function功能 Wh<lmC50(  
intension意图 VAthQ<  
B!N807  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing  $} F]pa[  
                       A  f,-|"_5;   
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. %-*vlNC)  
           B          C     D zHU#Jjc_b  
分析:the function to provide, A错 u+R?N% EKP  
 HOD2/  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure HdLkof2i  
                  A       JZY=2q&  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds mvL'l)  
     B  'w!gQ#De  
  that make up various components of a living cell. 3Mcz9exY  
    C    D I/> IB   
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 0 iE).Za0g  
TZP{=v<  
(5) 其他同根名词 .;F+ QP0  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 EUn"x'   
 attempt to do 企图 UxvsSHi  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 %<"11;0tp  
 ambition, WV@Tm$ r  
 be ambitious to do  UbibGa= )  
 effort pkU e|V  
2%qn !+.  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation 7 b. -&,  
  A                    B   _Ry.Wth  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. =qtoDe  
          C       D `p{ !5  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 GufP[|7b-  
t(Zs *c(  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great j>Z]J'P  
  A                   B   D+)=bPMe  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. lp}WBd+  
       C            D 5An0D V5  
分析:efforts to register, C错 H/3Zdj 9  
DqMK[N,0  
a!:8`X~[/$  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 z^/GTY  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 $ tNhwF  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. 1 (i>Vt.+  
&7T H V  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 4LEE /  
I am glad to see you. hcgc =$^  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. !ix<|F5  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. kN j3!u$  
 ;Z q~w  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 Hm VTfH'  
It is difficult to decide. &7w>K6p  
T4=3VrS  
HQ3`:l  
五、句子的结构 -+rF]|Wi  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 pRwGv  
egvy#2b@  
(一) 主语的重复 OJsd[l3xR  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 XLmMK{gs  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any ]rg+n c3  
          A      B      Ydh<TF4!  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the "b>KUzuYT  
          C          D vzcBo%  
  League of Nations. `GQiB]Z  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 M> jBm .  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson %md^S |  
 oKYhE  
@mx$sNDkL  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are 5eOj, [?  
        A        B  =~hsKBt*  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. ;}WtJ&y=M  
    C         D ?7uK P}1|  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 Fi'M"^:r {  
KR=d"t Qw  
(二)谓语的重复 /c@*eU  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 {jhmp\PN  
QtY hg$K3  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  .%?- As  
    A            B    X 45x~8f  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. G#w^:UL  
         C   D F gWkcV6B  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 tL~,ZCQz  
TCHq e19?  
(三)谓语的缺少 heL$2dZ5H  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body +Y>"/i. N  
          A     B    [1b6#I"x  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. _F`$ d2  
         C               D b0@>xT  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 JF~1' "_f:  
"1XXE3^^  
(四)主句的重复 6<x~Mk'u)  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 C8IkpAD  
1, "I=  
m'cz5mcD  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite #NvQmz?J?  
      A         B        C   _wf5%(~b  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. DR:8oo&E  
     D '|l%rv  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 GE1i+.+-.  
%#~((m1  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow Q 6"uK  
        A   B       ?X\3&Ujy$  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. U1ZIuDg'E  
      C    D 7~_I=-  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 v" }WP34  
*YWk1Cwjo  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided T~BA)![  
   A                     B  lnS(&`oh\=  
  names for towns, only George Washington Hd9XfU  
      C F{<5aLaYti  
  is remembered in the name of a state. ! Tx&vtq  
          D .it#`Yz;  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 bEm7QgV{X  
六、比较级和最高级 s~*}0-lS  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 (n,u|}8Y  
8S\RN&T$  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 lbQQtpEKO  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which :ygWNK[ 6D  
      A               k1)%.pt%  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. ~9\$5n)a  
     B       C           D MtS3p>4  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 e,>%Z@92(  
`K*b?:0lp  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 F]UQuOR)  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. A4.4Dji,x  
     A      B     C  D @@@=}!<H=  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 .%}?b~  
W+Xz$j/u  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere ~e `Bq>  
     A       B     C   D t 42ub  
  is the grizzly bear. K{@3\5<  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 *)<B0SjT  
"5C`,4s  
).5RPAP  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 hoM|P8 }rh  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 ]}Z4P-"t  
-#In;~  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ,E;;wdIt  
   A           B  `Out(Hn  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. /J3ZL[o?Q  
   C                 D Os&n  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 J-xS:Ha'l  
p5\]5bb  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 uR;gVO+QC  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as ~g#r6pzN-  
_;1}x%4v  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 WIr2{+#  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 Pq9|WV#F5/  
the taller boy aE"[5*a  
vb Y3;+M>  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 .IarkeCtb  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed asJ!NvVG'  
          A            B dS2G}L^L  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is >Dw~P OMy  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. QaIjLc~W  
    C          D B* kcN lW  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they \u,}vpp z  
(8$k4`T>  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 #Z+i~t{e(  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, Sr?#wev]rn  
  A  B         C     ^I8 Esl8  
  the Navajos form largest group. N;Dp~(1 J1  
         D 5|3e&  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 S$)*&46g  
$rIoHxh. y  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, k.<]4iS  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language <+MyZM(z>  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the %^sTU4D5  
j /=i Mq  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many **9x?s  
            A      B         C _Zk{!  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. )?+$x[f!*  
            D Z;9>S=w!  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 .2d9?p3Y  
\(226^|j  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the mxor1P#|  
例如:my best friends =q N2Xg/  
7Q\|=$2  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial DPi_O{W>  
            A    B     C HeBcT^a  
  and banking center. @SCI"H%[  
        D *8~86u GU  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 ;iDPn2?6?x  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 f{SB1M   
6'\6OsH  
U qG .:@T  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary :W b j\  
                 A          >S$Z  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. d,Y_GCZ7|W  
    B   C     D pr%nbl  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 l5L.5 $N  
UH3sH t  
七、平行结构 ^CwR!I.D}4  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 v[Kxja;  
<n3!{w3<  
t&?i m<  
(一) 对等连接词 qzb<J=FAU  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 _X@v/sAy  
单一式: and, or ,but {Z p\^/  
相关式: both…and, not … but, {BKl`1z  
     either …or, neither…nor *)+ut(x|#  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as &=4(l|wcg  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and,  ~c6}  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also ,t1abp{A  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, aL\nT XakX  
J,b&XD@m  
短语式: as well as ^e+a  
     rather than (而不是) Qt|c1@J  
     other than (除…之外) .!JVr"8  
     instead of (代替) o/ui)U_   
!ti6  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 [TNj;o5J  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  _'#x^D  
       A     B   xU%w=0z <  
  but he is now living in Detroit. : }`-B0  
       C   D x\QY@9  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。  [~&XL0  
29reG,>  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics %Ts PyiYl  
       A         B Q:$Zy  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford $y b4xU  
  remained active in city and regional planning. eAqz3#_My  
          C    D  z)uu xNv[R  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 B<-kzt  
(二)平行的内容 k^OV56  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 bMU(?hb  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of 8iekEG$H  
             A         B   B*E2.\~  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, fK(}Ce  
         C            D GLGz 2 ,#  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. ]~\sA  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 CA +uKM^"6  
1@lJonlF  
vp.ZK[/`  
第二、名词单复数的平行 r:]1 O*  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 M|] "W  
mLL340c#\  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, t>H`X~SR?  
  A     B          C   ;m2<eS`o'  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. b?eu jxqg  
                 D   ]@Sj`J[fd  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 )TmHhNo  
1J' 3g  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, _$>pw<  
                   A         B Q# EP|  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. CNww`PX,zZ  
      C          D #A8@CA^d  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have q5 L51KP2  
W}|'# nR  
第三、时态的平行 @ps1Dr4s  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated b9XW9O `B  
                A     eW>3XD4  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops aC< KN:TN6  
                   B Vn~UB#]'3  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. ?,yj")+  
          C    D ZR\VCVH\^  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 oc^Br~ Th  
e]Zngt?b  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- !@'%G6:.  
  spread from its home in Central America and BW,mwq  
  now grows throughout the tropics. @X3{ x\i'I  
   (A) to be    (B) it   P+)DsZ0ig  
   (C) the     (D) its jP~Z`y f  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? fQP{|+4  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow jzK5-;b  
W0=O+0$^  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- V_Wwrhua  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. A_;8IlW  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised KzQ3.)/q  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised = P   
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 }^(}HBT  
X";@T.ZGut  
第四、排列位置的平行 s[gKc'  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. FW"^99mrnb  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode /CTc7.OYt  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  Er k?} E  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes Iyo@r%I  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes ]qB:PtX  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 45&8weXO:'  
?GTU=gp Q  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: j|tC@0A  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 +ki{H}G21  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 <[GYLN[0Q  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 ?`[NFqv_]  
@/&b;s73  
八、词序的颠倒 %{;Qls%[t  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 CB~Q%Q LG  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 oQ=>'w  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage =_]2&(?  
              A    B        )f dE6  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. {J5JYdK  
      C       D    2 3KyCV5  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 8^B;1`#  
B cj/y4"  
MlW 8t[  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 71C42=AU  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only 9%sM*[A  
          A      B     Gs2p5nL<  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. ,%YBG1E[y  
    C         D 8e0."o.6  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 @DC)]C2  
[@fz1{*  
zhB">j8j  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 tZ2e!<C  
F~U!1)  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were 8dK0o>|}  
          A   B     C   nW?R"@Zm  
  in what is now the United States. HEA eo!  
    D 2=ztKfsBhE  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 t5 a7DD  
*R % wUi  
所有的系动词分为三大类: 7t-Lz| $"  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, NN 0Q`r,8}  
    is, remain, keep, stay, 5(&xNT-n8  
    lie, exit(表示位于) H^1gy=kdj  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 u1K\@jlw  
    become, turn, grow, U\+&cob.  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) D&hqV)d4R  
*Zd84wRSj  
第三种,感官动词 A[UP"P~u/  
    seem(好像是) lu UYo  
    look(看起来好像是) 3}&ZOO   
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste U=Bn>F}y\  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。  wz -)1!  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe N~,_`=yRx  
    A               B     Gk~l,wV>  
   to cause numerous deaths. )WR_ ug  
        C   D  N b3$4(F  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 +lO'wa7|3  
A~-#@Z  
九、词性的混用 >HkhAJhW  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 `hB1b["(  
:\V,k~asl  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 6*1$8G`$8,  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; ]jM^Z.mI+  
JE%A|R<Jl  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high c 8'Cq7  
          A        B      WBppKj_M  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and )@:l^$x  
              C ,9/5T:2  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. 6GOcI#C9C  
          D ]O!s 'lC  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) kC^.4n om  
QdDtvJLf  
+*EKR  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 T+TF-] J  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 Q(\ wx  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds \K`jCsT  
         A       B      P79R~m`  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to <lld*IH  
          C        $N.`)S<  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. -Z?Ck!00  
            D {^&k!H2  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 8gpBz'/,  
ul}'{|4  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, (UW6F4:$  
            A       B8 2,.?  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of tBl#o ^  
      B      C mmN|F$;r  
   urban Black people in the United States. ?Leyz  
   D -931'W[s,  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 .;%q/hP  
F^sw0 .b  
B "n`|; r5  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 8m7eaZ  
表示时间有两种可能, 0o;~~\fq.  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 Riq|w+Q  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, C >kmIw'  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 /d]~ly @uI  
zn[QvY  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence f#mx:Q.7I  
       A     B     0:PSt_33F  
  were made while the American Civil War. r:#Q9EA  
   C    D l qXc  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 [edH%S}\  
0&B:\  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the >@:667i,`  
   A      B           C    4[(? L{  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. 9C?cm:  
          D DOT=U _  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 ,$PFI(Whk  
pzAoq)gg:  
Np)ho8zU  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 =1Ri]b  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 1M=   
dWjx"7^  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social QK'`=MU  
                   A     TIETj~+  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. >kZ6f4  
     B   C    D psu OJ-  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 Wge ho  
*3P3M}3~\  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples @kz!{g]Sn  
   A        B   C      /=q.tDH=I  
  easily under the stress of compression. e& p_f<  
   D OWZS3Y+  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 NWb} OXK/  
!5 ? m  
B(8mH  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 A3z/Bz4]:#  
rAM *\=  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine ) b/n)%6  
    A         B b~jIv:9T  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. Ut]2`8-  
          C            D |PI)A`  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 B>sCP"/uV  
O@nqHZ  
OI*ZVD)J  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, 1;aF5~&  
         A tCX9:2c  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. ax4*xxU  
   B      C      D MF&3e#mdB  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 Ir!2^:]!  
stX'yya  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 `b#/[3  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; kxygf9I!;  
two hundred diligent students
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